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a
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Brunel Uni6ersity, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua Uni6ersity, Bejing 100084 , Peoples Republic of China
Abstract
This paper presents a new method for detecting and classifying fault transients in underground cable systems based on the use
of discrete wavelet transform. A 400 kV underground cable system is simulated by ATP/EMTP (electro-magnetic transients
program) under various system and fault conditions. Daubechies eight wavelet transform is employed to analyze fault transients
for the development of a novel fault detection and classification scheme. Simulation results show that this scheme is effective and
robust. 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Wavelet analysis; Fault detection; Underground power cable systems
1. Introduction
For various reasons, there is an increasing tendency
towards the use of underground cables at all voltage
levels. This inevitably presents additional problems to
power transmission protection since the underground
cables have different electrical properties from those of
the overhead lines. No matter how well the cables are
designed and manufactured, underground cable systems
are prone to numerous hazards which may lead to their
failure. In most of the power system relay schemes, the
first step always involves fault detection and classification. The information provided by this step is essential
for the fault location scheme.
It is widely known that faults on underground cable
systems produce a wide range of frequency components. Previous studies on distorted waveform generated by cable faults mainly use Fourier Transform [1].
The basis functions used in Fourier analysis, sine waves
and cosine waves, are precisely located in frequency,
but exist for all time. Although the short-time Fourier
Transform (STFT) which windows the input signal
overcomes the time location problem to a large extent,
* Corresponding author. Fax: +44-1895-258728.
E-mail address: y.h.song@brunel.ac.uk (Y.H. Song)
0378-7796/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 8 - 7 7 9 6 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 3 3 - 4
24
(j N, k Z)
(1)
(2)
simply choose a0 = 2 and b0 = 1, a dyadic-orthonormal wavelet transform is obtained. With this choice,
there exists an elegant algorithm, the multiresolution
signal decomposition (MSD) technique [11], which
can decompose a signal into levels with different time
and frequency resolution. At each level j, approximation and detail signals Aj, Dj can be built. The words
approximation and detail are justified by the fact
that Aj is an approximation of Aj 1 taking into account the low frequency of Aj 1, whereas the detail
Dj corresponds to the high frequency correction. The
original signal can be considered as the approximation at level 0.
The coefficients C ( j,k) generated by the DWT are
something like the resemblance indexes between the
signal and the wavelet. If the index is large, the resemblance is strong, otherwise it is slight. The signal
then can be represented by its DWT coefficients as
s(n)= %
% C( j, k)gj, k (n)
(3)
jN kZ
(4)
kZ
(5)
jN
(6)
j\J
which defines an approximation of the signals. Connect the details and an approximation, the equality
s= AJ + % Dj
(7)
j5J
25
26
27
features have been identified. Based on these information, a novel fault detection and classification scheme as
shown in Fig. 9 is presented, which has been summarized as the following 20 rules.
1. Variable initialization.
2. Calculate three phase level 4 details:
D4p,
p(a, b, c)
p= {a, b, c}
ep = % Ep(n)
n=1
28
p (a, b, c)
7. Let e=max (ea, eb, ec). Calculate the ratio of each
phase: rp = ep/e, where p={a, b, c}.
8. Calculate the sum of three phase level 9 details:
D9 = D9a + D9b + D9c, let
md9= max(D9(i )).
9. If
ra rb rb rc \t2,
ra rc rb rc \ t2
rb ra ra rc \t2
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
rc rb rb ra\ t2
a=90
Fault conditions
a =45
a =0
Type
D (pu)
R (V)
ra
rb
Rc
md9 (A)
ra
Rb
rc
md9 (A)
ra
Rb
rc
md9 (A)
AG
0.125
0.125
0.875
0.875
5
500
5
500
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.001
3.5104
5.2102
3.4104
5.1102
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.007
0.003
0.002
0.000
0.007
0.001
0.002
0.001
3.8104
5.4102
3.6104
5.4102
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.002
0.013
0.000
0.012
0.002
0.007
0.001
0.007
3.8104
5.2102
3.7104
5.2102
AB
0.125
0.125
0.875
0.875
5
500
5
500
.998
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.999
0.999
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.000
2.235
1.186
2.232
1.173
.998
.999
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.997
0.999
0.005
0.001
0.001
0.000
2.211
1.189
2.333
1.172
0.997
1.00
0.998
1.00
1.00
0.997
1.00
0.998
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
2.202
1.184
2.397
1.172
ABG
0.125
0.125
0.875
0.875
5
500
5
500
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.602
0.983
0.600
0.982
0.001
0.002
0.000
0.000
2.7104
3.7102
2.6104
3.7102
.677
.973
.687
.980
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.005
0.006
0.001
0.001
2.7104
3.7102
2.6104
2.6104
0.238
1.00
0.202
1.00
1.00
0.949
1.00
0.941
0.012
0.002
0.000
0.001
2.8104
3.8102
2.7104
3.8102
Three-phase
0.125
0.125
0.875
0.875
5
500
5
500
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.528
0.528
0.530
0.530
0.470
0.471
0.469
0.469
20.65
2.641
16.27
2.640
.771
.768
.768
.766
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.236
0.234
0.237
0.235
21.11
2.647
16.16
1.705
0.156
0.156
0.150
0.151
0.848
0.848
0.850
0.851
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
20.99
2.592
15.48
2.737
Table 1
Ratios in different types of fault
29
30
5. Conclusions
This paper proposes a novel fault detection and
classification scheme based on discrete wavelet analysis
for power cables. The property of multiresolution in
time and frequency provided by wavelets allows an
accurate time location of fault transients while simultaneously retaining information about the fundamental
frequency and its high-order harmonics, which is powerful to extract characteristics of different types of fault
in underground cable systems. Numerical test results of
the scheme are very encouraging. It must be pointed
out that it is necessary to fully evaluate the proposed
technique as part of protection relays or fault locators
under a wide range of system and fault conditions.
These are currently under investigation.
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