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Reference:
Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000
Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2015
The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the
Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: csiamerica.com/go/schueller
Profile: rectangular, triangular, curved, trapezoidal, and other asymmetrical shapes, that is,
contours.
Load arrangement, load direction, and load location: symmetrical and asymmetrical, vertical
and horizontal, top-loaded and bottom-loaded.
Support location and orientation: simple beams, cantilever beams, overhanging beams, frames,
etc.
For determinate structures, disregard the effect of material and member sizes, i.e., the frame elements
may be modeled with zero moments of inertia, or the default setting may be used since member
stiffness has no effect on the magnitude of internal member forces; however, do not use deflection
results.
Generate at least four different truss shapes on a 1x 1-m square grid, as shown in the drawing below.
Apply vertical, single loads of 5 kN (e.g. P vertical) at the top chord joints, as indicated in the drawing;
treat the horizontal forces of 2 kN (e.g. P horizontal) as a separate load case. Show the axial force flow
with numerical values, and show the reaction forces. Study the character of the given trusses and also
the relationship of member tension and compression so you can develop a feeling for the structure
and predict the direction of the force flow; try also to predict the deflection conceptually.
Check some of your results manually (graphically or analytically):
Check the reactions of two trusses with asymmetrical support or loading conditions.
Check the member forces of two joints for the two trusses.
a. b.
c. d.
1
1
The results of SAP2000 are checked for the particular truss layout of a parallel chord, modified Warren
truss in case (a). For the manual check of some of the computer results, the following process is used.
Check some of the SAP2000 results manually
Check Warren truss: case a,
FLEXURAL SYSTEMS:
Load Types and Boundary Conditions
Problem 4: Beam load types
Investigate for the beam cases shown below,
Boundary conditions, including cantilever action
Load types, a counterclockwise moment of 42 kNm acts at the left support of case (k), clockwise
uniform torsional loads of 4 kNm/m act along the beam span of case (e), a clockwise moment of
63 kNm acts at the right reaction of case (d), and a counterclockwise moment of 16 kNm at the left
support of the same case, etc.
Load distribution
Indeterminate action
The beams are drawn on a 2-m grid; in other words, the beams span 6 m. The uniform load is 14 kN/m
unless shown. For beam selection use SAP default setting (i.e. FSEC1).
Show input (geometry and loading), moment, and shear diagrams with numerical values at critical
locations, and deflections.
The critical moments of the cases are checked (by referring to TABLES B.10 and B.11, or other
references) to make sure that the computer results are meaningful; check the indeterminate beams
approximately.
14 kN/m
A.
14 kN/m
14 kN/m
14 kN/m
14 kN/m
B.
C.
42 kNm
D.
42 kNm
63 kNm
14 kN/m
I.
J.
14 kN/m
84 kN
4 kNm/m
K.
E.
F.
G.
H.
42 kN
28 kN/m
28 kN/m
42 kN
L.
28 kN 28 kN 28 kN
M.
21 kN/m
N.
28 kN/m
28 kN/m
7 kN/m
O.
GI
3 Sp @ 2.5 m = 7.5 m
8m
BM
BM
BM
BM
GI
G1
6m
BM2
BM1
BM1
BM2
G2
BM2
BM5
Bm5
BM1
G1
G4
BM5
BM5
G3
BM3
BM1
BM5
BM5
BM4
3 Sp @ 2 m = 6 m
BM2
6m
3 Sp @ 2 m = 6 m
BM3
b
0.5 m
4m
3m
0.5 m
4m
0.5 m
2m
3m
2m
0.5 m
d
b
a
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
2.4 m
90 m
12
d
6m
Try W18x40 , (W460 x60), Sx = 1121 cm3 (from SAP2000). The SAP2000 reports the same section
with a stress ratio fb /Fb = 0.925.
b) LOAD AND RESISTANT FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD):
Mu bMn = bMp = 0.9FyZx, or Zx Mu/0.9Fy,
Mu (1.2wD +1.6wL)L2/10 = (1.2(22) + 1.6(22)62/10 = 222 kNm = 22176 kNcm
Zx Mu/0.9Fy = 22176/0.9(25) = 986 cm3, try W18 x 35,, (460x52), Zx = 1090 cm3, using AISCLRFD99
The SAP2000 reports the same section with a stress ratio fb /Fb = 0.988.
Problem 7: the effect of beam: span, continuity, and live load arrangement
Investigate for the multi-span beam types shown below, the effect of span, continuity, live-load
arrangement, and hinging. The beams are shown on a 1.00-m grid, in other words, the top beam spans
12 m, while the 3-span beams each span 4 m. The beams carry dead and live loads of 7 kN/m each;
investigate the various live-load arrangements and determine the critical ones. Design the laterally
supported beams using W12 (W310) sections or GB-HN200 to 400 in China; use A36 (Fy= 36 ksi 250 MPa or
N/mm2=25 kN/cm2) steel or Q235 (Fy = 235 N/mm2 ) in China as based on the AISC-ASD 89 working stress
approach or the Chinese 2002 design code, which however is not included in the SAP2000Ed version.
Set the self weight of beams equal to zero. Show input (geometry and loading), shear and moment
diagrams with numerical values at critical locations, deflections, and member sections. Check the design of
the beams and make sure that the critical load combinations are used by SAP2000.
A.
SIMPLE BEAMS
B.
C.
F.
HINGE-CONNECTED BEAMS
G
FIXED BEAMS
Ag P/Fa
Short columns are prevented from buckling below a slenderness of roughly, Kl/r = 30, for preliminary
design purposes,
Fa = Fcr / c = Fcr/1.67 = 0.6Fcr = 0.6Fy = 0.6(25) = 15 kN/cm2
Long columns fail in elastic buckling above a slenderness of roughly, Kl/r = 126 200, for A36 steel,
Fa = Fcr / c = [ 2E/(Kl/r)2]/1.92 = 102808/(Kl/r)2, where, E = 20000 kN/cm2
Intermediate columns fail in inelastic buckling; for preliminary design purposes assume for
for Fy = 25 kN/cm2:
Fa 15.0 0.06Kl/r
For preliminary estimation purposes, it may be assumed that the braced weak axis controls
the design:
For W14, rrmin 10 cm (4 in),
Hence the required cross-sectional area, Ag, of the section is as follows, A = P/Ag = 2224/12.80 = 173.75 cm2
Try W14x99 (W360 x147), A = 187.74 cm2, rmin = 9.44 cm, rmax = 15.69 cm
SAP2000 reports a W14x90 , A = 170.97 cm2, Fa = 13.29 kN/cm2
Check assumption: (KL/r)x = 1.5(366)/15.69 = 34.99, (KL/r)y = 1(366)/9.44 = 38.77 > 34.99 O.K.
The beam is modeled using membrane elements as indicated below. Determine how many elements are
required for a sufficiently accurate solution of the stresses. Try,
(a) 24 elements (n = 6 x 4 elements, each one 2.00 x 0.25 m), with an aspect ratio of 8.
(b) 32 elements (n = 8 x 4 elements, each one 1.50 x 0.25 m), with an aspect ratio of 6.
(c) 40 elements (n = 10 x 4 elements, each one 1.20 x 0.25 m), with an aspect ratio of 4.8.
A load of 14 kN/m on top of the beam, which includes the self weight, is transformed into a surface load
applied along the beam membrane: 14/1(1) = 14 kN/m2 = 1.40 N/cm2. Check the maximum bending and
shear stresses manually and compare the values with the S11 (SMAX, SMIN) and S12 computer stress
diagrams. The critical computer results are checked disregarding the precise section properties for glulam
timber.
1m
14 kN/m
12 m
Allowable stresses:
wood: Fb 0.8 kN/cm2 = 8 N/mm2, Fv 0.1 kN/cm2 = 1 N/mm2,
concrete: Fb 1.2 kN/cm2 = 12 N/mm2, Fv 0.05 kN/cm2 = 0.5 N/mm2,
Ft 0.07kN/cm2 = 0.7 N/mm2
Problem 14: Deep beam behavior
Study the beam in Problem 13 further by investigating the following features:
(a) Put holes into the web and study the stress distribution.
(b) Move the right roller support to midspan to obtain a cantilever beam by using the ModelAlive feature.
EXPLANATIONS:
The support moment, Ms, in the two-hinged frame is dependent on the stiffness of the beam (EI/L)b and the
column (EI/L)c or for one material (Ec = Eb) on the relative stiffness factors Ib /Lb and Ic /Lc , that is on a
distribution factor, , and is equal to,
MS = (wL2/12)[3/(3+2)]
where, = (I/L)b /(I/L)c = (Ib /Lb)Lc /Ic = n(Lc /Lb),
where Ib = nIc.
Ms = wL2/16
4.5 m
a.
7.5 m
7.5 m
6m
6m
6m
b.
c.
d.