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Chapter 1
Problem set 1A
1
3
4
a 588 N
a 9.8 N
2.45 N kg1
GME
____
N kg1
6
7
rE2
a 1.62 N kg
346 000 km
b
b
1
97 N
9000 km
1.62 m s
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1000 N
a 575 kg
b Mass refers to the amount of
matter, which is the same
wherever the mass is.
174 N
1.6 m s2
a 8.9 N kg1
b 710 N
8.8 N kg1
3050 km
a 1.23 1010 J
b 11 100 m s1
1.6 1012 J
9.4 108 J
an increase
68 000 km (assuming all energy
converted into potential energy)
31 000 km (taking orbital kinetic
energy into account)
Chapter 2
Problem set 2A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
a 7.7 m s1
b 0.79 s
65 m s1
38 m s1
a 20 cm
b 0.41 s
a 4.9t2
b 5t
a 4.0 m
b 19.6 m downwards
c 0.10 s
d 0.049 m downwards
a 0.39 s
b 0.26 m s1
a 1.01 s
b 3.0 m
a 44 m
b 45 m
c 33 m s1 at an angle of 63 to the
horizontal
0.90 s
3.6 m
4.0 m s1
8.8 m s1
23 J
9.7 m s1
i 0.90 s
1.4 m
12
13
14
15
ii
0.90 s
Problem set 2B
i 6.0 m s1
ii 10.4 m s1
5.5 m
2.1 s
13 m
2
48 m s1
27.5 m s1
48 m s1
1.9 m s1 downwards
48 m s1 at an angle of 2
downwards from the
horizontal
3 a 3.1 km
b 50 s
c 12.5 km
d i 247 m s1
ii 247 m s1 downwards
e 350 m s1 at an angle of 45
downwards from the
horizontal
4 a 13.4 s
b 219 m high
5 a 450 m away horizontally at a
height of 413 m
b 2.0 km away
c 580 m
6 a 2.0 s
b 35.3 m
c 5.1 m high
7 a 140 m s1
b 39 m s1
c 145 m s1 at an angle of 16
upwards from the horizontal
d 78 m
8 a 42 m s1
b 24 m s1
c 238 m
9 7.9 m
10 a Horizontal: 2.0 m
Vertical: 2.24 m
b 1.4 s, 5.7 m
11 40 m
1
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
e
420 m
32 m s1
1.7 m s2
a i 31 m
b 8.57 s
c 360 m
ii
181 m
Review questions
2
2
Review questions
1
2
11 a
b
c
d
e
f
12 a
b
5
6
7
8
10
11
13
14
15
Chapter 3
Review questions
2
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Nelson Physics
360
Stage 6 HSC
3
5
6
7
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
21
22
23
a 3.7 N kg1
27 cm
8.5 N kg1
1.1 1018 N
4700 km
1.3 1012 J
7.8 108 J
a __F4
b 9F
c F
d 16F
15 520 km
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
a 637 N
b 104 N
Both would contain the same
amount (70 kg) of matter and
hence the same mass.
a 2.4 1011 N
b 3.6 1022 N
10.3 m
a __F2
b
F
__
4F
F
__
e F
2.0 1020 N
1.2 102 or 0.012
a 98
b
1.1 N kg1
10 000 km
11 a
270 N kg1
270 m s2
Review questions
1
2
3
4
5
984 N
a 906 kg
b Mass refers to the amount of
matter, which is the same
wherever the mass is.
1.8 105 N
7.5 102 kg
Since F ma, N kg1 is
(kg m s2) kg1 m s2
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Problem set 5A
1
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
Problem set 5B
GMm
10 ____
2
rm
296 N
Chapter 5
Chapter 4
Problem set 4A
shorter
0.866c or 2.6 108 m s1
most likely not simultaneous
Some of the matter has been
converted to energy.
8 8.2 1014 J
9 1.8 109 J
10 The spaceship would appear
shorter and more massive.
1
2
6
7
Review questions
1
2
3
5
7.8 1014 m
30 m s1 north
They would most likely not appear
simultaneous.
Their result showed that there was
no aether and could lead to a
better understanding of the nature
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Chapter 6
Problem set 6A
1
6/20/09 5:54:46 PM
Answers
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
c
d
a
a
b
Problem set 6B
1
2
3
Problem set 6C
1
2
3
4
6
7
Review questions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
361
Chapter 7
Problem set 7A
1
2
3
4
a 9.0 103 Wb
b 0 Wb
0.24 T
3.0 105 Wb
a 8.5 104 Wb
b 7.3 104 Wb
c 5.5 104 Wb
Problem set 7B
i Blv V
ii 0 V
iii 2Blv
iv 0 V
b i Blv V
ii 0 V
3 Upwards
4 a From P to Q, or clockwise when
viewed from the top
b The force would be towards the
back of the field. It would not
affect the current.
5 a While the loop is entering the
magnetic field, CBAD. While the
loop is in the magnetic field, no
current. While the loop is leaving
the magnetic field, ABCD
b i The same, but with a
stronger current.
ii The same, but in each case
the current would be in the
opposite direction.
iii There would be no current.
iv There would be no current.
v The same, but with a
stronger current.
6 0.50 m or 50 cm
7 a 0.108 V
b 0.0135 A
c From A to B (downwards)
d 5.8 104 N to the right
e 0N
8 a 3.6 104 V
b Q
9 0.25 V
10 0.25 V
2
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Stage 6 HSC
Chapter 8
Review questions
Problem set 7C
1
2
3
4
BAcos
______
V
b
a
c
e
g
i
a
a
c
e
i, iii, iv and v.
Y to X
X to Y
Y to X
Y to X
N
A
Y to X
Y to X
N
2t
b
d
f
h
N
X to Y
X to Y
N
b
b
d
0V
Y to X
X to Y
Review questions
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
Chapter 9
Review questions
1
3
4
5
6
7
48 V
24 000 V
a A step-up transformer
b 2:5
7.3 A
The soft iron easily becomes
magnetised and adds its
magnetism to that produced by
the primary coil, increasing the
effect of changing magnetic flux.
Chapter 10
Problem set 10A
1
2
3
4
5
2.7 1012 N
9.4 106 m s1
3.1 1016 N
24
2.8 1014 T in an easterly
direction
Review questions
a wave or particle
b particle
c particle
d waves
3 There were too many gas
molecules in the tube. These were
becoming ionized by the cathode
rays and moved to counteract the
applied electric field. When the
vacuum was improved, the rays
were deflected.
4 a To the left
b downwards
c Into the page
5 3.6 1015 N down the page
6 F qvB sin 55
7 q 7.2 104 C
9 4.8 103 V m1 or 4800 V m1
10 1.6 102 V
11 a 8 1016 N out of the page
b 0.16 T upwards
14 The horizontal plates deflect the
beam horizontally at a constant
rate, and the vertical plates deflect
the beam up and down, with a
1
6/20/09 5:54:52 PM
Answers
Chapter 11
Problem set 11A
1
2
3
4
5
6
b i Yes
ii No
White light would contain
radiation of higher frequencies
than red light. This means the
photons would contain more
energy and would be more likely to
excite electrons in the molecules of
the photographic material, causing
chemical change and hence
damage.
a 6.7 1014 Hz
b 4.4 1019 J, 2.8 eV
0.025 nm
c, a, b, d
a Electrons would be emitted at a
greater rate.
b No electrons would be emitted.
c Electrons would be emitted,
still at the same rate.
a 9.9 1028 J (6.2 109 eV)
b 9.9 1015 J (6.2 104 eV). The
gamma ray photons contain
1013 or ten trillion times more
energy.
Review questions
3
Chapter 12
Review questions
Electrons in metals only partially
fill their valence band and very
easily move to the conduction
band. As a result only a small
amount of energy is required to get
them moving to make an electric
current.
4 The conductivity of a
semiconductor can be improved
by doping, i.e. adding another
element into the crystal lattice,
which either produces free
electrons, or holes into which
electrons can move.
7 a A semiconductor is a material
that carries a current less easily
than a conductor, but better
than an insulator.
b An intrinsic semiconductor is
made up of a pure element, e.g.
pure silicon.
c An extrinsic semiconductor has
had a small amount of an
impurity added to improve
conductivity.
d Doping is the process of adding
a small amount of an impurity
to a semiconductor to improve
conductivity.
12 Silicon is much more plentiful
than germanium and performs
better at higher temperatures.
1
10
11
12
Chapter 13
Review questions
3
13
363
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364
Stage 6 HSC
Chapter 14
Problem set 14A
1
6
7
Review questions
1
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
15
Chapter 15
Review questions
2
10
13
14
15
16
17
6/20/09 5:54:58 PM
Answers
Chapter 16
Review questions
A radioisotope is an isotope of an
element which is radioactive. An
isotope contains the same number
of protons in the nucleus but a
different number of neutrons.
3 The mass number if an isotope is
the total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus.
4 a Alpha particles are helium
nuclei emitted from a
radioactive nucleus.
b Beta particles are electrons
emitted from a radioactive
nucleus.
c Gamma particles are high
frequency electromagnetic
radiation.
5 Radioactive isotopes have the
same chemical properties as the
element, and are absorbed into the
body in the same way. They can
then be observed by the radiation
they emit.
6 A radiopharmaceutical is any
radioactive material which can be
used in medicine, either as a
diagnostic tool or for treatment.
7 Half life is the time taken for half of
the mass to decay. In the next half
life period of time, half of what is
left will decay, and so on.
8 Alpha and beta particles both have
an electric charge, and a moving
electric charge will be deflected by
a magnetic field. Gamma rays have
no charge, and so are not
deflected.
10 Radioactivity is harmful to human
cells, so it is important that
radiation drops to a safe level as
soon as possible.
1
Review questions
1
2
3
Chapter 17
Problem set 17A
1
365
8
9
13
15
19
20
Chapter 18
Problem set 18A
1
2
3
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Nelson Physics
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Stage 6 HSC
Chapter 19
4
5
8
9
1
10 ____
3600
Review questions
1
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
c
a
b
c
5
a
b
c
d
130 parsecs
29 parsecs
3.50 parsecs
11.25 parsecs
12.94 parsecs
20.2 parsecs
1.5 parsecs
260 ly
1.5813 104 ly
The distance between the Earth
and the sun
The distance at which the
radius of the Earths orbit
subtends one minute of arc.
The distance light would travel
in a year.
0.034 arcsec
0.00430 arcsec
0.38 arcsec
0.741 arcsec
A spectrum is produced by
breaking up light using a prism or
diffraction grating.
Any glowing hot matter will
produce a continuous spectrum.
The hot interiors of stars and
galaxies are examples of this.
a The dominant frequency
indicates the temperature of
the star.
b The bands of the absorption
spectrum correspond to
specific elements and can give
information about the
composition of the star.
c Stellar translational velocity
can be determined by
measuring the Doppler shift in
the light received from the star.
d Rotational velocity is found by
comparing the Doppler shift of
8
9
10
12
13
14
6.31 times
Rigel is about 5 times brighter than
Adhara.
a 1.31
b 3.73
The absolute magnitude is the
magnitude the star would have if it
was 10 parsecs away. The apparent
magnitude of a star is the
magnitude the star has when
viewed from the Earth.
If m M, then the apparent
magnitude is equal to the absolute
magnitude, which means the star
must be 10 parsecs away.
171 parsecs
0.75
a 11.25 parsecs b 0.22
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
only gives a very approximate
measure of absolute magnitude.
The colour index is a measure of
how hot a star is, using its colour.
a Yellow
b G5
c 50006000 K
Review questions
1
6/20/09 5:55:03 PM
Answers
a 145 parsecs
b 17.78 parsecs
c 157 parsecs
4 a 0.0132 arcsec
b 0.0132 arcsec
c 0.0287 arcsec
5 When the star is more than about
100 pc away, the parallax angle is
too small to measure.
6 A spectroscope is a device for
making a spectrum.
7 a Spectroscopy is analysing the
spectrum of light produced by
an object to deduce the
makeup of the object.
b A spectrum is the range of light
frequencies emitted by an
object, spread out when the
light is refracted.
c An emission spectrum consists
of a series of bright bands
produced by light emitted as
electrons in the atoms of the
object return to lower energy
levels.
d An absorption spectrum is a
normal rainbow spectrum
with a series of dark bands
caused by the absorption of
those frequencies by
intervening atoms.
e A continuous spectrum is a
normal rainbow spectrum
without any breaks.
10 An emission spectrum is produced
by light emitted as electrons in the
atoms of the object return to lower
energy levels. These are produced
by the corona of a star when
viewed directly.
11 Continuous produced by the hot
centres of stars and galaxies.
Emission produced by the
corona of stars when viewed
directly.
Absorption produced by the
atmosphere or corona of a star
when it is blocking the hot
core.
13 O blue 30 00050 000 K
B blue-white 10 00030 000 K
A white with bluish tinge
750010 000 K
F yellow-white 60007500 K
G yellow 50006000 K
K orange 35005000 K
M red 25003500 K
3
367
2.5
2.66
3.16
2.02
14.93 pc, 1.09
12.27 pc, 0.70
9.2 parsecs
110 pc
Note: Two figures of accuracy is
no more than is possible.
c 430 parsecs
d 12 parsecs
29 The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
only gives a very approximate
measure of absolute magnitude.
30 The human eye is most sensitive to
the yellow-green part of the
spectrum, whereas photographic
film is most sensitive to the blue
end of the spectrum, and so each
is biased in a different way.
32 a White, A6, about 8500 K
b Red, M7, about 2500 K
c Yellow-white, F4, about 6500 K
23 a
b
c
d
24 a
b
28 a
b
Chapter 20
Problem set 20A
1
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Nelson Physics
368
Stage 6 HSC
3
4
5
6
7
2.8 1034 kg
a 8.4 1029 kg
b 2.2 1034 kg
c 4.1 1034 kg
a 8.7 1027 kg
b 7.2 1027 kg, 1.5 1027 kg
a 7.0 1031 kg
b 4.2 1031 kg, 2.8 1027 kg
The stars trace out an elliptical
orbit about a common centre of
mass. They also trace out an ellipse
relative to each other.
The more luminous main
sequence stars are also more
massive. There is a clear
relationship, so the luminosity of a
main sequence star can be used to
estimate its mass.
a
b
10
11
12
14
15
16
Review questions
1
17
18
Chapter 21
Problem set 21A
1
6/20/09 5:55:08 PM
Answers
A supergiant is an extremely
large red giant.
c When the shell outside the core
gets hot enough, its hydrogen
starts fusing into helium.
d Nuclear fusion is the process
where atomic nuclei combine
in an atomic reaction to form
larger nuclei.
e A helium flash refers to the
explosive start to helium
burning in smaller stars the
size of the Sun.
f The triple alpha process refers
to the fusion of three helium
nuclei to form a carbon
nucleus in and atomic
reaction.
Red giants are characterized by an
outer large thin shell of hydrogen
burning to helium with an inner
core of helium (which may begin
fusing into carbon and oxygen.)
There is still hydrogen in the outer
shell and if it is heated enough by
the core the fusion process will
start there.
In the core, helium is fusing to
form carbon, and carbon will
combine with helium to form
oxygen. The shell will be fusing
hydrogen into helium.
On the top of the H-R diagram, in
the right hand half (asymptotic
giant branch).
A singularity is a concentrated
single point of mass.
g Pulsars are highly magnetized
neutron stars that emit a beam
of radio waves as they spin on
their axes. As the beam can
only be seen when it is
pointing to the Earth, it
appears to come in pulses.
Planetary nebulae return gases to
the interstellar medium.
The Chandrasekhar limit is the
maximum size that a white dwarf
can form.
During their phase as a red giant,
the thin outer layers get blown
away by pulsations and strong
stellar winds.
Degenerate electron pressure
refers to the pressure of high speed
electrons in compressed
(degenerate) matter which
prevents a white dwarf from
collapsing under gravity.
Iron and heavier elements require
energy for fusion to occur. As a
result, although they can occur in
stellar objects under certain
circumstances they cannot power
a star.
f
2
3
Review questions
1
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Nelson Physics
370
Stage 6 HSC
Chapter 23
Chapter 22
Review questions
1
Review questions
2
8
9
Chapter 24
Problem set 24A
1
13.6
En ____
n2
4.9 1011 m
7.2 1034 m
1.1 1035 m
1.14 1027 kg m s1
3.3 1024 kg m s1
8.8 1037 m
2.9 104 m s1
a
b
c
d
e
f
2
4
5
7
8
5
6
b
7
8
14
6C
or p or 11H
or n
147N 10e
an alpha particle
216
212
4
84Po 82Pb 2He
218
214
a 84Po 82Pb
238
4
b 238
92U
90Th 2He
1
1
a 1H or 1p.
b
9
1
1p
1
0n
a
b
Y is an antineutrino and Z an
electron. (or vice versa.)
3 and 1
9 and 4
Review questions
1
3
4
6/20/09 5:55:14 PM
Answers
7
8
9
e
10 a
b
0
1e or e
1
1
1p or p or 1H
1
0n or n
40
20Ca
0
1e or
an alpha particle
4
234
90Th 2He
i It decreases by 4.
ii It does not change.
b i It decreases by 2.
ii It increases by 1.
13 It has no effect.
11 a
b
12 a
14 a
b
238
92U
222
86Rn
238
92U
16
17
18
20
21
22
Calcium-40 or
40
40
19K 20Ca
40
20Ca .
15 a
b
218
84Po
238
93Np
40
19K
4
2He
Chapter 25
Review questions
1
371
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