PROJECT FILE

OF
PHYSICS
Logic Gates combination
for a given Truth Table

Submitted To:By:-Mrs. Komaljeet Kaur

Jain (XII)

Submitted
Aman
Roll no.

PHYSICS
2016-2017

BONA FIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled
LOGIC GATES is a record of bonafide
work carried out by Aman Jain in PHYSICS
prescribed by Delhi Scottish School.

Signature
Signature
(Subject Teacher)
R.K. Verma)
Signature
(Examiner)

(Dr.

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work
entitled LOGIC GATES submitted to
DELHI SCOTTISH SCHOOL, GREATER
NOIDA for the subject PHYSICS under
the guidance of Mrs. Komaljeet Kaur
is a record of original work done by me.
I further declare that this project or any
part of it has not been submitted
elsewhere for any other class.
Date:
PLACE:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'd like to express my greatest
gratitude to the people who have
helped & supported me throughout
my
project.
Im
grateful
to
for his continuous
support for the project, from initial
advice & encouragement to this
day.

I wish to thanks my parents for

their undivided support & interest
who inspired me & encouraged me
to go my own way, without which I
would be unable to complete my
project. At last but not the least I
want to thanks my friends who
appreciated me for my work &
motivated me and finally to God
who made all the things possible

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S.
No.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X
XI.

Contents

Index

Introduction
Principle
Basic Gates
OR Gate
AND Gate
NOT Gate
NOR Gate
NAND Gate
EX-OR Gate
EX-NOR
Gate
BIBLOGRAP
HY

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Page
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Introduction

A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows

some logical relationship between the input and
output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either
allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is
called a gate. The logic gates are building
blocks at digital electronics. They are used in
digital electronics to change on voltage level
(input voltage) into another (output voltage)
according to some logical statement relating
them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it
has only one output. The relationship between
the possible values of input and output voltage is

truth
table or table of combination. Truth
expressed in the form of a table called

table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the

input and output possibilities for the logic gate.

George

Boole

in

1980

invented a
different kind of algebra based on binary nature
at the logic, this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have only two

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values,
such
as
HIGH/LOW,
ON/OFF,
CLOSED/OPEN,
YES/NO,
RIGHT/WRONG,
TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING
etc. The two values of logic statements one
denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. The
binary number 1 is used to denote the high
value. The logical statements that logic gates
follow are called

Boolean expressions.
LOGIC STATES

HIGH

LOW

+ve

-ve

ON

OFF

CLOSE

OPEN

RIGHT

WRONG

TRUE

FALSE

YES

NO

Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated

with inputs and outputs represent the statements
of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may
be complex, they may all be constructed from

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PRINCIPLE
three basic devices. We have three different
types of logic gates .These are the AND gate, the
OR gate and the NOT gate.

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BASIC GATES

Objective :

To

design

an

appropriate

Logic Gate combination for a given truth table.

Material Required:
A Battery of 6 V, two switches, Torch Bulb,
Connecting wire, PVC Board

Theory:
(a) THE OR GATE is a device that
combines A with B to give Y as the
result.
The OR gate has two or more inputs
and one output. The logic gate of OR
gate with A and B input and Y output is
shown below:

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In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is

referred as the OR. The Boolean expression:
A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.

(b) THE AND GATE is a device that

combines A with B to give Y as the
result.
The AND gate has two or more inputs
and one output. The logic gate of AND
gate with A and B input and Y output is

shown below:
In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign
(either x or.) is referred as the AND. The
Boolean expression:
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A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.

(c) THE NOT GATE is a device that inverts
the inputs. The NOT is a one input and
one output. The logic gate of NOT gate
with A and Y output is shown below:

In Boolean
algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as
the NOT. The Boolean expression:
X =Y, indicates Y equals NOT A

Procedure:
1. Write product term for each input (minterm)
Combination where Boolean function has output 1.
While writing minterm, complement that variable
whose vaiue is 0. Otherwise write it in direct form
(without complement).
2. Add all the minterms to obtain the Boolean
function.
3. Draw the circuit using BASIC LOGIC gates.
Example: 11 | P a g e

(a)
X
0

Y
0

F
1

0
1
1
0
1
1
The Boolean function F (X,Y)
F(X, Y) =

X. Y

Minterm
X. Y

0
0
1
X.Y
is obtained as;

+ X.Y

.*. Logic circuit is

(b)
X

F Mintern

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1
1

X. Y
X.

Z
Z

0
1

X
0

Y Z

XY
0

The Boolean function F(X, Y, Z) is given as:

F (X, Y, Z) = X Y Z + X Y Z +XY Z

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THE OR GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE
CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

An OR gate can be realize by the electronic
circuit, making use of two diodes D 1 and D2 as
shown in the figure.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is
grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in
the present case) corresponds to level 1. The
output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

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The following interference can be easily drawn

from the working of electrical circuit is:
a)
If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow
(A=0, B=0), hence Y=0.
b)
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0,
B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c)
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1,
B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input
A

Input Output
B
Y

0
1

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THE AND GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a
resistance R.

Theory and Construction:

An AND gate can be realize by the electronic
circuit, making use of two diodes D 1 and D2 as
shown in the figure. The resistance R is
connected to the positive terminal of a 5V
battery permanently.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is
grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in
the present case) corresponds to level 1. The
output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
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The following

conclusions can be easily drawn from the working

of electrical circuit:
a)
If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0)
then lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
b)
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
c)
If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
d)
If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1)
then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input A

Input B

Output Y

0
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THE NOT GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

A NOT gate cannot be realized by using
diodes. However an electronic circuit of NOT gate
can be realized by making use of a n-p-n
transistor as shown in the figure.
The base B of the transistor is connected to the
input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter E
is earthed. The collector is connected to 5V
battery. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

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The following conclusion can be easily drawn

from the working of the electrical circuit:
a)
If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump
will glow, hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump
will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A

Output Y

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THE NOR GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an
ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y of OR gate to the
input of a NOT gate the gate obtained is called
NOR.The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

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In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed

as Y=A+B, and is being read as A OR B
negated. The following interference can be
easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit
is:
a)
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then
Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
c)
If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1,
B=1) Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A

Input B

Output Y

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THE NAND GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a
resistance R, an ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y of AND gate to
the input of a NOT gate the gate obtained is
called NAND.
The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

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In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is

expressed as Y=A.B, and is being read as A AND
B negated. The following interference can be
easily drawn from the working of electrical
circuit:
a)
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then
Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0,
B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c)
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1,
B=1) Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:

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Input A

Input B

Output Y

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THE EX-OR GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX OR
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two AND gate, an OR gate, two NOT gate.

Theory and Construction:

The operation EXOR checks for the exclusivity
in the value of the two signals A and B. It means
if A and B are not identical (i.e. if A=0 and B=1 or
vice versa), the output Y=1, and if both are
identical, then the output Y=0. This operation is

also called exclusive OR gate, designated EXOR.

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In Boolean expression, the EX OR gate is

expressed as
Y=A.B + A.B =
The following interference can be easily drawn
from the working of electrical circuit:
a)
If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0)
then lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
b)
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0,
B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c)
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0)
Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1,
B=1) Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A

Input B

Output Y

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THE EX-NOR GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX NOR
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two AND gate, an OR gate, three NOT gate.

Theory and Construction:

The operation EXNOR checks for the
exclusivity in the value of the two signals A and
B. It means if A and B are not identical (i.e. if A=0
and B=1 or vice versa), the output Y=0, and if
both are identical, then the output Y=1. This
operation is also called exclusive NOR gate,
designated EXNOR.

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In Boolean expression, the EX NOR gate is

expressed as
Y=A.B + A.B =
The following interference can be easily drawn
from the working of electrical circuit:
a)
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then
Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
c)
If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
d)
If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1)
then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input A

Input B

Output Y

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Some Common Applications

of Logic Gates
During the course of discussion about various
digital logic gates, we have mainly discussed
about the design, property and operation of
them. In this article we will look at various
applications of logic gates. Their
applications are determined mainly based upon
their truth table i.e. their mode of operations.
In the following discussion we will look at the
applications of basic logic gates as well
as many other normal logic gates as well.

Application of OR gate
Wherever the occurrence of any one or more
than one event is needed to be detected or some
actions are to be taken after their occurrence, in
all those cases OR gates can be used. It can be
explained with an example. Suppose in an
industrial plant if one or more than one
parameter exceeds the safe value, some
protective measure is needed to be done. In that
case OR gate is used. We are going to show this
with the help of a diagram. The above figure is a
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typical schematic diagram where an OR gate is

used to detect exceed of temperature or pressure
and produce command signal for the system to
take required actions.

Application of AND gate

There are mainly two applications of AND gate
as Enable gate and Inhibit gate. Enable gate
means allowance of data through a channel and
Inhibit gate is just the reverse of that process i.e.
disallowance of data through a channel. We are
going to show an enabling operation to
understand it in an easier way. Suppose in the
measurement of frequency of a pulsed waveform.
For measurement of frequency a gating pulse of
known frequency is sent to enable the passage of
the waveform whose frequency is to be
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measured. The diagram below shows the

arrangement of the above explained operation.

Application of Ex-OR/Ex-NOR gate

These type of logic gates are used in generation

of parity generation and checking units. The two

diagrams below shows the even and odd parity
generator circuits respectively for a four data.

With the help of these gates parity check

operation can be also performed. The diagrams
below show even and odd parity check.

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Figu
re (a) shows the parity check using Ex-OR gates
and the figure (b) shows the parity check using
Ex-NOR gates.
Application

of NOT gate or Inverters

NOT gates are also known as inverter because

they invert the output given to them and show
the reverse result. Now the CMOS inverters are
commonly used to build square wave oscillators
which are used for generating clock signals. The
advantage of using these is they consume low
power and their interfacing is very easy
compared to other logic gates.

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The above figure shows the most fundamental

circuit made of ring configuration to generate
square wave oscillator. The frequency of this type
generator is given by

Where n represents the number of inverters

shows the propagation delay per gate.

Bibliography
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
www.icbse.com
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 www.encatra.com

Roll No.:
Place:

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Date :
Signature
(Dr. R.K. Verma)

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