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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine's_necklace
Antoine's necklace
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Contents
First iteration
1
2
3
4
Construction
Properties
See also
References
Construction
Second iteration
Properties
Since the solid tori are chosen to become arbitrarily small as the iteration number increases, the connected
components of A must be single points. It is then easy to verify that A is closed, dense-in-itself, and totally
disconnected, having the cardinality of the continuum. This is sufficient to conclude that as an abstract
metric space A is homeomorphic to the Cantor set.
However, as a subset of Euclidean space A is not ambiently homeomorphic to the standard cantor set C.
That is, there is no bi-continuous map from R3 R3 that carries C onto A. To show this, suppose there was
such a map h : R3 R, and consider a loop k that is interlocked with the necklace. k cannot be continuously
shrunk to a point without touching A because two loops cannot be continuously unlinked. Now consider any
loop j disjoint from C. j can be shrunk to a point without touching C because we can simply move it through
the gap intervals. However, the loop g = h1(k) is a loop that cannot be shrunk to a point without touching C,
which contradicts the previous statement. Therefore, h cannot exist.
Antoine's necklace was used by Alexander (1924) to construct Antoine's horned sphere (similar to but not
the same as Alexander's horned sphere).
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine's_necklace
Cantor dust
KnasterKuratowski fan
Sierpinski carpet
References
Antoine, Louis (1921), "Sur l'homeomorphisme de deux figures et leurs voisinages", Journal Math
Pures et appl., 4: 221325
Alexander, J. W. (1924), "Remarks on a Point Set Constructed by Antoine", Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 10 (1): 1012,
doi:10.1073/pnas.10.1.10, JSTOR 84203, PMC 1085501 , PMID 16576769
Brechner, Beverly L.; Mayer, John C. (1988), "Antoine's Necklace or How to Keep a Necklace from
Falling Apart", The College Mathematics Journal, 19 (4): 306320, doi:10.2307/2686463,
JSTOR 2686463
Pugh, Charles Chapman (2002). Real Mathematical Analysis. Springer New York. pp. 106108.
doi:10.1007/978-0-387-21684-3. ISBN 9781441929419.
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Categories: Topology
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