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Abstract
Since the fitting surface of the denture base promotes colonization of micro-organisms, it is important to know how the different types of
denture base prevent or promote the colonization of micro-organisms. This study aimed to compare the adhesion of micro-organisms to the
fitting surface of acetal resin, metallic removable partial denture (RPD) bases, and mucosa beneath them using the same environmental condition in patient class III mod 1 Kennedy classification. Seven partially edentulous patients, having lower bilateral posterior bounded saddles
and a RPD constructed from two bounded base saddles, one from acetal resin and the other from cobaltchromium (CoCr) metal were
selected. The fitting surfaces of the denture bases and mucosa beneath them were swabbed before and after insertion at 1 week, 2 weeks, and
4 weeks follow-up periods. Microbial adhesion was determined by counting the colony forming units (CFU) of the micro-organisms in the
collected specimens. The mucosa under the acetal denture base retained more micro-organisms than the mucosa under the metallic denture
base, and the colonization of micro-organisms increased by time on mucosa and on a denture base made either by metal or acetal resin.
The study recommended the use of CoCr as denture base in short span bounded saddle in patients highly susceptible to infection.
Keywords: Acetal resin, CoCr metal, denture base, micro-organisms
INTRODUCTION
The materials used to make the denture base are fast becoming a reservoir of micro-organisms and act as a potential
pathogenic factor contributing to the health of the patient.
Continuous progress in the area of materials science and
increasing expectations of both doctors and patients cause
the manufacturers of stomatological materials to introduce
more perfect and modern products to the market. The dental
prosthesis should be constructed and fit in such a way that
rather than becoming an iatrogenic factor, it should fulfill its
therapeutic and preventive role.1
Several types of polymers and metal alloys that have been
used in the removable partial denture (RPD) construction,
are becoming a potential pathogenic factor with oral mucosa
being in contact with this material.2 Metallic alloy such
as titanium,3 precious and nonprecious metal alloy,4 and
Correspondence: Dr. MA Al-Akhali, Graduate Student, Department of
Prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University,
Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail: dent.majed@yahoo.com
Received: 17.09.2011
Accepted: 19.12.2011
doi: 10.1016/S0975-962X(12)60002-1
2012 Indian Journal of Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
nonmetallic alloy such as acrylic denture base, nylon,5 lucitone 199,6 and acetal resin,79 are some to of the materials
commonly used. Base metal alloys, such as cobaltchromium
(CoCr) and nickelchromium (NiCr), have been widely
used in the fabrication of fixed and RPD frameworks.4 Acetal
resin (polyoxymethylene) is a polycrystalline structure; it is
an injection-molded resin and has been introduced as
an alternative to the conventional polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA). Acetal resins are formed by the polymerization of
formaldehyde, which has been shown to have good physical,
mechanical, and biological prorerties.10,11
Among the properties required of the materials used in
denture construction, are those related to the surface, viz.
roughness, free surface energy, surface tension, wettability,
hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, electrostatic interactions, and
microhardness. All of them are of clinical importance since
they may affect plaque accumulation and staining. The higher
the surface free energy, the higher will be the adhesion of
micro-organisms and alternatively the more hydrophobic the
surface, the less cell adherence is expected.12 The presence of
saliva is known to change this scenario. The nature of the substratum may influence the formation and the composition of
the salivary pellicle, which may then become more relevant
than the surface properties of the dental material itself.13
1
Al-Akhali, et al
Tested Materials
Sampling
Mandibular RPD class III mod 1 were constructed from two
bounded base saddles such as the split mouth design. One
side was acetal resin denture base (Bio Dentaplast, bredent
GmbH, Senden/Witzighausen. Germany), and the contralateral side was CoCr metal denture base (Biosil F, DeguDent
A Densply Company, GmbH, Germany).
Patients
Seven partially edentulous patients were selected from the
outpatient clinic of the Prosthodontic Department, Faculty
of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University. They fulfilled
the following criteria:
The selected patients had lower class III mod 1 Kennedy
classification.
Figure 1 Swabs were taken from: (A) mucosa under acetal resin, (B) mucosa under metal, (C) acetal resin tting surface, (D) metal tting surface.
Comparative study on the microbial adhesion to acetal resin and metallic removable partial denture
RESULTS
The results obtained are as listed in the Tables 13.
DISCUSSION
A successful partial denture must meet important criteria:
function, comfort, cost, and built-in performance, in addition to easy cleanliness and ability to prevent the adhesion of
micro-organisms on its surface, as it has been demonstrated
Table 1 Comparison between the two types of partial denture regarding bacterial counts (log10 values of colony forming unit).
Period
Site
1 wk after insertion
Mucosa**
Denture***
Mucosa
Denture
Mucosa
Denture
2 wk after insertion
4 wk after insertion
p value*
6.57 0.01
6.46 0.17
6.60 0.01
6.49 0.15
6.66 0.01
6.58 0.14
6.42 0.02
6.54 0.14
6.51 0.02
6.56 0.13
6.59 0.02
6.62 0.14
<0.001
0.012
0.001
0.007
0.002
0.001
*Signicant at p 0.05, **mucosal swab beneath the acetal denture base showed statistically signicantly higher mean CFU counts than mucosal swab beneath the metal
denture base after 1 wk, 2 wk, and 4 wk, ***denture swab of the tting surface of the metal denture base showed statistically signicantly higher mean CFU counts than the
tting surface of the acetal denture base after 1 wk, 2 wk, and 4 wk. CFU: colony forming unit, SD: standard deviation.
Table 2 Comparison between the two types of denture bases regarding increase in bacterial count (%)* in mucosal samples by time.
Period
p value***
7.14 0.32
7.59 0.56
8.69 0.60
4.73 0.33
6.20 0.34
7.55 0.42
<0.001
0.001
0.001
1 wk after insertion
2 wk after insertion
4 wk after insertion
CFU (before)
100, **the tting surface of the acetal denture base showed statistically signicantly higher mean % increase in
*The percentage change was calculated as: CFU (after)
CFU (before)
CFU counts than the tting surface of the metal denture base, ***signicant at p 0.05. CFU: colony forming unit, SD: standard deviation.
Table 3 Comparison between the two types of denture bases regarding increase in bacterial count (%)* in denture base samples by time.
Period
p value**
0.59 0.25
1.95 0.51
0.46 0.01
1.26 0.07
0.366
0.078
2 wk after insertion
4 wk after insertion
CFU (before)
100, **signicant at p 0.05, there was no statistically signicant difference in the mean % increase of CFU counts
*The percentage change was calculated as: CFU (after)
CFU (before)
between the tting surfaces of the acetal and metal denture bases. CFU: colony forming unit, SD: standard deviation.
Al-Akhali, et al
CONCLUSION
Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that
the mucosa under the acetal denture base retains more microorganisms than the mucosa under the metallic denture base.
However, the fitting surface of the metallic denture base
retains more micro-organisms than the fitting surface of the
acetal resin denture base. This difference is not statistically
significant; the adhesion of micro-organisms on mucosa and
denture base of either the metal or acetal denture increases
by time.
Under the conditions of this study we recommend metallic denture base for patients complaining of gastrointestinal
or pleuropulmonary diseases to avoid disseminated infections. Edentulous patients with RPD should clean the
mucosa under the denture base as well as the denture itself
properly. The study recommended the use of CoCr as denture base in short span bounded saddle in patients highly susceptible to infection. Multiple factors such as surface free
energy, surface roughness, role of saliva, shear rates, wettability, and surface charge affecting microbial colonization
and temporal changes such as the rehabilitation material
chosen in clinical situations has to be further investigated.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank Hi-Tech dental lab and all staff members of the Microbiology Department who participated in
this work.
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