The JapaneseGeotechnical

The
Japanese Geotechnical Society
Society

SOILS

AND

Vol, 21, Nb, 1, Mar. 1981

SoilMechanics
FoundationEngineering

FOUNDATIONS

Japanese Societyoi

and

DESIGN METHOD

FOR STABILIZING PILES AGAINST

ONE ROW OF PILES
LANDSLIDE

ToMio ITo*, TAMoTsu MATsui** and

WoN

Pyo HoNG***

ABSTRACT
In the

stability

analysis

the

of

is usually
design rnethod
for piles in
surface

with

slope

determined in

advance

a rew

within

stabilizing
piles, the locationof the sliding
by fieldinvestigations. In this paper, the
surface
as in
a slope
of such
a fixed sliding

landslide has been investigated. That is, studies

the

on

slope-stability

pilesand

stabilizing

The

are

results

show

carried

for an

out

that such

the
of

effect
a

of

many

faeters

landslideslope

of

pile

containing

isproposed for the stabilizing

piles against landslide.
the interval between plles, the fixity condition

design rnethod

new

on

example

factorsas

the pile diarneter

and
the stiffness
pile head, the pile length above sliding surface,
effect
on
the slope-stability.
In the proposed design
of steel pipe pile have considerable
Furthermore,
an
example
of
methed,
such
five factors can be decided systematically.
design is shown,
in which
important factors in piledesignare brought out and illustrated.

of

Key

design, earth

words:

slope

horizontalload,landslide,
pile

pressure,

stability,

stability

analysis,

stabilizing

group,

safety

factor,

pile

E61E 41E5

IGC:

INTRODUCTION
countermeasures
to prevent landslides.The
the typical passive piles, which
is usually used
a
those
and
the
surrounding
as
the piles in
row.
The interaction behaviorbetween
piles
because it is three-dimensional
and infiuenced
by such many
ground is very complicated,
strength
both in the pile and
factors as related to the characteristics
of deformation and

Pileshave been often

stabilizing

used

as

one

of

landslideis one

pile against

the

of

It
behavior of landslideitself is also very complicated.
out
through
that the design of the stabilizing
may
be natural
pile has been carried
above.
In
the
simplifications,
described
simplifications
of the complicated
phenomena
followed by the
very
important points have been liableto be overlooked,
however, some
design methods
for the stabilizing pile have been established so as
factthat no reliable
failed or conto effectively
utilize
the pile effect.
Accordingly, lotsof landslide slopes
moved
even
after
the
installation
of
the
stabilizing
tinuously
piles (Merriam, 1960;
the

soil.

Broms and
One of
in a row.
*
**
***

Furthermore,

the

Bennermark, 1967; Broms, 1969; Fukumoto, 1976).

is the influence of the interval between piles
important points everlooked
in a row,
almost
all
existing
Although stabillzing piles are usually installed

the

Suita, Osaka.
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Osaka University,Yamadakami,
AssociateProfessor, ditto.
Graduate Student, ditto.
Written discussions on this paper should be subrnitted before January 1, 1982.

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22

ITO

for

approach

an

Iateralforce
of

them
is obtained
described above

as

to the passive
existence

pile such

acting

on

piles,

while

Thus, itis necessary

as

those for a single

pile.
to the active pile, while sQ doubtfur
Beer, 1977), This is so because the

roughly

extending

applicable

piles (De
without
any
influence of the
pile is given in advance
stabilizing
piles is influenced by the existence
of
piles.
stabilizing
as
in
a
row
from
the
piles piles
beginningof

aetive

that

on

deal with

to

may

by
be

stabilizing

the

the design,

Another

AL.

' '

design metheds
Such

ET

important Folnt

design of

piles is that both stabilities of

because the whole
stability
of
slope
containing
in
a
row
can
never
be
held
unless
piles
both stabilizations
of
the pile
and
the slope are simurt.aneously
accomplished,
Up to date in Japan, has been often
used
a design method
for stabilizing
the required
piles, in which
interval between plles
is simply
backcalculated
from the insuficient
resisting
force on the slope-stabilitY,
In
this design method,
however, the growth mechanism
of the lateral
force acting
en piles
in a row is not discussed from the viewpoint
of the interaction between the piles and
the pile

the

the

on

be

should

slope

stabilizing

analyzed,

systematically

then some
contradictions
are caused.
the
authors
aim
to establish
a
paper,

soils,

In

the

and

and

this

stabilizing

piles

more
reliable
design method
for the
those important peints describedabove.
the slope
containing
stabilizing
piles is

landslide,considering

against

First, a basicmethod
for stability analysis of
described, using the theoretical
equation
of
lateralforceacting on the passive pile, which
has already been derived considering
the pile intervalas accurately
as possible (Itoand
Matsui, 1975, 197Z 1978; lto, Matsui and Hong, 1979), Then, some studles
of the
effect

of

factorson

many

pile

are

carried

lizing piles. Finally, the authors

systematically
analyzing
both stabilities
stabi

the

of

foran

out

example

landslide
slope

of a

designmethod
propose a new
of the pile and
the slope,

of

containing

stabilizing

based on

the

piles,
results

studies,

STABILITY

To

the whele

obtain

OF THE

ANALYSIS

of

stability

for the pile-stabilityand

analyses

SLOPE CONTAINING

the slope containing

the slope-stability
must

sround surfaceIe

of
on

followingmanner.
the

,,,

IllXStahtTiling

Pl

astic

estimation

accurate

because itseffects

pile-

ff.-;,

is, in the case of its everestimation

stability
is led to conservative
result,

{b) siope-stabmty
analysis

of

the slope

piles

analysis,

ancl slope-stabilities

slope-stability

Of

of

lateralforce is an important key-pointfor

stabi]ity

.=.,
-t'

stabilizing

an

the

pian

containing

that

the

,il.,

,/

Fig. 1. Stability

noted

!!ll/

zone

(a] Pile-stabiTity

kinds of

piles, two

stabilizing

be carried out, as shown

in
Fig.1. If the lateralforcesacting
on the stabilizingpiles (orthe lateral
force reactions to
the landslide
mass)
are
known, the designof
stabilizing
be carried out in the
piles can
It is

DeD

STABILIZING PILES

are

unconservative,

itS underestimation

Lateral Fbrce Acting

on

contrary,

while

vice

on

both
That

the p'le-

but the
in the case

versa.

Stabilizing
Piles

The lateral
force hereinsignifies

an
earth
pressure differenceacting on both sides of a pile.
the lateralforce is largely varied
from zero in case of no movement
of
landslidemass to an ultirpate
in case of a large movement
value
with
the passive
failure of sQils around
For
the
design
of
stabilizing
it
may
be
reasonable
piles.
piles,

Generally

speal<ing,

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STABILIZING

AGArNST

PILES

lateralforce in such a condition

is hardly reduced
by the movement
lateral force with
almost
no
ehange
of

that the shearing

to ttse the

of

surface

that the plastic state satisfying

in the hatched portion in Fig.1(a).

followingequations

the

of

p (2)
..

have been

equilibrium

The

other

of

sliding

to estimate

whole

the

it is

slope,

occurs
only
yie!d criterion
the detailedderivation

and

assumptions

(Itoand

Matsui, 1975, 1978).,

{];
)(""L/2`""
(exp(
DiD-,D2

di'Ndi-`)[

cD,(

along

Thus,

cendition

presented

already

resistance

landslide mass.

the Mohr-Coulomb's

assumed

23

LANDSLIDE

Nb tlano

lvhtan(P tan(ll}+{L))

-2Nofi2tan -i]+2titt?i,+ta2nlllrtli2i)ll!lre7f2]-c(D,-?--t-t--O,7,-ta2ntt:t2flitte-if2
-2D,Nh-if2)

fil2o
(D,(
)(Ndii'2
DDi2

ta"e+Ne-i)exp(DiD-2D2

Ne tan tan({l+llL))-D,)

(1)

interval between pi!es in a rew,

where
Ne=tan2(rr/4+ /2),Di is the center-to-center
of
soil,
of internal
D2 the clear interva!between piles, c the cohesien
the angle
depth from the ground
frictionof soil, r the unit weight of soil and 2 an arbitrary
replacing
c by
soil,
the lateralforcecan be obtained,
surface.
In case of cohesionless
in Eq(1).
In case of cohesive
soil (di=O),hewever, the lateralforce p(tl is
zero
obtained
by the followlngequation:

fll

+DiDM,D-' tan

p(2)

=clD,(31og

(2)are

Although Eqs. (1) and

equations

be

can

also

applied

to

valid

the

ior the
elastic

(Di-D2)
(2)
l}-)-2(Di-D2))+rz
rigid

piles, it

may

be

piles, because,according
the ground deformation

expected

to

the

that

these

assumption

pile is
ground
Furthermore,
effect
of
the
deformation
may
be
negligible.
small
and consequentiy
the
pile
it is shown
elsewhere
that, comparing
between the theoretical values and the observed
landslides,
the magnitude
lateralforces which
are
obtained
in the stabilizing piles against
even
for
the
condition
of
values
agrees
with
that
of
the
observed
ones
of the theoretical
head,
the
lateral
for the condition of restrained pile
freepile head, and that, especially,
by this theory '(Ito
forceacting on piles in a row may be estimated
with
good accuracy
the

of

and

describedabove,

surrounding

justaround

Matsui, 1975),

Pile-StabilityAnalptsis
As

that
subjected
to the lateralforce
piles are
pile-stability, considering
surface
as
shown
in
Fig.1(a),
an analytical
mass
above
the
slidlng
the
applied.
For
the passive
to herizontalIeadscan be
for the active pile subjected

for

through
method

the

soil

in Eq.
are
distributed ones,
such
as a representation
for
analysis
and
the
solutions
for
the
(1) (2).
pile-stability
in
detail
in
Appendix.
of
various
fixityconditions
pile head are presented
force and bending
of
the distributions
of deflection,
shearing
Fig.2 shows
an example
Lp is the
equations
in Appendix for steel pipe piles, where
moment
calculated
by using
of
the
the
top.
As
for
the
fixity
conditions
zp
is the depth from
pile
pile length and
pile, however,
er

the

The

horizontalloads

basic

equations

and
displacement),
four cases are considered
as free head (rotation
such
displacent
without
rotation),
hinged head (rotation
without
head (displaeem
the
rotation
nor
displacement),
The
safety
factor
of
ment)
and fixedhead (neither
pilebending and shearing
stresses
is shown
in Table 1, a$suming
that the allowable
stability
From this table, it can be seen
and
O.98 105kNfm2, respectively,
are L57 105kNlm2
than that for shearing
safety
factor
for
bending
moment
is
considerably
smaller
that the

pile head,
unrotated

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24

ITO

ET

AL.

'
ltt.

Deflection{cm)
la

o.5

-Too

Oendiog

Shenrtrtg foTceCkNl
O

-se

o
txedS]idlnsurfnc

Htnged

Unrotettd

<"

' .

Table
Fixity

Safety factor

1.

!
/

condition

pile

Free head
Unrotated head
Hinged

O.5

tb)
1.0

of

force. This

pile-stability

Sa!ytr..fa-,t.o/I.?.lpile-stability

'

1Bending

heaa

so

Distributions ef deflection,

Fig. 2.

of

s
e

)aO.5

1,P.

Free

,,,

n/omentCkN.m)

-loo -so

so

stress

O.58
O.91
LB4
1,52

head

Fixed head

lShearing
stress

such

that

the

case

stiffness

be generally
of
of

the

valld,

slides

ground

except-

of

amai

follows:

as

aallow

(4)piie=
amax
In

case

where

the shear

failureof

le occurs,

be examined,
If the safety
pile
pile-stability is insured.
It is also shown
from Table 1 that the
of

should

largerthe

safety

that

considered

to utilize

more

rocks

is largerthan

that of piles. Therefore, the safety factor

on
the pile-stability can
be obtained
(Fs)pii,
by comparing
the allowable
bending stress
aaiiDw. with
the maximum
induced ene

8.52
S.52
16.93
12.44

ing

may

(3)

however, the maximurn

shearing
factor in Eq. (3) is largerthan unity,

stress

the

smaller
the deflection
at
the pile head is, the
factoron the pile-stability becomes. Consequently, it can be generally
the deflection
andlor
the rotation
at
the pile head should
be restrained

effectively

the pile

'

effect.

'

Stope-Stabilitv
Analysis

analysis
can
be carried
out
by making
a comparison
between the
'
driving forces,F, and Fd, acting
on the soil mass
CADBC
above
the sliding
surface
in Fig.1(b). The resisting
forceE, may be obtained
as the sum
of both the
resisting
forces,F., and E,p,due to the shearing
resistance
along
the sliding
surface
CAD and the reaction force of piles in a row
at
the plane AB,
respectively,
It may
'
.involve no largeerror
that the shearing
resistance
along
the sliding surface
AD is censidered
as
a part of
the resisting
force F., since the soil masses at the both sides of the
i.e, ABCA and ABDA in Fig.1(b), will deform as one bocly in
position of pile's row,
the region
between piles, while
only
the soil justaround
the piles in a row
will reaeh
a plastic state,
as assumed
in the previous sect)on,
Thus, one can get the safety
factor(Ey)si.,e
on the slope-stability
in the case where
the resistanee
of the piles is,included, as follows:
'
-"' (Frs+4p)
-'
(Fk)siope---FE,"'
(4)
.
q--

The

resisting

4,

and

stability

slope-stability
and

I2tcan be obtained by such

of landslide.On the other

an

ordinary

hand,

L,

as

method
can

be

in the slopeby dividingthe reaction

the slice method

obtained

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STABILIZING

?ILES AGAINST

LANDSLIDE

25

forceof

a pile by the center-to-center

interval D, between piles in a row.
In case where
the shear failureof pile oceurs,
however, F.p should be obtained
by the shearing
resistance of piles at the sliding
surface.
If the safety
factor in Eq. (4) is larger than the
required
one,
the slope-stability
can be insured.

EFFECT

Generat Remarks
To study the effect

OF STABILIZING

shown

slope

The

LANDSLIDE

'
of

piles against

stabilizing

in Fig.3 is adopted
as
an example.
the N-value in the
standard
penetration test and the uncon-

finedcompressiye

ON PREVENTING

PILES

The

landslide,
an

cross

section

landslide
slope

existing

ef

this

slope,

shown

boring log,

the

g. are

strength

in Fig,3. Thislandslide
is 65rn long and 95m wide.
unit

weight

the sliding

above

of

the soil

is 16.2

surface

kNrm3.

The cohesioncandthe
internal friction angle
the
m2

surface

sliding

and

50,

ipalong
9.8kN/

are

respectively,

which

Scale

Fig. 3. Cross

section

ef

Iandslide

slope

is obtained
by c-e method.
The safety factorof slope for the designed section
I shown
in Fig. 3 is O. 78 by the slice
method.
If the required
safety
factor of thes lope-stability
is 1.2, this slope is unstable.
On the other
hand, the safety
factor of slope for the designed section
II is calculated
as
O,92, but the stability is not yet established.
Even in such
an
unstable
case
ef
slope,
the safety factorof the slope-stability
will
be able
to exceed
the required
one
by considering
the pile effect against
landslide,The stability
of
slope
can
be studied

by

using

the methods

of

both

the pile-stability
and

the

slope-stability

analyses

described

in the previous chapter.

Such factors as the intervalbetween piles, the fixitycondition
of pile head, the pile
length above sliding surface, the pile diameterand the stiffness
of
pipe pile are considered
to have infiuenceon
the
effect
of
landslide. Thus, those five factors
piles against
mentioned
above
are studied
respectively
for the designedsection
II, First of all, the
effect
of interval between piles is studied,
in which
the steel pipe piles having a diameter
of 711.2mm,
a thickness of 22 mm,
a pile length above
sliding
surface
of 3m
and
an
unrotated
avoiding
the relaxation
pile head are installedat a position of pile'srow,
zone
of tunnel represented
by a dottedline,
as shown
in Fig. 3. Then, the studies
of the other
'
four factors are carried
out
by varying
the interval between piles, respectively.
And
the effect of reinforcement
for the stiffness of steel pipe pile isalso studied.
In order
to facilitatethis study,
the following assumptions
are made:
1) The modulus
of elasticity
of steel pile E. is 2. 06 lo8 kNlm2.
2) The allowable
bending and shearing
stresses
of
steel
pile are 1.57 105kN/m2 and
O, 98 105kN/m2, respectively.
3) The soil modulus
E, below the sliding
surface
is 4 103kN/m2, based on N--value.
'
4) The pile length is infinite.
5) The required safcty factorsof the pile-stability
and
the slope-stability
are 1,O and
1.2, respectively.
,

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!TO ET

26

AL.

E.t7'ect
of1'ntervalbetz2)eenPiies
between the safety factorsof both stabilities for the pile
the relations
is represented
by the interval ratio
to the interval between piles, which
the variation
of
the safety
factor(F,),,,.
of
In this figure, the solid Iine shows

Fig.4

shows

the

and

slope

D,iD,.
the

the
the

The broken line and the chain

of the
slope-stability
for the cases of
safety
factors(F,),i.,,
effect
is represented
effect,
respectively.
Thus,
the
pile
pile
D21Dt.

pile-stabilitywith

line wlth

considering

one

and

dot

show

neglecting

by the difference
between

where
the pilelines, estimated
in terms of the safety factor, in the case
'
stability
is insured,
Frern this figure,it isseen that the interval between piles have largeinfluenceon the
because the safety
factorof the pile-stability
effect
ef
stabilizing
landslide,
piles against
gradually increaseswith increasing the interva! ratio D2,tDi,while the safety factorof
from the fact that the lateral
the slope-stability
gradually decreases,This originates
is
decreasedwith
increasing the
fQrce acting on a pile (or the lateralferce reaction)
interval between piles.

these

two

,,

1,E

H!5 m
d=111.2

1.4

<'
kpel

head
H'=3 m
mmt=!2

mm

1.2

PHIe

X lx

s
ar.'

1
i
[

1.e5

t"

/1

o.4

LX

s[

i'

e.s

is

Xsjs.

lt

e,a

os

o,s

o,1

e,s

a.g

O,4

D2tDL

and

slope

safety

factors

of pi!e
(l7k)si.p.

to interval

O,S

O.fi

O.7

O,B

DIfOt

Fig. 4. Relation between

(Es)pne

.s

2.

ts

l,lUnretdted

ratio

E.fflect
of Fixity Condition

and

Fig. 5. Effectof fixitycondition

of pile head

D2!Dr

of Pile Head

for the
the safety
factorsof both the pile-stability and the slope-stability
12mrn
in
the
same
manner
a
diameter
of
457
.2mm
with
a
thickness
ef
having
pipe pile
head
as
a
variable
As
for the
as
in Fig,4, with the fixitycondition
of pile
parameter.
fixitycondition of pile head, four cases describedpreviously are considered.
From this figure,it is seen that the safety factoro f the pile-stability varies considerably,
head, fixedhead and hinged head, In
increasing in the order of free head unrotated
of
hinged head
only
for the fixityconditions
this case,
the pile-stability can be obtained
at
that
to perfectly restrain
the deflection
and
fixedhead. Therefor:-, it is confirmed
in
the
chapter.
Such
fixity
head
is
more
effective,
as
described
the pile
previous
'
a
may
be obtained
by connecting
the pile heads with
buried beam fixedby
conditiens
In th is case, this fixing method
may
be inadequate because
tie-rods or tension anchors,
fixity
condition
may
be
of
the existence
of the tullnel,
Therefore, the most
preferable
by
connecting
the
heads
with
buried
head, which
may
be obtained
the unrotated
pile
Fig.5

show$

steel

reinforced

cencrete

beam.

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STABILIZING

Effect

of PiZe Length

Fig.6

the effect

shows

and

the

It is seen
pile length

pile length above

as
are the same

sliding

of

by

surface

sliding

surface

H'

choosing

from 1m

as

to 5m

are

Fig.4.
increasing
pile-stability decreaseswith
ef
the
slope-stability
surface,
while
the safety
factor
sliding
from the fact that the lateralforce acting on a pile (or the
surface,
in
increases with increasingthe pile Iength above sliding

other

in Fig. 6

the

of

SlidingSurLface
the pile length above

Five values

parameter.

variable

considered

above

27

PILESAGAINSTLANDSLIDE

parameters
the safety

that

above

those in

factorof the

increases. This comes

lateralforce reaction)
interval between piles.
case
of the same
and the pile
interval ratio (D2tDi).ii...
Fig.7 shows
the telation between the allowable
of
Fig.6, In this
on the basis of the results
length above
sliding
surface
H', obtained
and
a
interval ratio to insure the pile-stability
the minimum
figure,a solid line shows
Therefere,
interval ratio to insure the slope-stability.
broken lineshows the maximurn
in
which
both
the
shown
in
Fig.7
represents
a
region
hatched
pile-stability
the
portion
has an
interval ratio
can
be insured. Thus, the allowable
and
the slope-stability
siiding
surface,
in case where
with
increasing the pi!e length above
increasing tendency

Z.2

1.s

1,a

1.5

1.4E==

1.4

1.0

g
s

-ut

is:=qe"O.5

t1.2

1,O

1.0

e,s

O,2
e.3

o.eD.S
o.4

o.s

o.6

o1

o.7

Fig. 7. Relation between allowable inand

terval ratio (DtlDi)a".w,
pile
length above
sliding
surface
ll'

Fig. 6. Effect of pile length above

n'

surface

sliding

H'{m]

D:tDl

1.G

1.S

Unrotetedhead
O,7

H=5mH,ilm

ps]e

t=22mmNXSIopex.Nlx1'Yx'

IS

l,6

'
ts.x"s6""""sta60",tt

1,2e'Kfi.

1,4

sut1.2

'NxsNss -.

T.Dto,e

i2x.:
O,6qb""

t1.0
(Fs)slowitho"etpi]eeffect
11'1:/'

o.s

o.6

O,4

o.s

o.e

o.7

D,e

'e.se,6

o.g

e,7

D tDl

Fig. 8.

Effeet

of

pile

e.s

es

1,o

dCm)between

diameter d

Fig. 9. Relatien
terval ratio
diameter d

allowable
and
(D2fDt).llo..

int
pile

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ITO

H' is lessthan

three

about

ET

AL.

meter.

ELfflect
ojCPile Diameter
Fig.8 shows
the effect of the pile diameter by choosing
d(=:D;:-D2) as a variable
Six values
of
diameter
from
558.
8mm
to
1
O16,
Omm
are considered
and
parameter.
pile
the other conditions
are the same
as those in Fig,4.
It is seen in Fig.8 that the safety
factorof the pile-stability increases with increasing
the pile diarneter. However, the relation
between the safety
factor of the slope-stability
D21Di is uniquely
decidedregardless of the pile diameter, This
comes
from the fact that the lateral forcereaction
of
slope
is a
p(x)IDi per unit width
function of the interval ratio D,ID. as seen in Eqs, (1) and (2).
Fig, 9 shows
the relation
between the allowable interval ratio (D2fDt).ii...
and the pile
diameter d. Both selid and broken linesrepresent
the minimum
and
rnaximum
interval
ratio,
respectively,
in the same
manner
as
in Fig.Z
Thus, the hatched pertion shown
in Fig.9 represents
in which
the region
both the pile-stabilityand the slope-stability
can
be insured. In case ef the piles having diametersof 558.8mm and 609.6mm with
a thickness
their stiffness should
of 22mm,
be reinforced,
interval ratio

the

and

EX7lectof Thickness ojCPipe ?ile

Fig. 10 shows
the effect of the thickness of steel pipe pile by choosing
t as a variable
from 9.5mm to 22mm
and
the other
parameter, The thickness studied are fivevalues
conditions
are
the same
as
those
in Fig.4. The relation
between the safety factor of
the slope-stability
and
the interval ratio is uniquely decided regardless
of
the
thickness
ef
steel
1.4
1.5
Ptile
of thepile diamexSlope
pipe pile, becauseof no change
Nx
tff
ter and
the interval between piles.
1.2
1.4
L
x
xx"
di19
It is seen in Fig. 10 that the safety
factor of the
1,Os'E-"s

increasesalmost linearly
with
inereaspile-stability
ing the thickness
of
steel
i.e.
with
inpipe piles,
-vel.O
their stiffness.
Although the pile-stability
creasing
t

T.2

ea

Nitl"eiSN.'

'

ut

o.s

is held forthree kindsof piles haxringthe

1g5"pm{Fs)slopeWithOut
O.8
from 16mm to 22mm, the whole
stability

e.6

tr..tpUeeffect
H=5md;711.2mm
VnretatedheedH'=3m'

O.4
o,4

o.6

o.6

e.7

o.s

o.g

Fig. 10. Effect of thickness

or

type

of

the

piles having the thickness

22

mm.

In the case where

the pile-stabilitycan
net be
insured for the piles of the maximum
thiekness,
carried

out

tQ

pile by inserting another

ing with
concrete,
pipe pile, fi11

the

of

ELt7lect
of Reinforcementfor Pile Staffness

it is often

pipe pile t

pile) into

for

is held

O.5

DtiD;

steel

only

thickness

the

reinforce

steel

stiffness

of

pile(steel
pipe pile

of
Fig,ll(a)and (b)show the effect of the reinforcement
of the bending stiffness
pile
by inserting steel pipe piles and H type piles, respectively.
Four kinds of inserted steel
for each type of piles, as shown
in Fig. 11(a) and (b),and the other
piles are considered
conditions

are

the

same

as

those

in Fig.4,

It is seen in Fig. 11 that the safety factoref the pile-stability

increases with increasing
the stiffness of reinforced
allowable
interval ratio for
pipe piles, and then the minimum
the pile-stability
decreases, Thus, both the pile-stabirity
and
the
slope-stability
can
be

held even

Fig. 12

for the

shQws

and
piles having the diameterof 609.6mm
the relation
between the minimum
allowable

the

thickness

of

22mm.

intervalratio (D2/Di)anow.

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STABILIZINGPILES

PSIe

1.4

AGAINST

lS]epexxxx

1.6

1,4

1,6

ijtiLtssgxtktRSicst1kL-xttNN

1.4

1.2

1,4

1.0

1.1

1,2

1,O

L2

!'a-utt

'

e'
o.e

29

LANDSLIDE

s-e

:s 'a
: A
-h

1,o

(Fs)slovtthoutpileeffect
CASE1;d=318.imt=10.3ffrn

O.5

"

-ut
L-

in

O,S

di-"=

o.e

1.0

O.5

O,8

tASE2;ti'355.En"t-11.1mu

'CASE3;d-406.immt-12,]rrm
CASE4:d!457.2rrEnV12,7mm

O.4
O.3

O,5

o.4

O.6

O.6

O.1

O,6o,s

OA

O.S

O,3

O.4

e,s

b!/Dr

o.fi

o.T

D,tDi

(a)

(b)

Fig. 11.(b)Effect of reinforcement

for pile stiffness by (a) steel
Hr
steel
type piles (Unrotated head H= 5m, H'==3m)

O.7

pipe piles and

r.o

(d=609.6
rmt=a2

nm71iMaxHmum

7"wrwn7tt77Tt7U

fr-a

O,6iiRe"

1.S
Unratatedi

H=5m

heed

1.4

H'!3m

F1.]-

Mnim-mLt11'

.-

o,sv

1.2

'[1

'
oo

Retinforcement

steel

O,4

pipe

l.1

by

pile

le,l:T{[[::::'p:\et'
1.0

o,3s

OAO

O.45

O.SOxlort

Eplp{ltHm')

Fig. 12. Relation between

interval

bending

the bending stiffness

The hatched portion shown

the slope-stability

Fig. 13.

Eloh

stiffness

pile E,lp, obtained

in Fig,12 represents
be insured.

can

Procedure

lizingpiles

ef

and

and

allowable

and
(D21Di)a"ow.

ratio

on

the

a region

of

design for stabi-

against

basisof
in which

the

landslide
results

of

both the

Fig.11.

pile-stability

DESIGN METHOD
A$ the previous chapter
piles, the fixitycondition

diameterand

the

stiffness

of

FOR STABILIZING PILES AGAINST LANDSLIDE

has demonstrated,'itcan be seen that the interval between
of
sliding
surface,
the pile
pile head, the pile length above
important factorson the designforstabilizing
pipe pileare very

piles,

In

this

chapter,

piles, based

on

those

systernatic

design method

is proposed

for

one

row

of

stabilizing

results.

Design Method
A procedure

of

design for the

stabilizing

piles is shown

in Fig.13

as

block

chart.

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ITO

ET

AL

First of all, the conditions

of ground
sueh
as geographical,
geological qnd geotechnical
features, the levelof groundwater,
the scale
of landslide, the location
of sliding
surface
are established
through
investigations and tests in fieldand laboratory.The required
safety
factor of the slope-stability
and
the allowable
stresses
of
pile are alse included in
this decision.
Then, the selections
of
the fixitycondition
of pile head may
be carried
out,
As shown
in Fig, 5, it is more
effective
to select a fixitycondition
in which
the deflectionandtor
the rotation
at
the pile head are restrained.
However, this selection
must
be carried
eut,
incltidingthe conditions
in the method
of
construction
works.

Next,

the

selections

be carried
for both existing

surface

out.

may

stabillty

the

of

length above

the pile

and
position of pile's row
These should
be selected,

so

to

as

It is

sliding

the

e$tablish

slope

decidethe

to

potential
If it would be necessary
to select a more
effective
pile's row,
pile position, however, the feed back linedescribedlateron can be used,
Finally,such three factorsabout piles as the pile diameter, the stiffness
of
steel
pipe
and
the
interval
between
have
to
selected,
so
as
to
be
hQld both the pilepile
piles
stability
ancl
the slope-stability,
Qf these
factorsobtained
Judgingfrom the characteristics
most

position

suitable

previQusly, it
using

such

between
ratio

sliding

surfaces.

best
diagram

the

schematic

that

method

the

in Fig.14,

as

is

which

factorsof both stabllities

for the pile
D21D,. A thick solid line in this figure represents
factors

safety

easy

the

of

pile-stability ancl

intervalratio

allowable

represented

is
the

as

selected,
relatiens

interval
design line, in which
the
slope-stability
are
1.0 and 1,2,

the safety

required

not

of

be

will

and

the

the

and

to

slope

the

Therefore, to obtain the whole stability of slope, it is necessary

to use
having
the
interval
ratio
and
between
in
Fig,
14.
piles
(D2/Di)i (D2/Di)2

respectively,

the stabMzing

1.0

xxxxSTopeN

va

1,6

1.4

be!k

beok,

Pfle

.x
'

T.2

-v
'a
-- 1.o

""v

1.4

io:

Oesinlinex'xxN.

i.2
A.

(k),

(F"slope=1'!

q:tS

t
o.s

'

'1

eehke

rft.
tJ

{Fs}slope"thautpUt
1.0

ticti{tsdt(d:gdm''
effect

O.6

o.e1.0

Fig. 15. Schematic diagram toselect

allowable
intervalratio (D21Di)

Dltn;

To

those

select,simultaneously

use

show,s

such

the

variations

by

represented

of

the

In this figure,d.
the variation

of

signifies

the minimum

always

As the

curve

ti.

the

solid

In such case,
Iocatedover

of

three

diagram

schematic

dm

dl
d

Fig. 14. Schematic diagram for

a design of stabilizing
piles

to

dz

{g:), {gi),

- '

minimum

as

anow.t

pile thickness t

diameter d

and

pile

factorsin S election III,itwill be a convenient

method
in Fig.15, using the results
of
Fig,14. Fig.15
and

maximum

allowable

interva! ratioswhich

are

broken lines, respectively,

with
the pile diameter.
the maximum
usable
diameter,
and
the curve
I shews
pile
allowable
interval ratio for the piles having the thickness

and

is no suitable interval between piles, because the curve I is

broken line, which
is the maximum
allowable
intervalratio.
II in Fig. 15 is obtained. for the piles.having a largerthickness of t2 than
there

the

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STABILIZING

PILES

AGAINST

LANDSLIDE

31

lt is possible to use the piles within the hatched pertion in Fig,15, in order to hold
both the pile-stability
and
the slope-stability,
In the ease of the curve
III, in which
the piles having a larger thickness
of
t3 than t, are used,
it is also possible to use the
diameter of d2 than d,. Judging from the economic
piles having a smaller
point of
view,
it may be favorableto select a Iarger interval ratio,
i,e. (D2fDi)2
in this case,
It is possibie to return
back again
to the selections
of both the position of pile's row
and
the pile length above
sliding
surface
according
to the feed back line in Fig.131 if an
adequate
result
can not be obtained
by the method
described above,
It is also possible
to return
back to the selection of fixity condition
of pile head or to the decision of
condition
of ground changing
the cress section
of lanclslide,
according
to the feed back
'
linein Fig. 13.
ti,

Design Example
A design for the designed section
II of the landslideslope in Fig,3 ls carrled
out
in
section.
The unrotated
head is selected
as
the fixity
condition
of
plle head.
Fig. I6 shows
a design diagram for this example,
corresponding
to Fig. 14, in which
the
sliding
surface
is 3m at the position of pile's row
in Fig.3.
pile length above
shown
In Fig.16, four kinds of piles are studied,
From this figure,it is seen
that there is
no suitable
interval between pilesforthe pileshav'
ing diameters of 558.8mm
and
609.6mm
with
i-s
i,E
the thickness of 22mm.
For either
piles of the
this

fA%M8,t.r,O,2,7gl'g,M,.ie..r,t?s,
''E

i'`

interval ratio

the
able

one,

as

D,!D, of O. 64
in Fig.16.

sponding

length
are

609.6mm,

and

the

Fig. 15, in

above

sliding

ef

Fig, 17

correspond

ing to

the

to

diameter

shown

usable

of

enEut-mt

E
=

V:-i,e

1,2

o.s

1.e

o6

e.s9

of

values

lm, 3m
by open

steel

of
and

circles

pile
4m
in

plpe piles accord-

JapaneseIndustrialStandard.

o.s

.4

i.z

diagrams corre-

three

which

surface

The plots

studied.

suit-

most

respectively.

(a),(b)and (c) show

to

the

Therefore, the
be decided by 1.98m

shown

intervalsbetween piles can

and
1.69m for these
piles
711.2mm
Figs.17

as

O.5

g.4

O.7

O.B

O.

OliD:

Fig. 16. A design example

designed section

1.e

O.4

O.6

et

II

1,O

O.9

j.

son

o.s

'nny

...e

O.6
O.4

O,6

o.s

1.0

ti(m)

dtm)

.dCm)

Fig. 17. Relatien between allowable

diameter el and pile thicknesst

interval
ratio (D2!Di)a]iow,,
pile
-,

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ITO

32

ET

AL.

It is seen

from Fig. 17(a) that if the pile length above

sliding
surface
is 1 m, the piles
thickness from 9mm
to 22mm
can
be used, holding the whole
stability of slope.
However, itmay be unfavorable
to use these piles, becausenew
sliding
surfaces
may
take place without
crossing
the piles in a row.
As the pile length above
slidlng
surface
is 3m, it is possible to use the piles having thicknesses of 19mm and
22mm,
as shown
in Fig.17(b). However, as the pile length above
surface
is
sliding
4m,
no allowable
interval between piles exists, as shown
in Fig,17(e),even for the
piles having a diarneter of 1 O16mm with a thickness of 22 mm.
Finally,'
it is confirmed
in design that the stability of slope holds for the possible
sliding
surfaces
after
the installation
of the stabilizing
piles.

having

kinds of

all

CONCLUSIONS
In the

stability

analysis

the slope

of

isusually

deterrnined
in advance
method
for piles {n a row wlthin
a
has been investigated.
surface

The

authors

stability,

the

examined

with

of

effect

many

a new
design rnethod
Iandslideare given, such

proposed

and

If the conditions
the fixitycondition

of

of

piles, the location of the sliding

stabilizing

by fieldinvestigations. In this paper, the design

slope
of such
a fixed sliding
surface
as
in landslide

pile head, the

factorson the stabilizing pile on the slopefor the stabilizing

landslide,
piles against
fivefactors as the interval between piles,

pile length

the pile diameter

slope-stability.
In the

sliding

above

surface,

effect on the
pipe pile have considerable
such
fivefactors can be decided systematically.
Furthermore,
an example
of
design is shown,
with
figuresto show important factorson the
eonvenient
design of the stabilizing piles.
.
In the case of large scale landslidewith
long slope,
several
rows
of
piles in a row
must
be used to hold the whole
stability
of
slope.
A design method
for such a case as
and

the stiffness

of

steel

proposed design methed,

describedabove

will

be presented in subsequent

paper.

NOTATION
ao, at, a2, a3,

A, B==integralconstants
c==cohesion

soil

of

d,di,d2= pile diameters

dm=rnaximum
usable
pile diameter
Di=center-to-center interval between piles in
D2==clear interval between piles in a row
(D21Di)anow.=allowabletntervalratio of piles in a row

Ep=rnodulus o'E
Es ==soil modulus

elasticity

of

row

pile

Fd ::driving
force acting
on the soir
mass
above
the sliding
Fr=resisting force acting on the soil mass above
the sliding
Frp=resisting force due te the reactien
force of piles in a row
Frs:=resisting force due to the shcaring
resistance
along
the

factorof
(Fs)pii.=safety

f(i)==rernainder

the

surface

the

above
slkling

slicling

surface

surface

the pile-stability

factorof the
(Fs)siepe=safety
of

surface

slope-stability

solution

excluding

the

integral

constants

ao,

ai,

a2

and

as

in

infinite
integralof P(z-)fEplp

quadruple

A,n:::censtants
H

=depth

from the ground

H'=length f.romthe
Ip=moment

of

surface

to the sliding

pile top to the sliding

surface

''

surface

inertia of pile

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PILES

STABILIZING

AGAINS

Lp=pile length
of pile
M= bending mornent
above
bending moments
Mi,max,M2,mar==maxirnum
Ndi==flew value
(=tan2(T14+O!2))
p(2),P(i)=lateralforce acting on piles in a
qti=

strangth

cempressive

unconfined

S==shearingferce
t, ti, t2, t3=thicknesses

of

33

tLLANDSLIDE

.
below the

and

surface,

sliding

respectively

rew
of

soil

pile
pipe pile
of

y==pile defiection
surface,
respectively
and
below the sliding
yt,y2=pile defiections above
surface,
the sliding
surface and the pile top, respectively
from the ground
2, 2-,xp=depths
Mi,.,. is developed in
surface
to the position at which
ii==depth from the sliding
case
of hinged
head
M2,.,. is developed in
to the position at which
E2 =depth
from the sliding surface
both cases of free and unrDtated heads

B==:tt'Es14EpJp
r=unit

of

weight

soil

e=deflectionangle
a...

::maximum

of

=angle

of

pile

bencling stress of pile

bending stress incluced on
internal frictionof soil

a.ll.w.=allowable

pile

REFERENCES
strength
of seft
clay," Discussion, Prec. GeoBroms, B, B. and Bennennark,I{.(1967):
technical Conference, Oslo, VoL2, pp.118-120,
"Stabilityef natural
and
embankment
foundations," Discussion,
slopes
Broms,B.B,(1969):
Mexico, Vol.3, pp.385-394,
Proc. 7th ICSMFE,
Report, Proc.
subjected
to static lateral loads,"State-of-the-Art
De Beer,E.E.(1977):
9th ICSMFE,
SpecialtySession 10, Tokyo, pp.1-14.
behavieur of piles fer preventing landslide," Jour,of JSSMFE,
Fukumoto,Y.(1976):
"Shear

1)
2)

3)

"Piles

4)

"The

VoL16, No.2, pp.91-103 On Japanesc).

"Methods to estimate
on
stabiliztng
lateral force acting
piles,"
Ito,T, and Matsui,T. (1975):
Soils and Foundations,Vol.15, No.4, pp.43-59.
do. Closure, Soilsand Foundations,VoL18, Nb.2, pp,41-44.
6)7)Ito,T, and Matsui,T,(1978):
on
the slope
stabMty,"
Proc. 9th
effect
of piles in a row
and
Matsui,T.
Ito,T.
(1977): "The
Tokyo,
Specialty
Session
10,
pp.81-86.
ICSMFE,
of the slope
method
for the stability analysis
8) Ito,T. Matsui,T. and Heng,W. P. (1979):
'
VoL19,
No,4,
and
Foundations,
pp.43-57.
with
landingpier,"Soils
Bend landslide,Palos Verdes Hills, California,"Jour. of
9) Merriarn,R.(1960):
5)

"Design

"Portuguese

Geology, Vol.68, pp,140-153.

APPENDIX

Analysis
Basic Equationsfor Pile-Stabigitrv

Assuming

that

tional to the pile

forceon piles below the

lateralreaction
can
be obtained
deflection,the basicequations
d4y,
EgeJp
(2L)(- H' $i rSO)
d,-4

the

sliding

as

surface

is propor-

follows:

==P

E,J,
where

a'

is

equa!

to

diY.,2

(x-H), H

=-Esy2

is

the

(A-1)

(2-.kO)
depth from the ground

surface

to the

sliding

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34

ITO

ET

AL.

H' the length from the pile top to the sliding surface,
yi and
y2 the pile
deflections
above
and
below the sliding surface, respectively,
the
distributed
horizontal
p(a-)
load, Epl. the bending stiffness of pile and E, the soil modulus.
surface,

By

Eq.

solving

can
pile defiections

(A-1)under
be

the

obtained

yE=O

of

condition

follows:

as

2--.co, the general

at

solutions

Yi=ao+ai2-+a222+a,i3+f(2)

y,
where

ao,

ai,

pile-head

ef

a3,
A
fixity and
a2,

decidedby both conditions

pile
f(2) is the remainder
the integralconstants
ao, a,, a2 and
a3 in the quadruple indefinite
is
,
in
Eq.
may
be written
as follows:
V'E?/4E,I,
p(2)
(A-1)
P
B

and

integral constants,

are

continuity

the solution excluding

integral of P(2T)SE,I.and
of

(A-2)

(AcosBa-+BsinBz-)

:e-Pi

of

which

the

at

are

sliding

surfaee,

P(i) f,+Ai

(A-3)

-:

where
equation

.A

and

of

Jgbare
Eq.

constants

which

can

(A-2)is transfermed

as

fi

DifferentiatingEq. (A-4)by

by Eq.

be obtained
follows:

Yi`ao+aifi+a222+a,2-S+ 24EpJp

(1)

or

Z-4+

6i,il,
di2-Y2'=2a2+6a3i+-2JSI,ilp

2L3+pttEE2plp

z-`

23

first

equation

Eq.

of

(A-2)by

1
(A-s)

fk

':i/-Ynv3i=6as+Ef},2"+rr2/Efl,!J-,2r2
second

the

(A-4)

25

120Eplp

xL2+6Ef,2Ip

'

(2). Thus,

z-,

ddY2L=ai+2a2x-+3a3xL2+

DifferentSating
the

of

2,

ddY,m2-=-BerSi{(A-B)cosBa'+(A+B)sinBz'}
di2Y-,2
=:2

fl

2e"Pi

(A

sin

B2-- BcosBz")

(A-6)

dd3,.Y,!=2BaemPi{(A+B)cos3gT-(A-B)sinBi}
The

continuity

conditions

of

pile

at

the sliding

surface

are

[Y]l-O--[Yi]i-O=[Y2]i-O

1=,=[
]i

ddYi'

[o]f--o=[

ddYz72
-",

[M]i-"o==[-dd2g-Yr2i]i-L,=[dd2g-Y221=,
[s],--,-[

(A-7)

], 1-",

ddSg;

=[

ddS,Y,2

.,

deflection,
0 the deflection
angle
y is the pilesh
earing
forceof pile. Substitution
pile and S the

where
of

(A-7)gives

of
of

M the
pile,Eqs.

(A-5)and

z:::tl,,.-.,
1
3ZItLB-a7iBl+B)

bending

moment

(A-6)into Eq.
(A-8)

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STABILIZING

'Oe"t:lfe

PILES

AGAINST

35

LANDSLIDE

'Onnd

lgleenedi(:EcrliioCmOenndt

SOgl:Zc

the

forceat

shearing

the pile head(z"=-Ht)

are

[M]i--'-ff'=-Eplp[dizY-2il=-u,=O
[Sk--E'
Using

six

conditions

<A-2)are

obtained

pile in Eqs.

of

follows:

as

-u,

(A-8)and (A-9),the

six

integralconstants

in Eq.

12Efi,ri,a,

-w
ai=

12EplpB2

{6(1+BH't)f,-H'r(3+43H,).L,}

a2

(3fi
iHE',)I2.

a3

=:

Htfle)
12:lil,(2f,

"2 H'.fb)

(A-10)

Ht

A=

12EpfpBS
-(H,)2
12E,r.B2

B=
The maximum
bending
head as follows:

rn a.]i

bending

{3(2+BH,)f,-Ht(3+2BHr)f,}
(3fr-2H'f2)
Mi,...

mement

[Mi,
which

(A-9)

=o

{3(2+BH,)f,-H,
(3+2BHr)f,}

ao--

The maximum
depth i2, at

'

l..

- Ep lp[dd3aY,i

zero,

above

]E

--e - Ep Jp[ dd2gzt

==

-2

==:

L-o

force becomes

generates

surface

sliding

Ep Jpa2(-H $i

M2,.,. below the

moment

shearing

the

slid'mg

at

(A-n)

snt
e)

sttrface

may

thepile

generate

at

the

That is,

zero.

[s]i-me- Ep lp[mZli-ViYl.,,
=O

:::

Then,

i2=

tan-i
/i}-

tS-

-AA

(A-12)

Therefore,

[ca,

max]2=i:

Solution

==

]i

- EpJp[ di2Y22

of Unrotated

Head
Since the defleetion
angle

--i,

-2 EplpBae mPE2(AsinGi,-BcosBg72)

(zr-20)(A-13)

Condition
pile and

of

'
the

shearing

forceat

the pile head are zero,

lzrrll,=:O

[e]e=-Hr==[AdUt[S]i---"

(A-14)

:-E,i,[dd3kugy;l---..=o

Using

six

<A-2)

are

aO

obtained

as

rr
4s E,I,Bia+BH,)
-(Ht)2
24EplpB(1+3HV)

--

at-m

of

conditions

Eqs.(A-8)and

pile in

follows:

(A-14),the

six

integral constants

in Eq.

{4(2B

2(Ht)2+6BH't+3)f,-H,(5BE(H,)2+12BH't+6)A}

{4(3+2BHt)f,-Ht(6+5BHt)A}

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36 1TO

48

Ht 2

AL

2
H

H 2

fi

ET

2E

2 rH

A
4
2

1 H

48Eplp

6H

4 22 Ht 2

48Ep 1 H

Ht 5 2 H 2 12 H

f2

3f Ht
5
H 2 6 f2

15
A

The maximum

bending moments

M
max

M2

and

are

max

foHows

as

given

A
16

E A 2

ame

of Hinged H6ad Condition

Solertion
and the bending
moment
Since the deflection

the pile headare

at

Usingsix conditiQns
A 2 are

A 17
the six integral
constants

A 8 and
pileinEqs

of

inEq

as follows

obtained

zero

15 H

120Ep
1

21t H 3

p
3
3
U 5 2 H 2 6 H
15 2

Ht

fa

z H 2 30
3 H 3 27
4

s
5
H 3 H H

H 3

rr

H
H
2 H
BH 1 f l
HW

12

it
H 27 f
A
5 Ht U f
2
H

2
H 15 H fi Ht U Ht A 18f

The maximum

bendingmoments

f V f

mar

M2
m

are

givenas fo1ows

91

C1gg

and

af
ii2E

gli
1

i
g b d

Solutien

f Fixed Head Condition

and the deHection

angle
Since the deflection

at

the pile head are

zero

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STABILIzlNG

P LES

AGAINST

LANDSLIDE

37

Usingsix
A 2 are
a

obtained

inEqs A 8 and

A 20

of pile

conditions

as

the six integral

constants

n Eq

follows

tt H

H H H

12f

12

H
al
120Eplp
1 Ht
2 1
G

3
3
2
2
H 6f H
4 3
H 3 9 2 Ht 2 15f2
H 3
10

l

a2
20E s 1 2 1 Hs 3H
5
H 9 U
12

f1 2

Ptu

2
2

s
12 H

5 2

H f Hr

H W

H 3

2
1 H
2 H ts

5 s H 3 9 H 12f Ht
2 3 H s 12 Ht 15

f2

21
A
bending
moments
M

and M2
are
The maximum

ma

mmx
given as follows

H
Hi

A
22

10 980
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