Price Action Trading

Price action trading

The concept of price action trading embodies the analysis of basic price movement as a methodology for financial
speculation, as used by many retail traders and often institutionally where algorithmic trading is not employed, and at
its most simplistic, it attempts to describe the human thought processes invoked by experienced, non-disciplinary
traders as they observe and trade their markets.[1][2][3][4] Price action is simply how prices change - the action of
price. It is readily observed in markets where liquidity and price volatility are highest, but anything that is bought or
sold freely in a market will per se demonstrate price action. Price action trading can be included under the umbrella
of technical analysis but is covered here in a separate article because it incorporates the behavioural analysis of
market participants as a crowd from evidence displayed in price action - a type of analysis whose academic coverage
isn't focused in any one area, rather is widely described and commented on in the literature on trading, speculation,
gambling and competition generally. It includes a large part of the methodology employed by floor traders[5] and
tape readers.[6] It can also optionally include analysis of volume and level 2 quotes.
The trader observes the relative size, shape, position, growth (when watching the current real-time price) and volume
(optionally) of the bars on an OHLC bar or candlestick chart, starting as simple as a single bar, most often combined
with chart formations found in broader technical analysis such as moving averages, trend lines or trading ranges.[7][8]
The use of price action analysis for financial speculation doesn't exclude the simultaneous use of other techniques of
analysis, and on the other hand, a minimalist price action trader can rely completely on the behavioural interpretation
of price action to build a trading strategy.
The various authors who write about price action, e.g. Brooks,[8] Duddella,[9] give names to the price action chart
formations and behavioural patterns they observe, which may or may not be unique to that author and known under
other names by other authors (more investigation into other authors to be done here). These patterns can often only
be described subjectively and the idealized formation or pattern can in reality appear with great variation.
This article attempts to outline most major candlestick bars, patterns, chart formations, behavioural observations and
trade setups that are used in price action trading. It covers the way that they are interpreted by price action traders,
whether they signal likely future market direction, and how the trader would place orders correspondingly to profit
from that (and where protective exit orders would be placed to minimise losses when wrong). Since price action
traders combine bars, patterns, formations, behaviours and setups together with other bars, patterns, formations etc.
to create further setups, many of the descriptions here will refer to other descriptions in the article. The layout of
descriptions here is linear, but there is no one perfect sequence - they appear here loosely in the sequence:
behavioural observations, trends, reversals and trading ranges. This editing approach reflects the nature of price
action, sub-optimal as it might appear.
Credibility
There is no evidence that these explanations are correct even if the price action trader who makes such statements is
profitable and appears to be correct. Since the disappearance of most pit-based financial exchanges, the financial
markets have become anonymous, buyers do not meet sellers, and so the feasibility of verifying any proposed
explanation for the other market participants' actions during the occurrence of a particular price action pattern is tiny.
Hence the explanations should only be viewed as subjective rationalisations and may quite possibly be wrong, but at
any point in time they offer the only available logical analysis with which the price action trader can work.
The implementation of price action analysis is difficult, requiring the gaining of experience under live market
conditions. There is every reason to assume that the percentage of price action speculators who fail, give up or lose
their trading capital will be similar to the percentage failure rate across all fields of speculation. According to
widespread folklore / urban myth, this is 90%, although analysis of data from US forex brokers' regulatory
disclosures since 2010 puts the figure for failed accounts at around 75% and suggests this is typical.[10]
Some sceptical authors[11] dismiss the financial success of individuals using technical analysis such as price action
and state that the occurrence of individuals who appear to be able to profit in the markets can be attributed solely to
the Survivorship bias.
Analytical Process
A price action trader's analysis may start with classical technical analysis, e.g. Edwards and Magee patterns
including trend lines, break-outs, and pull-backs,[12] which are broken down further and supplemented with extra
bar-by-bar analysis, sometimes including volume. This observed price action gives the trader clues about the current
and likely future behaviour of other market participants. The trader can explain why a particular pattern is predictive,
in terms of bulls (buyers in the market), bears (sellers), the crowd mentality of other traders, change in volume and
other factors. A good knowledge of the market's make-up is required. The resulting picture that a trader builds up
will not only seek to predict market direction, but also speed of movement, duration and intensity, all of which is
based on the trader's assessment and prediction of the actions and reactions of other market participants.
Price action patterns occur with every bar and the trader watches for multiple patterns to coincide or occur in a
particular order, creating a 'set-up'/'setup' which results in a signal to buy or sell. Individual traders can have widely
varying preferences for the type of setup that they concentrate on in their trading.
This annotated chart shows the typical frequency, syntax and
terminology for price action patterns implemented by a trader.
One published price action trader[8] is capable of giving a name and a
rational explanation for the observed market movement for every
single bar on a bar chart, regularly publishing such charts with
descriptions and explanations covering 50 or 100 bars. This trader
freely admits that his explanations may be wrong, however the
An candlestick chart of the Euro against the USD,
explanations serve a purpose, allowing the trader to build a mental
marked up by a price action trader.
scenario around the current 'price action' as it unfolds, and for
experienced traders, this is often attributed as the reason for their profitable trading.
Implementation of trades
The price action trader will use setups to determine entries and exits for positions. Each setup has its optimal entry
point. Some traders also use price action signals to exit, simply entering at one setup and then exiting the whole
position on the appearance of a negative setup. Alternatively, the trader might simply exit instead at a profit target of
a specific cash amount or at a predetermined level of loss. A more experienced trader will have their own
well-defined entry and exit criteria, built from experience.[8]
An experienced price action trader will be well trained at spotting multiple bars, patterns, formations and setups
during real-time market observation. The trader will have a subjective opinion on the strength of each of these and
how strong a setup they can build them into. A simple setup on its own is rarely enough to signal a trade. There
should be several favourable bars, patterns, formations and setups in combination, along with a clear absence of
opposing signals.
At that point when the trader is satisfied that the price action signals are strong enough, the trader will still wait for
the appropriate entry point or exit point at which the signal is considered 'triggered'. During real-time trading, signals
can be observed frequently while still building, and they are not considered triggered until the bar on the chart closes
at the end of the chart's given period.
Entering a trade based on signals that have not triggered is known as entering early and is considered to be higher
risk since the possibility still exists that the market will not behave as predicted and will act so as to not trigger any
signal.

After entering the trade, the trader needs to place a protective stop order to close the position with minimal loss if the
trade goes wrong. The protective stop order will also serve to prevent losses in the event of a disastrously timed
internet connection loss for online traders.
After the style of Brooks,[8] the price action trader will place the initial stop order 1 tick below the bar that gave the
entry signal (if going long - or 1 tick above if going short) and if the market moves as expected, moves the stop order
up to one tick below the entry bar, once the entry bar has closed and with further favourable movement, will seek to
move the stop order up further to the same level as the entry, i.e. break-even.
Brooks also warns against using a signal from the previous trading session when there is a gap past the position
where the trader would have had the entry stop order on the opening of the new session. The worse entry point
would alter the risk/reward relationship for the trade, so is not worth pursuing.[13]
Behavioural observation
A price action trader generally sets great store in human fallibility and the tendency for traders in the market to
behave as a crowd.[1] For instance, a trader who is bullish about a certain stock might observe that this stock is
moving in a range from $20 to $30, but the traders expects the stock to rise to at least $50. Many traders would
simply buy the stock, but then every time that it fell to the low of its trading range, would become disheartened and
lose faith in their prediction and sell. A price action trader would wait until the stock hit $31.
That is a simple example from Livermore from the 1920s.[1] In a modern day market, the price action trader would
first be alerted to the stock once is broke out to $31, but knowing the counter-intuitiveness of the market and having
picked up other signals from the price action, would expect the stock to pull-back from there and would only buy
when the pull-back finished and the stock moved up again.[13]
Two attempts rule

One key observation of price action traders is that the market often revisits price levels where it reversed or
consolidated. If the market reverses at a certain level, then on returning to that level, the trader expects the market to
either carry on past the reversal point or to reverse again. The trader takes no action until the market has done one or
the other.
It is considered to bring higher probability trade entries, once this point has passed and the market is either
continuing or reversing again. The traders do not take the first opportunity but rather wait for a second entry to make
their trade. For instance the second attempt by bears to force the market down to new lows represents, if it fails, a
double bottom and the point at which many bears will abandon their bearish opinions and start buying, joining the
bulls and generating a strong move upwards.[14]
Also as an example, after a break-out of a trading range or a trend line, the market may return to the level of the
break-out and then instead of rejoining the trading range or the trend, will reverse and continue the break-out. This is
also known as 'confirmation'.
Trapped traders
"Trapped traders" is a common price action term referring to traders who have entered the market on weak signals,
or before signals were triggered, or without waiting for confirmation and who find themselves in losing positions
because the market turns against them. Any price action pattern that the traders used for a signal to enter the market
is considered 'failed' and that failure becomes a signal in itself to price action traders, e.g. failed breakout, failed
trend line break, failed reversal. It is assumed that the trapped traders will be forced to exit the market and if in
sufficient numbers, this will cause the market to accelerate away from them, thus providing an opportunity for the
more patient traders to benefit from their duress.[14]
Since many traders place protective stop orders to exit from positions that go wrong, all the stop orders placed by
trapped traders will provide the orders that boost the market in the direction that the more patient traders bet on. The
phrase "the stops were run" refers to the execution of these stop orders.
Trend and range definition

The concept of a trend is one of the primary concepts in technical
analysis. A trend is either up or down and for the complete neophyte
observing a market, an upwards trend can be described simply as a
period of time over which the price has moved up. An upwards trend is
also known as a bull trend, or a rally. A bear trend or downwards trend
or sell-off (or crash) is where the market moves downwards. The
definition is as simple as the analysis is varied and complex. The
assumption is of serial correlation, i.e. once in a trend, the market is
likely to continue in that direction.[15]
A 'bear' trend where the market is continually

falling, interrupted by only weak rises.
On any particular time frame, whether it's a yearly chart or a 1 minute

chart, the price action trader will almost without exception first check to see whether the market is trending up or
down or whether it's confined to a trading range.
A range is not so easily defined, but is in most cases what exists when
there is no discernable trend. It is defined by its floor and its ceiling,
which are always subject to debate. A range can also be referred to as a
horizontal channel.
OHLC bar or candlestick

Bar and candlestick terminology is briefly:
A trading range where the market turns around at
the ceiling and the floor to stay within an explicit
price band.
Open: first price of a bar (which covers the period of time of the
chosen time frame)
Close: the last price of the bar
High: the highest price

Low: the lowest price
Body: the part of the candlestick between the open and the close
Tail (upper or lower): the parts of the candlestick not between the open and the close
Range bar
A range bar is a bar with no body, i.e. the open and the close are at the same price and therefore there has been no net
change over the time period. This is also known in Japanese Candlestick terminology as a Doji. Japanese
Candlesticks show demand more precision and only a Doji is a Doji, whereas a price action trader might consider a
bar with a small body to be a range bar. It is termed 'range bar' because the price during the period of the bar moved
between a floor (the low) and a ceiling (the high) and ended more or less where it began. If one expanded the time
frame and looked at the price movement during that bar, it would appear as a range.
Trend bar
There are bull trend bars and bear trend bars - bars with bodies - where the market has actually ended the bar with a
net change from the beginning of the bar.
Bull trend bar

In a bull trend bar, the price has trended from the open up to the close. To be pedantic, it is possible that the price
moved up and down several times between the high and the low during the course of the bar, before finishing 'up' for
the bar, in which case the assumption would be wrong, but this is a very seldom occurrence.
Bear trend bar

The bear trend bar is the opposite.
Trend bars are often referred to for short as bull bars or bear bars.
With-trend bar
A trend bar with movement in the same direction as the chart's trend is known as 'with trend', i.e. a bull trend bar in a
bull market is a "with trend bull" bar. In a downwards market, a bear trend bar is a "with trend bear" bar.[14]
Countertrend bar
A trend bar in the opposite direction to the prevailing trend is a "countertrend" bull or bear bar.
BAB
There are also what are known as BAB - big a**** bars - which are bars that are more than two standard deviations
larger than the average.
Climactic exhaustion bar

This is a with-trend BAB whose unusually large body signals that in a bull trend the last buyers have entered the
market and therefore if there are now only sellers, the market will reverse. The opposite holds for a bear trend.
Shaved bar
A shaved bar is a trend bar that is all body and has no tails. A partially shaved bar has a shaved top (no upper tail) or
a shaved bottom (no lower tail).
Inside bar
An "inside bar" is a bar which is smaller and within the high to low range of the prior bar, i.e. the high is lower than
the previous bar's high, and the low is higher than the previous bar's low. Its relative position can be at the top, the
middle or the bottom of the prior bar.
There is no universal definition imposing a rule that the highs of the inside bar and the prior bar cannot be the same,
equally for the lows. If both the highs and the lows are the same, it is harder to define it as an inside bar, yet reasons
exist why it might be interpreted so.[14] This imprecision is typical when trying to describe the ever-fluctuating
character of market prices.
Outside bar
An outside bar is larger than the prior bar and totally overlaps it. Its high is higher than the previous high, and its low
is lower than the previous low. The same imprecision in its definition as for inside bars (above) is often seen in
interpretations of this type of bar.
An outside bar's interpretation is based on the concept that market participants were undecided or inactive on the
prior bar but subsequently during the course of the outside bar demonstrated new commitment, driving the price up
or down as seen. Again the explanation may seem simple but in combination with other price action, it builds up into
a story that gives experienced traders an 'edge' (a better than even chance of correctly predicting market direction).
The context in which they appear is all-important in their interpretation.[14]
If the outside bar's close is close to the centre, this makes it similar to a trading range bar, because neither the bulls
nor the bears despite their aggression were able to dominate.
Primarily price action traders will avoid or ignore outside bars,
especially in the middle of trading ranges in which position they are
considered meaningless.
When an outside bar appears in a retrace of a strong trend, rather than
acting as a range bar, it does show strong trending tendencies. For
instance, a bear outside bar in the retrace of a bull trend is a good signal
that the retrace will continue further. This is explained by the way the
outside bar forms, since it begins building in real time as a potential
bull bar that is extending above the previous bar, which would
encourage many traders to enter a bullish trade to profit from a
continuation of the old bull trend. When the market reverses and the
potential for a bull bar disappears, it leaves the bullish traders trapped
in a bad trade.
If the price action traders have other reasons to be bearish in addition to
this action, they will be waiting for this situation and will take the
opportunity to make money going short where the trapped bulls have
their protective stops positioned. If the reversal in the outside bar was
quick, then many bearish traders will be as surprised as the bulls and
the result will provide extra impetus to the market as they all seek to
sell after the outside bar has closed. The same sort of situation also
holds true in reverse for retracements of bear trends.[14]
The outside bar after the maximum price
(marked with an arrow) is a failure to restart the
trend and a signal for a sizable retrace.
ioi pattern
The inside - outside - inside pattern when occurring at a higher high or

lower low is a setup for countertrend breakouts.[14] It is closely related
to the ii pattern, and contrastingly, it is also similar to barb wire if the inside bars have a relatively large body size,
thus making it one of the more difficult price action patterns to practice.
Small bar
As with all price action formations, small bars must be viewed in context. A quiet trading period, e.g. on a US
holiday, may have many small bars appearing but they will be meaningless, however small bars that build after a
period of large bars are much more open to interpretation. In general, small bars are a display of the lack of
enthusiasm from either side of the market. A small bar can also just represent a pause in buying or selling activity as
either side waits to see if the opposing market forces come back into play. Alternatively small bars may represent a
lack of conviction on the part of those driving the market in one direction, therefore signalling a reversal.
As such, small bars can be interpreted to mean opposite things to opposing traders, but small bars are taken less as
signals on their own, rather as a part of a larger setup involving any number of other price action observations. For
instance in some situations a small bar can be interpreted as a pause, an opportunity to enter with the market
direction, and in other situations a pause can be seen as a sign of weakness and so a clue that a reversal is likely.
One instance where small bars are taken as signals is in a trend where they appear in a pull-back. They signal the end
of the pull-back and hence an opportunity to enter a trade with the trend.[14]
ii and iii patterns

An 'ii' is an inside pattern - 2 consecutive inside bars. An 'iii' is 3 in a row. Most often these are small bars.
Price action traders who are unsure of market direction but sure of
further movement - an opinion gleaned from other price action - would
place an entry to buy above an ii or an iii and simultaneously an entry
to sell below it, and would look for the market to break out of the price
range of the pattern. Whichever order is executed, the other order then
becomes the protective stop order that would get the trader out of the
trade with a small loss if the market doesn't act as predicted.
A typical setup using the ii pattern is outlined by Brooks.[14] An ii after
a sustained trend that has suffered a trend line break is likely to signal a
strong reversal if the market breaks out against the trend. The small
inside bars are attributed to the buying and the selling pressure
equalling out. The entry stop order would be placed one tick on the
countertrend side of the first bar of the ii and the protective stop would
be placed one tick beyond the first bar on the opposite side.
Trend
Classically a trend is defined visually by plotting a trend line on the
opposite side of the market from the trend's direction, or by a pair of
trend channel lines - a trend line plus a parallel return line on the other
side - on the chart.[15] These sloping lines reflect the direction of the
trend and connect the highest highs or the lowest lows of the trend. In
An iii formation - 3 consecutive inside bars.
its idealised form, a trend will consist of trending higher highs or lower
lows and in a rally, the higher highs alternate with higher lows as the
market moves up, and in a sell-off the sequence of lower highs (forming the trendline) alternating with lower lows
forms as the market falls. A swing in a rally is a period of gain ending at a higher high (aka swing high), followed by
a pull-back ending at a higher low (higher than the start of the swing). The opposite applies in sell-offs, each swing
having a swing low at the lowest point.

When the market breaks the trend line, the trend from the end of the last swing until the break is known as an
'intermediate trend line'[15] or a 'leg'.[16] A leg up in a trend is followed by a leg down, which completes a swing.
Frequently price action traders will look for two or three swings in a standard trend.
With-trend legs contain 'pushes', a large with-trend bar or series of large with-trend bars. A trend need not have any
pushes but it is usual.[16]
A trend is established once the market has formed three or four consecutive legs, e.g. for a bull trend, higher highs
and higher lows. The higher highs, higher lows, lower highs and lower lows can only be identified after the next bar
has closed. Identifying it before the close of the bar risks that the market will act contrary to expectations, move
beyond the price of the potential higher/lower bar and leave the trader aware only that the supposed turning point
was an illusion.
A more risk-seeking trader would view the trend as established even after only one swing high or swing low.
At the start of what a trader is hoping is a bull trend, after the first higher low, a trend line can be drawn from the low
at the start of the trend to the higher low and then extended. When the market moves across this trend line, it has
generated a trend line break for the trader, who is given several considerations from this point on. If the market
moved with a particular rhythm to and fro from the trend line with regularity, the trader will give the trend line added
weight. Any significant trend line that sees a significant trend line break represents a shift in the balance of the
market and is interpreted as the first sign that the countertrend traders are able to assert some control.
If the trend line break fails and the trend resumes, then the bars causing the trend line break now form a new point on
a new trend line, one that will have a lower gradient, indicating a slowdown in the rally / sell-off. The alternative
scenario on resumption of the trend is that it picks up strength and requires a new trend line, in this instance with a
steeper gradient, which is worth mentioning for sake of completeness and to note that it is not a situation that
presents new opportunities, just higher rewards on existing ones for the with-trend trader.
In the case that the trend line break actually appears to be the end of this trend, it's expected that the market will
revisit this break-out level and the strength of the break will give the trader a good guess at the likelihood of the
market turning around again when it returns to this level. If the trend line was broken by a strong move, it is
considered likely that it killed the trend and the retrace to this level is a second opportunity to enter a countertrend
position.
However in trending markets, trend line breaks fail more often than not and set up with-trend entries. The
psychology of the average trader tends to inhibit with-trend entries because the trader must "buy high", which is
counter to the clichee for profitable trading "buy high, sell low".[16] The allure of counter-trend trading and the
impulse of human nature to want to fade the market in a good trend is very discernible to the price action trader, who
would seek to take advantage by entering on failures, or at least when trying to enter counter-trend, would wait for
that second entry opportunity at confirmation of the break-out once the market revisits this point, fails to get back
into the trend and heads counter-trend again.
In-between trend line break-outs or swing highs and swing lows, price action traders watch for signs of strength in
potential trends that are developing, which in the stock market index futures are with-trend gaps, discernible swings,
large counter-trend bars (counter-intuitively), an absence of significant trend channel line overshoots, a lack of
climax bars, few profitable counter-trend trades, small pull-backs, sideways corrections after trend line breaks, no
consecutive sequence of closes on the wrong side of the moving average, shaved with-trend bars.
In the stock market indices, large trend days tend to display few signs of emotional trading with an absence of large
bars and overshoots and this is put down to the effect of large institutions putting considerable quantities of their
orders onto algorithm programs.
Many of the strongest trends start in the middle of the day after a reversal or a break-out from a trading range.[16]
The pull-backs are weak and offer little chance for price action traders to enter with-trend. Price action traders or in
fact any traders can enter the market in what appears to be a run-away rally or sell-off, but price action trading

involves waiting for an entry point with reduced risk - pull-backs, or better, pull-backs that turn into failed trend line
break-outs. The risk is that the 'run-away' trend doesn't continue, but becomes a blow-off climactic reversal where
the last traders to enter in desperation end up in losing positions on the market's reversal. As stated the market often
only offers seemingly weak-looking entries during strong phases but price action traders will take these rather than
make indiscriminate entries. Without practice and experience enough to recognise the weaker signals, traders will
wait, even if it turns out that they miss a large move.
Trend Channel
A trend or price channel can be created by plotting a pair of trend channel lines on either side of the market - the first
trend channel line is the trend line, plus a parallel return line on the other side.[15] Edwards and Magee's return line is
also known as the trend channel line (singular), confusingly, when only one is mentioned.[17][18]
Trend channels are traded by waiting for break-out failures, i.e. banking on the trend channel continuing, in which
case at that bar's close, the entry stop is placed one tick away towards the centre of the channel above/below the
break-out bar. Trading with the break-out only has a good probability of profit when the break-out bar is above
average size, and an entry is taken only on confirmation of the break-out. The confirmation would be given when a
pull-back from the break-out is over without the pull-back having retraced to the return line, so invalidating the
plotted channel lines.[18]
Shaved bar entry

When a shaved bar appears in a strong trend, it demonstrates that the buying or the selling pressure was constant
throughout with no let-up and it can be taken as a strong signal that the trend will continue.
A Brooks-style entry using a stop order one tick above or below the bar will require swift action from the trader[18]
and any delay will result in slippage especially on short time-frames.
Microtrend line
If a trend line is plotted on the lower lows or the higher highs of a trend over a longer trend, a microtrend line is
plotted when all or almost all of the highs or lows line up in a short multi-bar period. Just as break-outs from a
normal trend are prone to fail as noted above, microtrend lines drawn on a chart are frequently broken by subsequent
price action and these break-outs frequently fail too.[18] Such a failure is traded by placing an entry stop order 1 tick
above or below the previous bar, which would result in a with-trend position if hit, providing a low risk scalp with a
target on the opposite side of the trend channel.
Microtrend lines are often used on retraces in the main trend or pull-backs and provide an obvious signal point where
the market can break through to signal the end of the microtrend. The bar that breaks out of a bearish microtrend line
in a main bull trend for example is the signal bar and the entry buy stop order should be placed 1 tick above the bar.
If the market works its way above that break-out bar, it is a good sign that the break-out of the microtrend line has
not failed and that the main bull trend has resumed.
Continuing this example, a more aggressive bullish trader would place a buy stop entry above the high of the current
bar in the microtrend line and move it down to the high of each consecutive new bar, in the assumption that any
microtrend line break-out will not fail.
Spike and channel

This is a type of trend characterised as difficult to identify and more difficult to trade by Brooks.[16] The spike is the
beginning of the trend where the market moves strongly in the direction of the new trend, often at the open of the day
on an intraday chart, and then slows down forming a tight trend channel that moves slowly but surely in the same
direction.
After the trend channel is broken, it is common to see the market return to the level of the start of the channel and
then to remain in a trading range between that level and the end of the channel.
A "gap spike and channel" is the term for a spike and channel trend that begins with a gap in the chart (a vertical gap
with between one bar's close and the next bar's open).
The spike and channel is seen in stock charts and stock indices,[18] and is rarely reported in forex markets.
Pull-back
A pull-back is a move where the market interrupts the prevailing trend,[19] or retraces from a breakout, but does not
retrace beyond the start of the trend or the beginning of the breakout. A pull-back which does carry on further to the
beginning of the trend or the breakout would instead become a reversal[13] or a breakout failure.
In a long trend, a pull-back oftens last for long enough to form legs like a normal trend and to behave in other ways
like a trend too. Like a normal trend, a long pull-back often has 2 legs.[13] Price action traders expect the market to
adhere to the two attempts rule and will be waiting for the market to try to make a second swing in the pull-back,
with the hope that it fails and therefore turns around to try the opposite - i.e. the trend resumes.
One price action technique for following a pull-back with the aim of entering with-trend at the end of the pull-back is
to count the new higher highs in the pull-back of a bull trend, or the new lower lows in the pull-back of a bear, i.e. in
a bull trend, the pull-back will be composed of bars where the highs are successively lower and lower until the
pattern is broken by a bar that puts in a high higher than the previous bar's high, termed an H1 (High 1). L1s (Low 1)
are the mirror image in bear trend pull-backs.
If the H1 doesn't result in the end of the pull-back and a resumption of the bull trend, then the market creates a
further sequence of bars going lower, with lower highs each time until another bar occurs with a high that's higher
than the previous high. This is the H2. And so on until the trend resumes, or until the pull-back has become a
reversal or trading range.
H1s and L1s are considered reliable entry signals when the pull-back is a microtrend line break, and the H1 or L1
represents the break-out's failure.
Otherwise if the market adheres to the two attempts rule, then the safest entry back into the trend will be the H2 or
L2. The two-legged pull-back has formed and that is the most common pull-back, at least in the stock market
indices.[13]
In a sideways market trading range, both highs and lows can be counted but this is reported to be an error-prone
approach except for the most practiced traders.
On the other hand, in a strong trend, the pull-backs are liable to be weak and consequently the count of Hs and Ls
will be difficult. In a bull trend pull-back, two swings down may appear but the H1s and H2s cannot be identified.
The price action trader looks instead for a bear trend bar to form in the trend, and when followed by a bar with a
lower high but a bullish close, takes this as the first leg of a pull-back and is thus already looking for the appearance
of the H2 signal bar. The fact that it is technically neither an H1 nor an H2 is ignored in the light of the trend
strength. This price action reflects what is occurring in the shorter time-frame and is sub-optimal but pragmatic when
entry signals into the strong trend are otherwise not appearing. The same in reverse applies in bear trends.
Counting the Hs and Ls is straightforward price action trading of pull-backs, relying for further signs of strength or
weakness from the occurrence of all or any price action signals, e.g. the action around the moving average, double
10

tops or bottoms, ii or iii patterns, outside bars, reversal bars, microtrend line breaks, or at its simplest, the size of bull
or bear trend bars in amongst the other action. The price action trader picks and chooses which signals to specialise
in and how to combine them.
The simple entry technique involves placing the entry order 1 tick above the H or 1 tick below the L and waiting for
it to be executed as the next bar develops. If so, this is the entry bar, and the H or L was the signal bar, and the
protective stop is placed 1 tick under an H or 1 tick above an L.
Breakout
A breakout is a bar in which the market moves beyond a predefined significant price - predefined by the price action
trader, either physically or only mentally, according to their own price action methodology, e.g. if the trader believes
a bull trend exists, then a line connecting the lowest lows of the bars on the chart during this trend would be the line
that the trader watches, waiting to see if the market breaks out beyond it.[15]
The real plot or the mental line on the chart is generally comes from one of the classic chart patterns. A breakout
often leads to a setup and a resulting trade signal.
The breakout is supposed to herald the end of the preceding chart pattern, e.g. a bull breakout in a bear trend could
signal the end of the bear trend.
Breakout pull-back
After a breakout extends further in the breakout direction for a bar or two or three, the market will often retrace in
the opposite direction in a pull-back, i.e. the market pulls back against the direction of the breakout.
Breakout failure
A breakout might not lead to the end of the preceding market behaviour, and what starts as a pull-back can develop
into a breakout failure, i.e. the market could return back into its old pattern.
Brooks[14] observes that a breakout is likely to fail on quiet range days on the very next bar, when the breakout bar is
unusually big.
"Five tick failed breakouts" are a phenomenon that is a great example of price action trading. Five tick failed
breakouts are characteristic of the stock index futures markets. Many speculators trade for a profit of just four ticks, a
trade which requires the market to move 6 ticks in the trader's direction for the entry and exit orders to be filled.
These traders will place protective stop orders to exit on failure at the opposite end of the breakout bar. So if the
market breaks out by five ticks and does not hit their profit targets, then the price action trader will see this as a five
tick failed breakout and will enter in the opposite direction at the opposite end of the breakout bar to take advantage
of the stop orders from the losing traders' exit orders.[20]
Failed breakout failure

In the particular situation where a price action trader has observed a breakout, watched it fail and then decided to
trade in the hope of profiting from the failure, there is the danger for the trader that the market will turn again and
carry on in the direction of the breakout, leading to losses for the trader. This is known as a failed failure and is
traded by taking the loss and reversing the position.[14] It is not just breakouts where failures fail, other failed setups
can at the last moment come good and be 'failed failures'.
11
12
Reversal bar
A reversal bar signals a reversal of the current trend. On seeing a signal
bar, a trader would take it as a sign that the market direction is about to
turn.
An ideal bullish reversal bar should close considerably above its open,
with a relatively large lower tail (30% to 50% of the bar height) and a
small or absent upper tail, and having only average or below average
overlap with the prior bar, and having a lower low than the prior bars
in the trend.
A bearish reversal bar would be the opposite.
Reversals are considered to be stronger signals if their extreme point is
even further up or down than the current trend would have achieved if
it continued as before, e.g. a bullish reversal would have a low that is
below the approximate line formed by the lows of the preceding bear
trend. This is an 'overshoot'. See the section #Trend channel line
overshoot.
Reversal bars as a signal are also considered to be stronger when they
occur at the same price level as previous trend reversals.
The price action interpretation of a bull reversal bar is so: it indicates
that the selling pressure in the market has passed its climax and that
A bear trend reverses at a bull reversal bar.
now the buyers have come into the market strongly and taken over,
dictating price which rises up steeply from the low as the sudden
relative paucity of sellers causes the buyers' bids to spring upwards. This movement is exacerbated by the short term
traders / scalpers who sold at the bottom and now have to buy back if they want to cover their losses.
Trend line break

When a market has been trending significantly, a trader can usually draw a trend line on the opposite side of the
market where the retraces reach, and any retrace back across the existing trend line is a 'trend line break' and is a sign
of weakness, a clue that the market might soon reverse its trend or at least halt the trend's progress for a period.
Trend channel line overshoot

A trend channel line overshoot refers to the price shooting clear out of the observable trend channel further in the
direction of the trend.[21] An overshoot does not have to be a reversal bar, since it can occur during a with-trend bar.
On occasion it may not result in a reversal at all, it will just force the price action trader to adjust the trend channel
definition.
In the stock indices, the common retrace of the market after a trend channel line overshoot is put down to profit
taking and traders reversing their positions. More traders will wait for some reversal price action. The extra surge
that causes an overshoot is the action of the last traders panicking to enter the trend along with increased activity
from institutional players who are driving the market and want to see an overshoot as a clear signal that all the
previously non-participating players have been dragged in. This is identified by the overshoot bar being a climactic
exhaustion bar on high volume. It leaves nobody left to carry on the trend and sets up the price action for a
reversal.[18]
Climactic exhaustion reversal

A strong trend characterised by multiple with-trend bars and almost continuous higher highs or lower lows over a
double-digit number of bars is often ended abruptly by a climactic exhaustion bar. It is likely that a two-legged
retrace occurs after this, extending for the same length of time or more as the final leg of the climactic rally or
sell-off.[18]
Double top and double bottom

When the market reaches an extreme price in the trader's view, it often pulls back from the price only to return to that
price level again. In the situation where that price level holds and the market retreats again, the two reversals at that
level are known as a double top bear flag or a double bottom bull flag, or simply double top / double bottom and
indicate that the retrace will continue.[22]
Brooks[18] also reports that a pull-back is common after a double top or bottom, returning 50% to 95% back to the
level of the double top / bottom. This is similar to the classic head and shoulders pattern.
A price action trader will trade this pattern, e.g. a double bottom, by placing a buy stop order 1 tick above the bar
that created the second 'bottom'. If the order is filled, then the trader sets a protective stop order 1 tick below the
same bar.
Double top twin and double bottom twin

Consecutive bars with relatively large bodies, small tails and the same high price formed at the highest point of a
chart are interpreted as double top twins. The opposite is so for double bottom twins. These patterns appear on as
shorter time scale as a double top or a double bottom. Since signals on shorter time scales are per se quicker and
therefore on average weaker, price action traders will take a position against the signal when it is seen to fail.[14]
In other words, double top twins and double bottom twins are with-trend signals, when the underlying short time
frame double tops or double bottoms (reversal signals) fail. The price action trader predicts that other traders trading
on the shorter time scale will trade the simple double top or double bottom, and if the market moves against them,
the price action trader will take a position against them, placing an entry stop order 1 tick above the top or below the
bottom, with the aim of benefitting from the exacerbated market movement caused by those trapped traders bailing
out.
13
14
Opposite twin (down-up or up-down twin)

This is two consecutive trend bars in opposite directions with similar
sized bodies and similar sized tails. It is a reversal signal[14] when it
appears in a trend. It is equivalent to a single reversal bar if viewed on
a time scale twice as long.
For the strongest signal, the bars would be shaved at the point of
reversal, e.g. a down-up in a bear trend with two trend bars with
shaved bottoms would be considered stronger than bars with tails.
Wedge
A wedge pattern is like a trend, but the trend channel lines that the
trader plots are converging and predict a breakout.[23] A wedge pattern
after a trend is commonly considered to be a good reversal signal.
Trading range
An Up-Down Pattern.
Once a trader has identified a trading range, i.e. the lack of a trend and
a ceiling to the market's upward movement and a floor to any
downward move,[24] then the trader will use the ceiling and floor levels
as barriers that the market can break through, with the expectation that
the break-outs will fail and the market will reverse.
One break-out above the previous highest high or ceiling of a trading

range is termed a higher high. Since trading ranges are difficult to trade, the price action trader will often wait after
seeing the first higher high and on the appearance of a second break-out followed by its failure, this will be taken as
a high probability bearish trade,[18] with the middle of the range as the profit target. This is favoured firstly because
the middle of the trading range will tend to act as a magnet for price action, secondly because the higher high is a
few points higher and therefore offers a few points more profit if successful, and thirdly due to the supposition that
two consecutive failures of the market to head in one direction will result in a tradable move in the opposite.[14]
Chop aka churn and barb wire

When the market is restricted within a tight trading range and the bar size as a percentage of the trading range is
large, price action signals may still appear with the same frequency as under normal market conditions but their
reliability or predictive powers are severely diminished. Brooks identifies one particular pattern that betrays chop,
called "barb wire".[25] It consists of a series of bars that overlap heavily containing trading range bars.
Barb wire and other forms of chop demonstrate that neither the buyers nor the sellers are in control or able to exert
greater pressure. A price action trader would place orders to sell at the top of the trading range, or to buy at the
bottom.
Especially after the appearance of barb wire, breakout bars are expected to fail and traders will place entry orders just
above or below the opposite end of the breakout bar from the direction in which it broke out.
More chart patterns favoured by price action traders
Broadening top
Flag and pennant patterns
Gap
Island reversal
Price channels
Support and resistance
Triangle
Triple top and triple bottom
Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Livermore 1940, chapter 1

Mackay 1869
Mandelbrot 2008, chapter 1
Schwager 1984, chapter 23
Chicago Board of Trade 1997, chapter 8
Neill 1931, chapter 3
Eykyn 2003, chapters 5,6,7
[8] Brooks 2009

[9] Duddella 2008, chapter 10
[10] Bary 2011
[11] Taleb 2001
[12] Edwards and Magee 1948
[13] Brooks 2009, chapter 4
[15] Edwards and Magee 1948, chapter 14
[17] Murphy 1999 chapter 4
[24] Schwager 1996 chapter 4
References
Brooks, Al (2009). Reading Price Charts Bar by Bar: the Technical Analysis of Price Action for the Serious
Trader. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. pp.402. ISBN978-0-470-44395-8.
Chicago Board of Trade (1997). Commodity trading manual (9th ed. ed.). London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
ISBN978-1-57958-002-5.
Duddella, Suri (2008). Trade chart patterns like the pros : specific trading techniques. [S.l.]: Surinotes.com.
ISBN978-1-60402-721-1.
Eykyn, Bill (2003). Price Action Trading: Day-trading the T-Bonds off PAT. UK: Harriman House Publishing.
pp.164. ISBN978-1-897597-34-7.
Livermore, Jesse Lauriston (1940). How to trade in stocks. New York, USA: Duel, Sloan & Pearce. pp.133.
Mackay, Charles (1869). Extraordinary popular delusions and the madness of crowds. London, New York: G.
Routledge. pp.322.
Mandelbrot, Benoit (2008). The (mis)Behaviour of Markets: a fractal view of risk, ruin and reward. London, UK:
Profile Books Ltd. pp.328. ISBN978-1-84668-262-9.
15

Murphy, John J. (1999). Technical analysis of the financial markets : a comprehensive guide to trading methods
and applications (2nd ed. ed.). New York [u.a.]: New York Inst. of Finance. ISBN0-7352-0066-1.
Neill, Humphrey B. (1931). Tape reading & market tactics. New York, USA: Marketplace Books.
ISBN978-965-00-6041-1.
Schwager, Jack D. (1984). A complete guide to the futures markets : fundamental analysis, technical analysis,
trading, spreads, and options. New York, USA: J. Wiley. pp.741. ISBN0-471-89376-5.
Schwager, Jack D. (1996). Technical analysis (Reprint. ed.). New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN978-0-471-02051-6.
Edwards, Robert D.; Magee, John (1948). Technical Analysis of Stock Trends. Springfield, MA, USA: Stock
Trend Service. pp.505. ISBN1-880408-00-7.
Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (2001). Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets.
New York, USA: Texere Publishing. pp.203. ISBN1-58799-071-7.
Bary, Andrew (9 April 2011). "Pitfalls of the Currency Casino" (http://online.barrons.com/article/
SB50001424052970204735204576246772527987918.html). Barron's, Dow Jones & Co, Inc. Retrieved 4 August
2011.
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