Overview Part 1

r
Chapter
OVERVIEW OF PIPE DRAFTING
lndustrial pipe'drafting is a field that takes us

beyond the tiny fittings and small diametdr pipe of
household plumbing and into the heavy-duty world
of industrial processes. The piping requirements of
industry far exceed the limited capacities of plumbing and utility piping. The processes we speak of
demand large diameter pipe from 4 in. to 48 in. and
even larger.
The companies that render the drawings used to
build process piping systems must design and

engineer the facillty to strict specifications formulated by the client. These specifications are
based on production requirements, construction
codes, and environmental restrictions. The people

who draw the systems designed by the engineers
must be trained in the field of process piping drafting
and must have a working knowledge of pipe, fittings, valves, pumps, and equipment common to
the specific type of process.
This chapter provides a look into the field of industrial pipe drafting: who does it, what it involves,
and the requirements of the profession.
good questions. To name a few: petroleum and

petrochemical industry; food processing industry;
breweries and bottling facilities. All heavily rely on
piping. Power plants use large diameter pipe for
movement of slurries, fuel, water, chemicals, and
steam. The pulp and paper industry utilizes process
piping for a majority of its functions. See Fig. i - 1 .
The wide range or industrial activities requiring
the services of industrial pipe drafters yields a
variety of exciting and challenging opportunities.
Perhaps a look at the companies that employ piping drafters will help round out our overview of
industrial pipe drafting.
PIPING AND PROCESSES
A "PROCESS" is basically a method of doing

something to achieve a finished product. An industrial process does just that: creates a final
product.
ln many industries, the raw materials used to
create a product - and the finished products
themselves - rnust be moved from one point to
another. This is often done with pipes . . . large
diameter pipes.
What do we mean when we say large diameter
pipes? Process piping normally is anything 2 1 l2 in.
in diameter and above. A fairly common range of
process piping is from 4 in. to 24 in. in diameter.
Basically, pipes must be as large as is necessary to
accommodate the volume of production.
Production of what and by whom? Thoie are
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Fig. 1-1. Paper mills such as this one employ rniles of

process piping.
(C-E Power Systems, Combustion Engineering, lnc.)
Process Pipe Drafting
PROCESS PIPING DRAFTING
ENGINEERING COMPATSY STBUCTURE
Let's follow an idea from its inception to its birth

as a piping system. Wolfgang Hornblatz, president
of Hornblatz Brewery, decides the tirne is ripe to expand the brewery. He knows the type of equipment
needed for the expansion, but realizes that his inhouse engineering department is much too smallto
tackle such a project. So Mr. Hornblatz hires a consulting engineering firm.
ENTER THE ENGINEERING FIRM
The consultants do an initial study of the proposeci process piping system. This yields both a cost
estirnate and a time frame in which the work is to
be ccmpleted. Client Hornblatz then decides either

to go ahead with the work and accept the estimate
as is. or alter it in some way. Then the work begins.
Mos'i process piping systems are either designed

by :.i consulting firm or by the owner's engineering
departrnent. Only a few large companies and construction firms retain engineering departments of
the size that enables them to handle the headaches
o{ e ',,;;ior expansion.
'after maY I
Who are the peopleriratwutforthese large corn- esigns to el

panies and consuhing firms? Four basic groups actors both
make up the srucnre of ttre company: ad- rorking knt
ministrative, clerical, engfwhg, and drafting per- must." Wh
sonnel. Often drafters rd eqirers are referred to ave You.
During tht
as the "engineerirqg @rururt-" See Fig. 1-2.
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Our concern here b Hildn erqfreering and draft- I travel
ing. Engineering inchdes fu drief engineer, pro- rork of son
loca
je ct e n g i n eers, teclu*iaq .ihEigners, a n d d ra f te rs. rents,
mot
xisting
The d raftin g departrrut b firttrs ffivided. The ch ief
witl
ewers
drafter is responsiHe fw !fir had drafters (group
flou
leaders) who, in trrn" s!ilGf$se the senior,. in- ion of
draf
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termediate, and iun[a ffi,mrsround ma
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DRAFTING RESFOTSf,ITTGS
valks high
gineers provide'dE'[iqF!l d the system. The

drafting departrnent lrarfrnoilme designs and
ideas into working *annryn A mrn of drafters
under the direction of a gncm Mer (all assigned
by the chief drafter) coorfurdwrstruct
allthe
necessary drawings fc ilb prqcGtBeyond normal dna*Lg mcspomsibilities, the
En
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PRESIt]ENT
ENGINEERS
TECHNICIANS
REPROOUCTION
DEPT.
Fig. 1-2. Organization chart of a typical consultrng engineering firm shows
riping, Fig
rbout the
)f the indu
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Overview of Pipe Drafting
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Jrafter may be required to communicate ideas and

JesiEns to engineers, designers, clients, and contractors both in person and over the phone. A good
r.;orking knowledge of freehand sketching is a
''rnust." Where words may fail you, the sketch can
save you.
During the project, the drafter may be required
ta travel to the construction site and perform field
rt'ork of some sort. This may involve field measurerients, locating pipe runs, positioning pumps in an
existing morass of equipment, and snooping around
se'.vers with a flashlight seeking the elusive direclcn of flow.
The drafter maY, at those times, be working
a'curr-rd machinery and heavy equipment, poking
arou.tnd in underground tunnels, snaking along catr";alks high above the mill, crawling amid a maze of
p oing, Fig. 1-3, or conferring with contractors
a3out the best place for a weld or tie-in. The job
c'the industrial pipe drafter is potentially one with
varied duties, challenges, and problems
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THE DRAWING SEOUENCE: SITE PLAN

Remember Wolfgang Hornblatz? Well, his initial
thought of expansion has now developed into a
plan. The project engineers have been assigned. The
drafting team is ready to go. Often the first people
on the team will create what is called a "site plan."
The SITE PLAN is basically a large-scale map of the
mill site, showing building outlines, major pipe
racks, and possibly large underground pipes. lf the
facility is existing, the area of expansion will be
shown in such a way as to distinguish it from the
rest of the mill.
Fig. 1-4 presents an example of a site plan, showing the new area. With this drawing, the client can
then decide on changes in the location of the new
facility. Keep your erasers hot.
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Fig. 1-3. Process pipe drafting often appears as a maze.

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Process PiPe Drafting
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FLOW DIAGRAM
ISOMETRICS AND SPOOLS
While the executives are busy changing their

minds about the location of the process piping
systern, drafters are depicting it on a drawing
termed a "flow diagram." fhe FLOW DIAGRAM is
Two other types of drawings occasionally drawn

by the engineering firm - but most often done by
the contractor or client - are isometrics and
spools. The PIPING ISOMETRIC is a pictorial
representation of a single run of pipe. Fig. 1-8 illustrates an isometric. The SPOOL DRAWING is an
orthographic subassembly of a portion of the pipe
run. Fig. 1-9 shows one of the spools taken from
the isometric in Fig. 1-8.
The client's idea is now in the form of spool drawings that will be used by pipefitters to construct the
process piping system. But wait. What happens if
Hornblatz wants to change his mind? And he will'
These changes in the spool drawings are called
"revisions. "
valuable schematic view of the system that is not

drawn to scale. Using symbols, it provides a representation of the entire system, Fig' 1-5.
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GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
Once new buildings have been sized and located,

they are designed and engineered by the structural
departrnent. The piping drafters then use these
drawings as background for the general arrangement. The GENERAL ARRANGEMENT drawing
shown in Fig. 1-6 reveals the building outline, wall
thicknesses, steel columns, equipment locations,
and centerline dimensions. The general arrangement
is useful in locating equipment, maior piping runs,
electrical conduit racks, and heating and ventilating
ducts.
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REVISIONS AND THE DESTGN PROCESS
No introduction to piping drafting would be complete without a glimpse at revisions - the one
aspect that eventually comes to haunt even the
most meticulous and conscientious drafter. BEVI-
SIONS include changes, deletions, and corrections.
PIPING DRAWINGS
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When equipment locations are decided upon,

work begins on piping dran,ings. PIPING DRAWINGS are composed of plans and sections. They are
the heart of any piping system. The PLAN is the
view from above and the SECTION is basically a side
view of the piping system. The greatest amount of
piping drafting time is spent creating these drawings. Fig. 1-7 is an example of a piping plan and
section.
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Fig' 1-6. A general arrangement is a dimensioned drawing

of building outline and location of equipment within'
Fig. 1-7.
10
A piping drawing consists of a piping plan (top

view) and section (side view).
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1-9.
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run
You mijht add "frustrations." This is mentioned so

you willbe aware of revisions, their habits, and the
nature of the profession that fosters them.
l-et's look briefly at the process in which you will
be involved. Engineering firms design and create
sh"stems, among other things. Beginning as an idea,
the design is verbalized, possibly written down lest

it be forgotten. After initial acceptance by the decision makers, the idea is then transferred to paper
in the form of a drawing. This could be a flow

diagram, a site plan, or an architectural elevation.
Now the changes begin. An idea is easy to revise
once it is on paper. So changes are made, and that
creates a revision.
Beyond initial design changes, revisions may be
required for a number of reasons. The client may
make a change. The vendor's equipment may
change. A drafter or engineer may have made an
error. Whatever the reason, you - the piping
drafter - will be required to draw revisions and
obliterate sizable portions of your original work.
Hence your need to also possess a good working'
knowledge of erasing techniques. See Fig. 1-1O.
Regardless of the reasons for the revisions, it
would be in the best interest of every present and
potential drafter to exercise care and conscience on
the job. Mistakes are waste.
LINES
You have studied the basics of pipe drafting, the

drawing sequence, and drafting responsibilities.
Now let's look at the "lines" you will be drawing.
The lines do not differ much from those used in
mechanical drafting, but their uses and applications
may vary. As you read the description and function
of each line you will be using on piping drawings,
nE- 1-8- A piping isometric drawing pictures a single run

of pipe.
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1-9- Spool drawing shows a subassembly taken from
Fig. 1-10. Eraser is a vital drafting tool, especially when

drawing revisions.
ppc nn in Fig. 1-8. Can you find spool piece in isometric

view?
11
7
refer to Fig. 1-1 1 and familiarize with line weights

and makeup.
CENTERLINE - The thinnest line you will use, it
represents the center of equipment and pipes. lt is
used on all drawings except flow diagrams.
PHANTOM - Another thin line that resembles
the centerline except for the extra dash. Found on
all drawings, it outlines movable parts, or future
pipes or equipment.
SECTION - Thin-to-medium weight lines used to
indicate an ob.iect or material that has been cut
through. Drawn at an angle, they are used on piping elevations.
HIDDEN - A thin-to-medium line indicating
features hidden from view.
hodge-podge of styles and variations may result.

Read the standards and apply them to your work.
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CENTER
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PHANTOM
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SECTION
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lt is used on all
EXTENSION AND DIMENSION - Thin-tomedium weight lines used to extend features and
give dimensions to those features. They are used
on all drawings except flow diagrams.
LONG BREAK - A thin line with a Z or "squiggle" inside that indicates a break. lt is used for large
objects on all drawings.
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EXTENSION AND DIMENSION
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LONG BREAK
This line should be as thick as
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the object line. lt indicates a broken part and is

used for clarity on the drawing. lt is often used on
piping details, sections, and tank drawings.
OBJECT - A medium-to-thick line used for the
visible lines of equipment, pipe, structural features,

etc. lt is used on all drawings.
FLOW - The PRIMARY FLOW line is thicker than
object line weight. it is used for major flow lines.
The SECONDARY FLOW line is similar to an ob.iect
line in thickness. lt represents minor flows. Both
flow lines are used on P & I diagrams and flow
diagrams.
CUTTING PLANE - Thicker than a primary flow
line, it indicates a plane at which the piping can be
viewed in elevation. Used on general arrangements
and plans.
MATCH - A very thick line employed as a
reference for aligning two drawings. lt is used on
piping drawings, flow diagrams, and general
arrangements.
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toTry
drawings.
SHORT BREAK
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SHORT BREAK
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OBJECT
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FLOW (PRIMARY}
rt
FLOW (SECONDARY)
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CUTTING PLANE
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MATCH
Fig. 1-11. These various types of lines are used in ptpe

drafting, as well as in mechanical drafting.
DRAWING OUALITY
DRAWING CLARITY
Piping drawings are the finished product of an

engineering firm much as an engine part is the
finished product of a machine shop. Thought, care,
and neatness should be applied to any drawing you
work on, and careful attention should be given to
your company's standards. Several people may
work on the same drawing at different times. lf
standards are adhered to, the result will be a
consistent, pleasing drawing. lf not, a chaotic
Don't crowd the information presented on the

drawing. Give it some room. ls it easily read? ls it
understandable? Could it be placed somewhere
else? Ask yourself these questions as you construct
a drawing. lf something doesn't look right, or appears cluttered, move it somewhere else. Take time
to think about the placement of everything you put
12
Cornplex
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;'
tFre drawing.
Mmy companies are creating their process pipdrawings with computer aided drafting (CAD)
These systems produce neat, consistent
The computer drafting systems eliminate
need to concentrate on line quality and letterstyle. But these systems do not automatically
e a drawing with a balanced uncluttered
. That is still the job of the drafter.
iflctieving drawing clarity applies to both manual
cdnputer drafting. Developing the ability to proa balanced, easily understood drawing takes
and practice. As you do the problems in the
dther manually or on a computer, remember
y{x, are constructing the drawing. The layout
balance of your piping drawing can be just as
destroyed with a computer as it can with a
You are in control, and you can produce a
drawing with a balanced and ordered layout.
mmplish that means real job security.
rigs-
4. What type of companies design process piping systems?

5. Engineers design the process piping system.
The drafting department transforms these
designs and ideas into
drawings.
6. Since the industrial pipe drafter may be re-- a good working
quired to communicate ideas,
knowledge of
is a "must."
is basically a large-scale map
7. The
showing building outlines, major pipe racks,
and large underground pipes.
a. General arrangement.
b. Site
- plan.
c. Plan view.
diagram is a schematic view
8. The
of the entire process piping system that is not
drawn to scale.
is the view
9. ln piping drawings, the
is basically a side
from-above. The
view of the piping system10. What is a piping isometric?
REVIEW OUESTIONS
N- Wtlat three factors govern the design'of a plant
errrploying process piping?
1. What is a spool drawing?

include changes, deletions, and
12.
What is a "process"?
corrections.
13. What type of drawing reveals the building

outline, wall thicknesses, steel columns, equip-
ment locations, and centerline dimen-
What is a common size range of process
sions?
a. General arrangement.
b. Site plan.
c. Plan view.
niplng?
a- 21l2in. to
b- 4 in- to 24
c- 4 in. to 48
12
rTEi::!ry--.. i.:: "ii- :.:
dgir layouts, like the one displayed
'
on this terminal, can be designed on a computer-aided design and drafting
ICADD) system. lndividual drawings can then be generated from the design. (Computervision Corp.)
13
the following lines:
PROBLEMS
PROB. 1-1. Write a report on the path of a drawing from its beginnings as an idea to its
final use on the job. Contact consulting
engineering firms or construction companies or the engineering departments
of large process plants.
PROB. 1-2. Prepare a report on the progression of
the different types of drawings created
by a consulting firm from the initial
design of a system to erection.
PBOB. 1-3. Conduct a survey and tabulation of
companies in your area presently doing process piping drafting, and those
using process piping in their manufacturing processes. Contact both designers and users' These could be prospective emPloYers.
Create a flow chart showing the pro1-4.
PBOB.
gression of an idea from the design
stage through the proper sequence of
drawings to the final Product'
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14
ik:r:: E-x:eisive use of piping, fittings, and flanges in this vacuum pump installation. (Fuller Co., Bethlehem,
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Pneumatic conveying system at a chemicai prant incorporates
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16
Ei
Chapter 2
PIPE AND FITTINGS
operating temperature and pressure requirements
of the system. Thickness for pipe is indicated most
commonly by two standards. The American National Standards lnstitute (ANSI) classifies by
schedule numbers (Sch. 40, Sch. 80, etc.).
whereas the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) and the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) uses the designations
"STD" (standard), "XS" (extra strong), and "XXS"
(double-extra strong)
Always subtract the pipe wallthickhess from the
OD to find the lD. Stronger pipe may have an lD less
than the NPS. Fol example, 8 in. schedule 8O pipe
has a wallthickness of .5OO in. The OD of 8 in. pipe
is 8.625 in. By subtracting one inch from 8.625
in., ure see that the lD is onty 7.625 in. This is a
good example of why "Nominal Pipe Size" {NPS}
is used.
Fittings are also classified according to pressure
rating (PSl). Common ratings for buttwelded fittings
and flanges are 15O# to 600#, and for screwed
steel 2OOO# to 6O0O#. The strength of pipe and
fittings is determined by the conditions (pressure,
temperature) under which it will be used.
PIPE is the medium through which fluid travels.
Because there are many types of fluids in varying

siurations (pressure, acidity, temperature, etc.),
ilHe are just as many varieties of pipe. Galvanized,
roopper, mild steel, cast iron, stainless steel, plastic,
lfrerglass, concrete, clay, and wood are the basic

They range in nominal size from 1 12 in. to
36 h- in diameter. Specific situations may call for
srrder or larger sizes, or material of a specialtype.
tpes.
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PIPE SIZING AND SPECIFICATIONS
]II(IMINAL PIPE SIZE, or NPS, is a common term.

Af pipe is referred to by the NPS. This size is not
-rapthe same as the internalpipe bore. Sizes up
b ild including 12 in..in diameter have internal
bac6 fmside diameter or lDl equalto their NPS. See
f* 2-1- Pipe that is 14 in. in diameter and above
lrc an NPS equal to the outside diameter (OD).
ilrerufore, a 6 in. pipe would have an lD of 6 in.,
rd a 24in. pipe would have'an OD of 24 in.
fre wall thicknesses vary according to the
METHODS OF JOINING PIPE

There are many ways that pipe can be joined. This
text deals with welded and screwed piping, the

most frequently used methods in industry.
The type of connection used depends on the type
and size of pipe. The principle methods include
welded, screwed, socketweld, glued, soldered,
flanged, and mechanical. Let's take a brief look at
a few of the most popular methods of joining pipe.
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BUTTWELDED
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The BUTTWELD is the mo$tcommon type of con-
Et
r pi- irside diameter
lt is also the most

economical and leak-proof method of joining larger
diameter piping. Lines that are two inch and larger
nection found in industry.
2-1- Nominal pipe size (NPS) measurements are based

(lD! up
sirk diameter (OD) lor
to 12 in.
and on pipe out14 in. and larger.
17
process pipe Drafting
usually are buttwelded. Fig. 2-2 is a chart of the

four principaljoining methods. Take time to become
familiar with these symbols. We'll use some of ihem
later.
SOCKETWELDED
aspects of each. One aspect of considerable impprtance to the drafter is the pipe break. So let's check
out the appearance of pipe . . . whole and broken.
PIPE JOINING METHODS
The difference between socketwelding and buttwelding is that in SOCKETWELDING, the pipe is
inserted into a socket in the fitting and then welded.
ln BUTTWELDING, pipe and fittings are "butted"
together and then welded. Socketwelding is used
primarily on lines smaller than 2 in. when the
absence of leaks is critical. Socketwelded joints are
used on - but not restricted to - toxic, flammable, or radioactive materials.
SINGLE LINE
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DOUBLE LlNE
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BUTTWELDED
fifrnrtlrw
SCREWED
The familiar, time-tested method of SCREWED

pipe and fittings can be seen in your house plumbing. ln industry. it is used for service lines, utility
piping, and occasionally for small process piping.
Forged steel fittings are used more than cast iron
because of their greater mechanical strength. Make
note of the symbol for screwed piping in Fig. 2-2.
Some companies use the screwed symbol to indicate socketwelded pipe, while others use the buttweld symbol. lt always pays to be familiar with your
company standards or the job specifications for the
project you're working on.
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SCREWED
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SOCKETWELDED
JOINT. A flange basically is a circular piece of steel

plate with a machined face and equally spaced bolt
holes drilled through it. The large hole through the
center of the flange matches the pipe diameter for
which it is designed.
Several types of flanges exist, but we'll discuss
those a little later in this chapter. Flanges serve to
attach valves (and some instruments) to welded
pipe or to create removable sections of rvelded pipe.
FLANGED
Fig. 2-2. Chart shows various pipe joining methods in single
Iine and double line drawings.
DOUBLE LINE PIPING
Fig. 2-3 gives you a glimpse of this easily

understood DOUBLE LINE method of drawing pipe.
It looks real. That's why many people would rather
draw it or read blueprints employing it. However,
it takes longer to draw manually. Some firms show
new piping in single line and existing pipe as double line. Others use double line for pipe over 12in.
NPS. Then there are companies that use double line
for most everything.
PIPE BEPRESENTATION
Pipe can be illustrated two ways: as a double line
or as a single line. Single line drawing is faster, done
manually, but the advent of computer drafting has

seen the emergence of more double line piping
drawings. Both methods are used in industry, and
you should become familiar with the fundamental
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Flanges bolted face-to-face (F to F) with a gasket

between the two faces comprise the FLANGED
1-r,
ffft
FLANGED
ffid lG{
tflIlflM
18
Pipe and Fittings
-:
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2-3- Simple double line piping drawing gives realistic

pipe representation.
interpretation becomes difficult when

involved. See Fig. 2-4. Note how
sections have been handled. ln view A,
2-4, the valving is shown as hidden lines and
pleasing to the eye. lt would not be shown that
a piping drawing. Then, in view B, Fig.2-4,
irst "eliminated" the piping in front to reveal
hlden valves.
breaks can be handy things. Use them. View
tg- 2-5 is a sampling of double line pipe breaks.
lLayers are
Fig. 2-5. Double line pipe break symbols are illustrated.

A - Side view. B - End view.
View B illustrates the common methods of showing a broken pipe from the end view; a view often
seen in piping elevations. The first example in view
+12"
2-4. Pipe and fittings are shown in double line drawA - Hidden lines indicate hidden section. B piping
in front is cut away. Note pipe breaks.
19
-,j
The
B, Fig. 2-5, uses the standard sectioning lines'
.""ond example should be f amiliar to
you
"mystics." lt resembles the Yin and Yang symbol
of ancient Chinese philosophy' The third example
is a cross between the other two'
SINGLE LINE PIPING
The SINGLE LINE method of pipe illustrationa

is
utilizes the centerline of the piping' Fig' 2-6
Pipe
line'
i"trn of Fig.2-3, but is shown in single
distinct"a". u*uf and fittings suddenly aren't asNot

quite
drawings'
line
double
on
tive as they were
to read is it? Fear not; just keep referring
"rlitv
to the single line fitting symbols in Figs' 2-33 and
2-34 and You'll catch on.
While we're comparing methods, let's look at the
single line version of Fig. 2-4. Note how uncluttered
anJ cleaner the piping looks in Fig' 2-7' This
becomes an attractive aspect because single
more
line requires less drawing time and provides
notations'
and
space for dimensions
open
'Take
note of the PIPE BREAKS in Fig' 2-7 ' They
one
are drawn as a shallow "S" and are actually
construction
Proper
half of the double line symbol'
of Ureat< symbols is important' Many a blueprint
symreader has cursed the improper usage of break
break
line
bols. Fig. 2-B illustrates single and double
symbols.
Remember, the break symbol is drawn on the
nearest pipe. Which pipe is closer to you in Fig' 2-9?
tify vertical runs of pipe. A RISER is a vertical pipe

in which the fluid is flowing up. A DOWNCOMER
is a vertical pipe in which the fluid is flowing down'
The third term is used in conjunction with an
assembly of fittings and is FITTING TO FITTING'
This means that an assembly has no straight pipe,
only fittings. So if you see a note that reads "Fitting to fitting riser," you will know what it means'
PtPE FITTINGS
ES- Z-g- t
Pipe comes in straight sections, normally 20
ft'
lengths. But pipe - like humans - can't go

.tri"igl'tt forever- lt must change direction' change
size,ir branch out. Enter fittings, which permit the
it
lf a lower pipe is obstructed by a higher one'
pipe
would appear as shown in Fig' 2-1O' Which
is lowest in Fig. 2-1O?
TERMINOLOGY
At this point in your study of piping' a few terms

to idenshould be introduced' Two of them are used
Fig. 2-7 . This is a single line version of double line dra

Ing, pru."nted in Fig- 2-4. Note use of pipe breaks'
I
SINGLE LINE
of symFig. 2-6. Single line drawing of pipingmakes use

piping'
of
bols (sie Fig' 2-33) and centerline
DOUELE LINE
Fig. 2-8. Drawings show proper construction of

symbols.
han ptpe
Pipe and Fittings
n.
an
Fig.
Pipe run A is closer to You

fig. 2-9. Visualization exercise:
left of closer pipe
p,;;
,un a- Note bieat<-svmbol at far
2'12' 45o elbow'
(lTT Grinnell)
o
relative of the 90 ell' this
45 o ELBOW: A close o
pipe
run'
titting allows for a 45 change in the the NPS'
times
1/2
1
is
radius
A;;;;, in" "unt"ttine
ffi4
-tiltlsr*
Pipe run B is closer to you

2-1O. Visualization exercise:
at far left of closer pipe
pfrre run n' rtroiu J'"uk symbol
run
B-
of the characchanges' Let's examine some

frErtstics of PiPe fittings'
rilote
BUTTWELDED FITTINGS
Fig. 2-13' Beducing elbow' (lTT Grinnell)
REDUCING ELBOW: Not only does this fitting

o
line
create a 90 bend, but in the process changes
.i.u. H"tu, too, the centerline radius is 1 1/2 times
the NPS of the larger end'
Fig. 2-14.
(lTT Grinnell)
F\g.2-11. 90o elbow'
180o
common "ell" in
9Oo ELBOW: This is the most permits a 90 o
lt
familv of
d;;ed
"lbo*t'
The most widely
run'
pipe
dtsrge ol direction in the
(LR)'
is ,"rei'"a io'as "long 1361ir'r5" pipe
nominal
fhcenterline radius is 1 l lztimesthe
AIPSf of 3t4 in' and larger PtPe'
8O
o return' (lTT Grinnell)
RETURN: This
fitting produces a 180o
is 3
nenO. The centerline-to-centerline dimension
o
180
;;"r the NPS of 3t4 in. and larger pipe' The
stacks or for
return is often used on tank vent
o LR ells are often
;;;,i;g and cooling coils' Two 90
used in Place of a return'
ffi*i=ion
21
used: CONCENTRIC and ECCENTBIC' The eccentric reducer is flat on one side. lt is used when the
top or bottom of the pipe must remain level' The
drafter must use care when calculating dimensions
or elevations involving eccentric reducers, because
thecenterlinesofeachendareoffset.Toobtainthis
offset, use the formula given in Fig' 2-18'
Fig. 2-15. 9Oo elbow (short radius). (lTT Grinnell)

I
X
-T_-
o
only difference
SHORT RADIUS 90 ELL: The
o
is
the centerline
LR
,i*""n this fitting and the 90
ells are
These
dius, which is equal to the NPS'
;ed where sPace is limited.
x=
Fig. 2-1
1/2 (A-B)
8. Eccentric reducer offset
Fig. 2-16. Straight tee. (lTT Grinnell)
Fig. 2-19. 45 o lateral. (lTT Grinnell)
o
STRAIGHT TEE: A 9O branch from the main run
is the
' pipe can be created with a tee' The branch
used'
is
tee
straight
a
rme size as the run when
ut a REDUCING TEE produces a branch smaller
ran the run PiPe.
LATERAL: The straight lateral fitting permits 45 "

entry into the run pipe where the least amount of
flow resistance is desirable. The branch diameter
is equal to the run diameter. The REDUCING
LATERAL has a smaller branch diameter than the
run pipe.
I
l
S. 2-17.
Reducers: A - Eccentric' B
(lTT Grinnell)
Concentric'
fitting joins pipe of differing sizes.

: can also be referred to as an increaser, deending on the direction of flow. Two types are
REDUCER: This
Fig. 2-2O. Cross. (lTT Grinnell)
22
Pipe and Fittings
3u-:S5 This fitting provides two 9O o branches.

Itr[ms ar': stner branching methods are preferred,
Therefore, a full size stub-in on a 6 in. pipe would

be a branch of 6 in. in diameter.
smrc r:ssss are expensive and seldom used exuesr m*'e space is restricted.
Fig. 2-23. Welded saddle. (lTT Grinnett)
Cap. (lTT Grinnell)
-:e cap is used to seal the end of the pipe.

r ,q *s.:: ,.t'nere the seal will be permanent, such
i*i :- :î of manifolds and headers.
SUTTWELDED BRANCH FITTINGS
:,r:-:-
lines are often required on the run pipe.

5;a-a=': flttings, such as the tee, cross, and lateral,
rs1.-: ::nain size and angle branches. However,

tm1Err
re:fi:
:ss expensive methods and fittings exist to

::anches smaller than the pipe run.
A piece of shaped metal is often welded over the
stub-in joint for extra strength. This creates a

WELDED SADDLE as shown in Fig. Z-23. The saddle is a purchased fitting. A PAD can be manufactured at the job site and is often used in place of
a saddle.
A little group of buttwelded fittings known as the
O'LET family are handy for producing branches at
various points. A hole of the required size is drilled
or cut into the run pipe, and the O'let branch fitting is welded on. The O'let family is not of lrish
descent. A few introductions are in order:
+',0 brub-t]N
--+"P cTt)r-'tq
__:+,,
Fig. 2-22. Stub-in.
S--3-llrl: This term describes
a branch pipe weldFig- 2-24. Weldolet. (Bonney Division, Gulf
a =::i'rg, but takes the place of expensive fittings

$Jr es a tee. The stub-in is used frequently and
aec s known as a "nozzle weld" because it is a
xr-r:nor-r method of producing tank nozzles. Stubused on 2 in. pipe and larger. Full size pipe
m$
=re
rc s.-naller can be welded or "stubbed-in" to the
rnr,Bn "un. When the term "full size" is used in piprnE : refers to the diameter of the main pipe run'
Western)
fitting makes a gO o branch

pipe.
on run
The branch carr be full size or smaller.
The weldolet has threaded and socketwelded
counterparts. They are known as
- you guessed
it - "threadolet@ " and "sockolet@
."
WELDOLET@ : This
23
(lTT Grinnell)
F\g. 2-27. Weldlng neck flange'
tank
WELDING NECK: Uses of this f lange include
placed
valves
of
and equipment nozzles and bolt-up
at iittings. When used in the latter situation'
""r.f""g neck-provides strength in the assembly and
in1
space for the welding oPeration'
Division' Gulf
Fig. 2-25. Elbolet' (Bonney
Western)
: This strange member of the O'leto

tangent to 9O
clan provides reducing branches
ELBOLET@
elbows.
Fig.2-28' Slip-on flange- (lTT
Grinnell)
SLIP-ON: These are used to flange pipe' Valves

located in a pipe run would be mounted with a slipon ftung". These flanges are so named because they
actuallI slip over the end of the pipe' Two welds
are required on the slip-on as compared to one on
the weld-neck.
Fig. 2-26. Latrolet. (Bonney Division' Gulf
Western)
This fitting makes a 45" branch

branch will be smaller than the
The
on straight PiPe.
run pipe"
LATROLET@
FLANGES
wide
Two basic types of flanges have received
NECK'
popularity. They are SLIP-ON and WELDING
FLANGE'
btoru relations to these are the REDUCING
are
Flanges
JOINT'
ripaNf oEn FLANGE, and LAP
tank
as
and
pipe'
piir"tirv used to bolt valves to
a.n asbestos or
and equipment nozzles' A gasket of
between two
ir[u"t compound is always placedseal'
tfunge faces to insure a leak-proof
(Tube Turns)
Fig. 2-29. Expander flange'
24
Pipe and Fittings

LAP JOINT: Also known as a "Van Stone" flange,
this hybrid is normally used on expensive pipe such
lJClNG AND EXPANDER: These two flanges

:,-: -sed in place of a flange and a reducer, but not
:s : -ule. Always check the project specifications
:':-e using these flanges and any other odd
=:
as stainless steel. lt is composed of two parts, the

"stub end" and the flange. Only the stub end need
be stainless. The flange can be carbon steel. NOTE:
"Stub end" should not be confused with "stub-in."
:-. - J>.
-^
Fig. 2-3O. Lap joint flange- (lTT Grinnell)

Fig. 2-32- Blind flange. (lTT Grinnell)
BLIND FLANGE: This flange creates a temporary

seal on the end of the pipe. lt is used where future
expansion is anticipated.
SCREWED FITTINGS
2-31
Screwed pipe and fittings are available in sizes

from 1/B in. to 4 in., but the maximum size normally
used is 2 in. Most of the fittings previously described have their threaded cousins. Fig. 2-34 provides the symbols used for screwed fittings.
Lap joint flange, stub end. (lTT Grinnell)
Socketweld and threaded fittings. (Bonney Forge Div., Gulf & Western Co.)
25
SINGLE LINE
NAME
900
ELBOW
45 0 ELBOW
rEE
LATER,AL
CBOSS
CONCENTRIC REDUCEB
ECCENTRIC REDUCER
WELDOLET
ELBOLET
LATROLET
SWEEPOLET
LEFT SIDE
FRONT
.'.
.t.
+
-{-
-+-
RIGHT SIDE
fr
ft
+
b
tr
w
w
@
@
&
1%
c-+-r
@ E:_l-
yU
@M
--,,__{}_=,,
&
fi-
\-
4,
FBONT
ffi
--o- -?-
LEFT SIDE
@
A
-w
COUPLING
CAP
BIGHT SIDE
-)
DOUBLE LINE
&
&
/><
_n__
______l_
U]
r
D
__,
ml
_Er_
ml
&
FLANGES
T[_
SLIP.ON
WELD NECK
BLIND
@ -+- @
@ -+-- @
@ -{
@
FrE. 2-33. This chart shows three views
@
@
ffi
ffi
.4
@
@
lnM
eE{
ltu
.@
of single line and double line buttwelded pipe fitting symbols.

26
rkt
3-;
Pipe and Fittings
DOUBLE LINE
SINGLE L]NE
re
LEFT SIDE
FRONT
ffl. Etltw
fio B:ltIW
Cb
EOU.,IiIMAL
@ss
@
I
Gr"
iliir;ffi-flTllc
MEB
@rrc
mtm
LEFT SIDE
&
ffi
N
ffi
s
r--
t_u:
---fF
i@nG-f,G
ffi
E*
@
|
RIGHT SIDE
E_
---{
FRONT
B ft
s n
@
@
mll
RIGHT SIDE
Fig.2-34. This chart illustrates single line and double line screwed pipe fitting symbols.
between two flanges.

4. Explain briefly the pros and cons of double line
and single line piping
REVIEW OUESTIONS
1m_
tdentify the following abbreviations:

u)
OD
s6
E:f,aforthe difference between buttwelded and
soctetwelded
5. W
thickness?
PiPe.
is alwaYs Placed
27
Process PiPe Dralting
Sketch the following fittings:

DOUBLE LINE
SINGLE LINE
12.
Threaded tee
Welded tee
'13. Flanged concentric reducer

Threaded 90 o ell
lr
14. Welded eccentric
,i
reducer
B. Welded eccentric reducer
i
I
.9.
15.
Stub-in
16.
O'let fittings are handy for producinn M

at various points in the pipe run.
How do slip-on and weld neck flanges differ?
Welded 45 o ell
I
!
ri to.
Flanged lateral
17.
l
i
I
l
i
1. Union
A P(9a
is a vertical pipe in which the

fluid is flowino uo.
19. A dd-lJn Grtl% a verticat pipe in which the
fluid is flowing down.
18.
28
Pipe and Fittings
PROBLEMS
2-1- Draw the four orthographic views of

the double line fittings shown in Fig.
Prob. 2-1. Show all centertines

section lines (where necessary).
lrFl
l#l
Fig. Prob. 2-1
29
)8. 2-2. Draw the four missing views of each

of the single line fittings shown in Fig.
Prob.2-2.
)B. 2-3. Visit a construction company and ask
for a donation of old or defective fit-
r'1
tings. Clean and mount. Use for classroom reference'

to companies in your area and ask
Write
PROB. 2-4.
catalogs and price lists. Use
fitting
for
exercises.
classroom
these in
\-
I
I
+J=-r-1
t--$-1
fr
I
Fig. Prob. 2-2
30
PiPe and Fittings
n.
B to
2-5. Use the fitting chart in Appendixin this
obtain the dimensions required

exercise:
WELDING FITTINGS
.
a. A dimension for 4 in' LR ell
b.
B dimension for 8
in' 45o
d.
Wall thickness of Schedule 40

I in. PiPe
of 12 in'
o.
O dimension for
4 in' 150#
SO
Flange
p.
9O o ell
D dimension for 6 in'
OD
WELDING FLANGES
ell
c.
e.
A dimension for 24 in' LR ell
Y dimension for 6
in' 150# WN
Flange
q.
Y dimension for 16 in. 1 50# SO

Flange
r.
PiPe
C dimension for 8 in. 4OO# WN

Flange
g.
of 10 in'
E dimension
caP
Wall thickness of Schedule 140

16 in. PiPe
1O in. 3OO# SO Flange
s.
B.C.
of
t.
Bore
of 8 in. Schedule 8O#
WN
Flange
h.
H dimension of 6
reducer
x4
concentrtc
u.
Boft hob size of 24 in.
C dimension af 4 x 3 straight tee
v.
i.
k.
400i
Flange
Number
of bolt holes in 4
in'
15OO# Flange
M dimension of 1O x B reducing
tee
H dimension
reducer
w.
C dimension
of 12 in. 9OO#
BF
x.
Y dimension
of 18 in. 1 50#
WN
of 1 2 x 6 eccentric
Flange
l.
m.
lD of 6 in. Schedule 8O PiPe

lD of
112
in' light wall
PBOB. 2-6. Draw the required four views of each

of the pipe assemblies in Figs' Prob'
2-6A, Prob' 2-68, Prob" 2-6C, and
Prob. 2-6D
PiPe
31
Fig. Prob. 2-68
Fig. Prob. 2-6A
Fi!. Prob. 2-6D
32
Pipe and Fittings
,--'&Eaii
g
H
rt{
n
T
}J ------tjg-8 a
E{x.-. :-i'I -' -:- '' Lu=E*r.s'
.l,_!
".,,_:
-:-'-:ol
"dry end" of a paper machine

panel in right foreground is located at
Ltd')
Works'
(Dominion Engineering
33
o
t
b-
.et
'i-
panel in a liquified natural gas plant'

operator checks instrumentation built lnto a control
(CBl lndustries, lnc')
34
Ghapter 3
VALVES AND INSTRUMENTATION
,.''ithin a piping system need to be conthe need for

a,r,: ;': ':gulated, and dlrected; hence
a gate
** =: Si Fig. 3-1. Simply put, a VALVE islook
at
*= r: :cnt;l the flow of a fluid' we'llhow they
and
gate
directly'
sri-; ,.'ations on that
rr'i :-: ,.,:; on piping drawings'
rri :- - an\/ procesi piping system, the fluids vary
=
- ::
to
temperature, pressure,
job
of detecting and sensvolume, acidity, etc. The
ing these variables falls on pieces of equipment
termed "instruments'" This chapter explores the
straightforward method in which instrumentation
is re[resented on drawings and examines several
examples of their use'
greatly with respect
-'
(Crane Co')
Fig. 3-1. ManY tYPes of valves are used in process piping.
35
is turned. A "knife gate" version, Fig. 3-3,
VALVES
VALVES are used to turn something on or off.
They also can be adjusted to vary the rate of flow,
permit flow in one direction only, switch flow along
different routes, or discharge fluid from a system.
Fig. 3-2 shows the basic valve symbol used on piping drawings. Variations on this theme indicate the
special type of valve or the method of operation'
NOTE: Fig. 3-14 illustrates the drawing symbols
used to represent the basic valve types discussed
in this chapter.
Fig.
tr
is
d
I
q
q
available for use in areas of limited space. lt costs

less and is lighter in weight.
Gate valves may be operated in several ways. The
most common way is by means of a handwheel.
.ildld
Ol
Basic valve symbol is shown. Also see Fig. 3-'l 4.
Fig. 3-4. Chainwheel operator. (Rovang, lnc')
ru=
;Fig. 3-3. Gate valve. (Crane Co.)

r
i,'
T:
GATE VALVE: This is the most common type of

valve used by plants and mills. lt is designed for
open or shut operation only. lt is often manually controlled. A "gate" rises and falls as the handwheel
. il
Fig. 3-5. Gear operator. (Crane Co.)
36
Valves and lnstrumentation

rff ffllrc ,nauve
is overhead out of reach, a "chain-
Fig. 3-4, may be used. A handwheel "exlm@trr ' can be used for gate valves located below
W@liimrg fievel or platform level. For gate valves remufimlllmq ess operating torque, "gear" operators, Fig.
$',6 m employed. A handwheel is still used, but
n @un JEer or bevel gear is added.
ffimrr@E-'"
Fig. 3-7. Relief valve. (Kunkle Valve Co., lnc.)
RELIEF AND SAFETY VALVES: These valves are

the insurance in a piping system. When the pressure
in the pipe or vessel goes beyond a specified limit,
the relief valve, Fig.3-7, opens and releases the gas
or fluid until the pressure falls below the critical
point. The important part of a typical relief valve is
the spring which is designed to "give" at a point
termed the "set pressure." Your home hot water
heater has a relief valve.
ffim
$4
Feguiating valve. (The Wm. Powell Co.)
M..rlLrLT;l'tG {THBOTTLING) VALVE: The prinfiummicn of a regulating valve, Fig. 3-6, is to

'@ilmt
llrmfl@ :r- flow. Faucets on your home
rffmfrtummmrs are good examples of this valve. Liquid
iffi:lm4 Umrcq.r'ghr a regulating valve must change
dmrm, ;f'ereby creating a flow resistance that
tmmm resr regulation of the fluid. Regulating
uflu rrc -unnnally considered efficient up to 6 in.
ffimGL A tr*u nnembers of this family are "globe,"
Wtg, '' -batr"" and "needle" valves. Regulating
ffi rrrc'.rsr,ally shown with a dot in the center
,dllfi hmir...........f, Bd.
Fig. 3-8. Safety valve. (Kunkle Valve Co., lnc.)
37
Safety valves, Fig. 3-8, are a rapid-opening

specimen often referred to as "pop-off,, valves.
Safety valves permit momentary fullflow of steam
and other gases, while relief valves release only a
small volume of liquid.
valves usually are sized smaller than line size for

positive regulation and to avoid excessive wear of
the seat.
BUTTERFLY VALVE: These valves are of the
rotating stem type, Fig. 3-1O. The flat plate (similar
to that of the gate valve) rotates in place and re_
quires only a quarter turn for opening and closing.
This valve is useful in tight places because of its
compactness. lt can also be used for positive flow
control.
3"F \
fit'
,t,
Fig. 3-9. Control valve. (The Wm. powell Co.)
;i
CONTROL VALVE: Control valves, Fig. 3-g, do

just that: control. Pressure and flow rate can be
regulated by hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrically
operated control valves. Some of the variables that
flow valves can react to are temperature, pressure,
level, and flow rate. Sensors placed within a tank
or vessel, or upstream of the control valve, transmit
signals to the valve. The valve responds by open_
ing or closing according to preset limits. Control
&uu:
Tlrri
!Ehr:..ri
Tt''rlrt
6, t_.::-
r,i! i,r,rJuulut
L{
ililuuii-ri* lt:
Fig. 3-1 1. Top and Bottom. Check valve.

(The Wm. Poweil Co.)
CHECK VALVE: Flow is allowed to go in one

direction only in lines that employ check valves. See
Fig.'3-1 i. Variations of this valve are numerous,
Fig. 3-10. Butterfly valve. (Crane Co.)
38
-:.:":
dtlr,,Ef3"r
ze tor
,ear of
them without releasing steam. See Fig. 3-13. lt is

also used in air lines to trap water. Note the symbol used for this valve in Fig. 3-14.
rf the
;imilar
nd rersing.
INSTRUMENTS
The dashboard of your automobile houses several
instruments similar to those used in industry. One
instrument measures the rate of movement, another
reads the oil pressure, and still another indicates the
temperature of the coolant. All of these variables
and more must be monitored in modern industrial
processes, and it must be done quickly and
accurately.
of its
r flow
re- 3-12. Flush-bottom
tank valve' (The Wm' Powell Co')
drafter will show only the connection fitting
ffii
lm*t the basic PrinciPle still applies. The pipe
,6;
H-t-,SH-BOTTOM TANK VALVE: This is usually

:6 oobe type valve located at the low point of a tank
m +acilitate easy discharge of fluids, slurries, etc'
Mmae the unique shape of this valve in Fig' 3-12'
INSTRUMENT FUNCTIONS
lnstruments are seldom, if ever, shown on piping drawings. However, instrument functions are
always indicated within a symbol. Often the pipe
fo.1
the instrument (usually a coupling or half coupling),

and then the symbol containing the function- See
Fis. 3-1 5.
The majority of instruments are of four basic
types: flow, level, pressure, and temperature. The
jobs they perform are few even though they may
be used for a varietY of PurPoses.
The basic functions of instruments are:
1 . To sense one of the process variables, usually flow rate, level, pressure, or temperature.
2. To transmil the measurement of a variable
from the instrument to a secondary location,
such as a control Panel.
3. To indicate the measurement of a variable.
This can occur at the control panel or at the
instrument by means of paper roll and pen,
digital display, or dial indicator. Flashing lights
and alarms are also means of indicating critical
levels or Points.
4. To record the measurement.
5. To controlthe variable. A valve is most often
used to perform this final function'
freomes a one-way street-
(,'
!(''
L,.
PROCESS VABIABLES
A "variable" is a characteristic of a fluid under

certain conditions. Temperature and pressure are
two common variables, and these are measured by
instrumentation. There are others, but they are best
shown in a standard established by the lnstrument
Society of America. lt is known as ISA standard
S5.1 and is shown in Fig. 3-16. This coding is
used internationally although most companies alter
it somewhat to fit their requirements. Therefore,
become familiar with your company standards
before drawing or labeling instruments.
Fq- 3-13. Steam trap' (Armstrong Machine Works)

r one
;-
See
rous,
TRAP: This is an automatic valve that collects air,

mter, and gases in steam lines- and discharges
39
,)
VALVE SYMBOLS
PIPING DRAWING
(FLANGED)
FLOW DIAGRAM
TYPE
GATE
REGULATING
(BALL)
(GLOBE}
CHECK
BUTTERFLY
RELIEF
CONTROL
FLUSH BOTTOM
ff*'
Yt'-'i|,^.a
bedaS'
TRAP
Fig.3.l4.chartshowsvalvesymbolsusedonflowdiagramsandpipingdrawings'
40
r!'
I
'L 1J t+ vu
7-"/+' LTL1
Fig. 3-15. lnstrument symbol and connection fitting are
illustrated.
INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION TABLE

(ISA 55.1 CODING)
THIRD LEfiER
additional function
UPPER
FIRST LETTER
SECOND LETTER
CASE
process variable
LETTER
type of reading
or lunction
ALARM
ALARM
CONTROL
CONTROL
CONDUCTIVITY
DENSITY
DIFFERENTIAL
ELEMENT
RATIO
FLOW
GLASS
HIGH
HAND
CURRENT (electric)
INDICATING
LEVEL
LOW
MOISTURE
INTERMEDIATE
o
P
ORIFICE
PRESSURE
BECORDER
SPEED
SAFETY
TEMPERATURE
TRANSMITTER
vrscoslTY
VALVE
WEIGHT
WELL
SAFETY
VALVE
TRANSMIfiER
'tlot ryx ., da ,t&rrt
tSA S5.1.
Oilih.l ry.
Fig. 3-16. lnstrument identification table is based on lnstrument Society of America standard.
41
INSTRUMENT REPRESENTATION
. As stated earlier, instruments are seldom, if ever,
shown on a piping drawing. A symbol is used and
a connection fitting may be shown on the piping.
The symbol used is a circle, and it appears the same
on flow diagrams and piping drawings. Figs. 3-17
through 3-22 otfer a few examples of the ap-
pearance of instruments on flow diagrams and piping drawings. Note that the instrument itself is the
same on both. Take some time to study these examples and become familiar with the more commonly used instruments and how they are applied.
FLOW DIAGRAM
FLOW DIAGRAM
PIPING DRAWNG
Fig. 3-17. Pressure indicator.
PIPING DRAWING
Fig. 3-1 9. Level indicating controller.

FLOW DIAGRAM
l
I
l1
HIH
I
PIPING DRAWING
FLOW DIAGRAM
Fig. 3-I 8. Temperature controller.
.l
HIf--{
**
PIPING DRAWNG
Fig. 3-2O. Flow indicator.
42
*I;=;*;
E-OW D]AGRAM
PIPING DRAWING
Fig. 3-21. Temperature indicator.
LOCAL MOUNT
FLOW DIAGRAM
"
L?LG.
PIPING DRAWINb
PANEL MOUNT
Ftg. 3-22. Pressurd recorder.
Fig. 3-23. lnstrument mounting symbols.
ELECTRIC
HYDRAULIC
PNEUMATIC
,-=:gv^
ELECTROMAGNETIC
Fig. 3-24. lnstrument signal leads.
43
The instrument symbol is composed of three

parts. The symbol itself is a circle. The circle may
be open, indicating a locally mounted instrument,
or it may have a horizontal line through it, representing panelmounting. See Fig. g-23. A pressure gage
mounted on the pipe would be local mounting and
a pressure gage in an instrument panel of a control
room would be panel mounting.
The second part of the symbol is the instrument
identification, Fig. 3-23. This is the information obtained from ISA S5.1. The third part is the instrument "loop number." A LOOP is an interconnected
group of instruments. Many instrument loops are
found in any industrial system, and each one must
be tagged with a number.
SIGNAL LEADS
The final aspect of instrument identification we
need to discuss is the method of operation. How
, is each instrument activated? Some are operated
, by electrical impulses, others by pneumatics. A
complete list of symbols for instrument signal leads
is shown in Fig. 3-24.
What are the four basic types of instruments?
u
u[
c.
9.
d.
What is process variable?
1O. What is most often used to control a process

variable?
11
Sketch the difference between a panel and

local mounted instrument.
12. What is a loop?
13.
On which two drawings will instruments be

found?
a.
b.
14. Sketch and label the symbols for four types

of instrument signal leads.
REVIEW OUESTION,S
1.
8.
Name three functions of valves:
a.
b.
a.
b.
c.
2. What is the most common valve used in

industry?
3. A valve located above reach is operated by
means of a
4. Sketch the symbol for a globe valve.
5.
What is the difference between relief and safety valves?
6.
Sketch the symbol for the tyf" of

allows flow in one direction only.
d.
,"lve that
FROB
7.
What are the uses of a trap?
44
cnEL6
4ON-TKOL
l/ALVE
VALVe
7-tz
LEVEL ---,
INPt4ATOF
coNTRou
(LoctL)
Fig. Prob. 3-1A
Ttr'4 TF-frATuRE
INPICATOK (FANEL)
ELIEF
VALVE
'-qLAb=
,*-a\eLk
VALVE
VALVE
qaTE
VALVE
"\r
I
-6 --LEVEL
bwt\(H (Lo6aL)
Fig. Prob. 3-18
PROBLEMS
PROB. 3-2. Fig. Prob. 3-2 gives verbaldescriptions

of five different instruments and shows
their connection points on a pipe.
.
Sketch the instrument symbol for each,
letter the correct designation and loop
number, and indicate whether it is locat
or panel mounted.
3-1. Figs. Prob. 3-1A and Prob. 3-18 are

portions of a flow diagram with missing valves and instruments. Sketch in
the correct valves and instruments as
indicated in the notes.
45
FLOW
LEVEL
INDICATOB
RECORDER
TEMPERATURE
LEVEL
INDICATOR
ALARM
CONTROL
LOCAL
LOOP
#490
PANEL
LOCAL
LOOP #3712
LOOP
PANEL
.
LOOP #5032
#437
Fig. Prob. 3-2
PROB.
3-3. Use the manufacturer's valve specifica-
FABRI.VALVE
tions in Appendix C to find the required

dimensions in this exercise.
B.C. of 6 in. Fig. 45
m.
Weight of 48 in. Fig. 134
n.
F-F
o.
Bolt hole size of 8 in. Fig.
p.
Handwheeldiameter of 2O in.
78
q.
Number of bolts in g6 in. Fig.
JENKINS
a.
F-F of
b.
Flange diameter of
1325 gate
c.
d.
4 in. Fig. 2325
ga'te
112 in. Fig.
Center to spindle top of 8 in. Fig.

2325 gate
F-F
of 1 6 in. Fig. 71
1
Fi
of 6 in. Fig. 1317-A globe
pnoa(6-hDraw the four orthographic views
r=---lthe pipe and fitting assemblies in Fig

Prob. 3-4A and Prob. 3-48 in
spaces provided.
CRANE
e.
Weight
t.
F-F
g.
Center to top of 20 in.

OS & Y gate
i.
Weight of 3 in. #372
t.
End
k.
Center to top
of 1O in. #461
gate
of 5 in. #465 gate

#464
112
f-
to end of 2 112 in. #373
of 14 in. #383
Fig. Prob. 3-4A
46
IN
1
7'
Fig. Prob. 3-4
\-.
\?
a---/
Corrtact companies in your local area

supply valves and ask f or
bochures, catalogs, and price lists.
[ilse this information in classroom
-,ercises.
photographs of all types of
dues and make a wall chart. Group
dues according to basic types. Show
rt Cutaway view of each type and
ryeral examples around each
Grrvertthe isometric in Fig. Prob. 3-7

a single line and double line drawLtg in the spaces provided. Your view
dnuld be in the direction the arrow is
Fifing,
Fig. Prob. 3-7
\'
SINGLE LINE
DOUBLE LINE
47
Chapter 4
PUMPS, TANKS, AND EQUIPMENT
Pipe drafting does not deal exclusively with the

drawing of pipes. The pipes must have an origin and
a termination point. Usually, these origins and terminus points are pieces of equipment. Pumps and
tanks, for example, are the most common things
that pipes connect. However, there also exists a
wide range of equipment that must be drawn or
"piped" by the drafter.
PUMPS
PUMPS are the workhorses of any process plant,
and the centrifugal pump is the type most frequently
used. This pump operates at a constant rate and
will supply a steady flow of fluid for the process.

Pumps are the most common pieces of equipment
in the plant, and they are represented simply on pro-
cess pipe drawings. Familiarize yourself with the

methods of representation because you will be
drawing many of them.
Fig. 4-1. General arrangement drawing features
PumP sYmbol-
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT SYMBOL

The GENERAL ARRANGEMENT is one of the first
drawings that is completed. lt is basically

background drawing, and equipment shown on
a
a
general arrangement is usually depicted by simple

symbols. A centerline is often allthat wiil be drawn.
This is normally the case with pumps. However, the
pump pad or foundation should show, as well
as the pump centerline. Fig. 4-1 illustrates a common method used on general arrangements. Note
that the pump has been labeled and dimensions
have been given from the nearest steel columns.
Most pumps should be drawn in the manner
shown in Fig. 4-1. However, some pumps and their
motors may be quite large and, therefore, an outline
of the equipment should be drawn. This outline, Fig.
4-2, may serve as a reference for clearances on
future drawings.
H
fit
#
F
Fig.4-2. A large pump is outlined on
48
a general arr
'
PumPs, Tanks, and Equipment
M]D$, DIAGRAM SYMBOLS

SYMBOLS are simple graphic representations of
rbrcalthing, and nowhere are pumps shown more
than on flow diagrams. Some. companies
-ply
as the symbol' Others
Fie; to use a circle
Ltaliuh the circle with various projections and
None the less, the circle is the basis for the
dagram pump symbol, Fig. 4-3' Company
hdsr"ry on the size of the pump symbol, but
is normally from 3/8 in- to 3/4 in' in
they show as an edge view. These dimensions are

from a pump dimension sheet and are normally
labeled as reference o( "tef ."
The elevation view shows the axis centerline, and
it is labeled with both the pump number and its
elevation. The elevation is the pump centerline
height off the floor. Note again the reference dimension given to the discharge flange in Fig. 4-4.
GASKET SYMBOL
The little symbol that represents a gasket is

shown in Fig. 4-5. This L-shaped symbol rests on
Fig. 4-3. A sampling of pump symbols is presented.
lo'ti
tov;'
(RE
T
sv'zco*X
o.Y-
t14*t7
aElerj-aa'
-?uu? 47
Fig. 4-5. Gasket symbols: A - L-shaped symbol projects

from right extension line. B - Another gasket symbol
parallels extension line.
'--jo"v-zbo
the extension line of the flange, and it indicates if
the gasket is included in the dimension or omitted'
The example at A in Fig. 4-5 informs us that the
gasket is nof included in the dimension. Remember
io draw this little symbol because the thickness of
the gasket may make a difference when calculatinq
dimensions and lengths of pipe and fittings' The ex'
ample at B in Fig. 4-5 shows another form of the
gasket symbol.
-TC-r-r
'*ig'J
;
F,
lo\A
ecc. REq 6'L.
gNze eLL bu??ORT
Ftry,.4-4. Plan view and elevation view of a centrifugal pump
are shown.
PIPING DRAWING SYMBOL
ISOMETBIC PUMP SYMBOL
PIPING DRAWINGS contain all the details of the

piping system. The pump representation on this
type of drawing is a bit more involved than on
previous ones. Piping drawings are composed of
plans, sections, and details - Fig. 4'4 shows an exlmpte of a plan and elevation of a typical centrifugal
pump.
Tl-re CENTEBLINE of the pump is the most important line on the plan view. Crossing the axis of the
pump is the discharge centerline. The centerline of
pump and motor is always dimensioned' See Fig'
4-4.-Note that the suction and/or discharge flanges
must be dimensioned from the pump centerline if
Pumps drawn in isometric should be shown with

most, if not all, of the information given on the piping drawings. Fig. 4-6 is an isometric drawing of
the pump shown in Fig. 4-4. Note that the pump
is labeled, dimensioned, and has a centerline
elevation.
VENDOR PUMP DATA

Line drawings of two variations of the centrifugal
purnp are shown at A and B in Fig' 4-7 'The drafter
must be able to use vendors' catalogs to find the

49
&
l
j
ab0
l't'
av.
''ru"e';tl"or'
ob"
A
Fig. 4-6. lsometric pump symbol on piping drawing contains
full information for connection into piping system.
ffi
c
o
correct pump for the given application, and the

dimensions required to draw it. For example, dimensions relating to the height of the pump centerline
and the location of the flange faces are frequently
used. Therefore, it often is the responsibility of the
drafter to locate these dimensior.:s in brochures or
R
N
E
catalogs provided by the pump manufacturer or vendor. Fig. 4-8 is an example of the type of information provided.
TANKS
TANKS are containers that come in a great variety
of shapes and sizes. They are used to store almost
everything. Tanks are not difficult to draw, but often
the attachments and embellishments are detailed.
Let's take a look at some characteristics of these
ponderous pieces of equipment.
Fig. 4-7 . Centrifugal pumps are commonly used in process
- Horizontal centrifugal pump. B _ Vertical
centrifugal pump. (Cornell pump Company)
plants. A
SHAPES AND STYLES
Tanks can be built to any specifications that the

client requires: square, cyiindrical, or spherical. They
can be erected vertically, horizontally, or at an angte.
Some basic tank shapes are shown in Fig. 4-5.
flow diagram unless specifically required.
These
details usually are reserved for the.piping drawings
and tank drawings.
FLOW DIAGRAM TANK SYMBOLS
PIPING DRAWINGS
The shapes drawn in Fig. 4-g are used to depict

tanks on flow diagrams. Atso see Fig. 4-1O. The
basic shape is shown, and inlet and or-itlet pipes are
joined to the tank. No tank details are given on the
A more detailed view of the tank is shown on the

piping drawing. All pipes connected to the tank are
drawn, as are the manholes, ladders, and platformi.
50
Pumps, Tanks, and Equipment
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Fig. 4-9. These basic tank shapes are used in process pipe drafting.
TAN K
+luxr
"o+
f'""
O-1*.,=.
P-tts
Fig. 4-1O. Tank symbol is shown in use in a typical flow
diagram.
Fig. 4-1'l
Tank symbol is more detailed in this piping

elevation.
'l shows how a tank is represented on a piping drawing. Note, however, that the basic shape
is the same as on the flow diagram in Fig. 4-1O.
Fig. 4-1
TANK DRAWINGS
The most detailed view of the tank is shown on
the TANK DR,AWING. This drawing is created by
the drafter after the tank has been designed. Complete in every detail, the drawing is sent to the tank
fabricator who builds the tank and ships it to the
construction site. lf the tank is too Iarge to ship, it
is built at the site or shipped there in parts and
assembled.
Some other items shown on a tank drawing are

NOZZLES and MANHOLES. Nozzles are impoitant
because they are the points at which pipes are con_
rrected. When drawing nozzles, it is important that
you measure correctly and give accurate dimen_
sions. Fig. 4-13 is an example of a nozzle projec_
tion chart used as a reference for piping drafier.
Miscellaneous features such as instrument connections, bracing, lifting eyes and hooks, davits, lad-
ders, and cages may also appear on the tank
drawing.
BILL OF MATEHIAL
DRAWING DETAILS
The BILL OF MATERTAL is a table that normally

appears on the right side of the drawing. Basically
it is a shopping list for the tank- All maierials needed
tank drawing normally does not rely on any

.The
other drawing for reference information. you might
consider it an assembly drawing. All constructi-on
details are shown as are all the materials used to
build it. Welding symbols may appear on the draw_
ing, so you need to be famil'iar with them. Study
the drawing in Fig. 4-12 and try to pick out the
details as we discuss them.
for construction of the tank are shown on the

"B.O.M." A minimum of four columns is needed
in this table. The first is the ,,item,, number, or iden_
tifying mark. This number is shown on the draw-
ing and points to the part. The other three columns

are "size," "description," and ,,quantity.,, Some
companies may add a column for material specifica_
52
NOTES:
r. lqlg@ql (nrE)fi^rroN
FITTINOIi 3E PIJX VIET.
2. rErn PLÎE [2f
OI{ IN-ET
a
4.
q4pofrY LEos
CE\rEnED
ro
8E t.x,tx5. LBIIIH E'XE'X{'PLATE

ITTH r' , AoLT l.l(n-E $r 2.-0.
BoLT
CIFCLE.
FAI'IAL
IZZJ
PROJECIION IS
ca{EnLlr of TAlt(
FL.ANGE.
MU
TO FACE OF
ALL EOLT HOI-ES tN FLAI{GS
SI{U
sIRôoLE vEniic^L em' xoiriiiirilu

OTHBiISE
CENTENLINES IJ}I-ESS
NOIED 0N ote
@13. FoR LEV6L 0u
rt'
oF AL!
oE
ras
oEs'cRIprIo{
PulP slrctlotl
Rlup flJdrtfl
FtM fffIN
P(.!f slrcllil
I^x{o(r
I
e
OVEFFLOI
:TY
DPAIil
l/ENf . ffi
-{Mb
5'
Iil-ET
llr_ET
II{L.EI
ta
AOtTAT@
O6/IE
LEI,/EL
o
?
a
outg.
$Fr[
dJTLT,
COT(L
l'-6'
I
I
SPECIFICATIONS
EUIPIGNT ,{o.;
2
SEFVIC: CoHT.
c^p^c tTY:
OoIN
As olv. I.sca
coo!
OSIN PES.: B Pslc

OESId TBP- | ,s.F
6
7
E
to
t.
28S-OS|
B-Or
mFmSION lll6r-r
LINIE
l/lt'
lMX.r-Jlr ION. 3'

IATENIAL: A S.
ti
CPLG. FON LEVEL 6UAG
t2
SIEAI
SUPPLY
OISTNTzuTION
BASIC TAT{< '.OTTENSIONS

8oILEn SLOll 0orN IANK
h$ 4-12. Tank
drawing provides full details of tank construction. Note nozzle schedule at right.
(Sandwell lnternational, lnc.)
NOZZLE PROJECTION
(SEE TABLE BELOW}
are
rtant
con:
that
rnen-
oiec-
fter.
STIFFENER PLATE
corF
PER API COOE
,la+
tank
ON TOP OF TANKS
mally
ically
reded
I tfle
eded
iden-
crdrawto.n stan-
At*p,and
faf
SIZE
2"
4" 6" a" 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20"
6" 6" 7" 7" a" a" 9" 9" 10" 10" 11" 11"
1 1t2"
PROJECTION
Gr. 2,
*sto
harJlnn6
iorrE
tfica-
NOZZLE PROJECTION IUNLESS NOTED ON ORAW|NGS}
fLr /l.f 3- Tank nozzle projection chart lists nozzle

53
sizes and amount of prolection.
tion, while others include this with the description.

Note the similar information given in the nozzle
schedule in Fig. 4-12.
NOZZLE SCHEDULE
Some tanks may be "brimming,, with nozzles,

Fig. 4-12. Chaos would result if each one had to
be dimensioned. Therefore, a NOZZLE SCHEDULE
is often employed to list all the necessary dimensions. This table has a column for the NpS of the
nozzle, and then columns for each dimension. The
dimensions usually are identified by a letter located
along the top or side of the table. A typical nozzle
may be illustrated on the drawing by the letter code
in place of the dimension numbers. Drawings using
a nozzle schedule are shown in Figs. 4-12 and 4-14.
Note letter code at left.
MISCELLANEOUS EOUTPMENT
Pumps and tanks are common to almost all
dustrial processes. However, the types of sp
ized equipment may vary considerably from one
dustry to another. Petroleum, petrochemical,
and paper, food processing, brewing, and
plants employ some of the following pieces
equipment.
AGITATOR
This little AGITATOR (mixer) is common to
industries and it is used to do just that: mix. lt
be permanently attached to a tank or it can be
table. Basically it is a propeller attached to a
and motor.
BOILER
The BOILER basically is a heater fired by

natural gas, or even wood chips. Condensate (
that has condensed from steam) is collected in
mill and piped back to the boiler where it is
and converted to steam.
CLARIFIER
The CLABIFIEB is a large, open tank into wh

wastewater and effluent is piped or drained.
bottom of the clarifier is sloped to the center, a
a rake slowly scrapes the settled material to
center where it is pumped off. The "clear"
clarified liquid flows off the top, over a weir (da
Then it is piped elsewhere for further trea
SPECIFICATIONS
COLUMN
A FRACTIONATION COLUMN is common to

petroleum industry. lt is used to distill various
ucts. Basically it is a still. A preheated feed, in
case crude oil, is fed into the column. Several
ucts can be distilled from the crude as it
through the column, and these are termed "fr

tions" or "cuts." A few of the common distillat
are heating oil, gasoline, fuel gases, naptha,
paraffin.
CONDENSER
The CONDENSER is a piece of equipment

does exactly what its name implies: it cond
Gases enter one side and are cooled by cold w
or a refrigerator. This causes the gases to
and exit the other side as a liquid.
Fig. 4- I 4. Tank drawing nozzle schedule

uses a letter code
instead of dimensioning nozzles.
(Sandwell lnternational, lnc.)
54
EVAPORATOR
>! c
Jullrrr,ll6
ll{tr
sce=,milI
1 c,ii: ilrm-
la:,:-lupl
J n: ,u,qffi
eces mffi
E : :,Jmp increases the pressure of a liquid,
increases the pressure of a gas or

nnufi@fl ]tl ,nr *rr-!igSSUFe vapor enters the compressor,
iilrt rilui ffirrr:,'=ssed, then discharged at a higher
rlfl
L---T"1lqtflillFlcEs.SCR
titilll]IlmimlEir,trB
;*lfffi;lliltE
"l"mm
nr:i:,:-- rside the CYCLONE (piece of separa4r1rJtrr-.::t is similar to a storm. solids and/or
ifllmilflflIlrws H-n"f --:e cyclone at an angle that creates a
murqnil,uliflr.4 ::.:::- ?r motion inside. The heavier materi,lttilllrx :tu -i: :-: nottom and lighter materials exit at
fiiilufl rrufl -- :- c and paper and the wood products
,*I -=<.e extensive use of cyclones.
The EVAPORATOR (concentrator) used in the

pulp and paper industry is similar in function to a
condenser, but the process is reversed. Water is
removed or evaporated from a liquid chemical com_
pound through steam heating. The liquid eventually
becomes concentrated and can then be reused
within the process or sold.
FILTER
'flllilItililllr'
Io i'--3'w
. L: -,frlp,
3r !,Imn-
tfiIfl]lilurilfi]lr,rlL:u:i
illu,p,
l/-
IF
I:
rotary kiln) is a Iong, slightly inclined,

tube used to dry substances, notably
illllllttilrlrifi :T :-a :ulp and paper industry. The wet
lrmmttlilflmimsrilffi
=:: ,:-ed from the process enters one end,
ffiil1r*rurilr,r,r i rtE:j
= :ng the rotating kiln, where it is dried
Iuilllu, tr rffin :,_--sr. The lime is reclaimed and reused.
ilfili1q1;,, ,,r-"i : :::res a rotary
sludge kiln in operation
tltrlfl r]llr I[m{e' ::-r'Dany.
Jr'inr
,illililllllIlilflll[
"
Iirffi'I-E:=:
The FILTER (rotary drum) separates solids from

tiquids by means of a vacuum on the drum. Solids
adhere to a perforated belt on the rotating drum due
to the vacuum inside. As the drum rotates, a scraper
removes the solids or "cake" from the belt. A
conveyor may be used to remove the cake. Mean_
while, the liquid within the filter is piped elsewhere
for further treatment.
REFII\iER
REFINERS are high-speed grinders used in the

food processing and pulp and paper industries. See
Fig. 4-16. Coarse material is fed between two grinding plates spinning rapidly in opposite directions,
and a fine material is discharged from the refiner.
il
ia-
ffi
i-t
ta
i['
E.l
_-E
)=:;-7$
.l----
'1
tr
.
):-- *
a,'
t,ia:=;
=-C
]t :'rfi:
'* a:3r
tC3-l$8
='E:
1-15. Rotary lime sludge.kiln is used in drying operations. (Fuller Company,

Bethlehem, pA)
55
r
Fig.4-16. Refiners at a paper mill grind coarse material into fine particles, (Beloit Corporation)
VESSEL
FLOW
DIAGRAM ISOMETRIC
PIPING PLAN
A VESSEL is a tank with ,,innards.,, Something

is usually happening within a vessel, whereas the
Iiquid within a tank just sits there. The activity inside a vessel may be a chemical reaction (reactor),
separation, distillation, or accumulation.
EOUIPMENT STANDARDS
2. Why are centrifugal pumps the most popular
for use in industrial process systems?
3. What is the difference between a tank and a
vessel ?
Keep in mind that all companies possess standards that specify all of the drawing conventions
and techniques to be used by the drafter. Most firms
illustrate equipment with fairly universal symbols,
by, there always are exceptions. Therefore,
whenever you are drawing a new piece of equipment, always look to the standards for the correct
symbol or drawing method.
4.
REVIEW OUESTIONS
1. f\gtcir the pump

roilowing
symbot for each

types of drawings:
of
the
56
*,i*{,4**;#L&r-,
Sketch three common tank shapes used on

flow diagrams.
)ul
3uil
5.
What.is the purpose of the tank drawing, and

who will use it?
6- The piece of equipment
What is a "fraction, " and what piece of equipment produces it?
t-
The drafter must often obtain pump data from

what sources?
information
PROB. 4-1. Redraw the plan view shown in Fig.

4-1, using the scale of 318" = 1' - Q"
on B size vellum. Use the pump shown
in Fig. 4-4.
PROB. 4-2. Draw a plan view of Fig. 4-11 . Locate
the pump discharge on the pump
centerline. Locate line 4" - EA - 12 otf
that dllows solids to
t-
t- What
PROBLEMS
center 1' - O" from the centerline of

the pump. Use B size vellum.
PROB. 4-3. Draw the following pieces of equipment
on a sheet of B size vellum:
a. Column
b. Rotary kiln
c. Blower
d. Cyclone
e. Bucket conveyor
is found on the Bill of
Material?
f.
PROB.
&iefly compare and contrast pumps and com-
nozzle. Provide elevation 6T nozzle on

tank. Use the appendix to find the
types of valves specified.
PROB. 4-5. Calculate the needed dimensions and
elevations in drawings A and B in Fig.
Prob. 4-5. Gaskets are 1116 in. thick.
All flanges are 15O#. The dimension
with the asterisk involves trigonometric
calculations (refer to Chapter 8, which
discusses this type of calculation in
detail).
I!Essors.
mst
piece of equipment is used

dgtance within a tank?
Clarifier
4-4. Complete the drawing in Fig. Prob.4-4

by inserting the correct fittings and
to mix a
U
L
VE___
TANK NO,7
IO,FAFRIVALVE
Fra. ll
@rJ.r<.=*r,,
tO. FAANIVALVA
7lcr,7l
n"
IQUAR
tb>
o" x b" EcL. 3e?,
Fig. Prob. 4-4
57
lott x
b"
EI l-,
L-
-.._ro,,x 6,, KEp.

I
EL.
A _ CRANE NO. 465

B - CRANE NO. 373
l4b'-7'/z'
Fun" z+o
T-
-J
Fig. prob. 4_5A
Fig. Prob. 4-5B
58
Chapter 5
FLOW DIAGRAMS
,::: '3presentation of the flow of fluids

.ii,r:?-': is called a FLOW DIAGRAM. Sym:- '33r-esent equipment, and the draw:;:: e i cw diagrams enable nontechnical
'il :: -- ":hend the basic f unctions of comi
.trstr.mil.G]:
:;ri:-s. They may be used as just
^g of a system, or they may con'f*::=s:r-)/ facts from which to construct

:-3'rvlngS.
:tr :: -l
,ra . ary on their use of flow diagrams
rfm-ft E :-:, include on them. Some will use
Irut6ir;-3- :-,3t contains pipe specifications,
ilfllrlriiir,-.-:ation, and all of the equipment
'iii{ii':i*r- i:hers will create a simple flow
-r-= u,.
--- equipment, flow lines, a few

:r---:-is, and some temperatures,
;
:iitri
llr
,"
nil
-,:
':... iine volumes. ln addition to this

:l-:-n, these companies will create
:r
"lill1llMu,,,u,
irmlrrrl':-:
:,-
'P &
l" diagram. This "piping and

jiagram is the detailed version of
Fig. 5-1. A flow diagram begins as ideas are sketched on

a chalkboard. (CBl lndustries, lnc.)
rrs:-=sion of the techniques used to

---.'.,ingS, we'll use the term "flow
'n mind that each company will
,(
--
:tultufl
*--!fiitu:i"*
rr"
in the form of sketches, Fig. 5-1, and verbal descrip_

tions. The person responsible usually is an engineer
or technician/designer. Once the ideas begin to jell,
the engineer may reguest that a drafter convert the
ir r - s of this type of drawing, but the

:r=::-ted here will always apply. So
'*i " :,'; diagram and see how it's put
fif,lillllilillflntll-*lli
sketches to a flow diagram. When this is ac_

complished, the system is there for the world to
see. .andchange.
The system, hence the flow diagram, will be
altered and revised many times after it is put on
OF THE FLOW DIAGRAM
s 3re generally one of the first draw-
ur,
i -:r,
system or an addition to an ex-
paper. This is an integral part of the design process

discussed in Chapter 1, and something every stu_
dent in this field should realize. The system, as it
appears on the flow diagram, can be toyed with,
engineered, designed . . . and seen. The project
engineer will approve or disapprove; the client wilt
present his or her views; and the flow diagram
becomes the vehicle for feedback, discussion, and
revisions. See Fig. 5-2.
3-: why are they created in the first

,rill{ttr{/trr s :êir function?
ruurrym
ffiErrTllFlCATION
stem that supports an industrial

3s:houghts and ideas in someone's
a=:ansferred to paper or chalkboards
sr
59
there are many equipment symbols that are common within certain industries. Basic shapes seldom
change, but company "A" may prefer to add a bit
fnore detail to a symbol that company "B." Refer
to Fig. 5-3 for a sampling of some flow diagram
equipment symbols. There are no universal sizes to
draw the equipment. Drawing layout, company
standards, and client preference will determine that.
There is one important point to remember when
laying out a flow diagram. Equipment sizes should
appear in proportion to one another. The example
shown in Fig. 5-4 is indicative of good symbol sizes.
- --:-
EOUIPMENT LABELING
LABELING should always be done last if you are
drawing manually. You will avoid smudging and excess erasing if you have to move slmbols or rearrange your layout. When you do label, it should
be done with care and forethought. lndiscriminate
labeling of equipment can result in a less-thanpleasing appearance on your drawing.
The best location to place a label is within the
symbol, slightly above center. See symbolA in Fig.
5-5. This may not be possible if there are other
details within the symbol. The illustrations in Fig.
5-5 indicate the preferred labeling sequence, with
A being the first choice. The placement of labels
also depends on the amount of space available.
Fig. 5-2. Engineers use flow diagrams to revise aspects of

a system's design before completion of the project.
(Courtesy CH2M HILL)
PIPING DRAWING REFERENCE
lnformation given on the flow diagram is used to

design the piping plans and elevations. This is one
of tne most important functions of the flow diagram.
The drafter must be able to pick symbols, numbers,
and sizes off the flow diagram and apply them to
the construction of piping drawings.
The ability to use a flow diagram to construct a
piping drawing is not something expected of a junior
drafter. This is an ability that is picked up through
a learning process on the job. Once a drafter is able
to do this with accuracy and completeness, he or
she becomes an extremely valuable asset to the
company. The first step in achieving that goal is to
understand the workings of a flow diagram. Let's
EOUIPMENT NUMBERS
Each piece of equipment is assigned a number,
chosen by the engineering firm or by the client. The
EOUIPMENT NUMBERS are always placed on the
flow diagram with the label. See Fig. 5-4. fhe
drafter must be certain that these numbers appear
on the flow diagram. They will be used when constructing the piping drawings and will also appear
on equipment schedules.
begin.
EOUIPMENT
I
I
FLOW LINES
The flow diagram is a schematic-type drawing

and, therefore, relies on symbols to represent actual pieces of equipment. Symbols are a stylized
representation of the realthing and are created with
two things in mind: simplicity and ease of interpretation. The equipment symbols that are used on flow
diagrams adhere to these two requirements. A simple, basic outline portrays the shape of the equipment and decreases drawing time.
Two types of FLOW LINES exist: primary
and
secondary. These lines indicate major and minor

flows. Major flows may be all lines above 14 in. in
diameter, but this will vary from one company to
another. Size not considered, the major or primary
flow is always the main run of pipe.
LINE CROSSINGS AND CONNECTIONS
tu
tfl
Ma1'or flow lines are thick and command attention on a flow diagram. Other flow lines and instrumentation signal lines may cross major flows,
TYPES AND SHAPES

Each company possess its own set of drawing
standards for EOUIPMENT SHAPES. However,
but they are always broken at the crossing. When

60
Flow Diagrams
OVERFLOW
REFINER
(DISC TYPE}
CLABIFIER
REFINER
(coNlcAL)
DRUM FILTER
tr
REJECTS
COLUMN
(PLATE TYPE}
GOiIVEYOR
FINES
HEAT EXCHANGER
(PLATE TYPE}
--+
SCREW CONVEYOR
Fig. 5-3. Some typical flow diagram equipment symbols are shown.
'61
li
r.to.
FooToox
SESE
vto-+o
waIEE_qErI p-t
>to-+t
>
Fig. 5-4. Proportional equipment sizes are evident on this

flow diagram.
Fig. 5-6. This flow diagram presents a good example of
rect line weights and proper flow line crossings

junctions.
T.ANK
1
\-,/
PUM
-.
-O
Fuvrp
FLOW LINE DIRECTION
puMpe-
The direction of flow must be indicated on flow

lines, and the best way to do it is with an arrowhead. But where and in what form? A variety
of methods exist. ln Fig. 5-7, example A requires
that the arrows on major flows be larger than those
on minor flows. Example B has same-size arrows.
Example C utilizes only a point on one end of the
pipe specification symbol.
PIPE SPECIFICATIONS
Pipes on the flow diagram, like equipment,

be identified. Some companies use a specific symbol in which to place this information. This is ter
the PIPE SPECIF|CATION SYMBOL. Most often it
is located directly in the flow line. See Fig. S-7.
Example C shows how the symbol may serve a sec-
CONPEN'E.R
i
i
l
I
ond purpose of indicating the direction of flow.

The amount and type of information given within
the pipe "spec" symbol will vary with the company.
Basic information such as the pipe size, contents,
and an identification number are always shown. The
example in Fig. 5-8 reveals that the pipe size is 6
in. in diameter. The "\A/M" is a code established
by the engineering firm or the industry to identify
the contents of the pipe. The number "124" is a
tag number given to identify that specific pipe.
The drafter uses this information when constructing the piping drawings. Specific information as to
the type of pipe and fittings to be used on this tine
(WM) is found in the project specifications. An
engineer or designer normally assigns sizes to the
pipe, but it is up to the drafter to indicate the cor-
Fig. 5-5. Proper location of equipment labels is illustrated.

Best location is within symbol, as shown at A.
two flow lines of the same size meet at right angles,

a common method is to break the horizontal line,
Fig. 5-6.
When laying out a flow diagram, try to avoid line
crossings whenever possible. Unfortunately, this is
seldom possible.
62
Flow Diagrams
DRAIN SYMBOLS is given in Fig. 5-9. The symbols

represent discharge into either the atmosphere or a
sewer. Atmospheric vents are most often found on
the tops of tanks, but they can occur in a pipe run.
Discharge to sewer may be located anywhere along
a flow line, but the most common location is at the
bottom of tanks and after pumps.
of indicating flow: A - Larger arrows

Same size arrows. C
Point on end
of pipe specification symbol.
DRAINS
dpe specification symbol gives pipe size, conrcnts, and identification number.
Fig. 5-9. Vent and drain symbols indicate where system

vents to atmosphere and drains to a sewer.
on the flow diagrams and subsequent

dngs. The drafter may also be required
rrumbers to each pipe.
VALVE SYMBOLS
SEWERS
often end abruptly at any number of

A sampling of these VENT and
The shape of the basic valve symbol is much like

that of a bow tie. Variations of this symbol identify
a specifib type of valve. See Fig. S-1O. Use of the
correct valve symbol on the flow diagram is impor_
tant because the drafter must use this information
when creating the piping plans.
GATEGATEcHEcKGLoBEcoNTRoLSAFETY
{NORMALLY
CLOSED)
oPEN)
(NORMALLY
are
Note method used to identify valves that are
ig. 5-1o. These are common valve symbols shown on flow diagrams.
closed.
normally closed.
normallY
i
I
INSTRUMENT TYPES
SYMBOLS
INSTBUMENTSYMBoLSINSTRUMENTTYPESI
INSTBUMENT
ln chapter 3 we discussed in detailthe classif,": I
INSTRUMENTATIoN is a vital aspect of any inNow ,,"_,_:
custrial process, and it must be shown on the f low tions of instruments and their functions.
blslc-^tr.r^::
the
of
appearance
the
ly
examine
as
just
brief
the flow diagram
diagram. Companies using
show alt ol the of instruments on flow diagrams' Ther:^::: t"::t I
system
tn-e
of
schematic
their only
pressure, flow' and le.vel' t'9'
instrumentaiton. Other firms may use the flow types: temperature,
provides
examples of each type of ,t"l,lT"^1!
diagram to show the basics of.Ihe system, and 5-1 1
I
ptplNG
AND lN- and brief descriptions of each are given. Also see I
another drawing, the
leads"n.,ptoy
STRUMENTATION DIAGdAM, to givethe complete Fig. 3-19 for instrument signal
I
details (in schematic format) of the piping and
I
I
I
instrumentation.
F
cR\l
lWr
l15
ll
Hi
A
!I
The control valve is operated bv a flow

indicating controiler (FlC) which receives
a pneumatic signal from the flow transmitter. The transmitter is attached to a
d"jj'o"-^'"^^")*'"'*-,
IA*AI
--
rt
r"#'Jii'1,ff1.',i$:'."il',;
Pressure
ter, operates the conttol valve.
c
Fis'
dr:"*'"*"o'..^*''*':";"
;;:::il:
I
I
I
The liquid level of a tank is transmitted

to a panel mounted level recorder (LR)
within the
- pipe or vessel is then
;;;ri;,"J.
n
D
frrl
is
remperature indicator controner (nc)

an indicator and control valve combined
regulate temperature' Capillary tube
connects Tlc to pipe.
5-1k:"il,':i#ffii:"ilil?:y*ft1r"-'?,:3r,:':::"ff;l;
j'?L'ilx?1fi"::1i["-,Jl::T,Tfl"::,,',.
64
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z
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rd
5
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o o
tt
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o tr
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idi a
Z
ill
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tt
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t-
\(,
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t1l ft 10
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tI x
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r;t
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lo d v
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fica-
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o
let's
rpes
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7.
4-:
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lent,
see
9xt
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tr
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il
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t.
a,
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it
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dg
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C,
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rs),
,Fig-
v tr
{
>lY o
qie
f
o-
o
3
oi
Lo
c;
iI
ble. This is called "information grouping."
FLOW DIAGRAM LAYOUT
specification symbols, for example, are good
Flow diagrams are not difficult to create if you

adhere to some basic procedures. A well constructed flow diagram can be a pleasure to work
with, but a hastily made, ill-conceived drawing can
be confusing. Therefore, it's a good idea to sketch
a preliminary equipment layout before putting any
lines on your vellum, mylar, or video display screen.
When you begin your manual drafting layout, your
lines should be drawn with a light blue, non-photo
pencil or a hard lead such as 6H.
EOUIPMENT LAYOUT
It is the responsibility of the pipe drafter to create
with some sort
process should
the
The
flow
of
flow.
of
continuity
of
to the other,
of
the
drawing
side
move from one
jumping
lf you
around.
rather than zigzagging or
level
equipment
of
determine that more than one
is needed, then your first guidelines would be those
indicating the ground levels of the equipment.
Equipment not situated at ground level can then be
positioned in relation to the ground line, Fig. 5'12.
The next step is to draw the equipment outlines
with light construction lines. Size of the outlines will
depend on the space available and the Wpe of equipment. Remember, too, that equipment sizes should
be shown in correct proportion to each other. Also
be sure to allow open space between equipment for
flow lines, instrumentation, valves, and line
specifications. Do not darken the equipment
outlines yet.
a practical layout of the equipment
to arrange together. Fig. 5-11 shows how this

done.
Valves and instruments do nof have to be
together, nor should they be. But you should
the time to locate them in the approximate positi
in which they will reside. For example, valves t
will be located near the pump should be shown
that position on the flow diagram.
THE FINISHED DRAWING
Once your initial layout is complete, you

darken your lines. Begin at the top of the drawi
and work down. Draw all of your lines, then go
and do the lettering. This, too, should be done fr
top to bottom. Always keep a sheet of clean p
under your hands as you letter, avoiding a
smudges. Any crosshatching or shading that
needed should always be done last. The less
is on the drawing to smudge, the fewer
there will be.
lf you are using a computer aided drafting sy
you may want to employ a technique called "lay
ing." Your drawing can be composed of two
more layers. One'layer might be the equipment
bols, another the flow lines, and another the
ing. The following is a list of layers that you possib
could use to construct a flow diagram.
1. Major equipment symbols.
2. Pumps and valves.
3. lnstrumentation.
4- FloW lines.
5. Line specification symbols.
6.
FLOW LTNES
Labeling.
When you use the layering technique, it al

you to work with only the information you
Hence, the screen can remain uncluttered e
though your entire drawing may be quite com
The primary flow lines should be drawn next, then

secondary flow lines. Try to group lines together,
but no closer than 1 l4 in.lt gives a neat, organized
appearance and also keeps long lines in one or two
areas of the drawing. This is shown clearly in Fig.
REVIEW OUESTIONS
5-13.
Avoid line crossings and direction changes as
much as possible. The fewer the turns and interferences, the easier it will be to interpret the
drawing. Carefully study the two examples of the
same flow diagram in Fig. 5-13.
1.
What is a flow diagram?
2.
What is one of the most important uses of
flow diagram?
VALVES, INSTRUMENTATION, AND LINE SPECS

VALVES, INSTRUMENTATION, and LINE SPECS
are three types of symbols that will appear within
the flow lines. The locations of these symbols need
to be considered early in your initial diagram layout.
Try to group similar information together if possi66
3.
What should appear inside the equipment

bol on a flow diagram?
4.
What are the two types of flow lines?
Flow Diagrarns
try
WHITE WATER
TA|'Jl<
?-tza
POOR LAYOUT
o, I aeLKZ
LOv.,/
WHITE WATER
TAN K
2uV?
po.e,
B
GOOD LAYOUT
lw lines on a flow diagram should

present a n
line crossins.. e
--ini" gooo lrioui;;jf:t#H"":'ifl:l?:?iance. A
rhis poor tayorrt has too

many,
of flow lines.-
rr routing and grouping
67
S. Why is the pipe specification so important? 8'
6.
Briefly describe a good flow diagram layout sequence.
Sketch the following valve symbols:

How are normally closed valves represented?
Sketch two examples of vents and sewers'
RELIEF
GLOBE
CHECK
VENTS
CONTROL
Sketch the following signal leads:
GATE
7.
ELECTBIC
CAPILLARY
SEWERS
11. Which drawing gives complete details of

piping system in schematic format?
PNEUMATIC
HYDRAULIC
68
Flow Diagrams
(fo .-o Cre,ec,)

FR.cpr 4-LAA'rFtk)
lg.an
1,.Lue-tFt?<'j
Irro
z*tflH
fLpcu
_r__
Eor,.<<
Frt3C
L FROH
\'^*e
llr
Frurer?)
A.w.
B.C,
O.y.
I
?u4p
,
4w.fu,t.y.z<r.feu
t
lvcv/
l{grcAroca.epf lza\
AY.- GATE- VALVE
4.V..4,ONTKAL VALVE
LA.V,-
LNE.A
VALWE
5-2
PROBLEMS
)}. Choose any process, sequence of occurrences, or steps of production you

c6n think of and create a flow diagiam
for it. This can be a freehand sketch
with emphasis on creativity and layout.
2. Fig. Prob. 5-2 is a rough sketch of a

flow diagram. Much of the equipment,
valves, and instruments has been omit-
ted. Redraw this flow diagrarn on
separate sheet of C size vellum and insert the proper symbols for the missing equipment. Notes in parenthesis are
for your information onty. do not put
these on the drawing. place line
specifications in each pipe. Sizes and

spaces are shown. Don',t forget flow
arrows. Lines above 14 in. diameter
are maior flows. Pumps should be 3/g
in. diameter and instruments 7t16 in.
diameter. Draw equipment in some
degree of proportion. ln actual installa-
tion, clarifier is 2OO ft. in diameter,

drum filter is approximately 6 ft. in
diameter, so be certain the filter is the
smaller symbol..
PROB. 5-3. Fig. piob. 5-3 shows a poor
flow
diagram layout sketch. ln the space
provided, neatly sketch a new layout,
using the suggestions mentioned in this

chapter. Redraw the sketch on a B size
sheet of vellum.
PBOB. 5-4. lnstructor: Obtain blueprints of
ftow
diagrams from local companies. Assign
different segments of the prints io

students and have them redraw the
segment with emphasis on improving
the layout and presentation of data.PROB. 5-5. Create a flow diagram of the water
and
sewer system in your horne. Boxes and
rectangles can be used for the various
fixtures. pipe fittings need not be

shown but indicate all valves, ap_
pliances, and use points.

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OVERVIEW OF PIPE DRAFTING

lndustrial pipe'drafting is a field that takes us

build process piping systems must design and

codes, and environmental restrictions. The people

good questions. To name a few: petroleum and

PIPING AND PROCESSES

A "PROCESS" is basically a method of doing

Fig. 1-1. Paper mills such as this one employ rniles of

Process Pipe Drafting

PROCESS PIPING DRAFTING

ENGINEERING COMPATSY STBUCTURE

Let's follow an idea from its inception to its birth

be ccmpleted. Client Hornblatz then decides either

Mos'i process piping systems are either designed

Who are the peopleriratwutforthese large corn- esigns to el

gineers provide'dE'[iqF!l d the system. The

Fig. 1-2. Organization chart of a typical consultrng engineering firm shows

Overview of Pipe Drafting

Jrafter may be required to communicate ideas and

varied duties, challenges, and problems

THE DRAWING SEOUENCE: SITE PLAN

Fig. 1-3. Process pipe drafting often appears as a maze.

Process Pipe Drafting

-i_oje+^i i.+ _**s-

Process PiPe Drafting

ISOMETRICS AND SPOOLS

While the executives are busy changing their

Two other types of drawings occasionally drawn

valuable schematic view of the system that is not

Once new buildings have been sized and located,

REVISIONS AND THE DESTGN PROCESS

SIONS include changes, deletions, and corrections.

When equipment locations are decided upon,

Fig' 1-6. A general arrangement is a dimensioned drawing

A piping drawing consists of a piping plan (top

Overview of Pipe Drafting

You mijht add "frustrations." This is mentioned so

the design is verbalized, possibly written down lest

in the form of a drawing. This could be a flow

You have studied the basics of pipe drafting, the

nE- 1-8- A piping isometric drawing pictures a single run

1-9- Spool drawing shows a subassembly taken from

Fig. 1-10. Eraser is a vital drafting tool, especially when

ppc nn in Fig. 1-8. Can you find spool piece in isometric

refer to Fig. 1-1 1 and familiarize with line weights

features hidden from view.

hodge-podge of styles and variations may result.

EXTENSION AND DIMENSION

This line should be as thick as

the object line. lt indicates a broken part and is

visible lines of equipment, pipe, structural features,

Fig. 1-11. These various types of lines are used in ptpe

Piping drawings are the finished product of an

Don't crowd the information presented on the

4. What type of companies design process piping systems?

N- Wtlat three factors govern the design'of a plant

errrploying process piping?

1. What is a spool drawing?

13. What type of drawing reveals the building

ment locations, and centerline dimen-

What is a common size range of process

rTEi::!ry--.. i.:: "ii- :.:

dgir layouts, like the one displayed