Introduction To Human Development - Embryology PDF

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology
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Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human

Development
From Embryology
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Aims
3 Human Development Timeline
4 UNSW Embryology Online
5 Textbooks
5.1 The Developing Human: Clinically oriented embryology
5.2 Larsen's human embryology
6 Four Basic Tissue Types
7 Human Reproductive Cycle
7.1 Female
7.2 Male
8 Ovary
9 Ovulation
10 Fertilization
11 Early Development
12 Week 1 Development
13 Week 2 Development
14 Pregnancy
14.1 Detect Pregnancy
14.2 Gestation Calculation
14.3 Trimesters
15 Implantation Sites
15.1 Abnormal Implantation
15.2 Normal Implantation
15.3 Early Placenta
16 Placenta
17 Embryonic Development
18 Week 3
18.1 Gastrulation
18.2 Ectoderm
18.3 Endoderm
18.4 Mesoderm
18.5 Somitogenesis
18.6 Neuralation
19 Week 4
20 Week 4-8
21 Week 9 - 38
22 Birth
22.1 Maternal Birth Stages
22.2 Newborn
23 Critical Periods of Development
23.1 Abnormal Development
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23.2 Diagnosis
24 Revision Notes
25 Textbooks
26 Glossary Links
Introduction
Human development is one of the most exciting topics to study not only as a
medical student, but also for our fundamental understanding of the human
body. Of all health issues in Medicine, fertility and reproduction is a topic
that will affect everyone. This lecture is going to take you briefly through key
biological concepts in human development, these will later be explored in more detail
through the BGD course. I will be using simplified terms in the lecture slides (with
developmental term in brackets).
Tue 19 April 2011 Time: 09:00 AM - 10:00 AM Location: Central Lecture Block 7,
Kensington Activity: Lecture
The lecture will be followed by a practical class introducing online resources for
independent study and working through similar embryology concepts.
Dr Mark Hill
Printable Lecture Page (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Foundations_Lecture__Introduction_to_Human_Development&printable=yes)
Aims
1.
2.
3.
4.
Purpose of learning embryology

Basic facts about early human development
Appreciate differences between the conceptus, embryo and fetus
General understanding of the term critical periods of development
Concepts: Fertilization, Early conceptus, Germ layers, Embryo, Tissue origins, Timetable/stages of development, Fetus,
Placenta
Background Lectures: Cell Structure (structure and function), Cell Division (mitosis, meiosis, lifespan, cell death), 4 Basic
Tissues (Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous)
Links: 2011 Practical | Embryology Textbooks | 2009 Lecture (http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine
/FlectureEmbryo.htm) | 2009 Lecture Slides (http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/FoundEmbryo09s1.pdf)
Human Development Timeline
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UNSW Embryology Online
Original Website (http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/) New Website (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/)

Using these resources (online navigation, organization and printing) will be covered in the introduction to the associated
Practical class.
Textbooks
There are many different excellent embryology textbooks
I have included 2 that cover the clinical topics as well. More Textbooks?
The Developing Human: Clinically oriented embryology

Citation: The developing human : clinically oriented embryology 8th ed. Moore, Keith L; Persaud, T V N; Torchia, Mark G
Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, c2008.
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The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this UNSW Library
connection (http://searchfirst.library.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=UNSW&fn=search&
vl(freeText0)=UNSW_SFX14190000000048007) .
Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Developing

Human (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
/linkTo?type=bookPage&
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50004-9)
Chapter 2 - The Beginning of Human
Development: First Week
(http://www.mdconsult.com/books
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50005-0)
Chapter 3 - Formation of the Bilaminar
Embryonic Disc: Second Week
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50006-2)
Chapter 4 - Formation of Germ Layers and
Early Tissue and Organ Differentiation: Third
Week (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50007-4)
Chapter 5 - Organogenetic Period: Fourth to
Eighth Weeks (http://www.mdconsult.com
/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50008-6)
Chapter 6 - The Fetal Period: Ninth Week to
Birth (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50009-8)
Chapter 7 - The Placenta and Fetal
Membranes (http://www.mdconsult.com
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50010-4)
Chapter 8 - Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and
Diaphragm (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50011-6)
Chapter 9 - The Pharyngeal Apparatus
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50012-8)
Chapter 12 - The Urogenital System

isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50015-3)
Chapter 13 - The Cardiovascular System
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50016-5)
Chapter 14 - The Skeletal System
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50017-7)
Chapter 15 - The Muscular System
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50018-9)
Chapter 16 - The Limbs
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50019-0)
Chapter 17 - The Nervous System
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50020-7)
Chapter 18 - The Eye and Ear
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50021-9)
Chapter 19 - The Integumentary System
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50022-0)
Chapter 20 - Congenital Anatomic
Anomalies or Human Birth Defects
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50023-2)
Chapter 21 - Common Signaling Pathways
Used during Development
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Chapter 10 - The Respiratory System

isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50013-X)
Chapter 11 - The Digestive System
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50014-1)
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50024-4)
Appendix: Discussion of Clinically Oriented
Problems (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50025-6)
Larsen's human embryology

Citation: Larsen's human embryology 4th ed. Schoenwolf, Gary C; Larsen, William J, (William James). Philadelphia, PA :
Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, c2009.
The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this UNSW Library
connection (http://searchfirst.library.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=UNSW&fn=search&
vl(freeText0)=UNSW_SFX14190000000047996) .
Chapter 1 - Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and

First Week (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10001-6)
Chapter 2 - Second Week: Becoming
Bilaminar and Fully Implanting
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10002-8)
Chapter 3 - Third Week: Becoming
Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10003-X)
Chapter 4 - Fourth Week: Forming the
Embryo (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10004-1)
Chapter 5 - Principles and Mechanisms of
Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10005-3)
Chapter 6 - Fetal Development and the Fetus
as Patient (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
Chapter 10 - Development of the Peripheral

Nervous System (http://www.mdconsult.com
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10010-7)
Chapter 11 - Development of the Respiratory
System and Body Cavities
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10011-9)
Chapter 12 - Development of the Heart
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10012-0)
Chapter 13 - Development of the Vasculature
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10013-2)
Chapter 14 - Development of the
Gastrointestinal Tract
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10014-4)
Chapter 15 - Development of the Urogenital
System (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-
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isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10006-5)
Chapter 7 - Development of the Skin and Its
Derivatives (http://www.mdconsult.com
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10007-7)
Chapter 8 - Development of the
Musculoskeletal System
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10008-9)
Chapter 9 - Development of the Central
Nervous System (http://www.mdconsult.com
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10009-0)
u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10015-6)
Chapter 16 - Development of the Pharyngeal
Apparatus and Face
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10016-8)
Chapter 17 - Development of the Ears and
Eyes (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10017-X)
Chapter 18 - Development of the Limbs
isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10018-1)
Links: More Embryology Textbooks
Four Basic Tissue Types

Tissues and organs of the body consist of combinations of 4 basic tissues:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Where do they come from?

How do they develop?
Human Reproductive Cycle

Meiosis in gonad produces haploid gametes (egg and sperm)
Female
Menstrual Cycle a regular cycle of reproduction (28 days)
begins at puberty
release of 1 egg (oocyte) every cycle
Endocrine controlled (HPG axis)
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Gonad
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Male
continuous production of sperm (spermatozoa)
begins at puberty
release millions of spermatazoa
Ovary
Paired organs
lying in the peritoneal cavity
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Ovulation
ovulation is the release of the egg (oocyte) at about the middle of the menstrual cycle
Human Menstrual Cycle
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Human ovulation
Fertilization
the process of the 2 haploid gametes (egg and sperm) fusing and combining genetic material.
conceptus - the entire product of fertilization
Early Development
occurs during week 1 following fertilization
last menstrual period (LMP) week 3
mitosis to form solid ball of cells (morula), then hollow ball (blastocyst)
Human Zygote
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Week 1 Development
occurs freely floating in uterus
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Week 2 Development
Implantation - initial attachment to uterine wall, and then invasion of the uterine wall.
Pregnancy
Detect Pregnancy
Clinically can be detected following implantation (week 2)
Last Menstrual Period (LMP) - today ? ....... Birth Date - January 30, 2011
Calculate a new Birth Date (http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/Flab14EmbryoCalc.htm)
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Gestation Calculation
First pregnancy (primipara) 274 days, just over 39 weeks
Subsequent pregnancies (multipara) 269 days, 38.4 weeks
Median duration of gestation assumed from ovulation to delivery
Historic - Franz Carl Naegele (1777-1851), first rule for estimating pregnancy length
Current - Ultrasound, the most accurate staging method
Trimesters
pregnancy test
Ovary - corpus luteum secretes

hormone to support pregnancy.
Divide the pregnancy into 3 "blocks" of about 3 months (trimesters)

First Trimester - embryonic period (organogenesis)
Second and Trimester - fetal period (growth)
Implantation Sites
Abnormal Implantation
Ectopic Sites
external surface of uterus, ovary, bowel, gastrointestinal tract, mesentery,
peritoneal wall
If not spontaneous then, embryo has to be removed surgically
Uterine - tubal pregnancy (most common ectopic)
Normal Implantation
Uterine body
posterior, anterior, superior, lateral (most common posterior)
inferior implantation - placenta overlies internal os of uterus Placenta
Previa
Early Placenta
interaction between implanting conceptus and uterine wall (endometrium)
The uterine lining following implantation (Decidua)
forms 3 distinct regions, at approx 3 weeks
Decidua Basalis - implantation site
Decidua Capsularis - enclosing the conceptus
Decidua Parietalis - remainder of uterus
uterine cavity is lost by 12 weeks
Placenta
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Materno/fetal organ
No exchange of blood
Many different roles
can be "sampled" as part of a prenatal diagnostic test
Embryonic Development
Embryonic Period - Week 1 to 8 (first trimester)
Establish the basic structure of organs and tissues (Organogenesis)
development and growth of the placenta (Placentation)
Week 3
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3 Key processes commence
Gastrulation
the formation of the 3 layer embryo (trilaminar embryo)
All tissues of the body are formed from these 3 embryonic
tissue layers (germ layers)
1. Ectoderm (epithelium)
2. Mesoderm (connective tissue)
3. Endoderm (epithelium)
simplified explanation of the 3 layer contributions
Ectoderm
forms the central and peripheral nervous system and epithelium of the skin
Endoderm
Trilaminar embryo
forms gastrointestinal tract organs and the epithelium of the gastrointestinal and
respiratory tracts
Mesoderm
forms the body connective tissues: blood, bone, muscle, connective
tissue skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
Somitogenesis
segmentation of the mesoderm
forms the axial body plan
Neuralation
segmentation of the ectoderm
separates the neural tissue from the skin (epidermis)
Trilaminar embryo and tissue origins
Week 4
heart formation (cardiogenesis)
first functioning organ
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Week 4-8
early development of the other organs, tissues and limbs
Week 9 - 38
Second and Third Trimester (Fetal Period)
Continuing growth and differentiation of organs formed in embryonic period
some organs have a later development - neural, genital, respiratory, bones
some continue to develop after birth - neural, genital, respiratory, bones
growth in size, length (Second Trimester)
growth in weight (Third Trimester)
Fetal Head 12 cartilage

and bone formation (12
week)
Fetal Head head

structures and the brain
(12 week)
Fetal knee region
Birth
birth (parturition) is a complex physiological process between the fetus and mother
thought to be initiated by the fetus
Maternal Birth Stages

1. Dilatation
2. Expulsion
3. Placental
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4. Recovery
Newborn
Newborn (perinatal) needs to activate many systems and establish independent regulation
(homeostasis)
Lung function - Fluid drainage, Gas exchange, muscular activity
Circulatory changes - Closure of 3 vascular shunts
Thermoregulation - metabolic rate, fat metabolism
Nutrition - gastrointestinal tract function, peristalsis
Waste - kidney function
Endocrine function - loss of placenta, maternal hormones
Historic teaching model of

birth
Critical Periods of Development

Abnormal Development
Three main causes:
1. Genetic
2. Environmental
3. Unknown
MRI Birth
First trimester most critical

Different effect depending on time of insult (teratogen)
Newborn infant (perinatal

period)
Human critical periods of

development
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Diagnosis
Prenatal diagnosis - number of different techniques (non-invasive, invasive) for determining normal development
Neonatal diagnosis (APGAR test, Guthrie test)
Maternal diagnosis - often pregnancy will expose maternal health problems
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus
Sampling
Ultrasound
Gutherie card
Xray congenital
dislocation hip
Newborn hearing test
Apgar scoresheet
Finished! now here is a Link to Exam Question..... (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0)
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Revision Notes
You don't need to know everything today, this is an
introduction.
Use the glossary to help understand new terms.
Don't confuse "germ cell layers" (ectoderm,
mesoderm, endoderm) with "germ cells" (egg,
spermatazoa).
Remember the difference between "clinical weeks"
(last menstral period) and "embryonic weeks"
(from fertilization, 2 weeks later).
With abnormalities
think about the types of prenatal dianostic
techniques that are now available
the 2 major types (genetic and
environmental)
the effect of maternal age/health/lifestyle.
Textbooks
Human development timeline
Moore, K.L. & Persuad, T.V.N. (2008). The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology (8th ed.).
Philadelphia: Saunders.
The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this UNSW
Library connection (http://searchfirst.library.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=UNSW&
fn=search&vl(freeText0)=UNSW_SFX14190000000048007) .
Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Developing Human (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50004-9)
Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). Larsens Human Embryology (4th
ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this UNSW
Library connection (http://searchfirst.library.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=UNSW&
fn=search&vl(freeText0)=UNSW_SFX14190000000047996) .
Chapter 1 - Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week (http://www.mdconsult.com/books
/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10001-6)
Hill, M.A. (2011) UNSW Embryology (11th ed.). Sydney:UNSW.
Menstrual Cycle | Oocyte | Spermatozoa | Meiosis | Mitosis
Fertilization | Zygote | Morula | Blastocyst | Implantation
Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3
Lecture - Fertilization | Lecture - Week 1 and 2
Foundations Practical - Introduction to Human Development
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Glossary Links
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols
Dr Mark Hill 2012, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
Retrieved from "http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Foundations_Lecture__Introduction_to_Human_Development&oldid=52831"
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Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Printable Lecture Page (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Foundations_Lecture__Introduction_to_Human_Development&printable=yes)

Purpose of learning embryology

Human Development Timeline

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

UNSW Embryology Online

Original Website (http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/) New Website (http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/)

The Developing Human: Clinically oriented embryology

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Developing

Chapter 12 - The Urogenital System

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Chapter 10 - The Respiratory System

Larsen's human embryology

Chapter 1 - Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and

Chapter 10 - Development of the Peripheral

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Links: More Embryology Textbooks

Four Basic Tissue Types

Where do they come from?

Human Reproductive Cycle

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Human Menstrual Cycle

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Ovary - corpus luteum secretes

Divide the pregnancy into 3 "blocks" of about 3 months (trimesters)

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

3 Key processes commence

Trilaminar embryo and tissue origins

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Fetal Head 12 cartilage

Fetal Head head

Fetal knee region

Maternal Birth Stages

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Historic teaching model of

Critical Periods of Development

First trimester most critical

Newborn infant (perinatal

Human critical periods of

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Newborn hearing test

Finished! now here is a Link to Exam Question..... (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHg5SJYRHA0)

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

Human development timeline

Foundations Practical - Introduction to Human Development

Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development - Embryology

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