Ashley Konich

PSY 2110
Hyeman Choi
August 8, 2016
Is there a relationship between hours spent studying and hours of sleep?
Introduction
In this study, I collected data on the number of hours a person studies and the number
of hours one sleeps. This is something I experience daily since I enrolled and school and though
it would be interesting to study. The research questions for this study are Is there a
relationship between the number of hours a person studies per week and the number of hours
a person sleeps? and Does the number of hours a person studies per week predict the
number of hours a person sleeps? I chose these particular research questions because I
wanted to see whether or not there was a true strong correlation. I personally would imagine
that there would be one, however, the results may prove otherwise.
Predictor and Criterion Variable
There are two variables used throughout this study, the predictor variable and the
criterion variable. A predictor variable is the variable in which the predictor is being made from.
In the study the predictor variable is the numbers of hours a person studies. A criterion variable
is the variable that is being predicted. In relation to the study, the criterion variable serves as
number of hours a person sleeps.

RAW DATA
hours studied
0
5
2
3
7
2
3
0
3
6
4
4
1

hours of sleep
7
3
7
7
6
8
9
9
6
6
7
8
7

The data above shows the raw scores I recorded from my participants. There are 13
scores listed for the number of hours the individual studies how many hours that same
individual gets in sleep.
Correlations
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Number of hours a person
studies per day
Number of hours a person
sleeps per day

Std. Deviation

3.08

2.139

13

6.9231

1.55250

13

Correlations

Number of hours a person

Pearson Correlation

studies per day

Sig. (2-tailed)

Number of

Number of

hours a person

hours a person

studies per day

sleeps per day

-.525
.065

Sum of Squares and Crossproducts

54.923

-20.923

4.577

-1.744

13

13

-.525

Covariance
N
Number of hours a person

Pearson Correlation

sleeps per day

Sig. (2-tailed)

.065

Sum of Squares and Crossproducts

Covariance

-20.923

28.923

-1.744

2.410

13

13

The chart on the previous page and the chart displayed above, shows the recorded
values for the mean, standard deviation, Pearson Correlation, and the covariance among the
data set.

Regression

Variables Entered/Removed a

Model
1

Variables

Variables

Entered

Removed

Method

Number of
hours a person

. Enter

studies per dayb

a. Dependent Variable: Number of hours a person sleeps
per day
b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summary

Model
1

Adjusted R

Std. Error of the

Square

Estimate

R Square

.525a

.276

.210

1.38013

a. Predictors: (Constant), Number of hours a person studies per day

ANOVAa
Model
1

Sum of Squares
Regression

df

Mean Square

7.971

7.971

Residual

20.952

11

1.905

Total

28.923

12

F
4.185

Sig.
.065b

a. Dependent Variable: Number of hours a person sleeps per day

b. Predictors: (Constant), Number of hours a person studies per day

The two charts provided above, as well as the last regression chart on the previous
page, all display data relevant to the variables relationship to one another. These charts
specifically show the coefficient of determination and the standard error of the estimate.

Scatterplot

The scatterplot displayed above visually shows the relation between the number of
hours a person studies per week and the number of hours a person sleeps. The slope for this
scatterplot is negative. The downward direction of the data points represents a negative
relationship, whereas the lower number of hours a person studies per day, the number hours a
person sleeps will be higher. This will vary due to it being a moderately weak negative
relationship.

Calculation of Covariance by Hand

()()
(40)(90)
256
256 276.9231 20.9231

13
=
=
=
= .
1
13 1
12
12

Covariance is a measure of how changes within one variable are associated with the
changes in a second variable. In another sense, covariance is a number that reflects the degree to
which two variables vary together. Knowing this, covariance gives researchers a sense on
whether or not the two variables they are studying vary in relation to each other. This will help
researchers further determine if there may be a possible correlation.

Calculation of Pearsons r by Hand

4090
13

=
(40)2
(90)2
(178
13 ) (652 13 )
20.9231
=
=
(178 123.0769)(652 623.0769) (54.9231)(28.9231)
20.9231
= .
39.8566

2
()2
2 () )
( 2
)
(

256 276.92

256

The sign of r, whether it be positive or negative, indicates a positive or negative

relationship, respectively. The size/magnitude of the correlation tells me the relationships
value. The value of r, without regard to the sign, indicates the strength of the relationship. My
calculations show that Pearsons r coefficient is -0.525. This means that the data exhibits a
moderately weak, negative correlation.

Hypothesis Testing
: P = 0
There is no significant relationship between the number of hours a person studies and the
number of hours a person sleeps.
1 : P 0
There is a significant relationship between the number of hours a person studies and the
number of hours a person sleeps.
Set up the criteria:
I calculated the r critical values for the distribution to aid in my decision on whether I
should reject or retain the null. The degrees of freedom (df) was computed at 11. The degrees
of freedom are calculated by taking the total number of samples between the two groups and
subtracting two from it. Here, the two represents the room at which the statistic no longer has
room to vary. In this study, the sample total is 13 and once 2 is subtracted, the degrees of
freedom equals 11. Using the Significant Values of the Correlation Coefficient chart, I found the
r critical values in relation to the df of 11 and an alpha of 0.05. The critical values corresponding
with 11 are r= .553 This means that any numbers less than -.553, and any numbers that are
greater than .553 lays within the region of rejection. As displayed in the Correlation chart on
page 3, Pearsons r was computed at -.525. In relation to the r critical values, -.525 does not fall
within the region of rejection, thus leaving me to retain my null. In conclusion, there is no
significant relationship between the number of hours a person studies and the number of hours
a person sleeps.

Calculation of Coefficient of Determination by Hand

r 2 = .52502 =.

The coefficient of determination gives the proportion of variability in the y variability

that is accounted for by the x variable. In other words, it gives the proportion of variability in the
number of hours a person sleeps that is accounted for by the number of hours a person studies. I
calculated my coefficient of determination to be .276. This means that 27.6% of variability in the
number of hours a person sleeps can be accounted for the number of hours a person studies.

Calculation of the Slope by Hand

()()
(40)(90)
256

256 276.92 20.92

13
=
=
=
= .
2
2
()
(40)
178 123.08
54.92
2

178

13

Calculation of the y-intercept by hand

= 6.92 (.381)(3.08) = 6.92 + 1.17 = .

Regression Equation
= . + .
= +

Calculate standard error of the estimate by hand

2 =

()2
(90)2
652

=
13 = 652 623.08 = 28.92 = 2.41 = .
1
13 1
12
12

= (1 2 ) (

1
13 1
12
) = 1.55(1 .276) (
) = 1.55(. 724) ( )
2
13 2
11

= 1.55(. 724)(1.09) = 1.55. 7892 = (1.55)(. 89) = .

The standard error of the estimate tells us the amount of error present within my
predicted regression equation. In other words, it represents the standard distance from the actual
data point to the regression line. I calculated my standard error of the estimate to be 1.38,
meaning that the standard distance from the actual data points and the regression line is 1.38.

Predicted values
X= 3 Y=9

= .381(3) + 8.09 1.14 + 8.09 = .

The value of 6.95 does not equal the Y value of 9. However, the standard error of the
estimate is 1.38; therefore, Y3 = 6.95 1.38 using the regression equation (6.95 + 1.38 = 8.33).
This model only accounts for 27.6% of the variation, therefore a more complex model would be
needed to fully describe these data.