301 Signal & System Analysis Sol

An Instructors Solutions Manual to Accompany
Introduction to Signal & System Analysis

K. Gopalan
InstructorsSolutionsManual
for
INTRODUCTIONTO
SIGNAL&SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
K.Gopalan
ISBN-13: 978-0-495-24461-5
ISBN-10: 0-495-24461-9
2009 Cengage Learning

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IntroductiontoSignalandSystemAnalysis
TableofContents
Chapter1...1
Chapter2...2
Chapter3.........23
Chapter4.........38
Chapter5......57
Chapter6.90
Chapter7....111
Chapter8....128
Chapter9....142
2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 1
1.
2.
3.
Personal family finance system: Family monthly incomeinput; Monthly expenses

output Automobile suspension system for all-terrain vehicle:
Cruise control system in an automobile: Engine revolution rateinput; Fuel supply to
engineoutput.
National economic system: Revenues from taxes and investmentsinput; Infrastructure
and social outlaysoutput.
Telephone answering machine with menus for each member of a family of four:
Incoming call and receiver on hook after a set number of ringsinput; Outgoing
message-output;
Stereo CD player: Information read from CDinput; Analog voltage to speakers
output Printer connected to a USB port: Serial data from USB deviceinput; Print
controller activation signalsoutput.
Personal family finance system: DT, MIMO system
Automobile suspension system for all-terrain vehicle: CT, MIMO system
Cruise control system in an automobile: CT, SISO system
National economic system: DT, MIMO system
Telephone answering machine with menus: DT, MIMO system
Stereo CD player: Hybrid, SIMO system
Printer connected to a USB port: DT, SIMO system
Temperature controller: Fast response to, and minimum deviation from set temperature
MP3 audio player: Little perceptual difference (arising from compression)
Automobile suspension system: Vibration-free ride under varying road conditions
Control system to track a satellite for broadcast TV: Fast and noise-free tracking
Speaker verification system: Quick and error-free response under varying speech quality
JPEG image compression: High compression ratio with little change in image quality
1
Chapter 2
2.1
x(t)
4
2
(a)
x(2 t)
4
2
1.5 0
(b)
x (t /3)
4
2
(c)
x ( 0.5t )
4
2
4
t 1 has 10 cycles of sinusoid.

x (t) = x(2t), range: 0.5 t 0.5
x (t) = x(0.5t), range: 2 t 2
2.2 x(t) = cos 10S t, 1

1
2
Since the time-compressed x1(t) = cos 20S t, it also has 10 cycles in the compressed time
interval 0.5 t 0.5. Similarly, x2(t) = x(0.5t) = cos 5S t, has 10 cycles in the expanded
interval 2 t 2. In general, if the time scale (compression/expansion) ratio is an
integer, it results in scaled (compressed/expanded) period for each cycle and the same
number of cycles appears in the scaled (compressed/expanded) interval.
2
x (t)
1
0.5
x 1 (t)
1
0.5
x 2 (t)
1
3
2.3
x(n)
3
2
1
10
x(n/2)
3
2
1
10
10
15
20
x (3n)
3
2
1
4
x [ n /2]
3
2
1
15
20
10
10
2.4 (a)
x(t)
4
2
x (t 2)
4
2
1 0
x (t+ 3)
4
2
6 5
1 0
5
2.4 (b)
x [ n 2]
3
10
x [ n +3]
3
10
2.5 (a)
x(t)
4
2
( )
x ( t)
4
2
2
6
x e (t)
3
2
1
3 2 1 0
x0(t)
1
3 2
2.5 (b)
x[n ]
3
10
x [ n ]
3
10
7
xe[n]
2
1
10
10
10
xo[n]
1
10
5
0
1
2.6 (a)
x (t)
1
0.5
4
x ( t)
1
0.5
4
x e (t)
1
8
x o (t )
0.25
4
0.25
2.6 (b)
x (t )
4
2
x (t )
4
2
2
0
x e (t )
3
0
x o (t )
1
2.6 (c)
x[n]
9
x[n]
even
1
odd
0.5
4
0
0.5
n
2
2.6 (d)
x [n]
1
x [ n]
1
10
x o [n]
0.5
0.5
x e [n]
1
2.7 x3(t) = x1(t) x2(t); x1(t) = x1( t); x2( t) = x2(t)

x3( t) = x1( t) x2( t) = x1(t) ( x2(t)) = x1(t) x2(t)
= x3(t) x3(t) is an odd signal
periodic
1
10S T = 2S k T = s
5
x(t) = 2 cos 2 S t periodic T =
(irrational value for T )
periodic T = 2 S s (irrational)
x(t) = sin (10S t) aperiodic
2.8 (a) x(t) = 2 sin (10S t 30)
(b)
2s
(c)
1
(d)
(e) x(t) = 2 cos (t + 60) = 2 cos ((t + T ) + 60) T = 2S s (irrational)
(f) x(t) = 2 cos (6S t + 60) + j sin (6 t + 30) = 2e j6S t e j60
x(t + T ) = 2e j6S (t + T ) e j60 = x(t) for 6S T = 2 k

1
or T = s; periodic
3
T = 10S s; (irrational)
1
s
3e S S periodic, T =
10
3 cos S t T = 2s; 2 cos t T = 2S s
(g) 3e j20t e jT
(h)
(i)
j(20 t + /3)
3 cos S t + 2 cos t : No rational value for

(j) cos 100S t
T1
=2
T2
1
s; sin 200S t
50
T1
T2
aperiodic
1
s
100
T = 501 s for cos 100S t + sin 200S t
2.9 (a) x[n] = 2 cos nS = x[n + N] = 2 cos ((n + N)S)

periodic, N = 2
(b) 3n cos nS 3(n + N) cos ((n + N)S) for any integer N.
nonperiodic
11
2 cos (10(n + N)) for any integer N.

? nonperiodic
3 sin 0.2nS periodic, N = 10
2k
3 sin 1.2nS periodic, N =
N = 5 (smallest)
1.2
S
4e S = 4e
periodic, N = 2
S
S
e = e
periodic, N = 4
S
= 4e
4e S
periodic, N = 2
(c) 2 cos 10n

(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
jn
j (n + N)
n
2
j (n N )
j (n + 60)
j ((n + N) + 60)
2.10 (a) 2 cos (t + 60): periodic, power signal, T = 2S

P=
1
2S
2S
4 cos2 (t + 60)dt =
P=2
(b) x(t) = 3e j 20S t
P=
1
T
2S
[1 + cos (2(t + 60))]dt
periodic; T = 101 s
x(t) x*(t)dt = 10
1
10
0
9dt
P=9
(c) Energy signal
E=2
t2 dt =
250
3
x (t)
5
(d) x(t) = cos S t, | t | 0.2, repeats every 0.4s

period = 0.2s power signal
1
P=
0.2
1
P=
2
0.2
cos2 S t dt =
1
0.4
0.2
(1 + cos 2S t) dt
x (t)
1
0.2
0.2
t(s)
(e) x[n] = 5, n = 0, 2, 5, 7
Energy signal
2
E = 4 5 = 100
(f) x[n] = cos n S periodic; period N = 2
P=
1
2
cos2 nS = 1
n 0
12
2.11 (a)
2.12
5 t G (t + 3)dt = 3
2
(b)
(D + 2) G (D + 2) u(D)dD = 0; D = 2 u( 2) = 0
(c)
G (t + 2) cos (10t) u(t)dt = 0;
(d)
(e)
(f)
at
4a
G (t 4) t e u(t)dt = 4e
(g)
cos 5t G (t + 2)dt = cos ( 10)
eat0
e aD u( D) G (a t0)dD =
0
1 t0
f
| a | a
e at u(t) G (2t 4)dt =
e at cos bt G (2t 5)dt = e
r (3t) G (2t 4)dt =
(c)
, t0 0
, t0 ! 0
f
(D t0 / a ) d D using at t0 = D
|a|
(b)
u( 2) = 0
cos 5t G (t + 2)dt = 0
G (at t0) f (t)dt = G(D)
(a)
t=2
1 2a
e
2
5
a
2
cos
1r
4
3 2
2
5
b
2
6
=3
2
2.13 (a)
G [n + 2]e 2n = e4
(b)
nS
G [n 3] cos 4
= cos
(c)
3S
4
3(n 2) G [n 5] = 9
n 0
(d)
G [2n 3] x[n] = G [l]
3
= x
2
l 3
, using l = 2n 3
2
undefined
1
[x[n] + x[n 1] + x[n 2]]
3
1
y[n 1] = [x[n 1] + x[n 2] + x[n 3]]
3
1
y[n] y[n 1] = [x[n] x[n 3]]
3
2.14 y[n] =
x(t ), x(t ) 0
2.15 (a) y(t) =
0, x(t ) 0
(i) memoryless (ii) noninvertible (iii) nonlinear (iv) time-invariant (v) causal
(vi) BIBO-stable.
(iii) x1(t) y1(t) = x1(t) for x1(t) 0
2x1(t) y2(t) = 0 2y1(t) if x1(t) 0
(iv) x1(t) y1(t) = x1(t), if x1(t) 0
13
x2(t) = x1(t d) y2(t) = x2(t) = x1(t d) = y1(t d)

(b) y(t) = sin (ax(t))
(i) memoryless (ii) noninvertible (iii) nonlinear (iv) time-invariant (v) causal (vi)
stable
(vii) x1(t) y1(t) = sin (ax1 (t))
Let x2(t) = bx1(t) y2(t) = sin (ax2 (t)) = sin (abx1 (t))
b sin (ax1 (t))
(c) y(t) = x(t) sin (t + 1)
(i) memoryless sin (t + 1) calculated
y ( 1)
, indeterminate
(ii) noninvertible x( 1) =
sin (0)
(iii) linear
(iv) time-varying: x1(t) y1(t) = x1(t) sin (t + 1)
x2(t) = x1(t d) y2(t) = x2(t) sin (t + 1) = x1(t d) sin (t + 1)
y1(t d) = x1(t d) sin (t + 1 d)
(v) causal
(vi) stable
(d) y(t) = x(at), a > 0
(i) memoryless (ii) noninvertible (iii) linear (iv) time-varying:
x1(t) y1(t) = x1(at); x2(t) = x1(t d) y2(t) = x2(at) = x1(at d)
y1(t d) = x1(a(t d))
(v) causal (vi) stable
(e) y[n] = x[1 n]
(i) has memory (ii) invertible (iii) linear
(iv) time-varying: x1[n] y1[n] = x1[1 n]
x2[n] = x1[n k] y2[n] = x2[1 n] = x1 [1 n k]
y1[n k] = x1[1 n + k]
(f) y[n] = x[2n]
(i) memoryless (ii) noninvertible (iii) linear (iv) time-varying
(g) y[n] =
x[k]
(i) has memory (ii) invertible (iii) linear

(iv) x1[n]
y [n] =
x2[n] = x1[n N]
y [n] =
2
n N
y1[n N] =
x1[k]
x1[k]
x2[k] =
x1[k N]
y [n] time-varying
2

n2
(h) y[n] =
x[k]
k n2
(i) has memory (ii) noninvertible (iii) linear

(iv) time-invariant:
x1[n]
y [n] =
1
n2
x1[k]
k n2
14
y [n] =
x2[n] = x1[n N]
n2
n2
x2[k] =
k n2
x1[k N]
k n2
n N 2
y1[n N] =
? time invariant
x1[k] = y2[n]
k n N 2
(v) noncausal (vi) stable

2.16 yd [n] = Q{x[n]} is nonlinear
Consider a 4-bit quantizer with the following ranges and their quantized outputs.
x[n] < 0.5 yd [n] = 0000; 0.5 x[n] < 1.5 0001;
1.5 x[n] < 2.5; ... 13.5 x[n] < 14.5 1110
x[n] 14.5 yd [n] = 1111.
For x1[n] = 3.4, yd1[n] = 0011, and for
x2[n] = 9.4, yd2[n] = 1001. But, for
x1[n] + x2[n] = 12.8, yd [n] = 1101 yd1[n] + yd2[n]

The same is true for a 16-bit quantizer.
y (t) and x (t) y (t), each satisfying the model.

For x (t) = a x (t) + a x (t) y (t), assume y (t) = a y (t) + a y (t). Then, from the model
2.17 Let x1(t)

3
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
dy
d
a 3 + by3(t) = a [a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t)] + b[a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t)]
dt
dt
dy
dy
= a1 a 1 by1 (t ) + a2 a 2 by2 (t )
dt
dt
= a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)
= x3(t)
Hence, a linear system.
2.18 For x3[n] = a1 x1[n] + a2 x2[n] y3 [n] = a1 y1[n] + a2 y2[n]

From the model, y3[n] + ay3 [n 1] = a1 y1[n] + a2 y2[n] + aa1 y1[n 1] + aa2 y2[n 1]
= a1[y1[n] + ay1[n 1]] + a2[y2[n] + ay2[n 1]]
= a1 x1[n] + a2 x2[n]
Hence, the system is linear.
2.19 System is nonlinear, e.g., vi1(t) = 3 v01(t) = 3; vi2(t) = 7 v02(t) = 5; vi3(t) = vi1(t) +
vi2(t) = 4 v03(t) = 4 v01(t) + v02(t)
Time-invariant: vi(t1 d)
v (t
0 1
d) = v0(t1)| t1 t1 d
Causal: v0(t1) depends only on vi(t1), not on vi(t1 + t) for any t1.
2.20 v0(t) = 10vi(t) + 0.05, 0.5 V vi 0.5 V

Nonlinear due to offset voltage.
e.g., vi1(t) = 0.2 V v01(t) = 2 + 0.05 = 1.95 V
vi2(t) = 0.4 V
= 2vi1(t)
02(t)
= 4 + 0.05 = 3.95 V
2v
01(t)
2.21 y(t) = x(t) cos wc t

linear; causal; BIBO-stable
2.22 y(t) = x2(t)
nonlinear, causal, BIBO-stable.
2.23 y(t) = x*(t)

Linear: x1(t) = a1(t) + jb1(t)
y (t) = a (t) jb (t)

1
15
x2(t) = a2(t) + jb2(t) y2(t) = a2(t) jb2(t)

c1x1 + c2x2 = c1a1(t) + jc1b1(t) + c2a2(t) + jc2b2(t) c1a1(t) + c2a2(t) j[c1b1(t) + c2b2(t)]
= c1y1(t) + c2y2(t), for real c1 and c2.
Time-invariant: x3(t) = x1(t d) y3(t) = y1(t d)
2.24 x(t) = u(t) y(t) = g(t)

f (t) = 3u(t) 4u(t 2)
Response = 3g(t) 4g(t 2)
2.25 a
dy
+ by(t) = x(t); x(t) = Aest
dt
Let x1(t) = A1 es1t

a
st
es1t so that
dy1
+ by1(t) = aB1 s1 es1t + bB1 es1t = A1 es1t
dt
and x2(t) = A2 es2t

a
y (t) = B
y(t) = Be
y (t) = B
2
es2t so that
dy2
+ by2(t) = aB2 s2 es2t + bB2 es2t = A2 es2t
dt
Then x3(t) = c1 x1(t) + c2 x2(t) = c1 A1 es1t + c2 A2 es2t satisfies

y3(t) = c1 y1(t) + c2 y2(t), for y3(t) = c1 B1 es1t + c2 B2 es2t,
a
dy3
+ by3(t) = a c1 B1 s1 es1t + a c2 B2 s2 es2t + b c1 B1 es1t + bc2 B2 es2t
dt
= c1 [a B1 s1 es1t + b B1 es1t] + c2 [a B2 s2 es1t + b B2 es2t]

= c1y1(t) + c2y2(t)
2.26 y[n] = Real (x[n])
For x1[n] = a1[n] + jb1[n] y1[n] = a1[n]
Similarly, for x2[n] = a2[n] + jb2[n] y2[n] = a2[n]
Then, for x3[n] = c1x1[n] + c2x2[n] = c1a1[n] + jc1b1[n] + c2a2[n] + jc2b2[n],
y3[n] = Re (x3[n]) = c1a1[n] + c2a2[n], for real c1 and c2
= c1y1[n] + c2y2[n]
Hence, the system is linear.
For x3[n] = x1[n d], y3[n] = Re (x1 [n d])
= Re (a1 [n d] + j b1[n d])
= a1[n d]
= y1[n d]
Hence, the system is time-invariant.
2.27 y[n] = x[n] + by[n 1]; y[0] = 0; x[n] = K, 0 < K <

y[1] = K; y[2] = K + bK; y[3] = K [1 + b + b2]; ...
y[n] = K(1 + b + b2 + ... + bn 1)
For b > 1, y[n]
as n
BIBO-unstable.
K = 5; a = 0.2; N = 20;
b = 1+a;
x = K*ones(N,1);
y0 = 0;
y = zeros(size(x));
y(1) = x(1);
for n = 2:N
y(n) = x(n) + b*y(n 1);
end
16
6
x [n]
4
2
0
y [n]
10
12
14
16
18
12
14
16
18
20
1000
800
600
400
200
0
10
2.28 For inputs x1[n] = z1n and x2[n] = z2n , let the outputs be x1[n]
x2[n]
y [n] = Y
2
y [n] = Y
1
20
1
z1n and
z2n . Then, for x3[n] = a1x1[n] + a2x2[n], assume
y3[n] = a1y1[n] + a2y2[n].

From the model, the left-hand side gives
a1y1[n] + 1.4a1y1[n 1] + 0.48 a1y1[n 2] + a2y2 [n] + 1.4a2y2 [n 1] + 0.48a2y2 [n 2]
= a1x1[n] + a2x2[n] = x3[n]
Hence, the model is linear.
2.29 Let the current in the circuit be i(t). Writing the KVL, we have
1 t
i dt = vs(t) = Ri(t) + v0(t)
C 0
v (t ) v0 (t )
1
,
and v0(t) =
i(t) = s
C
R
dv0
1 [vs (t ) v0 (t )]
=
dt
C
R
Ri(t) +
Since
0 i dt
or
dv0
= vs(t)
dt
RC
[v0[nT ] v0[(n 1)T ]] = vs[nT ]
Discretization: v0[nT] +
T
v0(t) + RC
or
v0[n] =
T
RC
vs[n] +
v0[n 1]
T RC
T RC
%Input--10 u(t)
%RCy(t) + y(t) = x(t)
% y[n] = b1*x[n] + a1*y[n-1], b1 = T/(a+T), a1 = a/(a+T)
%DT-recursive solution
C = 1E-6; R = 1E4; Vi = 10; a = R*C;
T = 1E-3;
Ln = 100;
b1 = T/(a+T); a1 = a/(a + T);
n = 0:Ln-1;
ntime = n/10;
17
x = Vi*ones(size(n));
y = zeros(size(x));
y(1) = 0;
for k = 2: Ln
y(k) = b1*x(k) + a1*y(k-1);
end
% closed form CT solution
Tc = 1E-4;
Nc = 0:999;
tau = R*C;
yc = Vi*(1-exp(-Nc*Tc/tau));
Values at t =
CT:
DT at T = 1ms:
DT at T = 10ms:
v0 (V )
[0.5 1
[0.4877
[-----[------
% Initial voltage
% Response
5
100]
0.9516
0.9091
------
ms are
3.9347
3.7908
------
9.9995]
9.9993]
9.9902]
T = 1 ms
8
6
4
2
v0(V )
60
40
20
80
100
Time (ms)
T = 10 ms
8
6
4
50
100
150
Time (ms)
18
2.30 DT Model:
y[n 2] 2 y [n 1] y[n]
T
5
(y[n + 1] y[n]) + 6y[n] = x[n]
T
or, replacing n + 2 by n
5
1
5 2
y[n] 2 y[n 1] + 6 2 y[n 2] = x[n 2]

T T
T T
Exact solution: y(t) =

%
%
%
%
%
1 1 2t 1 3t
e e ,t
6 2
3
Second order diff. eq.--discretized to DT model

Input--u(t)
y(t) + 5y(t) + 6y(t) = x(t) = u(t)
y[n] = T^2*u[n-2] (5*T-2)*y[n-1] (6*T^2+1-5*T)*y[n-2]
a = 5*T-2; b = 6*T^2+1-5*T
% DT-recursive solution
T1 = 1E3;
a1 = 5*T1-2; b1 = 6*T1^2+1-5*T1;
Ln1 = 5000;
n1 = 0:Ln1-1;
x1 = ones(size(n1));
y1 = zeros(size(x1));
% initial voltage
y10 = 0;
y1(1) = 0;
y1(2) = T1^2;
for k = 3: Ln1
y1(k) = T1^2*x1(k)-a1*y1(k-1)-b1*y1(k-2); % Response
end
T2 = 50E-3;
a2 = 5*T2-2; b2 = 6*T2^2+1-5*T2;
Ln2 = 5000;
n2 = 0:Ln2-1;
% initial voltage
y20 = 0;
y2(1) = 0;
y2(2) = T2^2;
for k = 3: Ln2
y2(k) = T2^2*x2(k)-a2*y2(k-1)-b2*y2(k-2); % Response
end
Tc = 5E-4;
Nc = 0:9999;
LNc = length(Nc);
mode1 = 0.5*exp(-2*Tc*Nc);
mode2 = (1/3)*exp(-3*Tc*Nc);
yc = (1/6)*ones(size(mode1))-mode1 + mode2;
19
n 1
2.31 DT Model: (L/T) (y[n] y[n 1]) + (T/2C)
(y[k] + y[k + 1)] + Ry[n] = x[n]
k 0
For n1
n2
(L/T) (y[n 1] y[n 2]) + (T/2C)
(y[k] + y[k + 1]) + Ry[n 1] = x[n 1]
k 0
Using the above

n2
(T/2C)
(y[k] + y[k + 1]) = x[n 1] (L/T) (y[n 1] y[n 2]) Ry[n 1]
k 0
Hence, the model equation becomes

(L/T) (y[n] y[n 1]) + (T/2C) (y[n 1] + y[n]) + Ry[n] + x[n 1] (L/T ) (y[n 1]
y[n 2]) Ry[n 1] x[n]
Or
((L/T) + T/2C + R) y[n] = x[n] x[n 1] + (R + 2L/T T/2C) y[n 1] (L/T) y[n 2]
% Integro-diff. eq. discretized to DT model
% Input--u(t)
% Ly (t) + Ry(t) + (1/C)integ(y(t)) = x(t) = u(t)
% y[n] = (1/a)*[x[n]-x[n-1]+b*y[n-1]-c*y[n-2]]
% a = L/T + (T/(2*C) + R;
% b = R T/(2*C) + 2*L/T;
% c = L/T
R = 4; L = 0.4; C = 0.001;
% DT-recursive solution
T1 = 0.5E-3;
a1 = (T1/(2*C) + L/T1 + R);
b1 = R T1/(2*C) + 2*L/T1;
c1 = L/T1;
Ln1 = 5000;
n1 = 1:Ln1-1;
% initial conditionsunused
y1m1 = 0; y1m2 = 0;
y10 = 1/a1;
20
y1(1) = y10*b1/a1;
y1(2) = y1(1)*b1/a1-y10*c1/a1;
for k = 3: Ln1-1
y1(k) = y1(k-1)*b1/a1 y1(k-2)*c1/a1;
end
% Response
resp1 = [y10y1]; time 1 = [0 n1]*T1;
% Change time sample
T2 = 15E-3;
a2 = (T2/(2*C) + L/T2 + R);
b2 = R-T2/(2*C) + 2*L/T2;
c2 = L/T2;
Ln2 = 500;
n2 = 1:Ln2-1;
%initial conditions--unused
y2m1 = 0; y2m2 = 0;
y20 = 1/a2;
y2(1) = y20*b2/a2;
y2(2) = y2(1)*b2/a2 y20*c2/a2;
for m = 3:Ln2-1
y2(m) = y2(m-1)*b2/a2 y2(m-2)*c2/a2;
end
% Response
resp2 = [y20 y2]; time2 = [0 n2]*T2;
Tc = 1E-4;
Nc = 0:99999;
LNc = length(Nc);
yc = 0.0502*exp(-5*Tc*Nc).*sin(49.7494*Tc*Nc);
0.05
T = 0.5 ms
0
0.05
0
0.04
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
T = 15 ms
0.02
0
0.02
0
0.05
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.8
1.8
Exact
0
0.05
0
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
t(ms)
1.2
1.4
1.6
vBE
2.32 ic = I S e VT , IS = 1E 15 A, and VT = 25 mV
(a) At VBE = 0.73 V, IC = 4.8017 mA. Hence, the Q-point is (0.73 V, 4.8017 mA)
21
(b) For vBE varying about the bias point by a small amount
vBE
ic = Ic + ic = IS e VT = IS e
vBE vbe
VT
VBE
vbe
vbe
= IS e VT e VT = Ic e VT
BE
v
Expanding ic = Ic + ic = Ic e VT Ic 1 be , for | vbe | << VT.
VT
Hence, the incremental current is related to the incremental voltage by
I
ic c vbe, for | vbe | << VT.
VT
(c) vc(t) = 15 icRc
+ vc = 15 (Ic + ic)Rc
I
Hence, vc = icRc c vbe Rc, and the incremental gain is given by
VT
vc
I
= c Rc = 960.35
VT
vbe
22
(b) a = 100: H(s) =
1
s + 100
s=0
(i) x(t) = 2
H(0) =
1
100
?y
(ii) x(t) = e100t sin10 t =

=
e( 100 + j10)t
e( 100 j10)t
ss
(t) = 2
1
= 0.02
100
e 100t
[e j10t e j10t]
2j
1 100t j(10t 90)

e
[e
+ ej(10t 90)]
2
s = 100 + j10; H(s) = 0.1 90

s = 100 j10; H(s) = 0.1 90
x(t) =
yss (t) =
1 ( 100 + j10)t ( 100 j10)t

[e
e
]
2j
1
[0.1 ej 90 e( 100 + j10) t 0.1e j90 e(100 j10) t]
2j
0.1
j10t
j10t
= e100t
[ e e ]
2
= 0.1e100 t cos10t
1
[ej10 t e j10t ]
2j
1
s = j10; H(s) =
= 0.01 ej5.7
100 + j10
(iii) x(t) = sin 10t =

ej10t
ej10t
s = j10; H(s) = 100 +1 j10 = 0.01 e
yss (t) =
j5.7
1 j90
e
[0.01ej10t ej5.7 0.01ej10t ej5.7]
2
0.01 j(10t 95.7)

[e
+ e j(10t 95.7)]
2
yss(t) = 0.01 cos (10t 95.7)
yss(t) =
(iv) x(t) = e20t e j10t = e(20 + j10)t

H(s) =
?y
ss
s = 20 j10
1
1
=
= 0.0124 7.13
80 j10
20 j10 + 100
(t) = e20t e j100t (0.124) e j7.13
(v) x(t) = cos100t

H(s) =
s = j100
1
= 7.07
100 + j100
10
e j45
10 cos (100t 45)

s = j5000
(vi) x(t) = sin 5000t
1
2 10 88.85
H(s) =
100 + j 5000
? y (t) = 2 10 sin (5000t 88.85)
?y
ss
(t) = 0.707
ss
34
3.24 Steady-state response

den = [1 100]; num = [0 1];
sys = tf(num,den)
Transfer function:
1
-------s + 100
t = 0:0.0005:1;
% (i) x(t) = 2
x = 2*ones(size(t));
y = lsim(sys,x,t);
if(abs(y(end) y(end-1)) <= 1e-5 )
yss = y(end);
else yss = NaN; % Any value not in resp.
end
Steady-state value = 0.02
% (ii) x(t) = exp(100t) sin(10t)
t = 0:0.001:1;
g1 = exp(-100*t); g1 = g1(:);
g2 = gensig(sin,2*pi/10,1,0.001); g2 = g2(:);
x = g1.*g2;
y = lsim(sys,x,t);
plot(t,y)
Steady-state value = 0
%(iii) x(t) = sin(10t)
t = 0:0.001:1;
g2 = gensig(sin,2*pi/10,1,0.001)
y = lsim(sys,x,t);
x10
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
35
Inputsin(10t)
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
Input
0.01
0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.2
0.4
3.25 Zero-state response to x(t) = 2

den = [1 100]; num = [0 1];
sys = tf(num, den);
t = 0:0.0005:1;
x = 2*ones(size(t));
y = lsim(sys,x,t);
plot(t(1:200),y(1:200))
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
j
10 + j
For a sinusoidal input at the frequency of 100 rad/s
j100
= 0.9901 + j0.09901 = 0.99504 5.7106
H(jZ)|Z = 100 =
10 + j100
3.26 H(jZ) =
3.27 (a) 3y(t) 2

y(t) =
dx
d2y
= x(t) 4
dt
dt 2
t
t
1 t
4 x( ) d + [ x( ) + 3 y ( ) ] d

2
36
1
2
x (t)
y (t)
t
dy
+ 2y(t) + y(D) dD = x(t)
dt
t dy
t
t
t
1 t
d = x ( )d 2 y ( )d y ( )d d
y(t) =
(b) 5
1
5
x (t)
y (t)
dx
d2y
dy
+ 3 y (t ) = x(t) + 2
2
dt
dt
dt
2
dx
dy
d y
1
x (t ) + 2 3 + y (t )
=
2
dt
dt
2
dt
t
t
t
1 t t
x( ) d d + 2 x( ) d 3 y ( ) d + y ( ) d d
y(t) =
(c) 2
1
2
x (t)
y (t)
t
t
3.28 3 4 2 x(t ) + x( ) d 5 y ( )d = y(t)
24x(t) + 12
x()d 15 y()d
or 15y(t) +
dy
dx
= 12x(t) + 24
dt
dt
= y(t)
37
Chapter 3
G (t) h(t) LTI system
x(t) = 3G(t 2) 3G(t 6) y (t) = 3h (t 2) 3h (t 6)
3.1 h(t) = u(t);

(a)
? y (t) = 3u (t 2) 3u (t 6)
(b) x (t) = u(t) y(t) = u(t) u(t) =
=
u() u (t ) d
0 d = tu(t) = ys(t), the step response
? y(t) = ys(t) = tu(t)

(c) x(t) = tu(t) y(t) =
u () u (t ) d = 0 u ( )
t2
u(t)
2
(d) x (t) = 4[u(t) u(t 5)] 4[s (t) s (t 5)]
From (b), y(t) = 4[tu(t) (t 5) u(t 5)]
? y(t) =
(e) x(t) = e3t u(t) y(t) =

=
? y(t) =
1 e
3
3t
t 3
u ( ) 11(t D) dD
e 3
d =
3
=
0
1 e 3t
u (t )
3
u (t )
3.2 h(t) = u(t)

(a) x(t) = sin 200St [u(t) u(t 5 ms)]
y(t) =
=
sin 200 SD [u(D) u(D 5 ms)] u(t D) dD

t
0 sin 200 d 5ms sin 200 d

t
=
=
cos 200
cos 200
+
200 0
200 5ms
1
[(1 cos 200S t) u(t) + (cos 200S t + 1) u(t 5ms)]
200
x (t )
1
5ms
23
h (t )
1
y (t )
2
200p
5ms
(b) x(t) = cos 200S t [u(t) u(t 5ms)]

y(t) =
=
cos 200
[u(D) u(D 5ms)] u(t D) dD
0 cos 200 d 5ms cos 200 d

t
sin 200
sin 200
=
200 0
200 5ms
= [sin 200S t u(t) sin 200S t u(t 5ms)]

=
1
200
1
sin 200S t [u(t) u(t 5 ms)]
200
h (t )
1
0
x (t )
1
5ms
5ms
1
y(t)
1
200p
24
3.3 Fig. 3.10a: y(t) = [x(t) * h1(t)] * h2(t) = y1(t) * h2(t)
y1(t) = x(D ) h1 (t D ) d D ; y(t) = y1 (E ) h2(t E ) dE
y(t) =
h (t E ) dE
2
x(D ) h1 (E D ) dD
x() h1 ( ) h2 (t ) d d change of variable: E D = u
x() h1 (u ) h2 (t D u) du dD
(A)
Fig. 3.10b: y(t) = [x(t) * h2(t)] * h1(t) = y2(t) * h1(t)

y2(t) =
y(t) =
x() h2(t D) dD ; y(t) = y2 (E ) h1(t E ) dE
x ( ) h2 ( ) d
h1 (t E ) dE change of variable: t E = u
x ( ) h1 (t ) h2 ( ) d d
x ( ) h1 (u ) h2
(t u D) du dD
(B)
(A) = (B)
3.4 y(t) = x(t) * h(t) =
x ( ) h(t D) dD
x(t T ) * h(t) =
x ( T ) h(t D) dD
Let D T = u
=
x (u ) h(t T u) dD
= y(t T )
3.5 y(t) =
h ( ) x(t D) dD
dy
=
dt
t h ( ) x (t ) dD + 0 0, using Leibnitzs rule
h ( ) x (t ) d
= h(t) * x(t)
0 t 1
t ,
3.6 x(t) =
2 t , 1 t 2
h(t) = u(t) u(t 2)

y(t) = x(t) * u(t) x(t) * u(t 2)
= ys(t) ys(t 2)
ys(t) =
x ( ) d
25
t d ,
0
1 d , t 2 d ,
)
ys(t) = 0 0 (
1
2
d , ( 2 ) d ,
0
0
0,
t2
2,
2
= 2t 1 t ,
2
1,
0,
h (t)
0 t 1
1 t 2
t2
else
x (t)
0 t 1
1 t 2
t2
else
y(t) = ys(t) ys(t 2)

=
1
t2
(t 2)2 u(t 2)
u(t) (t 1)2 u(t 1) +
2
2
(t 2 )
3.7 For t 0, y(t) = 0

For 0 t 1, overlap between x(D) and h(t D) is
from 0 to t.
1 2
t, 0t1
y(t) =
2
For 1 t 2,
y(t) =
1
(t 5)2 u(t 5)
2
u(t 2) + (t 3)2 u(t 3)

x(a)
1
1 1
+ (3 t) (t 1)
2 2
t2
y(t) = 2t 1
,1 t 2
2
For 2 t 3,
y(t) =
1
1
+ (3 t) (t 1)
2
2
4t t 2
,2 t 3
2
h( a )
1
a
h (t a)
1
0t1
For 3 t 4,
y(t) =
t2
h (t a)
1
1
(4 t)2
2
For t 4, y(t) = 0
0 t
t2
1t2
0
1 t
26
x(a )
1
0
h (t a )
2t3
0 t2 1
2 t
h (t a )
1
3t4
t2
y (t )
1
0
3.8 x(t) = u(t) u(t 2)

h(t) = 5u(t 1)
y(t) =
x() h(t D) dD = [u () u ( 2)] 5u(t D 1) dD
=5
t 1
d 5
t 1
d = 5[(t 1) u(t 1) (t 3) u(t 3)]
y (t)
10
0
3.9 h (t) = u(t) u(t 3)

x(t) = 5u(t 1)
y(t) = 5u(t 1) * [u(t) u(t 3)]
y1(t) = u(t 1) * u(t)
=
u(D 1) u(t D) dD
t
1 dD
= (t 1) u(t 1)
27
? y(t) = 5(t 1) u(t 1) 5(t 4) u(t 4)

x (t)
5
0
h (t)
1
0
h (t)
15
1
3.10 h(t) = aeat u(t); x(t) = u(t) u(t 3)

h(t) * u(t) =
ae
u(D) u(t D) dD = a e a dD
t
= (1 eat) u(t)
h(t) * u(t 3) = [1 ea(t 3)] u(t 3)
? y(t) = (1 eat) u(t) [1 ea(t 3)] u(t 3)

t<0
0,
0 t 3
= 1 e at ,
e a ( t 3) e at , t 3
3.11 y(t) = 5e5t u(t) * [u(t + 1) u(t 2)]

=
5e
u ( ) [u(t D + 1) u(t D 2)] dD
t +1
t 2 5
= 5 e 5 d 5
= [1 e5(t + 1)] u(t + 1) [1 e5(t 2)] u(t 2)

y(0) =
=
5e
1
0 5e
u(D) [u(D + 1) u ( D 2)] dD
= 1 e5
28
y(2) =
=
5e
3
0 5e
u ( ) [u(2 D + 1) u( D)] dD
= 1 e15
y(7) =
=
h() x(7 D) dD
8
5 5e
= e 25 e 40
h(a) 5
0
x (t a)
1
2
x (t a)
t=0
1
t=2
1
0
x (t a)
1
t=7
3.12
x(a)
1
0
29
h( a)
1
4
1 0
h (t a)
1
0
t4
t1
For t 1 0, no overlap exists between h and x.
? y(t) = 0, t 1
For 0 t 1 2, i.e., 1 t 3, overlap exists from 0 to 2.
? y(t) =
1 (t 1)2
,1t3
4
For 2 t 1 3 or 3 t 4, x(D) is contained in h(t D).

Hence
y(t) =
1
2 1 = 1, 3 t 4
2
As t 4 > 0, only part of x(D) is overlapping h(t D)

For t 4 0 and t 4 2, or 4 t 6,
y(t) =
1
(2 t + 4)
2
t 4
1 + 2
h (t a)
1
0
t 4
t1
t4
Hence
y(t) =
8t t 2 12
,4 t6
4
For t 4 2, or t 6, no overlap exists between x(D) and h(t D). Hence, y(t) = 0,
t6
ymax(t) = 1 for 3 t 4
30
3.13 x(t) = e5t u(t) y(t)

x(t) = 5e5t u(t) + G (t) e2t u(t) 5y(t)
5x(t) + G (t) 5y(t) + e2t u(t)
? G (t) e2t u(t) = h(t)

3.14 ys(t) = 2u(t) e5t u(t)
h(t) =
dys
= 2G (t) + 5e5t u(t) G (t)
dt
? h(t) = G (t) + 5e5t u(t)

For
x(t) = 3[u(t 2) u(t 6)]

y(t) = 3[ys(t 2) ys(t 6)]
= 3 [2u(t 2) e5(t 2) u(t 2) 2u(t 6) + e5(t 6) u(t 6)]
3.15 h(t) = K G (t)

Invertible hI (t) =
1
K
G (t); causal
1
K
G (t + T); noncausal for T > 0.
3.16 h(t) = KG (t T)
Invertible hI (t) =
3.17 q(t) =
i(D) dD
t
y(t) = x(D) dD
t
h(t) =
G (D) dD = u(t)
t
Causal; has memory; unstable (consider x(t) = u(t))

3.18 For x(t) = G (t), y(t) = h(t) satisfies the model,
dh
+ a h(t) =
dt
G (D) dD = u(t)
t
Homogeneous solution: hh(t) = Ceat

Particular solution: hp(t) = K
aK = u(t) K =
? h(t) =
At t = 0,
1
+ Ceat, t 0
a
1
+C=0
a
(system is at rest at t = 0)
?C =
h(t) =
1
, t0
a
1
a
1
(1 eat) u(t)
a
3.19 x(t): from a to b; h(t): from c to d

x(t) [u(t a) u(t b)]; h(t) [u(t c) u(t d)]
31
Convolution:
x(D) [u(D a) u(D b)] h(t D) [u(t D c) u(t D d)] dD

=
t c
t c
x(D) h(t D) dD
t d
x(D) h(t D) dD +
t d
x(D) h(t D) dD
x(D) h(t D) dD
I term: t a + c; II term : t a + d
III term: t b + c; IV term: t b + d
Since b + d a + c, all four terms present for
t b + d and the result is zero. Hence, the
convolution is nonzero only for a + c t b + d.
3.20
x (t)
a
h (t)
c
d2y
dy
+4
+ 3y(t) = x(t)
2
dt
dt
Characteristic equation: s2 + 4s + 3 = 0
Poles: s = 1, 3
modes: et, e3t
ZIR: yZIR (t) = a et + b e3t

ICs :
yZIR (0) = a + b = 1 a = 2
(0) = a 3b = 1 b = 1
yZIR
? yZIR (t) = 2et e3t, t 0

ZSR: yP (t) = C1 cos 2t + C2 sin 2t for x(t) = cos 2t
d 2 y P (t )
dt
+4
dy P (t )
+ 3 yP (t) = x(t) becomes
dt
4C1 cos 2t 4 C2 sin 2t + 8 C2 cos 2t 8 C1 sin 2t + 3C1 cos 2t + 3C2 sin 2t = cos 2t
Equating coefficients of sin 2t and cos 2t, we get
4C1 + 8C2 + 3C1 = 1 and 4C2 8C1 + 3C2 = 0
? C1 =
yP (t) =
1
8
, C2 =
65
65
1
8
cos 2t +
sin 2t
65
65
? yZSR (t) = C3 et + C4 e3t

yZSR (0) = C3 + C4
1
8
cos 2t +
sin 2t
65
65
1
=0
65
16
=0
65
3
C4 =
26
yZSR (0) = C3 3C4 +
C3 =
1
,
10
32
? yZSR (t) =
1 t
3 3t 1
8
e +
e
cos 2t +
sin 2t t 0
10
26
65
65
Total response with initial conditions and x(t) = cos 2t is y (t) = yZIR (t) + yZSR (t)
or
y(t) =
19 t 23 3t 1
8
e
e cos 2t +
sin 2t , t 0
10
26
65
65

Natural response
3.21 x(t) = 2
P (t)
=K
Steady-State response
3K = 2 or K = 23
2
3
yZSR (t) = d1 et + d2 e3t +
2
d = 1
= 0 1
3
1
(0) = d1 3d 2 = 0 d 2 = 3
yZSR (0) = d1 + d 2 +
y1ZSR
1 3t
2
, t
e +
3
3

yZSR (t) = et +

yn ( t )
3.22 H(s) =
yss ( t )
2s + 1
s + 2s + 4
2
(a) x(t) = 5 = Xe st
?y
ss
H (s) s = 0 =
x=5
s=0
(t) = 5
(b) x(t) = 3 cos 10t =

At s = j10, H(s) =
1
4
14 = 54
3
[e j10t + e j10t]
2
1 + j 20
= 0.2042 81.1
4 + j 20 100
At s = j10, H(s) = 0.2042 81.1
?y
3
[0.2042e j10t e 81.1 + 0.2042e10 t e81.1]
2
yss(t) = 0.6126 cos (10t 81.1)
or
ss
(t) =
(c) x(t) = 3 cos (10t + 30)
additional phase of 30
yss(t) = 0.6126 cos (10t 81.1 + 30) = 0.6126 cos (10t 51.1)
3.23 h(t) = eat u(t)

(a) H(s) =
eat u(t) est dt =
H(jZ) =
1
,a>0
s+a
1
a + j
33
Chapter 4
4.1 (a) x[n] = G [n 3], h[n] = an u[n]
x[n] * h[n] = h[n 3] = an 3 u[n 3]
(b) x[n] = G [n 2] + G [n 3]; h[n] = an u[n]
x[n] * h[n] = h[n 2] + h[n 3] = an 2 u[n 2] + an 3 u[n 3]
(c) x[n] = G [n + 1] + 2G [n] + G [n 1], h[n] = u[n]
x[n] * h[n] = u [n + 1] + 2u[n] + u[n 1]
(d) x[n] = G [n + 1] + 2G [n] + G [n 1], h[n] = u[n] u[n 20]
x[n] * h[n] = u[n + 1] u[n 19] + 2u[n] 2u[n 20] + u[n 1] u[n 21]
(e) x[n] = G [n + 2] + G [n + 3], h[n] = ( 0.8)n u[n]
x[n] * h[n] = ( 0.8)n + 2 u[n + 2] + ( 0.8)n + 3 u[n + 3]
(f) x[n] = cos 2nS [u[n] u[n 10]], h[n] = an u[n]
x[n] * h[n] = [u[n] u(n 10)] * an u[n], since cos 2nS = 1 for all n
=
>u[k ] u[k 10]@ an k u[n k]

k
= an a k
a k
k 10
k 0
(1 a 1 a 2 a n ) (a 10 a 11 a 12
= an
n0
n 10
"
" a )

" a

1 a ( n 1)
= an
u[n] an 10 1 a 1 a 2
1 a 1
( n 10)
n 10
= an
( n 1)
1 a
1 a 1
( n 9)
u[n] an 10
1 a
1 a 1
u[n 10]
(g) x[n] = u[n], h[n] = G [n + 1] G [n 1]

x[n] * h[n] = u[n + 1] u[n 1] = G [n + 1] + G [n]
(h) x[n] = cos nS u[n], h[n] = G [n] G [n 2]
x[n] * h[n] = cos nS u[n] cos (n 2)S u[n 2]
= cos nS u[n] cos nS u[n 2]
4.2 (a) y[n] = 0, n 3
No overlap between x[k] and h[n k]
y[4] = x[2] h[4 2] = 2
y[5] = x[2] h[5 2] + x[3] h[5 3]
=1+1=2
#
y[8] = x[5] h[8 5] = 1

y[n] = 0, n > 8
x(k)
1
3
6
1
38
h[n k] n = 0 = h[ k]
0.5
3
1
h [4 k ] 0.5
2
1
0.5
h [5 k ]
2
1
0.5
h [8 k ]
2
Analytical: y[n] = [2G [n 2] + G [n 3] G [n 4] 2G [n 5]] *

[G (n 2] +
= 2G [n 4] + G [n 5] + G [n 5] +
1
G [n 3]]
2
1
G [n 6] G [n 6]
2
1
G [n 7] 2 G [n 7] G [n 8]
2
1
= 2G [n 4] + 2[G 5] G [n 6] 2.5G [n 7] G [n 8]
2
(b) y[n] = 0, n < 0

y[0] = x [k] h[ k]
k
= x[0] h[0] = 1
y[1] = x[0] h[1] + x[1] h[0]
= 1 + 1 = 0
y[2] = x[2] h[0] + x[1] h[1]
=11=0
y[3] = x[2] h[1] = 1
y[n] = 0, n > 3
x [k ]
h [ k ] 1
1
1
39
h [1 k ]
1
1
1
h [2 k ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
Analytical:
y[n] = >G [n] G [n 1] G [n 2]@ * [G [n] G [n 1]]
= G [n] + G [n 1] + G [n 2] G [n 1] G [n 2] G [n 3]
= G [n] G [n 3]
(c) y[n] = 0, n 1
y[2] = x[1] h[1]
=1
y[3] = x[1] h[2] + x[2] h[1]
=2
y[4] = x[1] h[3] + x[2] h[2] + x[3] h[1]
=3
y[5] = x[1] h[4] + x[2] h[3] + x[3] h[2] + x[4] h[1]
=4
h[6] = x[2] h[4] + x[3] h[3] + x[4] h[2]
=3
y[7] = x[3] h[4] + x[4] h[3]
=2
y[8] = h[4] x[4] = 1
y[n] = 0, n > 8
x [k ]
1
4
1
3
h [ k ]
1
5
h [n k ] n=2
40
h [n - k ] n = 5
1
2
h [n k ]
n=6
h n k 1
n8
Analytical: x[n] = G [n 1] + G [n 2] + G [n 3] + G [n 4] = h[n]

y[n] = G [n 2] + G [n 3] + G [n 4] + G [n 5] +
G [n 3] + G [n 4] + G [n 5] + G [n 6] +
G [n 4] + G [n 5] + G [n 6] + G [n 7] +
G [n 5] + G [n 6] + G [n 7] + G [n 8]
= G [n 2] + 2G [n 3] + 3G [n 4] + 4G [n 5] +
3G [n 6] + 2G [n 7] + G [n 8]
(d)
5
h[k]
1
5
1
0
x [n k] n = 2
1
6
y[2] = h[0] x[2] + h[1] x[1] + h[2] x[0] = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6

1
x n k n 9
h[k] x[9 k] =
k 0
h[k] = 30
k 0
x n k n 13
y[9] =
41
y[13] =
h[k] = 20
k 4
n
h[k ], n 9
k 0
n
n 10
n 10
Analytical: y[n] = h[k ] h[k ] , 10 n 19 = 30 h[k ], 10 n 19

k 0
k 0
k 0
0,
elsewhere
(e) y[0] = 1 + 1 + 0 1 = 1
y[ 3] = 1
y[ 2] = 1
y[ 1] = 1 + 2 = 1
y[1] = 1 2 = 3
y[3] = 1
y[n] = 0, n > 3 or n < 3
2
1
2
x[k ]
1
2 1
h n k n0
1
1
h [n k ] n = 3
1
1
h [n k ] n =1
42
h [3 k ]
Analytical: y[n] = [G [n + 2] G [n + 1] + 2G [n] G [n 1]] *
[G [n + 1] G [n 1] + G [n 2]]
= G [n + 3] G [n + 1] + G [n] G [n + 2] + G [n]
G [n 1] + 2G [n + 1] 2G [n 1] + 2G [n 2]
G [n] + G [n 2] G [n 3]
= G [n + 3] G [n + 2] + G [n 1] + G [n] 3G [n 1]
+ 3G [n 2] G [n 3]
4.3
3
2
1
5
x[k ]
1
3
1
5
2
1
h [ k ]
1
2
3
1
5
2
4
3
2
1
5
h [n k ] n=3
1
3
h [n k ] n=1
1
1
h [6 k ]
1
5
1
6
y[ 3] = 2 = x[ 2] h[ 1]
y[1] = 1 + 2 + 9 + 3 = 15 = x[1] h[2] + x[0] h[1] + x[1] h[0] + x[2] h[1]
y[6] = 0 (No overlap between x[k] and h[6 k])
4.4 x[n] in 0 n 9; constant at 1
h[n] in 0 n 13; varying positive values
(a) maximum in y[n] = x[n] * h[n] occurs when x[n] fully overlaps part of h[n].
43
Hence, y[n] is a maximum for x[ k] shifted right (delayed) by 7, 8, or 9; i.e.,

10
ymax [n] =
h[k] = 12 for n = 7, 8, and 9.
k 0
1 x[k]
h[k]
0
(b) Nonzero y[n] for 0 n 22 (At n = 23, x[n k] starts at k = 14 and ends at 23 No
overlap with h[k])
(c) y[1] = x[0] h[1] + x[1] h[0] = 3 + 4 = 7
8
y[8] =
h[k] x[8 k] = 12
k 0
h[k] x[10 k] = 8
y[10] =
y[13] = h[13] x[0] + h[12] x[1] +
" + h[4] x[9] = 4
y[22] = h[13] x[9] = 1
4.5 y[n] =
x[k] h[n k] = x[n] * h[n]
x[n k] * h[n] =
x[k K] h[n k]
Let k K = l
k=l+K
x[l] h[n l K]
= y[n K]
Similarly x[n] * h[n K ] = y[n K ]
4.6 hc[n] = h[n] * h[n]
= 3e an u[n] * 3e an u[n]
=
h [n]
d [n ]
h [n]
h c [n]
3e ak u[k] 3e a(n k) u[n k]

k
1, n 0
n
= 9e an
? h [n] = 9e
c
k 0
an
(n + 1) u[n]
4.7 Coefficient of x n = a0 bn + a1 bn 1 + a2 bn 2 +
"+a b
n
= g[k] h[n k] = g[n] * h[n]

k
where g[n] = an, n = 0, 1, 2,
" and h[n] = b , n = 0, 1, "

n
44
x0 : a0 b0 = 12
x3 : a0 b3 + a1 b2 + a2 b1 + a3 b0 = 0 + ( 1) ( 1) + (4) (2) + 2( 4) = 1
6
x6 :
k 0
ak b6 k = 3 + 4
7 + 2 2 = 29
x8 : 2 3 3 2 = 0
Highest power = 12; its coefficeint = ( 3) (3) = 9
%
A
B
P
%
%
Coefficient arrays for the two polynomials

= [3 1 4 2 0 2 0 3];
= [4 2 1 0 7 3];
= conv(A, B)
Result: Product coefficients
P = [12 10 21 1 21 8 29 36 0 17 6 21 9]
4.8
% P4.8
I = imread (rice.png);
% int 8 ==> 0 to 255 gray scale
% add noise
Ipn = double(I) + rand(size(I))*100;
% Moving avg filter
% initialize (same first & last column)
Ia = Ipn;
for m = 1: 256
for n = 3: 254
Ia(m, n) = sum(Ipn(m, n-2: n+2))/5;
end
end
% quantize
Ka = mat2gray(Ia);
figure;
subplot(3,2,1); imshow(I);
title(Original)
subplot(3,2,2); imshow(mat2gray(Ipn));
title(Noisy)
subplot(3,2,3); imshow(Ka);
title(Average1)
% lower weight to adjacent pixels
Ib = Ipn;
for m = 1:256
for n = 3:254
Ib(m,n) = Ipn(m,n) + (Ipn(m,n-2)+Ipn(m,n-1)...
+Ipn(m,n+1)+Ipn(m,n+2))/5;
end
end
subplot(3,2,4)
imshow(mat2gray(Ib)); title(Average2)
% using conv--3-point averaging
for m = 1:256
Ic(m,:) = conv(Ipn(m,:),[1/3 1/3 1/3]);
end
% Ic has 256+2 columns
subplot(3,2,5); imshow(mat2gray(Ic)); title(Conv3)
% using conv--5-point averaging
for m = 1:256
Id(m,:) = conv(Ipn(m,:),[1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5]);
end
% Ic has 256+4 columns
subplot(3,2,6); imshow(mat2gray(Id)); title(Conv5)
45
Original
Noisy
Average 1
Average 2
Conv 3
Conv 5
4.9 y[n] ay[n 1] = x[n]

Impulse response zero initial condition; x[n] = G [n]
h[0] = x[0] = 1; h[1] = a h[0] = a; h[2] = ah[1] = a2
h[n] = an u[n]
Total response to x[n] = b for all n
y[0] = b + a y[1] = b + ad
y[1] = b + a y[0] = b + ab + a2d
y[2] = b + a y[1] = b + ab + a2b + a3d
0
d, n 0
y[n] = b + ab + a2b + " + anb + an + 1 d, n

= b (1 + a + a + " + a ) + a
2
n 1
? y[n] = b 1 1 a a
n+1
+ an + 1 d for n
ZIR: yZIR [0] = ay[ 1] = ad

yZIR [1] = a yZIR[0] = a2d; yZIR[2] = a3 d ; ...
yZIR[n] = an + 1 d
ZSR: yZSR [n] = x[n] * h[n] = b u[n] * an u[n], input at n
b u[k] an k u[n k] = ban a k

k 0
= ban
1 a
n 1
a n (1 a )
y[n] = yZIR [n] + yZSR [n]
n 1
=b
1 a
1 a
,n
r
, y[0] = P
100
Complementary solution: yc[n] = Czn for x[n] = 0
Czn = a C zn 1 z = a
yc[n] = C an
4.10 y[n] = a y[n 1] x[n], a = 1
46
Particular solution for x[n] = A, a constant, is yP [n] = K

A
Then, K = aK A K =
a 1
A
+ Can
Total solution: y[n] =
a 1
A
A
+C=P C=P
At n = 0, y[0] =
a 1
a 1
A
A n
y[n] =
P
a,n 0
a 1
a 1
1
A
log10 1 a
A
P
a 1
A
A n
For y[n] = 0,
P
a =0 n=
a 1
a 1
log a
10
10
For A = 200, P = 1000, and a = 1
= 1.1,
100
n = log10(2)/log10(1.1) = 7.2725
P = 1000; r = 10; b = 200; a = (1+r/100);

n = 1; y(1) = P*a b; disp ([n y (n)])
while (y(n) >= 0)
n = n + 1;
y(n) = y(n-1)*(1 + r/100) b;
disp([n y(n)])
if (y(n) < 0) break; end
end
1 900
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
5.0000
6.0000
7.0000
8.0000
For A = 100,
100
A
= 1000
=0
P
0.1
a 1
n
Monthly payment covers only
the interest accrued while the
principal remains unpaid
790.0000
669.0000
535.9000
389.4900
228.4390
51.2829
143.5888
r
100
Impulse response: h[0] = 1, h[1] = a, h[2] = a2, ... h[n] = an u[n]
4.11 y[n] = a y[n 1] + x[n], a = 1 +
BIBO-stable if | a | < 1 so that
| h(n) | <
n
Since a > 1, the system is BIBO-unstable.

For r = 5, x[n] = 200 for n
0, a = 1.05 and
(a) y[n] = a u[n] * bu[n] = ak u[k] bu[n k]

n
= b ak = b
k 0
n 1
1 a
1 a
u[n]
47
y[20] = 200
1 (1.05) 21
= 7143.85
1 1.05
(b)
r = 5; b = 200;
n = 1; % y(0) = b, initial deposit
y(1) = b*(1+r/100) + b;
% end of first month
disp([num2str([n y(n)])])
for n = 2:20
y(n) = y(n-1)*(1+r/100)+b;
disp([num2str([n y(n)])])
end
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
410
630.5
862.025
1105.1263
1360.3826
1628.4017
1909.8218
2205.3129
2515.5785
2841.3574
3183.4253
3542.5966
3919.7264
4315.7127
4731.4984
5168.0733
5626.4769
6107.8008
6613.1908
7143.8504
8
x[n] 0.8 y[n 1]
13
8
8
; h1[1] = ( 0.8)
;
Impulse response: h1[0] =
13
13
8
8
u[n]
h1[2] = ( 0.8)2
; ... h1[n] = ( 0.8)n
13
13
5
u[n]
Similarly, h2[n] = (0.5)n
13
Parallel connection: composite h[n] = h1[n] + h2[n]
8
[( 0.8)n + (0.5)n] u[n]
or h[n] =
13
4.12 y[n] =
1
1
x[n] x[n 3] + y[n 1]
3
3
1
1
1
h[0] = ; h[1] = h[0] = ; h[2] = h[1] = ;
3
3
3
1
h[3] = + h[2] = 0; h[4] = h[3] = 0; ...
3
1
h[n] = [G (n) + G [n 1] + G [n 2]]. This is a Finite Impulse Response System
3
1
From h[n], y[n] = [x[n] + x[n 1] + x[n 2]]
3
Nonrecursive model
4.13 y[n] =
4.14 h[n] = 0.0286(0.2)n + 0.0714 ( 0.5)n, n

n
= C1 a + C2 b , n 0
Step response: C1 an u[n] * u[n] =
C1 ak u[k] u[n k]
k
48
= C1 ak = C1
k 0
1 a n 1
u[n]
1 a
n 1
? s[n] = 0.0286 1 1(0.2)

0.2
+ 0.0714
1 ( 0.5)n 1
,n
1 ( 0.5)
H = tf([1 0 0],[10 3 1],1); % equal length

% using step function
step(H,15)
% using analytical convolution
C1 = 0.0286; C2 = 0.0714;
a = 0.2; b = -0.5;
k = 0:15;
ys = (C1/0.8)*(1-a.^(k+1)) + (C2/1.5)*(1-b.^(k+1));
% using zero-input respone to x[n] = 6u[n]
yzsr6 = (1/7)*b.^k -(3/70)*a.^k + 0.5;
yzsr = yzsr6/6;
% using conv function
h = C1*(a).^k + C2*(b).^k; % impulse response
inp = ones(size(h));
ystp = conv(h,inp);
[ys(1:10) yzsr(1:10)
0.1000
0.1000
0.0700
0.0700
0.0890
0.0890
0.0803
0.0803
0.0848
0.0848
0.0826
0.0826
0.0837
0.0837
0.0832
0.0831
0.0834
0.0834
0.0833
0.0833
ystp(1:10) ]
0.1000
0.0700
0.0890
0.0803
0.0848
0.0826
0.0837
0.0832
0.0834
0.0833
Step Response
0.1
Amplitude
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
Time (sec)
10
15
4.15 y[n] =
x[k]
k 0
49
(a) h[n] =
G [k] = u[n]
k 0
(b) s[n] = u[n] * u[n] =
u[k] u[n k] =
k 0
s[n] = (n + 1) u[n]
(c) BIBO-unstable: | h[n] | 7
n
, s[n] even though the input u[n] is bounded

4.16 h[n] : finite in n n n
n
? | h[n] | < BIBO-stable
As n
n n1
4.17 y[n] 2ay[n 1] + a2 y[n 2] = x[n],

ZIR x[n] = 0
y[1] = ym1, y[2] = ym2
y[0] = 2aym1 a2 ym2
y[1] = 2a y[0] a2 ym1 = 3a2 ym1 2a3 ym2
y[2] = 2a y[1] a2 y[0] = 4a3 ym1 3a4 ym2
y[3] = 2a y[2] a2 y[1] = 5a4 ym1 4a5 ym2
y[n] = (n + 2) an + 1 ym1 (n + 1) an + 2 ym2, n 2

y[n] 0 as n
for any finite ym1 and ym2 if | a | < 1
4.18 (a) 1 0.75 z 1 + 0.125 z 2 = 0

or z2 0.75z + 0.125 = 0 Poles at z = 0.25, 0.5
Modes: (0.25)n, (0.5)n. BIBO-stablepoles are inside the unit circle.
(b) 1 0.3z 1 0.4z 2 = 0, or, z2 0.3z 0.4 = 0
Poles at z = 0.8 0.5. Modes: (0.8)n, ( 0.5)n
Poles are inside the unit circle BIBO-stable.
(c) 1 0.75z 1 + 0.125z 2 = 0, or, z2 0.75z + 0.125 = 0
Poles at z = 0.25, 0.5. Modes: (0.25)n, (0.5)n
(d) 1 + 0.75z 1 0.125z 2 = 0, or, z2 + 0.75z 0.125 = 0
Poles at z = 0.8904, 0.1407. Modes: ( 0.8904)n, (0.1407)n
(e) 1 + 1.1z 1 0.6z 2 = 0, or, z2 + 1.1z 0.6 = 0
Poles at z = 1.5, 0.4. Modes: ( 1.5)n, (0.4)n
A pole is outside the unit circle BIBO-unstable.
(f) Homogeneous equation: Czn = 0 z = 0 for pole
Pole is inside the unit circle BIBO-stable
Mode : 0
(g) 1 2z 1 + z 2 = 0, or, z2 2z + 1 = 0
Poles at z = 1, 1 Modes: 1, n
Multiple pole at z = 1 BIBO-unstable (mode n
).
2
2
(h) 1 z = 0, or z 1 = 0 poles at z = 1
Modes: 1, ( 1)n Marginally stable
(i) 1 1.6z 1 + 0.64z 2 = 0, or z2 1.6z + 0.64 = 0
Poles at z = 0.8, 0.8. Modes: (0.8)n, n(0.8)n
50
Stable (mode n(0.8)n 0 as n

)
(j) 1 0.4z 1 + 0.29z 2 = 0, or, z 2 0.4z + 0.29 = 0
Poles at z = 0.2 j0.5 = 0.5385 68.2
jn68.2
jn68.2
Modes: (0.5385) e
, (0.5385) e
Poles inside the unit circle BIBO-stable.
4.19 (a) h[n] 0.75h[n 1] + 0.125 h[n 2] = G [n]

h[0] = 1, h[1] = 0.75 h[0] = 0.75, h[2] = 0.75 h[1] 0.125h[0]
h[2] = 0.4375, h[3] = 0.75 h[2] 1.25 h[1] = 0.2344, "
Progressively decreasing values for h[n] as n increases
| h[n] | <
using Ha = tf ([100], [1 0.75 0.125], 1)

ha = impulse (Ha)
the impulse response samples are : [1 0.75 0.4375 0.2344 "]
| h[n] | 2.67
(b) h[n] = G [n] + 0.3 h[n 1] + 0.4 h[n 2]
h[0] = 1, h[1] = 0.3, h[2] = 0.49, h[3] = 0.267, "
| h[n] | 3.33 < BIBO-stable

n
(c) h[n] = G [n] + 0.5 G [n 1] + 0.75 h[n 1] 0.125 h[n 2]

h[n] = [ 1 1.25 0.8125 0.4531 0.2383 0.1221 ...]
BIBO-stable
|h[n] | 4 <
n
(d) h[n] = G [n] 0.5 G [n 1] 0.75 h[n 1] + 0.125 h[n 2]

h[n] = [ 1 1.25
1.0625 0.9531 0.8477 ...]
BIBO-stable
| h[n] | 12 <
(e) h[n] = G [n] 1.1 h[n 1] + 0.6 h[n 2]

h[n] = [ 1 1.1
1.81
2.65 4 5.9929 ...]
|
h[n]
|
=
unstable
(f) h[n] = a G [n] a G [n 1]

h[n] = [a a]; | h[n] | = 2a <
n
BIBO-stable
(g) h[n] = G [n] + 2h[n 1] h[n 2]

h[n] = [ 1 2 3 4 ...]; | h[n] | =
unstable
(h) h[n] = G [n] + h[n 2]

h[n] = [1 0 1 0 1 0 "];
| h[n] | = unstable
n
Finite sum for any n <

(i) h[n] = G [n] + 1.6h[n 1] 0.64 h[n 2]
h[n] = [ 1 1.6
1.92
2.048
2.048
1.6777 1.5099 1.3422 1.1811
1.9661
1.0308
1.835
0.8934 "]
51
| h[n] | 25 < stable

n
(j) h[n] = G [n] + 0.4h[n 1] 0.29 h[n 2]

h[n] = [ 1 0.4 0.13 0.168 0.0295 ...]
stable
| h[n] | 1.8 <
1
1
G [n 1] + G [n + 1]
2
2
1
1
h[n] e j : n = 1 + e j: + e j:
2
2
4.20 (a) h[n] = G [n] +

H(e j: ) =
n
|H |
0
= 1 + cos :
H(e ) = 2
H(e jS/2) = 1
H(e jS) = 0
zero phase
j0
p /2
(b) h[n] = G [n] + 0.5 h[n 1]

h[n] = [ 1 0.5 (0.5)2 (0.5)3 ...] h[n] = (0.5)n u[n]
H(e j:) =
(0.5)n e j:n =
1
1 0.5e j:
H(e j0) = 2
H(e jS/2) = 0.8944 26.6
H(e jS ) = 0.6667
|H(w)|
2
p/4
p/2
3p/4
p/4
p/2
3p/4
|H(w)|
0
20
40
(c) h[n] = G [n] 0.8h[n 1]

h[n] = [1 0.8 ( 0.8)2 ...] h[n] = ( 0.8)n u[n]
52
H(e j:) =
( 0.8)n e j:n =
1
1 0.8e j:
At : = 0: H(e j0) = 0.556

At : = S/2: H(e jS/2) = 0.781 38.7
At : = S : H(e jS ) = 5
Mag.
0.556
0
p/2
50
39
Phase
p/2
Steady-State Response
1 + cos :
Input
(i) 3
1
1 0.5e
1
j:
1 0.8e j:
1.67
cos nS/2
0.894 cos(nS/2 26.6)
0.78 cos(nS/2 + 38.7)
(iii) sin nS
0.667 sin nS
5 sin nS
(iv) 3 + 0.5 cos nS
6 + 0.33 cos nS
1.67 + 2.5 cos nS
(ii) cos nS/2
4.21 (a) y[n] + 0.8y[n 1] =
8
x[n]
13
8
G [n] 0.8 h[n 1]
13
? h[n] = 138 ( 0.8)n u[n]
8
8
1
H(e j:) =
( 0.8)n e j:n = 13 1 0.8e j:
13 n 0
h[n] =
(b) y[n] 0.5y[n 1] =

h[n] =
5
x[n]
13
5
G [n] + 0.5 h[n 1]
13
? h[n] = 135 (0.5)n u[n]

H(e j:) =
13 (0.5)n e j: n
53
5
1
13 1 0.5e j:
Cascaded system: hc[n] = ha[n] * hb[n]

=
8 5 n
( 0.8)k (0.5)n k
13 13 k 0
40
(0.5)n
169
8
5
n 1
1
8
5
, n0
40 5 n 8
0.5 ( 0.8)n u[n]

? hc[n] = 169
13
5
Hc(e j:) =
40 5
8
0.5n ( 0.8)n e j:n
169 13 n 0
5
40 5
1
8
1

j:
j:
169 13 1 0.5e
5 1 0.8e
40
1
j
:
169 1 0.5e
1 0.8e j:
Since h1[n] =
8
8
1
( 0.8)n u[n] has H1(e j:) =
13
13 1 0.8e j:
5
1
5
(0.5)n u[n] has H2(e j:) =
13 1 0.5e j:
13
H (e j:) = H (e j:) H (ej:)
and h2[n] =
c
for hc[n] = h1[n] * h2[n]

Convolution in time domain
multiplication in frequency domain
4.22
fs = 8000;
f0 = 1000;
n = 0:1:2*fs;%2 seconds
x = 5*cos(2*pi*f0*n/fs);
plot(x(1:100))
soundsc(x,fs)
xn = x + rand(size(x));
plot(xn(1:100))
soundsc(xn,fs)
% Moving average filter freq. response
[Ha, F] = freqz([1/3 1/3 1/3],[1],256,fs);
xavg = conv(x,[1/3 1/3 1/3]);
soundsc(xvg,fs)
% Pre-emphasis filter
h = [1 0.9];
% frequency response
54
[Hp, F] = freqz([1 0.9],[1],256,fs);

xp = conv(xn,h);
Averaging filter
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
3000
3500
4000
Preemphasis filter
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
500
1000
1500 2000 2500

Frequency, Hz
Filter magnitude response

Moving average filter is better in minimizing random noise by averaging out high
frequency components while the pre-emphasis filter enhances high frequency
components. A bandpass filter centered at the known signal frequency of 1000 Hz and
with a narrow bandwidth is better to remove the noise from the given signal.
4.23 (a) y[n] = x[n] +
1
> x[n 1] x[n 1]@
2
D
1/2
y [n]
x(n)
D
1/2
(b) y[n] = x[n] + 0.5y[n 1]

x [n]
y [n]
D
0.5
(c) y[n] = x[n] 0.8y[n 1]
55
x [n]
y [n]
D
0.8
4.24 y[n] = bx[n] 2bx[n 1] + x[n 2] + y[n 1]

x [n]
y [n]
b
D
2b
D
4.25 3[4(2x[n] + x[n 1]) 5y[n 1]] = y[n]

y[n] + 15y[n 1] = 24x[n] + 12x[n 1]
x [n]
24
y [n]
D
15
12
56
5.23 f (t)
F(Z), f (t) e Z F(Z Z )

j
f (t) cosZ0t =
0t
1
1
f (t) e jZ0t + f (t) e jZ0t
2
2
? f (t) cosZ t 12 [F(Z Z ) + F(Z + Z )]

0
5.24
Audio band
20
f (kHz)
20
AM Spectrum
0.5
0
820 800 780
780 800 820
Received Spectrum
0.5
20 0
1620 1600 1580
Neighboring stations must have fCL
f (kHz)
20
1580 1600 1620
f (kHz)
1560 kHz and f 1640 kHz

CH
5.25
Ap
Message
signal
2p
Ap
2
Modulated
signal
1402p
X (w) Ap
Ap
2
M(w)
1398p
1400p
1398p
1400p
Received
signal
2802p
pA
4
2798p
w (krad/s)
2p
1402p
pA
2
R(w)
2p 0 2p
w (krad/s)
pA
4
w (krad/s)
2802p
2800p
2798p
76
m(t) = x(t) cos Z0t = A cos 2000St cos Z0t, Z0 = 2S 700 krad/s
X(Z) = AS [G (Z + Z0) + G (Z Z0)]
AS
M(Z) =
[G (Z + 1402S) + G (Z + 1398S) + G (Z 1398S) + G (Z 1402S)]
2
r(t) = m(t) cos Z0t = A cos2Z0t cos 2000St
A
= [cos 2000St + cos 2Z0t cos Z1t]
2
A
A
cos 2000St + [cos(2Z0 + Z1)t + cos(2Z0 Z1)t]
=
2
4
SA
SA
[G (Z 2000S) + G (Z + 2000S)] +
[G (Z + 2Z0 + Z1) + G (Z 2Z0 Z1)
R(Z) =
2
4
+ G (Z + 2Z0 Z1) + G (Z 2Z0 + Z1)]
= 10 ns
2S 109
2S 108
Z0 =
T = 80 ns
=
rad/s
80
8
0.5, n 0
1
For x(t), Cn =
, n 1, 3,...
jnS
0,
n 2, 4,...
5.26 (a) a = 100 MHz
2
, n odd
nS
bn
an
x(t)
1
0
T
2
? x(t) = 0.5 + S2 sin nnZ0t

n 1,3,...
xm(t): cos 2S
10 t
6
T
T
= 40 ns, 0 for
and repeats
2
2
106 t followed by 0 for 40 ns
for
4 cycles of cos 2S
xm (t)
40 ns
40 ns
T
2
xm(t) = cos 2Sat x(t) = cos 2Sat 0.5
2
1
cos 2Sat +
2
S
1
1
cos 2Sat +
2
S
80 ns
T
sin nZ 0 t
n
1,3, ...
cos 2S at sin nZ 0t
n
1,3,...
n sin 2S 1 8 108 t sin 2S 1 8 108 t
n odd
77
Amplitude Spectrum
1
2Sa 1
8
2Sa
freq.
3
2S 1
8
5
2S 1
8
1
3S
1
5S
1
1
2
S
Amplitude spectrum of xm(t)
amp.
1
3p
1
5p
1
2
1
p
1
p
1
3p
1
5p
f (MHz)
0
125 kHz
a = 100 MHz
(b) x(t): Symmetrical square wave

4
1
sin nZ0t
x(t) =
S n odd n
xm(t) = (cos2Sat)
=
x (t )
1
sin nZ0t
S n odd n
n sin 2S a 8 t sin 2S a 8 t
T/2
n odd
T = 80ns
2S
Z0 =
108 rad/s
8
Amplitude spectrum: No component at frequency a = 100 MHz. At other

frequencies, amplitude falls off similar to the case in (a).
Amplitude spectrum of xm(t)
2
p
99.125
99.625
100
2
3p
100.375
100.125
t
1 a , a t 0
5.27 x(t) =
1 t , 0 t a
a
0
t
X(Z) = 1 e jZt dt +
a
a
2
5p
2
p
100.875
f (NHz)
100.625
1
0 1 a e
jZt
dt
e jZt 1 e jZt
e jZt 1 e jZt
j
t
j
t
(1
)
(1
)

Z

Z
2
2
jZ a Z
a jZ a Z
2
1
jZ jZ a
(e
e jZ a )
(e jZ a e jZ a )
=

2
a
aZ
aZ 2
0
78
2
2
2
sin Z a
cos Z a
aZ 2 Z
aZ 2
For a periodic repetition of x(t) with period 2a
2S
2S
S
=
= , and
Z0 =
2a
a
T
Cn = X (Z ) Z
1
n S
2 2
nZ 0
1
2a
2
2
nS
sin
2
nS
a
an 2 S
2
a
(1 cos nS) =
nS
2 2
2
an 2
cos nS
a2
n odd
1 cos nS 1
=
n 2S 2 2
C0 = lim
n0
pa(t )
5.28 Pa(t) = Cn e jnZ0t
2S
Z0 =
T
sin nZ 0 a
1 a jnZ0t
2a
Cn = e
dt =
; C0 =
a
T
T
nS
0 a
Ta T T+a
xs(t) = x(t) pa(t) = x(t) Cn e jnZ0t = Cn x(t) e jnZ0t

n
Xs(Z) = Cn X (Z nZ0)
" + C X(Z) + C X(Z) + C X(Z Z ) + "

sin(2S a / T )
2a
sin(2S a / T )
="+
X (Z )
X (Z )
X (Z Z )
T
S
S
sin(4S a / T )
+
X (Z 2Z ) "
2S
n
For a = 1 s and T = 10 s,
Z0 = 2 105S rad/s
1 X(w)
6000 p
6000 p
w (rad/s)
Xs (w)
0.2
0.1871
2p 105
12000 p
6000 p
6000 p
2p 105
12000 p
w
(rad/s)
79
n
Cn
0
0.2
1
0.1871
For a = 1 s and T = 100 s, Z0 = 2S

C0 = 0.02, C 1 = 0.02, C 2 0.02, ...
10
2
0.1514
3
...
0.1009 . . .
rad/s
Xs (w)
0.02
w0
6000 p
6000 p
14000 p
w0
26000 p
34000 p
2w0
46000 p
w
(rad/s)
Ideal lowpass filter Xs(Z) = DX(Z) if cutoff of the filter is between 6000S and
196000S for the first case, and 6000S and 14000S for the second case:
D = 0.2 for (a) and 0.02 for (b)
5.29 For
sin Kt
St
Sa(Kt) =
[u(Z + K) u(Z K)]
? sinS tKt dt = [u(Z + K) u(Z K)] Z
1 a| t |
e
= x(t)
2a
S
dZ
? 2
= 2S x(0) =
a Z2
a
1
(b) Let 2
g(t)
a Z2
1
g(t) * g(t) = y(t)
Then 2
(a Z 2 ) 2
5.30 (a)
a 2Z 2
y(t) =
1
2S
e jZ t
a 2 Z 2 dZ
y(0) = g(t) * g(t)|t = 0 =
y(0) =
1
2S
dZ
a 2 Z 2
1 a| t | 1 a| t |
e
e
*
2a
2a
t
1 a| D | a| 0 D|
dD
e e
4a 2
0
1
= 2 e 2 aD d D e 2 aD d D
4a
1
=
4a3
2S
S
dx
?
=
=
3
(a 2 x 2 ) 2
2a 3
4a
=
2a sin aZ
y(t) = p2a(t) * p2a(t)
aZ
(c) Let Y(Z) =
y(0) =
=
1
2S
jZt
Y(Z) e |t = 0 dZ
p2a(D) p2a(t D) |t = 0 dD
= 2a
80
2a 2S S
sin aZ
aZ dZ = 4a 2 = a
2
p a (t a ),
t=0
a
p a (a)
a
pa (t)
v1 v2
dv
=C 2
R
dt
dv2 v2 v1
C
= (t )
R
dt
R
1
dy (t ) 1
(a) C
y (t ) = x(t )
dt
R
R
5.31 Current i(t) =
(b) With y(t)
v1(t)
Y(Z) and x(t) X(Z), CjZ Y(Z) +
? H(Z) =
+
C v2(t)
1
1
Y(Z) = X(Z)
R
R
Y (Z )
1/ R
1
=
=
X (Z ) 1/ R jZ C
1 jZ RC
(c) From e at u(t)
a 1 jZ , a > 0
1 t/RC
1
u(t)
h(t) = F 1[H(Z)] = F 1
= RC e
j
RC
1

Z
(d) v1(t) = 5 = x(t)

X(Z) = 10SG (Z)
10SG (Z )
Y(Z) =
1 jZ RC
1 10S G (Z ) jZ t
y(t) = v2(t) =
e dZ = 5
2S 1 jZ RC
(e) For v1(t) =
Ck ejkZ0t
v1(t) = Ck H(kZ0) ejkZ0t

k
where H(kZ0) =
1
1 jkZ 0 tC
81
(f) (i) v1(t) = 3 cos 500St Z = 500S

1
H(500S) =
= |H1| e jT1
1 j 500S RC
v2(t) = 3 |H1| cos (500St + T1)
v2(t) = 5 |H2| sin (2000St + T2)

(ii) v1(t) = 5 sin 2000St
1
where
= | H2 | e jT2
1 j 2000S RC
(iii) v1(t) = 10 cos(2500St + 30) v2(t) = 10 | H3 | cos(2500St + T3)

1
= | H3 | e jT3
where
1 j 2500S RC
5.32 H(Z) =
1
5 jZ
; Input xP(t) = Ck e jkZ0t

k
Z0 = 100S, C0 = 20, C1 = j5S, C1 = j5S, Ck =
20
, k = 2, 4, ...
k2 1
1
20 = 4
5
(b) Fundamental component at input:
(a) DC response = H(0) C0 =
2Re 5S 90 e j100S t
= 10S sin 100St
1
3.18
90
5 j100S
1000
3.18
sin(100St 90)
output of fundamental = 10S
1000
0.1 cos 100St
No input
(c) Z = 1400 rad/s nZ0 for any integer n
Response is zero
1
7.96
(d) Z = 400S = 4Z0; H(4Z0) =
90
5 j 400S
104
20
8
C 4 =
input = cos 400St
15
3
8 7.96
Response =
cos(400St 90)
3 104
= 2.12 103 sin 400St
Response: H(100S) =
5.33
% 5.10b An = (6/n*pi)
% An*cos(n*w0*tpi/2) = An*sin((n*pi/5)*t), n odd
Cz = 1.5;
% average value
T = 10; % period = 10 s
w0 = 2*pi/T; % fundamental, rad/s
dt = 1/200; % sampling time
%t = (0:dt:2*T);
t = 1.5*T:dt:1.5*T;
syn = zeros(10,length(t));
syn(1,:) = Cz + (6/pi)*sin(w0*t);
An = zeros(10,1);
An(1) = 6/pi; % Fundamental
n = 3:2:10;
An(n) = (6/pi)./n; % harmonics
82
for n = 3:2:10
syn(n,:) = syn(n2,:) + An(n).*sin(n*w0*t);
end
figure(1)
subplot 211
plot(t,syn(9,:))
axis([-T T -0.5 3.5])
grid
text(6.2,2.5,Input)
% system H(w) = 1/(5+jw)
H0 = 1/5;
H = zeros(10,1);
mag = zeros(10,1);
kf = 1:2:10;
H(kf) = 1./(5+j*kf*w0);
mag(kf) = abs(H(kf));
pha(kf) = phase(H(kf));
Cy = zeros(10,1);
Cy0 = Cz*H0;
Ay(kf) = An(kf).*mag(kf);
y0 = Cy0*ones(size(t));
y = zeros(10, length(t));
y(1,:) = y0 + Ay(1)*sin(w0*t +
pha(1));
for n = 3:2:10
y(n,:) = y(n-2,:) + Ay(n)*sin(n*w0*t+pha(n));
end
subplot 212
plot(t,y(9,:))
grid
axis([-T T 0.2 0.8])
text(6.2, 0.5,Output)
xlabel(t(s))
3
Input
2
1
0
10
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
10
10
Output
0
t(s)
10
83
Signal for Pr. 5.32

60
Input
40
20
0
30
20
10
10
4.2
20
30
20
30
Output
4.1
4
3.9
3.8
30
20
10
0
t(ms)
10
5.34 h(t) = G (t) 5e 5t u(t)

5
jZ
=
(a) H(Z) = 1
5 jZ
5 jZ
(b) | H(Z) | =
|H (w)|
25 Z
H (Z ) = 90 tan1
90
H(0) = 0; H() = 1
It is a high pass system
t
1, t ! 0
= 2 G (D) dD 1
1, t 0
H (w )
5.35 Sgn(t) =
using G (t)
1 and the integration property
S(Z) = F [sgn(t)] = 2
or S(Z) =
Since
1
+ 2S G (Z) 2SG (Z)
jZ
2
jZ
G (D)dD = u(t)
Sgn(t) = 2u(t) 1
S(Z) = 2F [u(t)] 2SG (Z)
1
+ SG (Z)
F [u(t)] =
jZ
g(t) = x(t) * u(t) =
x(D) dD
? G(Z) = X(Z) j1Z SG (Z ) =
5.36 x(t)
X(Z) =
X (Z )
+ SX(0) G (Z)
jZ
x(t) e jZt dt
For x( t), F [x( t)] =

Let t = D
X(Z)F [u(t)]
x( t) e jZt dt
84
Therefore
x(D) e jZD ( dD)
x(D) e jZD dD
= X(Z)|Z Z = X( Z)
5.37 x(t) = cos(Z0 t + T)

X(Z) = S e jT G (Z Z0) + Se jT G (Z + Z0)
jD
h(t)
H(Z) = Me
Yss(Z) = X(Z) H(Z) = S e jT G (Z Z0) H(Z) + S e jT G (Z + Z0) H(Z)
1
yss(t) =
Y(Z) e jZt dZ
2S
1
=
S[e jT G (Z Z0) H(Z) + e jT G (Z + Z0) H(Z)] e jZt dZ
2S
1
1
= e jT H(Z0) e jZ0t + e jT H( Z0) e jZ0t
2
2
1
= 2Re e jT H (Z 0 ) e jZ 0t , with H( Z0) = H * (Z0)

2
= |H(Z0)| cos
Z t T H (Z )
0
? K = | H(Z0) | and E = T + H (Z 0 )
1
5.38 Cn =
T
=
C0 =
at
e ( a jnZ 0 )t
dt =
T (( a jnZ 0 ))
0
jnZ0t
1 e aT
aT j 2nS
2
Z0 = S
aT
aT
1 e
aT
; C1 =
X(Z) =
1 e
aT j 2S
0tT
x(t) = e at,
T
at
jZt
e ( a jZ )t
dt =
T
0
( a jZ )
1 e aT e jZT
(a jZ )
FS coefficients: Dn =
=
1
X(nZ0)
T
1 1 e aT e jnZ 0T
T
a jnZ 0
1 e aT
aT j 2nS
Cn = Dn for all n
5.39 (i) x(t) = A cos D t sin Et
A cos D t S [G (Z D) + G (Z + D)]
1 jE t jE t
sin E t =
[e e ]
2j
? x(t) x(Z) =
S
j2
[G (Z D E) + G (Z + D E) G (Z D + E) G (Z + D + E)]
(ii) x(t) = e at cos(Z0 t + T) u(t)

85
e at u(t)
a 1 jZ ; cos(Z t + T) = S [e
X(Z) =
1
1
* S [e jT G (Z Z0) + e jT G (Z + Z0)]
2S a jZ
jT
G (Z Z0) + e jT G (Z + Z)]
e jT
e jT

a j (Z Z 0 ) a j (Z Z 0 )
2a cos T j 2Z cos T 2Z 0 sin T
=
( a jZ ) 2 Z 02
1
2
(iii) x(t) = sin Z0 t p2a(t)

sin Z a
p2a(t) 2a
Za
1
e jZ 0t e jZ 0t
sin Z0 t =
2j
P2a (t)
sin Z a
sin Z a
Z a Z Z Z 0
Z a Z Z Z 0
a sin (Z Z 0 )a sin (Z Z 0 )a
=
(Z Z 0 ) a
j (Z Z 0 )a
X(Z) =
2a
2j
(iv) x(t) = e a| t | cos Z0 t

e a | t |
2a
a Z2
2
; cos Z0 t S [G (Z Z0) + G (Z Z0)]
1 2a
* S >G (Z + Z0) + G (Z Z0)@
2S a 2Z 2
a
a
= 2
2
2
a (Z Z 0 )
a (Z Z 0 )2
X(Z) =
5.40 x(t) X(Z), y(t) Y(Z); x(t) = 1 2SG (Z)

(a) [(jZ)2 + j3Z + 2] Y(Z) = (jZ + 5) X(Z)
Y (Z )
5 jZ
H(Z) =
X (Z ) 2 Z 2 j 3Z
5 jZ
For x(t) = 1, Y(Z) =
2SG (Z)
2 Z 2 j3Z
1
5 jZ
2SG (Z ) e jZ t d Z
y(t) =
2S
2 Z 2 j 3Z
5
2
(b) [(jZ)2 + j4Z + 3] Y(Z) = j3Z X(Z)

j 3Z
H(Z) =
; y(t) = H(0) = 0
3 Z 2 j 4Z
(c) [(jZ)2 + j10Z + 100] Y(Z) = X(Z)
1
H(Z) =
100 Z 2 j10Z
y(t) = H(0) =
1
100
86
5.41 |H(Z)| =
Z
10
2n
1
At Z = Zc
1
| H(Zc)| =
Zc
10
2n
1
2
1
?Z
|H|max
Zc
10
2n
1
= 10
As n , |H(Z)| has smaller slope

1
flatter response.
0.9
0.8
0.7
n=1
0.6
0.5
0.4
n=2
0.3
n=3
0.2
0.1
5.42 H(Z) =
|H(Z)| =
10
w
15
3
j 3Z
=
100
100 jZ
1
jZ
3Z
10 4 Z 2
S
Z
tan 1
2
100
|H(Z)|max = 3 at Z =
|H(Z)|Z = 0 = 0
90 at Z 0
H (Z ) =
0 at Z
(b) x(t) = 3cos 50St
90
Z=0
|H (w)|
H (Z ) =
(a) x(t) = 5
20
H(0) = 0 = y(t)
S
Z = 50S H(50S) = 100J150
J 50S
= 2.53 32.5 .
y(t) = 3 2.53 cos(50St + 32.5) = 7.59 cos(50S t + 32.5)

(c) x(t) = 3 cos 100St
H(100S) = 2.86 17.7
y(t) = 8.58 cos(100St + 17.7)
(d) x(t) = 3 cos(1000St)
H(1000S) = 2.9985 1.82
y(t) = 8.995 cos(1000St + 1.82)
87
Zc: |H(Zc)| =
104 + Z c2 = 2 Z c2
5.43 H(Z) = e
1
h(t) =
2S
jZ /100
1
2S
3 =
3Z c
10 4 Z c2
= 100
, | Z | 500S
jZ jZ t
500S e 100 e d Z
e jZ t
100
500 S
500S
j t
100
sin 500S t
500S
|H(Z)|max =
100
100
h(t) 0 for t < 0 noncausal
S t
5.44
% Fourier series synthesis and response
%% Cn = (1exp(j*1.6*n*pi))/(j*2*n*pi),Cz=0.8
% H(w) = 1/(1+j0.001w)
Cz = 0.8;
% average value
Cn = zeros(10,1);
n = 1:20;
Cn(n) = (1 exp(j*1.6*n*pi))./(j*2*n*pi);
AmpF = abs(Cn(1));
T = 5E-3; %5 ms
w0 = 2*pi/T; % fundamental, rad/s
H = zeros(20, 1);
H(n) = 1./(1 + j*0.001*n*w0);
% Excludes dc
Cy(n) = Cn.*H;
% Response series coeffts.
% excluding dc
% dc resp mag. = H(0) = 1
My(n) = abs(Cy(n));
ang(n) = phase(Cy(n));
dt = 1/10000; % sampling time
%t = (0:dt:2*T);
t =-1.5*T:dt:1.5*T;
xDc = Cz;
x(1,:) = xDc + 2*abs(Cn(1))*cos(w0*t + angle(Cn(1)));
RespDc = Cz;
AmpMin = abs(Cy(1))*0.1; % 10 percent of fund.
Resp(1,:) = RespDc + 2*My(1)*cos(w0*t + ang(1));
% Input--20 harmonics
for m = 2:20;
x(m,:) = x(m1,:) + 2*abs(Cn(m))*cos(m*w0*t +
angle(Cn(m)));
end
88
% output upto 10% of fund. amp.

k = 2;
while (My(k) >= AmpMin)
Resp(k,:) = Resp(k-1,:)+2*My(k)*cos(k*w0*t + ang(k));
k = k + 1;
end
figure(1)
subplot 211
plot(t*1000,x(20,:)) % t in ms
axis([-1.5*T*1000 1.5*T*1000 0.5 1.5])
grid
text(4.2,1.2,Input)
title(Input (20 harmonics) and RC Circuit Response)
subplot 212
plot(t*1000,Resp(k1,:))
grid
axis([-1.5*T*1000 1.5*T*1000 0 1.2])
text(4.2,0.9, Output)
xlabel(\rightarrow t (ms))
1.5
Input (20 harmonics) and RC circuit response

Input
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Ouput
0
2
t(ms)
FWR output and RC circuit response

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Input
10
10
0
t(ms)
10
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Ouput
10
89
Chapter 5
5.1 C4 =
x(t) f4(t) dt
1/ 8
0
8t dt
2/8
1/8
8t dt
3/ 8
2 /8
2dt +
5/8
3/ 8
2dt
6 /8
5 / 8
2 dt
7 /8
6 / 8
(8 8t) dt
1
7 /8 (8 8t ) dt
= 4t 2
=
1/8
0
4t 2
2 /8
1/ 8
2t
3/ 8
2 /8
+ 2t
5/8
3/ 8
2t
6 /8
5/8
7 /8
8t 4t 2 6 /8 + 8t 4t 2 7 /8
4
1 2 4 2
4
49
4

4 + 1 (49 36) + 1 4(1 )
64
64
64 64 8 8 8 64

1
4
x(t ) = C0 f 0(t) + C1 f1(t) + C2 f2(t) + C3 f 3(t) + C4 f4(t)
Ex =
9 1 1
41
8
2.5625
; Ex = C02 + C22 C42 = + +
=
4 4 16
16
3
Error, 4 =
8 41
= 0.1047
3 16
x (t )
f 4 (t )
1/4
1/2
3/4
+ 1
1/8
3/8
5/8
7/8
5.2 (a) xP (t) = A0 + A1 cos (Z 0 t + 60)

= A0 +
=
A1
[e j60 ejZ0t + ej60 e jZ0t]
2
A1 j 60 j0t
A
+ A0 + 1 e j 60 e j0t
e
e
2
2

C 1
C0
C1
57
(b) xP(t) = A0 B1 sin (Z 0t + 30)

= A0
=
B1 + j30 + jZ0t j30 jZ0t

e
e ]
[e
e
j2
B1 j120 j0t
B
j t
+ A0 + 1 e j120 e 0
e
e
2
2

C0
C 1
C1
(c) xP(t) = 5 + 2 cos (Z0t + 60) 3 sin (Z0t 60)

= 5 + e jZ0t e j60 + ejZ0t ej60
3 j(Z0t 60)
3 j(Z0t 60)
e
e
+
2j
2j
= 5 + e j 30 + e j 60 e jZ0t + e j 30 + e j 60 e jZ0t
2
= e j 30 + e j 60 e j0t + 5O + e j 30 + e j 60 e j0t

2
2
C

0
C 1
C1
(d) xP(t) = 5 + 2 cos (100St + 60) 5 sin (200St + 60) + 3 sin(500 St)
4 cos (700St 30)
C0 = 5
Frequencies: multiples of 100S Z 0 = 100S
Fundamental: e j(100St + 60) + e j(100St + 60)
5 j(200St + 60) j(200S t + 60)
[e
e
]
2j
Second harmonic:
Fifth harmonic:
3
[ej500St e j500St]
2j
Seventh harmonic: 2[e j(700St 30) + e j(700St 30)]

e j150 e j700St +
xP(t) = 2
C 7
3 j 90 j500St 5 j150 j200St

j 60
e
e
+ e
e
+ e
e j100St
2
2
C

C5
C2
5
3
j 60
j100St
+ 5 + e
e j150 e j700St
+ e j150 e j200St + e j 90 e j500St + 2
e

2
2
C
C

C0
5.3 Orthogonality:
T
T
C2
C5
cos n Z 0 t dt = 0, n 0
T
, n k
sin n Z0 t dt = 0; sin n Z 0 t sin k Z 0 t dt = 2
T
0, n k
T
, n k
cos n Z 0 t cos k Z 0 t dt = 2
0, n k
cos n Z 0 t sin k Z 0 t dt = 0
xP(t) = C0 +
n =1
an cos n Z 0 t +
n =1
bn sin n Z 0 t
Multiplying both sides by sin k Z 0 t and integrating over T
58
xP(t) sin k Z 0 t dt =
C0 sin k Z 0 t dt +
T n= 1
Using sin n Z 0 t sin k Z 0 t =
T n= 1 bn sin n Z 0 t sin k Z 0 t dt
an cos n Z 0 t sin k Z 0 t dt
1
[cos (n k) Z 0 t cos (n + k) Z 0 t]
2
1
[sin (k + n) Z 0 t sin (k n)Z 0 t]
2
and taking the integration inside the summation
b
n
(t)
sin
=
0
+
[cos (n k) Z0 t cos (n + k) Z 0 t] dt
k
t
dt
x
Z
0
P
T
2 T
n =1
cos n Z 0 t sin k Z 0 t =
an
2
n =1
? b = T2
k
[sin (k + n) Z 0 t sin (k n) Z0 t] dt
bk
T
2
xP(t) sin k Z 0 t dt
for k = 1, 2, ...
For ak, for any integer k
xP(t) cos k Z 0 t dt =
C0 cos k Z 0 t dt +
=0+
an
2
n =1
+
=
? a = T2
k
T n= 1
T n= 1 an cos n Z 0 t cos k Z 0t dt
bn sin n Z 0 t cos k Z 0 t dt
[cos (k + n) Z 0 t + cos (k n) Z 0 t] dt
2n T
n =1
[sin (n + k) Z 0 t + sin (n k) Z0 t] dt
ak
T
2
xP(t) cos k Z 0 t dt, k = 0, 1, 2, ...
2
xP(t) dt
T T
5.4 (a) Amplitude A0, A1 > 0
a0 =
A1/2
w 0
A0
A1/2
0
w0
w
60
Phase
w 0
w0
60
59
(b) Amplitude A0, b1 > 0

A0
B1/2
B 1/2
w 0
w0
w
120
Phase
w
120
(c) Amplitude C0 = 5; C1 =
3 j30
e + e j60 = 2.42 42
2
5
w0
2.42
w
w0
42
Phase
w0
w0
42
(d) Amplitude
2.5
1.5
1
1
Phase
150
90
7
60
90
150
k: integer multiple for frequency, Z = k Z 0, Z 0 = 100

5.5 xP(t) = cos
Period =T
xP(t) =
T
T
t, t
2
2
T
2
T
j t
1 j T t
e + e T
T /2
0
One period
T/2
60
T /2
1T
2

=
t dt =
sin t
T
T T T / 2
C0 =
1
T
T / 2
Cn =
1
T
j t jn
1 j T t
T
T dt
+
e
e
e
T / 2 2
T /2
cos
T /2
1
2T
T /2
j (1 2 n ) t
T / 2 e T
+e
j (1 + 2 n ) t
T
dt
T /2
S
j S (12 n )t
j (1 2 n ) t
T
T
e
e
1
=
S
2T j (1 2n) j S (1 2n)

T
T
T / 2
1 e
=
j 2S
S
2
(12 n )
e
1 2n
S
2
(12 n )
S
2
(1 2 n )
e
1 2n
1 je jnS je jnS je jnS je jnS
1 2n
1 2n
j 2S
1 2cos nS 2cos nS
2(1)n 1
=

2S 1 2n
1 2n (4n 2 1)S
xP(t) =
2(1) n 1
(4n 2 1)S
(1)n 1
4n 2 1
(1 2 n )
2(1) n 1 jnZ0t 2
e
+
+
2
S
(4 n 1)S
cos nZ0t, Z0 =
for all n
n 1
5.6 Average value = C0

(a) A0 (b) A0
(c) 5
e jnZ0t =
2(1)n 1
(4n2 1)S
e jnZ0t
n 1
2S
T
(d) 5
5.7 Period of full wave rectified sine wave =
1
s
120
xP t
1V
1
s
120
1/120
1
Average value = C0 =
sin 120S t dt
0
1/120
2
? C0 =
xP(t) = sin 120 St, 0 t
Average at the output of ideal low pass filter =
1/120
1/60 s
No change due to the number of harmonics passed by the filter.

5.8 Even half-wave symmetry, xP(t + T/2) = xP(t)
1 T
xP (t ) e jnZ0t dt
Cn =
T 0
1 T /2
1 T
xP (t ) e jnZ0t dt +
xP (t ) e jnZ0t dt
=
0
T
T T / 2
Change of variable in the second integral: t = D + T/2
61
1 T /2
1 T /2
xP (D T / 2) e jnZ0 (D T / 2) dD
T 0
T 0
1 T /2
1 T /2
xP (D ) e jnZ0D e jnS dD
=
0
0
T
T
T /2
1 T /2
jnZ 0t
dt (1) n x p (t ) e jnZ0t dt
= x p (t ) e
0
T 0
T
/
2
1
[xP(t) + ( 1)n xP(t)] e jnZ 0t dt
Cn =
T 0
2 T /2
x p (t ) e jnZ 0t , n even
= T 0
0,
n odd
Odd half-wave symmetry, xP(t + T/2) = xP(t)
T
1 T /2
Cn = x p (t ) e jnZ 0t dt x p (t ) e jnZ 0t dt
T
0
/2
T
using t = D + T/2 in the second term
Cn =
T /2
1 T /2
T jnZ 0 D 2
Cn = x p (t ) e jnZ0t dt x p D e
dD
0
T 0
2
T /2
1 T /2
= x p (t ) e jnZ 0t (1) n x p (t ) e jnZ 0t dt
0
T 0
n even
0,
= 2 T /2
jnZ 0t
dt , n odd
T 0 x p (t ) e
5.9 xP(t): odd, half-wave odd symmetric

2 T /2
? Cn =
xP(t) e jnZ 0t dt for odd n
T 0
T
2S
4
0t
Z0
T t ,
T
4
xP(t) =
T
T
4
2 t ,
t
T
4
2
T
for 0 t
2
xp (t )
1
0
T /4
T
4
T
2
For odd n
T / 2
2 T / 4 4 jnZ 0t
4
Cn =
te
dt 2 t e jnZ 0t dt
T /4
T 0 T
T
8 e jnZ 0t
T 2 n 2Z 02
T /4
(1 jnZ 0 t )

0
j 4 jnZ0t
e
TnZ 0
T /2
T /4
8 e jnZ 0t
T 2 n 2Z 02
T /2
(1 jnZ 0t )
T /4
62
jnS
jnS
nS j 2 jnS
2
2
1

e
j
e
e
2 nS
n 2S 2
jnS
2
jnS
2 2 e jnS (1 jnS ) e 2 1
2
n S
For odd n, ejnS = 1 and e
?C
j2
nS
2 2
sin
jnS
2
nS
2
= j sin
nS
2
j2
nS
1
2 2
sin

2 nS
nS
2 nS
nS
nS sin 2
2
nS
2
j2
j2
sin
sin

2 n 2S 2 nS n 2S 2
nS
2
nS
j4
nS
for n odd
= 2 2 sin
2
nS
an = 2Re[Cn] = 0, bn = 2Im[Cn] =
nS
2
sin
nS
2 2
? x (t) = n28S 2 sin n2S sin nZ t

n 1,3,5,...

"
1
1
sin Z 0t sin 3Z 0t sin 5Z 0t
9
25
S
2000S
For T = 4 ms, Z0 =
= 500S rad/s
xP(t) =
8
2
4
nS
sin 2 sin(500nS t )
1,3,5,...
S2 n
(Since the signal possesses quarter-wave symmetry, bn =

is simpler to evaluate.)
gP(t) = xP (t 1 ms), right-shifted signal
8
T
T /4
xP(t) sin nZ0t dt, which
x (t) delayed by T/4

P
g p (t )
1
T /2
T
4
Hence Cng = Cn e jnZ0T/4,

=
=
nS
2 2
T
t
n odd
nS
j4
e
sin
2 2
2
n S
4
T
2
jnS
2
jnS
= j sin
nS
nS
, for n odd sin2
= 1, for n odd
2
2
63
?a
8
and bng = 0
n 2S 2
8
1
cos nZ0t
gp(t) = 2
S n 1,3,5,... n 2
ng
"
1
1
cos Z 0t cos3Z 0t cos5Z 0t
9
25
S
gp(t): half-wave odd symmetric

2 T / 2 4
Cng = t 1 e jnZ0t dt,
T 0 T
Cng =
8 e jnZ 0t
T 2 n 2Z 02
n odd
T /2
(1 jnZ 0t )
2 e jnZ 0t
T jnZ 0
T /2
j jnS
= 2 2 e jnS (1 jnS ) 1
(e
1)
nS
n S
4
= 2 2 , n odd
nS
8
Hence ang = 2 2 and bng = 0
nS
5.10 (i)
2 1
=1
(a) average value, C0 =
2
(b) T = 2ms
Z0 = 1000S rad/s
T
1
Cn = 2 ejnZ0t dt
T T /2
T
j2
2 e jnZ 0t
, n 1, 3, 5,...
=
=
nS
T jnZ 0 T
0,
/2
n 2, 4, 6,...
Fundamental: C 1 =
Amplitude =
(c) Fundamental:
j2
; C1 =
e jnS = 1 for odd n
xp(t )
2
t
(ms)
j2
S
j2
e jZ0t +
j2
e jZ0t =
cos (Z0t + 90); Amplitude =
(d) C2 = 0
(e) C17 =
j2
17 S
(f) A cos (6000St + T) Z = 6000S = 6Z0 A = amplitude from C 6 ej6Z0t + C6 ej6Z0t.

Since C6 = 0 = C 6, A = 0
(g) A cos (1500St + T) Z = 1500S k(1000) for any k.
A=0
(h) A cos (5000St + T) Z = 5000S = 5Z0
5th harmonic: C5 e j5000St + C5 e j5000St
j 2 j5000St
j 2 j5000St
=
e
+
e
5S
5S
4
4
cos (5000St + 90)
A=
, T = 90
=
5S
5S
64
(b) T = 10s
Cn =
xp(t )
35
= 1.5
10
(ii) (a) C0 =
1
T
T /2
S
5
rad/s
3 e
T jnZ 0
3e jnZ0t dt =
jnZ 0t T / 2
10
j3
, n 1, 3,...
j 3 jnS
=
[e 1] = nS
2nS
0,
n 2, 4,...
Fundamental: C1 =
j3
j t
5
xP(t): odd symmetric

4
T
j t
5
C
C
C
=0
7500 = 0
25000 = 0
30000
cos t 90
5
A=0
A=0
A=0
a =0
n
xP(t) sin nZ0t dt

T /2
j3
5.11 (a) T = 2ms
bn =
C2 = 0
C17 = 0
Z = 6000S = 30000 Z0
Z = 1500S = 7500 Z0
Z = 5000S = 25000 Z0
T /2
(c) Fundamental:
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
j3
, C1 =
Amplitude =
Amplitude =
j3
20 cos nZ 0 t
T nZ 0 0
10
(1 cos nS)
nS
n even
0,
bn = 20
nS , n odd
Cn =
xP(t) =
j 20
j10
=
, for | n| odd
2nS
nS
20
"
sin Z 0t sin 3Z 0t
3
S
65
xp(t )
5
0
T/2
T/2
(b) fP(t): odd symmetric

bn =
4
T
T /2
=0
( 1) sin nZ0t dt
fp (t)
n even
0,
= 4
nS , n odd
0
1
T/2
Dn =
j2
, n odd
nS
Dn =
Cn jnZ 0 2
C
C
= n e jnS = ( 1)n n , for | n| odd
e
5
5
5
1
T/2
Delay in xP(t)
Phase in f (t) of 180

P
(c) gP(t) = xP(t) + fP(t)

Same as xP(t) except for amplitude changed from 5 to 4.
? FS coefficient for g (t) is

P
Cng =
j8
, | n | odd
4
Cn = nS
5
0,
| n | even
Adding Cn and Dn
j8
, | n | odd
Cn + Dn = nS
0,
| n | even
FS expansion is linear.
g p (t )
4
T
2
T/2
66
5.12 (a) T = 10 s
1 T /2
Cn = 3 e jnZ0t dt
T 0
x p (t )
3
3/ 2, n = 0
j 3
=
, | n | odd
nS
| n | even
0,
3 6
xP(t) =
2 S
T /2
sin nZ 0 t
n
1,3,...
T/2
(b) fP(t) delayed by T/2, amp. of 1

Dn =
1
T
T / 2
e jnZ0t dt =
e jnZ 0t
T
T /2
j 2nS
1 , n = 0
2
= j
nS , | n | odd
| n | even
0,
T /2
T/2
Dn =
Cn jZ 0 n 2 Cn jnS Cn
=
e =
(1) n
e
3
3
3
Delay in xP(t)
Phase in f (t) of 180

P
gp (t)
(c) gP(t) = xP(t) + fP(t)

n 0
2,
j 2
, | n | odd
Cgn = Cn + Dn =
nS
| n | even
0,
Direct evaluation: Cgn =

+
T /2
e jnZ0t dt =
Verifies Cgn above
j
,
2nS
1
T
T /2
3
1
3ejnZ0t dt
T /2
T/2
n odd
verifies linearity of FS.
5.13 Discrete spectrum
j 2 , n 1, 3, 5,...
nS
(i) Cn =
n 2, 4, 6,...
0,
1,
n 0
67
Amplitude
1
2/p
4w 0 3 w0 2 w0 w0
2/3p
0
w0
2 w0
3 w0
90
w0
4 w0
Phase
w
2 w0
3 w0
4 w0
2 w0
3 w0
4 w0
4 w0
90
1.5, n 0
n 2, 4, 6,...
0,
(ii) Cn =
j 3 , n 1, 2, 3,...
nS
Amplitude
1.5
4 w 0 3 w 0 2 w0
Phase
4 w0
3/p
w0
w0
90
2 w0
w0 2 w
0
90
5.14
Cz = 7.5;
% average value
A = 10; a = 3e-3; T = 8e-3;
w0 = 2*pi/T;
% fundamental, rad/s
dt = 1/20000;
% sampling time
%t = (0:dt:2*T);
t = T:dt:T;
syn(1,:) = Cz + (4*A*a/T)...
*sin(2*pi*a/T)/(2*pi*a/T)*cos(w0*t);
for n = 2:200
syn(n,:) = syn(n-1,:) + (4*A*a/T)...
*sin(2*pi*n*a/T)/(2*pi*n*a/T)*cos(w0*n*t);
end
figure(1)
subplot 311
plot(t*1000,syn(3,:))
axis([-T*1000 T*1000-5 15])
grid
text (0.7, 13, n = 3)
subplot 312
plot(t* 1000, syn(5,:))
axis ([-T*1000 T*1000 5 15])
grid
text(0.7,13,n = 5)
subplot 313
plot(t*1000,syn(6,:))
68
axis([-T*1000 T*1000 5 15])

grid
text(0.7,13,n = 6)
xlabel(t(ms))
figure(2)
subplot 211
plot(t*1000,syn(100,:))
grid
axis([-T*1000 T*1000 1 11])
text(0.2,7,n = 100)
subplot 212
plot(t*1000,syn(200,:))
grid
axis([-T*1000 T*1000 1 11])
text(0.2,7,n = 200)
15
n=3
10
5
0
5
8
15
0
n=5
10
5
0
5
8
15
0
n=6
10
5
0
5
8
0
t(ms)
10
8
n = 100
6
4
2
0
8
10
8
n = 200
6
4
2
0
8
69
Between n = 100 and n = 200, the series summation shows more oscillations but not
1
significant reduction in total squared error due to contribution.
n
2t T
1 T , 2 t 0
f
5.15 (a) P(t) =
1 2t , 0 t T
T
2
T = 2ms
fP(t): even bn = 0
4 T / 2 2t
an = 1 cos nZ0t dt
T 0 T
4 sin nZ 0 t
2
=
2 2 (cos nZ 0 t nZ 0 sin nZ 0 t )
T nZ 0
n Z0 T
T /2
, n odd
n 2S 2
1 T 1
1
=
C0 =
2
2
T
cos nZ 0 t
1 4
fP(t) = 2
2 S n 1,3,... n 2
=
1
,
n 0
2
Cnf = 2
, n 1, 3,...
n 2S 2
else
0,
f P (t)
1
1ms
1ms
t
gp(t )
1
1ms
1ms
1
[1 + xP(t + T/4)]
2
1
1
Hence Cof = + Cox =
2
2
(b) fP(t) =
70
Cnf =
1
Cnx e jnZ0T/4,
2
n odd
=
=
j
nS j
1 4
2 2 e 2 sin e
2 n S
2
2
n 2S 2
2
n 2S 2
sin
nS j ( n 1) 2
e
2
, n odd
8
n2S 2 sin
(Also, from xP(t) =
n odd
fP(t) =
nS
2
1 4

2 S2
1 4
= 2
2 S
n 2 sin
n odd
nS
sin nZ0t
2
nS
T
sin nZ 0 t
4
cos nZ 0 t
n2
n odd
x p (t )
1
0
1
T
4
a =0
(c) gP(t): odd
n even
0,
(1) sin nZ0t dt = 4

nS , n odd
4
bn =
T
gP(t) =
4
[sin Z0 t + sin 3Z0 t + sin 5 Z0 t +
nS
(d) gP(t) =
T
2
T /2
"]
T d
fP(t)
2 dt
? g (t) = T2 dtd 12 S42 n12 cos nZ 0t
n odd
P
=
=
2T
S2
4
n 2 ( nZ 0 )sin n Z 0t
n odd
n sin nZ0t
n odd
1
n 0
2 ,
j2
From Cng =
and Cnf =
nS
2 , n odd
n 2S 2
71
T
T
jnZ0 Cnf . [Note: Each term Cn e jnZ0t, in fP(t) is changed to
jnZ0 Cn e jnZ0t
2
2
in gP(t)]
Cng =
5.16 xP(t) =
4
1 e j1.6 nS jnZ0t
e

j 2 nS
5 n
n0
Z0 =
2S
5 10 3
= 400S rad/s
4
; H(0) = 2
5
4
dc at output = 2 = 1.6
5
(a) dc at input =
(b) At Z0, input = C1 e jnZ0t + C1e jnZ0t

1 e j 1.6S
C1 =
= 0.1871 144 = C1*
j 2S
Response to Z = Z0 = 400S rad/s < 3000 rad/s is H(Z0) = 2
? Response to fundamental is
H( Z0) C 1 e jZ0t + H(Z0) C1e jZ0t
=2
0.1871e
j144 jZ0t
+2
0.1871e
j144
e jZ0t
= 0.7484 cos(Z0 t 144), Z0 = 400S rad/s

(c) Highest frequency available at output
=2
K = 3000
Z
Zmax = K Z0 < 3000 rad/s
0
? Zmax = 2 400S = 800S rad/s = 2Z0

Output at 2Z = H(2Z ) 2| C | cos 2Z t C
Input at 2Z0 = 2| C2 | cos 2Z 0t C2
0
=22
1 e j 3.2S
cos(2 Z0t + T2)
j 4S
= 4 0.1514 cos(2Z0t 108)

= 0.6055 cos (2Z0t 108)
at
e , t 0
at
e , 0 t
5.17 (a) x(t) = e a| t | =

X(Z) =
=
eat e jZt dt +
e at e jZt dt
2a
, Re[a] > 0
a2 Z 2
72
e at cos bt , t 0
at
e cos bt , 0 t
(b) x(t) = e a| t | cos bt =

X(Z) =
e jbt e jbt jZ t
e jbt e jbt jZ t
e
dt e at
e
dt
0
2
2
e at
e[ a j (b Z )]t e a j (b Z )t 0
e[ a j (b Z )]t
e[ a j (b Z )]t

a j (b Z ) a j (b Z ) a j (b Z ) a j (b Z ) 0
1
1
1
1
1
=

, Re[a] > 0
2 a j (b Z ) a j (b Z ) a j (b Z ) a j (b Z )
1
2
a (b Z )
2
a
a (b Z ) 2
, Re[a] > 0
(c) x(t) = te atu(t)
x(Z) =
=
0 te
at jZ t
1
(a jZ ) 2
dt
e ( a jZ )t
[1 (a jZ )t ]
(a jZ )2
Re [a ] ! 0
(d) x(t) = e at sin bt u(t)

X(Z) =
=
5.18 (a) x(t) =
sin bt e ( a jZ )t dt
b
,
(a jZ ) 2 b 2
e ( a jZ )t
(a jZ ) b
2
>(a jZ )sin bt b cos bt @0
Re[a] > 0
x(w)
sin bt
t
From u(t + b) u(t b)
2sin bZ
sin bt
S [u(Z + b) (Z b)]
t
using the duality property.
(b) x(t) = e at sin bt u(t)

1
,a>0
e at u(t)
a jZ
e jbt e jbt
1
1
1
j2
j 2 a j (Z b) a j (Z b)
b
using the modulation property.
or X(Z) =
(a jZ ) 2 b 2
? x(t) = e at
(c) x(t) =
1
1 t2
From e a| t |
2a
for a = 1,
a Z2
X(Z) = S e | Z | using the duality property.
2
73
(d) x(t) = 1, T a | t | T + a
For a pulse of width 2a centered at the origin, the transform is
x (t)
2sin Z a
Ta
T+a
Ta T T+a
For the pulses of width a centered at T in x(t),

2sin Z a
2sin Z a
+ e jZT
X(Z) = e jZT
5.19 g(t) * h(t) =
sin Z a cos ZT
[sin Z (T + a) sin Z (T a)]
aD
e u(D) e b(t D) u(t D) dD
e at e bt
u(t)
ba
1 1
1
1
=
F [g(t) * h(t)] =
b a a jZ b jZ (a jZ )(b jZ )
1
1
; H(Z) =
G(Z) =
a jZ
b jZ
1
F [g(t) * h(t)] = G(Z) H(Z) =
(a jZ )(b jZ )
= e bt
e(b a)D dD =
5.20 x(t) X(Z)
e j2Z X(Z)
(b) x(t + 2) x(t 1) (e j2Z e jZ) X(Z)
(a) x(t 2)
2 e
3
3
j
2
Z
3
(c) x(3t 2) = x 3 t
x(t) = u(t + 2) u(t 2)

(a) x(t 2)
Z
3
X(Z) = 2 sinZ 2Z
e jZt dZ = 2e j2Z
sin 2Z
1
0
74
(b) x(t + 2) x(t 1)

= e j2Z
1
4
sin 2Z e jZ
e jZt dt e jZt dt
3
sin 2Z
1
4
(c) x(3t 2)
4
3
0
e jZt dt =
j
1 e 3
=
jZ
=
5.21 x(t)
X(Z)
(a) x(t) * G (t a)
(b) x(t) G (t a)
(c) x(at) e jbt
(d) x(t) *
2
j Z
e 3
2
x 3 t
3
1
0
2 sin
4
3
2
Z
3
e Z X(Z)
Z
x(t) G (t a) e Z dt = x(a) e Z = e 2S
j a
j a
j t
a1 X
sin bt
t
4/3
2
Z
3
e jZt
jZ 0
Z

a
Z Z b
j a
X(E ) e jaE dE
1 Z b
X
a a
X(Z) S [u (Z + b) u(Z b)]

S X(Z), | Z | b
5.22 x(t) X(Z), g(t) G(Z),
dg (t )
dt
(jZ + a) G(Z) = X(Z) G(Z) =
jZG(Z)
X (Z )
a jZ
If x(t) = G (t) X(Z) = 1 and G(Z) =
a jZ
1
= e at u(t)
a jZ
g(t) = F 1
75
|H |dB
6 dB
0 dB
w(rad/s)
20 dB/dec
1000
180
H
90
0
100
1000
w(rad/s)
104
1
sc1
6.41
H(s) =
Vo ( s )
Vi ( s )
Vi ( s ) R2
R1 R2
VT (s)=
Vi (s)
R1
R2
VT VX
= VX C2s + (VX V0)sC1
RT
? VX = Vo C1 s VRT
T
I1
Vx
H(s) =
1
sc1
1
C1 s C2 s
1
RT
VT (s)
1
sc 2
RT
Vx
I1
R3
I1
; V0 = I1R3
1
sC2
=
Vo(s)
R1 R2
R1 R2
RT =
R3
1
sc2
VT
RT
1
C1 s C2 s
RT
R3sC2 VoC1s
Vo
R R C
= 3 2 2
Vi
R1 R2
RT R3C1C2 s 2
1
=
R1C1
C1 C2
1
s
R3C1C2
RT R3C1C2
s
s2
C1 C2
R1 R2
s
C1C2 R3
R1 R2 R3C1C2
For R1 = R2 = R3 = 1000 : and C1 = C2 = 0.1 PF

H(s) =
Zn =
104 s
s 2 2 104 s 2 108
2 108 =
At Z = Zn, | H(Zn) | =
104 rad/s; ] =
1
2
1
Midband gain
2
108
Vo(s)
3 dB frequencies: Z3dB such that |HjZ3dB| =

|H(jZ)|2 =
108 Z 2
4 10 Z 4 10
16
1 1
2 2
Z 4 10 Z
2
1
at Z = Z3dB
8
8 10 x = x + 4 10 where x = Z23dB
Solving Z3dB = 2.7321 104, 0.7321 104
Lower cut off at 7.321 k rad/s, upper cut-off at 27.321 k rad/s.
8
16
s6
Y (s)
= 2
; Y(s) = (s + 6) Q(s),
X (s )
s 9 s 20
X (s)
Q(s) = 2
Q(s) s2 = X(s) 9s Q(s) 20 Q(s)
s 9 s 20
6.42 (a) H(s) =
s 2 Q (s )
X (s)
1
s
1
s
Y (s)
Q (s)
s Q (s )
20
s
Y (s)
= 2
; Y(s) = s Q(s)
X ( s)
2s 5s 1
X ( s)
1
Q(s) =
s2 Q(s) = [X(s) 5s Q(s) Q(s)]
2
2 s 2 5s 1
(b) H(s) =
s 2 Q (s )
X (s)
1
2
1
s
1
s
Q (s )
Y (s )
5
1
(c) H(s) =
Q(s) =
1
s 4s 3
X (s)
2
s 2 4s 3
X (s)
Y ( s)
; Y(s) = Q(s),
X (s)
Q(s) s2 = X(s) 4s Q(s) 3Q(s)

s 2 Q (s )
1
s
1
s
Y (s )
4
3
6.43 Series blocks:

1
5
Y(s) = 2 X ( s) X ( s ) 4 Y ( s) 3 = Y(s)
s
s
109
1
12 2 X ( s )
12 (2 s 1)
s
X (s)
=
Y(s) =
15
s 15
1
s
12 (2s 1)
Y (s )
=
H(s) =
X (s)
s 15
24
1
s
X (s)
12
Y (s )
15
110
Chapter 6
6.1 x(t) = X(s) =

x(t) eat
x(t) e st dt
x(t) e
x(t) e
X(s)|
at
est dt
(s a)t
dt
6.2 x(t)
X(s) =
L [x(at)] =
= X(s a)
sa
x(t) est dt
x(at) est dt
s
u
a
1
X ( s)
s
a
s
x(u) e
du
, using at = u, a > 0
a
1 s
= X
a a
6.3 (a) x(t) u(t) = t u(t)
t u(t) est dt
d e st t e st
[t u(t)] = t
=
0
s
dt s
First term = 0 for V + a > 0
e st
[t u(t)] =
s2
e st
dt
s
1
s2
(b) x(t 5) u(t):

[x(t 5) u(t)] =
L [(t 5) u(t)] = L [t u(t) 5u(t)]
1 5
s2 s
(c) x(t) u(t 5) = t u(t 5)
=
L [t u(t 5)] =
t u(t 5) est dt
e st 1
t +
s
s5
t est dt
e 5 s
1
5 +
s
s
(d) x(t 5) u(t 5) = (t 5) u(t 5)
L [(t 5) u(t 5)] =
(t 5) u(t 5) est dt
sD 5s
0 D u(D) e e dD, D = t 5
e 5 s
s2
90
6.4 g(t) =
dg
= x(t)
dt
x(D) dD, g(0) = 0
X(s) = s G(s)
? L [g(t)] = L
x( ) d =
t
0
1
x ( )d = G(s) = X(s)
s
x ( ) d + x ( )d
y (0 ) X ( s )
+
, where y( 0 ) =
s
s
x(D) dD
t 2 (2)
t 3 (3)
x (0) +
x (0) +
2!
3!
x (0) x (1) (0)
x (2) (0)
x ( k ) (0)
+
+
+
+
X(s) =
+
s
s2
s3
sk
6.5 x(t) = x(0) + tx(1)(0) +
n = 0: sX(s) = x(0) +
x (1) (0) x (2) (0)

+
+
s
s2
+ xs
(k )
(0)
k 1
n = 1: lim s2 X(s) = lim sx(0) + x (1) (0) + x(2) (0) +

s
s
s
lim sX(s) = x(0)

s
?x
(0) = lim s 2 X ( s ) s x(0)
(1)
x (3) x (4)
+ 2 +
n = 2: lim s3 X(s) = lim s 2 x (0) + s x (1) (0) + x (2) (0) +
s
s
s
s
?x
(0) = lim s 3 X ( s) s 2 x (0) s x (1) (0)

s
(2)
In general
x(n)(0) = lim s n+1 X ( s ) s n x(0) s n1x (1) (0)
s
6.6 (a) sin (120St) u(t)
(b) e2t cos (120St) u(t)
(c) 2[u(t) u(t 5)]

(d) 5(1 e3t) u(t)
s x
( n 1)
(0)
120
+ (120 )2
=s
s
2
+ (120 ) 2
2s [1 e
s+2
( s + 2) 2 + (120 )2
ss+2
=
5s
5 1s s +1 3
(e) e2t u(t) e2t u(t 5) = e2t u(t) e2(t 5) u(t 5) e10
? L [e
2t
u(t) e2t u(t 5)] =
1
(1 e5s e10)
s+2
91
1, 0 t T
6.7 (a) x(t) = 1, T t 2 T

0, else
x(t) = u(t) 2u(t T) + u(t 2T)
1
X(s) = [1 2 esT + e2sT ]
s
(b) x(t) =
t , 0t T
0 , else
T
= tu(t) (t T) u(t T) T u(t T)

T
1
1
2 e T e st
2
s
s
s
X(s) =
(c) x(t) =
t, 0 t T
T, t > T
T
1
X(s) = 2 [1 esT]
s
t T
0,
T t, t T
= (t T) u(t T)
X(s) =
(e) x(t) =
= tu(t) (t T) u(t T)
(d) x(t) =
2T
1 sT
e
s2
5 t, t 0
0,
else
= (5 t) u(t)
5 1
X(s) = 2
s s
0t T
t ,
(f) x(t) = 2T t , T t 2T
0,
else
x(t) = t u(t) 2(t T) u(t T) + (t 2T) u(t 2T)

X(s) =
1
2
1
e sT + 2 e 2 sT
s2 s2
s
A sin bt , 0 t
(g) x(t) =
b
0,
else
2T
= A sin bt u(t) + A sin b(t S) u(t S)

Ab
1 + e s
X(s) = 2
2
s +b
92
6.8 x(t) = u(t) 2u(t 2) + u(t 4)

x (t )
1
X(s) = 1 2e 2 s + e 4 s
s
a
1
1 2e 2 s + e 4 s
(a) a x(t)
s
1 5 s
e
(b) x(t 5)
(1 2e2s + e4s)
0
s
1
1 2e bs + e 12 s
1
(c) ax(t/3)
3a
3s
12
1 2e s + e 2 s
(d) x(2t)
2 s
d 1
(e) x5(t) = tx(t)

(1 2e 2 s + e 4 s )
ds s
1
1
X5(s) = 2 (1 2e2s + e4s) (4e2s 4e4s)
s
s
(f) x6(t) = (t 4) x(t 4) = x5(t 4)
X6(s) = X5(s) e4s
e 4 s
e4s
(4e2s 4e4s)
= 2 (1 2e2s + e4s)
s
s
dx
= G(t) 2G(t 2) + G(t 4)
dt
X7(s) = 1 2e2s + e4s [also from sX(s) x(0)]
(g) x7(t) =
(h) x8(t) =
X8(s) =
6.9 q(t) =
x(D) dD
1
1
X(s) = 2 [1 2e2s + e4s]
s
s
i(D) dD
t
(a) i(t) = G(t) q(t) =

Q(s) =
G(D) dD
t
= u(t)
1
s
(b) i(t) = u(t) q(t) =
u(D) dD = t u(t)
t
1
s2
Q(s) =

6.10 x1(t) = A sin Z0 t u(t) + A sin 0 t
ut
0
0

X1(s) = 2 0 2 1 + e 0
A
s + 0
x(t) =
x1 t
n=0
X(s) = X1(s)
e
n =0
nT
2
ns
T
2
= X1(s)
n
s
0
T p
=
2 w0
n=0
93
6.11 x1(t) = A sin ot , 0 t

X1(s) =
=
1 / o
A (e j0t e j0t ) est dt
0
2j
s
A 0
0
+
e
1
s 2 + 0 2
X(s) =
=
2 0
x1 (s) e
snT
n =0
= X1(s)
2 sn
0
n=0
s+6
2
1
s+6
=
=
s+4 s+5
( s + 4)( s + 5)
s 2 + 9 s + 20
Inverse: 2e4t u(t) e5t u(t)
a b
c
d
s+6
= + 2 +
(b) 2 2
+
+5
s
s
s
4
s
s ( s + 9 s + 20)
2
2
s + b = as (s + 9s + 20) + b (s + 9s + 20) + Cs2 (s + 5) + ds2 (s + 4)
6.12 (a)
= 0
s3 : a + c + d
17
3
, b= ,
a =
2
s : 9a + b + 5c + 4d = 0
200
10
1
1
= 1
s : 20a + 9b
c= , d =
8
25
= 6
s 0 : 20b
Inverse: a u(t) + b t u(t) + ce4t u(t) + de5t u(t)
2
1
s 2 + 10s + 26
s +6
= 1+ 2
= 1+
(c)
2
+
+
s
s
4
5
+
+
s
s
9
20
s + 9 s + 20
4t
5t
Inverse: G(t) + 2e u(t) e u(t)
MATLAB: [r, p, k] = residue ([1 10 26], [1 9 20]);
6.13 (a) X(s) =
s+6
s +1
5
=
+
2
2
2
s + 2 s + 25
( s + 1) + (2 6)
( s + 1) + (2 6) 2
2
sin (2 6)t u (t )
x(t) = et cos (2 6)t +
2 6
residue ([1 6], [1 2 25]); r = 0.5 j0.5103

p = 5e j101.5;
k=0
= 0.7144 e j45.6
= 1 j4.899
0.7144 e 45.6 0.7144 e +45.6
+
X(s) =
s + 1 j 4.899 s + 1 + j 4.899
x(t) = 0.7144 e45.6 et ej4.899t + conjugate, t 0
= 1.4288 et cos (4.899t 45.6) u(t)
s
3s + 15
5
+3 2
(b) X(s) = 2
=3 2
2
s + 25
s +5
s + 52
x(t) = 3 cos 5t + 3 sin 5t, t 0
= 3 2 cos (5t 45), t 0
[r, p, k] = residue ([3 15], [1 0 25]);
r = 1.5 j 1 5 = 2.1213 45
p = B j5
94
2.1213 45
2.1213 45
+
s j5
s + j5
j45 +j5t
x(t) = 2.1213e
e + conj., t 0
= 4.2426 cos (5t 45) u(t)
6 s 3 + 8s 2 + 11s + 4
3
1
1
4s
(c) X(s) = 4
= +
+ 2
+
s s + 1 s2 + 4
s + s 3 + 4 s 2 + 4s
s +4
3
x(t) = 1 + et + 4 cos 2t + sin 2t, t 0
2
= 1 + et + 4.272 cos (2t 20.56), t 0
1
1
2.136 20.56
2.136 20.56
+
+
+
MATLAB: X(s) =
s +1 s
s j2
s + j2
x(t) = 1 + et + 2.136ej2t ej20.6 + 2.136ej2t ej20.6
= 1 + et + 4.272 cos (2t 20.6), t 0
4 s 2 + 16 s + 26
2
2s + 8
= + 2
(d) X(s) =
2
s
s( s + 4 s + 13)
s + 4 s + 13
2
2( s + 2)
4
3
= +
+
s ( s + 2)2 + 32 3 ( s + 2) 2 + 32
4
x(t) = 2 + 2e2t cos 3t + e2t sin 3t, t 0
3
= 2 + 2.4037 cos (3t 33.69), t 0
2 1.2019 33.69 1.2019 33.69
+
MATLAB: X(s) = +
s
s + 2 j3
s + 2 + j3
x(t) = 2 + 2.4037e2t cos (3t 33.69), t 0
s
0.05
10
10
+ 0.05 2
0.05 2
=
(e) X(s) =
2
s + 10
( s + 10)( s + 100)
s + 100
s + 100
10t
x(t) = 0.05e + 0.05 sin 10t 0.05 cos 10t, t 0
= 0.05 e10t + 2 (0.05) cos (10t 135), t 0
0.05 0.0354 135 0.0354 135
MATLAB: X(s) =
+
+
s + 10
s j10
s + j10
X(s) =
6.14 X(s) =
s 2 + 4s 5
( s + 2)2 9
=
[( s + 2) 2 + 9]2
[( s + 2) 2 + 9]2
s
cos 3t u(t)
s +9
s+2
e2t cos 3t u(t)
( s + 2)2 + 9
2
d
ds
s+ 2
2
( s + 2) + 9
[( s + 2) 2 + 9 ( s + 2) 2( s + 2)]
[( s + 2) 2 + 9]2
s 2 + 4s 5
[( s + 2) 2 + 9]2
te
2t
cos 3t, t 0
2 dtd x(t), x(0 ) = x(0 ) = 0

3X(s + a) 3e x(t)
e X(s) x(t b) u(t b)
X(s) Y(s) x(t) * y(t)
2
6.15 (a) 2s2 X(s)

(b)
(c)
(d)
at
bs
95
t
dX ( s )
Y ( s)
+
t x(t) + y(D) dD
0
ds
s
1
1 jat
(f)
[X(s + ja) + X(s ja)]
[e x(t) + ejat x(t)],
2
2
x(t) cos at, t 0
6
1+
s ( s + 6)
s
6.16 (a) x(0) = lim 2
= lim
=1
9 20
s
s s + 9 s + 20
1+ + 2
s s
Also x(0) = lim x(t) = lim [2e4t e5t] = 1
(e)
t0
t0
s( s + 6)
=0
x( ) = lim 2
s 0 s + 9 s + 20
s 2 + 6s
= 0 = lim x(t)
t 0
s s 2 ( s 2 + 9 s + 20)
2s + 6
=
x( ) = lim s X(s) = lim 3
2
s0
s0 4 s + 27 s + 40 s
10 26
1+ + 2
s 3 + 10s 2 + 26s
s s
= lim
=
(c) x(0) = lim
9 20
s
s 1
s 2 + 9 s + 20
+ 2+ 3
s s
s
3
2
s + 10 s + 26 s
=0
x( ) = lim
s0
s 2 + 9 s + 20
6
1+
s ( s + 6)
s
6.17 (a) x(0) = lim 2
= lim
=1
2 25
s s + 2 s + 25
s
1+ + 2
s s
t
x(0) = lim 1.4288e cos (4.899t 45.6) 1
(b) x(0) = lim
t0
x( ) = lim
s0
s( s + 6)
=0
s + 2 s + 25
2
15
3+
s (3s + 15)
s =3
(b) x(0) = lim
= lim
25
s
s
s 2 + 25
1+ 2
s
x(0) = lim 4.2426 cos (5t 45) = 3
t0
3s 2 + 15s
= 0. From x(t), doesnt exist
s0
s 2 + 25
8 11 4
6+ + 2 + 3
s (6s 3 + 8s 2 + 11s + 4)
s s s
(c) x(0) = lim
= lim
4
3
2
1
4 4
s
s
s + s + 4s + 4s
1+ + 2 + 3
s s s
= 6 = lim [1 + et + 4.272 cos (2t 20.56)]
x( ) = lim
t0
x( ) = lim s X(s) = 1. From x(t), x( ) is undefined.

s0
96
16 26
+ 2
4+
4s 3 + 16s 2 + 26s
s
s =4
lim
(d) x(0) = lim
=
4 13
s
s
s 3 + 4s 2 + 13s
1+ + 2
s s
2t
= lim 2 + 2.4037e cos (3t 33.7) = 4
t0
4 s3 + 16 s 2 + 26 s
undefined in x(t)
s0
s 3 + 4 s 2 + 13s
10
10s
s2
(e) x(0) = lim
= lim
=0
2
10 100 1000
s ( s + 10)( s + 100)
s
1+ + 2 + 3
s
s
s
10t
= lim 0.05e + 2 (0.05) cos (10t 135)
x( ) = lim
t0
x( ) = lim sX(s) undefined in x(t)

s0
6.18 (a) a2 [sY(s) y(0)] + a1 Y(s) +

x(t) = u(t)
a0
Y(s) = X(s)
s
X(s) = 1s
a2 y (0 )
a
a
a2 s + a1 + 0 a2 s + a1 + 0
s
s
+
s X ( s) sa2 y (0 )
1 + 3s
Y(s) =
= 2
2
+ 9s + 6
s
3
a2 s + a1 s + a0
Y(s) =
X (s)
5/ 3 2/3
s + 2 s +1
5
2 t
y(t) = e2t
e , t 0
3
3
8
10 2t 2 t
e + e
y (0) =
(b) y (t) =
3
3
3
3d 2 y
dy
dx d
(c)
+ 6y(t) =
[u(t)] = 0,
+9
=
dt
dt dt
dt 2
Y(s) =
t 0+
3(s2 Y(s) sy(0) y (0)) + 9sY(s) 9y(0) + 6Y(s) = 0

8
3s + 3 + 9
3
1 + 3s
Y(s) =
= 2
same as in (a)
3s + 9 s + 6
3s 2 + 9s + 6
5
2
y(t) = e2t et, t 0
3
3
dx
du
2 + 3s
If
=
= G (t) is used, Y(s) = 2
dt
dt
3s + 9s + 6
4 1
1 1
or Y(s) =
3 s + 2 3 s +1
4
1
8
and y(t) = e2t et, t 0, which does not satisfy y (0) =
3
3
3
6
9
5
12
[y(t)] = Y(s) = 2
+
s s +1 s +3 s
6.19
97
Input:
L [x(t)] = X(s) = 1s
Y ( s)
s
6
5s
= 9
+
12
X (s)
s
s +1 s + 3
6
9
15
+5
12
= 9+
s
s +1
s+3
6
9
15
= 16 +
s
s +1 s + 3
h(t) = 6 16G(t) + 9et 15e3t, t 0
2s
6.20 x(t) = 2 cos 10 t u(t)
X(s) = 2
s + 100
H(s) =
y(t) = [5e10t + 5 2 cos (10t + 45)] u(t)

= 5e10t + 5 cos 10t 5 sin 10t, t 0
10s 2
5
5s
50
Y(s) =
=
+ 2
2
s + 10 s + 100 s + 100
( s + 10) ( s 2 + 100)
5s
Y ( s)
H(s) =
=
X (s)
s + 100
6.21 s2 Y(s) sy(0) y (0) + 3sY(s) 3y(0) + 2Y(s) = X(s)
X (s)
( s + 3) y (0) + y (0)
Y(s) = 2
+
s + 3s + 2
s 2 + 3s + 2
(a) Poles are at s = 1 and 2
1
X(s) =
(b) x(t) = u(t)
s
1
( s + 3) y (0) + y (0)
+
Y(s) =
s( s + 1)( s + 2)
( s + 1) ( s + 2)
s 3
+
11
2
2 + sy (0) + 3 y (0) + y (0)
2
=
2 s s + 3s + 2
s 2 + 3s + 2
To eliminate system modes
1
3
y(0) = +
and 3y(0) + y (0) = +
2
2
1
0 , y(0) = , y (0) = 0
2
6.22 (a) s2Y(s) sy(0) y (0) + 3sY(s) 3y(0) + 2Y(s) = sX(s) x(0) + 5X(s)
s+5
s y (0) + y (0) + 3 y (0) x(0)
Y(s) = 2
X(s) +
s + 3s + 2
s 2 + 3s + 2
s+5
s+4
X(s) + 2
= 2
s + 3s + 2
s + 3s + 2
(b) s2 Y(s) sy(0) y (0) + 4sY(s) 4y(0) + 3Y(s) = 3sX(s) 3x(0)
3s
2s + 8
Y(s) = 2
X(s) + 2
s + 4s + 3
s + 4s + 3
(c) s2 Y(s) sy(0) y (0) + 10s Y(s) 10y(0) + 100Y(s) = X(s)
X (s)
s+8
Y(s) = 2
+
s + 10s + 100 s 2 + 10s + 100
98
6.23 x(t) = u(t)
s+4
( s + 5)
; Poles: 1, 2
+ 2
s ( s + 3s + 2) s + 3s + 2
51
1
1/ 2
=
2 s s +1 s + 2
5
1
y(t) = et e2t, t 0
2
2
3
2s + 8
Y(s) =
+
( s + 1)( s + 3) ( s + 1)( s + 3)
9 / 2 5/ 2
=
s +1 s + 3
9
5
y(t) = et e3t, t 0
2
2
s +8
1
Y(s) =
+ 2
2
s( s + 10 s + 100) s + 10 s + 100
0.01 0.5235 19
0.5235 19
+
=
+
s
s + 5 j8.66
s + 5 + j8.66
y(t) = 0.01 + 1.047e5t cos (8.66t 19), t 0
s+ 5
H(s) = 2
s + 3s + 2
4
3
H(s) =
h(t) = 4et 3e2t, t 0
s+1 s+ 2
s+5
1
51
4 3 1
Ys(s) =
+
=
s ( s + 1)( s + 2)
2 s s +1 2 s + 2
5
3
ys(t) = 4et + e2t, t 0
2
2
3s
9 1
3 1
H(s) = 2
; H(s) =
2 s + 3 2 s +1
s + 4s + 3
(a) Y(s) =
(b)
(c)
6.24 (a)
(b)
X(s) = 1s
2
9 3t 3 t
e
e ,t 0
2
2
3
3 1
1
Ys(s) =
=
( s + 3) ( s + 1)
2 s + 1 s + 3
3
ys(t) = [et e3t] u(t)
2
0.058 90 0.058 +90
1
+
(c) H(s) = 2
=
s + 5 j8.66 s + 5 + j8.66
s + 10 s + 100
h(t) =
h(t) = 0.058e90 e5t e j8.66t + conjugate, t 0

= 0.1155e5t sin 8.66t u(t)
1
0.01 0.0058 150 0.0058 150
Ys(s) =
=
+
+
2
s
s + 5 j8.66
s + 5 + j8.66
s( s + 10 s + 100)
5t
ys(t) = 0.01 + 0.0115e cos (8.66t + 150), t 0
s+6
Y (s)
= 2
6.25 (a)
X (s)
s + 9 s + 20
Y(s) (s2 + 9s + 20) = X(s) (s + 6)
99
dx
d2y
dy
+9
+ 20y(t) =
+ 6x(t)
2
dt
dt
dt
s+6
Y (s)
= 2 2
(b)
X (s)
s ( s + 9 s + 20)
Y(s) [s4 + 9s3 + 20s2] = X(s) [s + 6]
dx
d 4 y 9d 3 y 20d 2 y
+
+
=
+ 6x(t)
4
3
2
dt
dt
dt
dt
Y ( s) s 2 + 10 s + 26
(c)
=
X ( s) s 2 + 9s + 20
Y(s) [s2 + 9s + 20] = X(s) [s2 + 10s + 26]
d2 y
9
dy
d2x
dx
+ 20y(t) = 2 10
+ 26x(t)
dt
dt
dt
s6
dt 2
Y (s)
= 2
6.26 (a)
X ( s)
s 2 s 25
Y(s) [s2 + 2s + 25] = X(s) [s + 6]

d2y
dy
dx
+2
+ 25y(t) =
+ 6x(t)
2
dt
dt
dt
(b)
Y (s)
d2y
3s 15
dx
+ 15x(t)
= 2
2 + 25y(t) = 3
X ( s)
dt
dt
s 25
(c)
6s 3 8s 2 11s 4
Y (s)
= 4 3
X ( s)
s s 4s 2 4s
d4y
dt 4
d3y
+4
dt 3
d2y
dt 2
+4
dy
d 3x
d 2x
dx
= 6 3 + 8 2 + 11 4x(t)
dt
dt
dt
dt
4s 16s 26
Y (s)
=
X ( s)
s ( s 2 4 s 13)
2
(d)
d3y
d3y
dt
d2y
dt
d2y
d2x
dy
dx
= 4 2 + 16
+ 26x(t)
dt
dt
dt
10
10
+ 13
dt 3
dt 2
Y (s)
=
= 3
X ( s)
( s 10)( s 2 100)
s 10 s 2 100s 1000
(e)
6.27
+4
+3
+ 10
d2y
dt
+ 100
dy
+ 1000y(t) = 10x(t)
dt
dy
+ 2y(t) = x(t)
dt
(a) (s2 + 3s + 2) Y(s) = X(s) H(s) =
1
s 2 3s 2
(b) Poles, from (s + 1) (s + 2) = 0, are at s = 1, 2. No finite zero

1
(c) x(t) = u(t) X(s) =
s
1
11
1
1 1
=

2 s s 1 2 s 2
s ( s 2 3s 2)
1
1
y(t) = et + e2t, t 0
2
2
1
(d) x(t) = e2t u(t) X(s) =
s2
Y(s) =
Im
100
Re
Y(s) =
1
( s 1)( s 2)
s 1
s2
1
( s 2) 2
y(t) = et e2t te2t, t 0

y(t) as t unbounded for the bounded input x(t).
6.28 tn e p1t tn est, s = p1
0 t
e p1t dt =
n pt
1
0 t
s p1
n!
p1n 1
, Re(p1) > 0
dt <
t e
L [t ]
p1t
t n e p1t
dt =
p1
n
p1

0
n 1 p t
1
0 t
dt
n n 1 p1t
t
e
dt, Re[p1] > 0
p1 0
n( n 1) t n 2 p1t
t
e
dt, Re[p1] > 0
p12 0
=
6.29 H(s) =
H(s) =
n!
p1n 1
, Re[p1] > 0
1
s 4
2
1
2
2 s2 z 2
h(t) =
1
sin 2t u(t)
2
Poles on the imaginary axis, p = j2
h(t )
dt / unstable
(a) x(t) = u(t) Y(s) =

y(t) =
1
s ( s 2 4)
1
[1 cos 2t] u(t)
4
(b) x(t) = sin 2t u(t) Y(s) =
1 1
s

4 s s 2 4
bounded
1
( s 2 4) 2
1
s2 4

2
2
2
s 4 (s 4)
1
2
1 d s

=
16 s 2 4 8 ds s 2 4
Y(s) =
1
8
1
1
sin 2t t cos 2t, t 0
16
8
As t , y(t) becomes unbounded.
y(t) =
6.30 H1(s) =
K
(s 0.1 j 3) (s 0.1 j 3)
101
K1
K2
+
, K1, K2: Residues at poles, K2 = K1* = |K1| T1
s 0.1 j 3
s 0.1 j 3
h1(t) = K1 et ej3t + K2 et ej3t,
t0
= e [K1 e + K1* e ], t 0
t
j3t
j3t
= 2 | K1 | et cos (3t 1), t 0

s 1
6.31 (a) H(s) = 2
s 9 s 14
zero: s = 1
poles: s = 2, 7
poles in OLHP stable system
(b) H(s) =
Im
s2
s 4 s 12
Re
Im
zero: s = 2
poles: s = 2, 6
unstable due to pole at s = 6
(c) H(s) =
Re
Im
s 2 2s 3
s 3 7 s 2 10s
zeros: s = 3, 1
poles: s = 0, 5, 2
stable: all poles in OLHP
2 0
Re
Im
s 16
2
(d) H(s) =
s 2 8s 20
zeros: s = j4
poles: s = 4 j2
j2
0
4
j2
j4
(e) H(s) =
Im
s 2 2s 2
s 3 10 s 2 23s 14
zeros: s = 1 j1
poles: s = 1, 2, 7
6.32 Ys(s) =
K
2
s s ]Z n Z d 2
D2 s
D1
K 1
+
+
2
2
2
( s ]Z n)2 Z d 2
Z n s (s ]Z n ) Z d
2 ] K
K
Ys(s) =
D1 =
Ys(s) =
ys(t) =
Zn
, D2 =
Z n2
D2 ( s ]Z n )
D D2]Z n
K 1
Zd
+ 1
+
2
2
2
Zd
( s ]Z n) Z d
( s ]Z n )2 Z d 2
Zn s
Z n2
D1 D2]Z n ]Znt
e
sin Zdt + D2 e]Znt cos Zdt, t 0
Zd
102
Re
D1 D2]Z n
, D4 = D2
Zd
K
ys(t) =
+ e]Znt [D3 sin Zdt + D4 cos Zdt], t 0
2
D3 =
Zn
2] K
K

]Z n
Z n Z n2
Z d K / Z n2
D
D D2 ]Z n
=
tan = 3 = 1
D4
Z d D2
] Zn
Zd
D1 D2]Z n
D22
Z d
2
D32 D42 =
D5 = h =
1
=
Zd
=
=
D12
D22
4] 2 K 2
1
Zd
Z n2
] Z n 2 D1D2 ]Z n
2
K2
Z n4
Zd
D4
] 2Z n2 4] K3 Z n K 4 Z d 2
Z n4
Zn
Zn
K2
Z nZ d
dv
dy
6.33 ic(t) = c 0 = c
dt
dt
dy
iL = is ic = x c
dt
di
L L + RiL = v0
dt
D3
is (t)
x (t)
iL
iC
v0 (t)
= y (t)
dx
d2y
dy
= y(t)
L LC 2 + Rx Rc
dt
dt
dt
LC
d2y
dt 2
RC
dy
dx
+ y(t) = L
+ Rx(t)
dt
dt
Transforming
(LCs2 + RCs + 1) Y(s) = (sL + R) X(s)
sL R
? H(s) = XY ((sS))
2
LCs RCs 1
(a) R = 100 :, L = 104 H, C = 106 F
H(s) =
Ys(s) =
104 s 100
10
10 2
4
s 10 s 1
106 ( s 106 )
s 106 s 1010
2
1 106 ( s 106 )
100
0.01416
100
=

5
2
6
10
s
s s 10 s 10
s 9.899 10 s 1.0102 104
ys(t) = 100 + 0.01416 e 9.899 10 t 100 e 1.0102 10 t , t 0

(b) R = 10 :, L = 0.1 mH, C = 1 PF
5
H(s) =
107 ( s 104 )
s 2 105 s 1010
103
Ys(s) =
107 ( s 104 )
s ( s 2 105 s 1010 )
55.08 95.21
10 55.08 95.21
+

s 5 104 s j8.67 104
s s 5 104 s j8.67 10 4
ys(t) = 10 + 2 55.08 e 5 10 t cos (8.67 104 t 95.21), t 0

4
s
R

c LC
=
H(s) = 2
1
R
s LC RCs 1
s2 s
L
LC
sL R
Poles are at s =
For critical damping

R= 2
6.34
10
4
4
LC
4
LC
R= 2
L
C
= 20 :
106
H(s) =
R2
s 2 16
s 2 8s 20
H(jZ) =
16 Z 2
20 Z 2 j8Z
(a) x(t) = 3 sin t u(t) Z = j1 = s

16 1
= 0.7276 22.8
H(j1) =
20 1 j8
yss(t) = 3 0.7276 sin (t 22.8)
(b) x(t) = cos 2t u(t) Z = j2 = s
16 4
= 0.53 45
H(j2) =
20 4 j16
yss(t) = 0.53 cos (2t 45)
(c) x(t) = 5 sin 3t u(t) Z = j3
16 9
= 0.265 65.38
H(j3) =
20 9 j 24
yss(t) = 1.326 sin (3t 65.38)
(d) x(t) = 2 sin 4t u(t) Z = j4
16 16
=0
H(j4) =
20 16 j 32
yss(t) = 0
6.35 (a) H(s) =
K ( s 2 1 )
K ( s j1) ( s j1)
=
( s 1) ( s 1 j 4) ( s 1 j 4) ( s 1) ( s 2 2 s 17)
dc gain H(0) =
K
= 1 K = 17
17
(b) Peak response at Z = j4

(c) H(j4) =
17 ( 15)
(1 j 4) (1 j8)
= 7.671 21.16
(d) x(t) = 3 cos t u(t) s = j1 one of the zeros
no steady-state responseonly
104
y(t) = r1 et + r2 et cos (4t T), t 0
(e)
7.7
| H|
1
0
6.36 H(s) =
90
2500
; Zn = 50 ; ] = 0.1
s 10 s 2500
2
HdB = 20 log 2500 20 log | 2500 Z2 + j10Z |

20 log 2500 20 log 2500, Z Z n 50
20 log 2500 40 log Z , Z !! Z n 50
Z 50
0,
68 40 log Z , Z !! 50
At Z = 50, HdB = 20 log 2500 20 log | j10 50 | = 14 Max. Error
0, Z Z n 50
H = 90 Z Z n 50
180, Z !! Z 50
n
HdB
0
dB
50
40 dB/dec.
w (rad/s)
H deg.180
50
w (rad /s)
3s
6.37 H(s) =
; | H |max = 3
s 100
At Z3dB, | H(Z3dB) | =
Z3dB = 100
j 3Z
H(jZ) =
100 jZ
3Z 3db
3
=
100 jZ 3dB
2
j 3Z
100 1
jZ
100
jZ
3
+ 20 log Z 20 log 1
HdB = 20 log
100
100
105
20 log (0.03) 20 log Z , Z 100
20 log (0.03) 20 log 100 , Z !! 100

30.5 20 log Z , Z 100
Z !! 100
9.5 ,
90, Z 100
H
0 , Z !! 100
At Z = Z c = 100, HdB = 20 log 3 20 log |1+ j1| = 6.53 dB
At Z = Z c = 100, H = 90 45 = 45
HdB
1
0 dB
10
45
6.38 H(s) =
20 dB/decade
30 dB
90
100
10
40 ( s 2 9)
( s 1) ( s 2 4 s 20)
100
; complex zeros and poles
40 (9 Z 2 )
H(jZ) =
(1 jZ ) (20 Z 2 j 4Z )
HdB = 20 log 40 + 20 log |9 Z2| 20 log |1 + jZ| 20 log |20 Z2 + j4Z|

HdB
40dB/dec.
32
19
0
20 dB/dec
w
(rad/s)
20
40 dB/dec.
0
45
3
w (rad/s)
90
270
6.39 H(s) =
4 104
s 200 2 s 4 10
2
; Zn = 200; ] =
1
2
106
Z3dB:
40000 Z 32 j 200 2 Z 3 =
2 4 104
| H |max = 1 at Z = 0; Z3 = 200 rad/s

20 log (4 104 ) 20 log (4 104 ) 0 ,
| H |dB
40 log Z Z !! 200
0 dB
6.40 (a) H(s) =
V0 ( s )
Vi ( s )
50
Z 2 ( s)
Z1 ( s )
Z 200
40 dB/dec
w(rad/s)
= 5(1 + 0.001s); High pass
Zero at s = 1000; Pole at

Z3dB = 1 = 1000 rad/s
0.001
| H |dB = 20 log 5 + 20 log 1 j 0.001Z
Z 1000
20 log 5 14 dB ,
Z
20 log 5 20 log 1100 , Z !! 1000
Z 1000
B180 ,
H = B180 45 , Z 1000
B180 90 , Z !! 1000
|H |dB
14 dB
0 dB
20 dB/dec
w(rad/s)
1000
100
1000
10 4
w(rad/s)
H - 90
180
(b) H(s) =
V0 ( s )
Vi ( s )
Z 2 ( s)
Z1 ( s )
2
1 0.001s
; Low pass
Zero at s = ; Pole at s = 1000

Z3dB = 1000 rad/s
| H |dB = 20 log 2 20 log 1 0.001 Z
Z 1000
6 dB ,
Z
6 20 log 1000 , Z !! 1000
Z 1000
B180 ,
H = B180 45 , Z 1000
B180 90 , Z !! 1000
107
Chapter 7
7.1 (a) x[n] = 0.5 G [n] + G [n 1] + 1.5 G [n 2]
X(z) = 0.5 + z 1 + 1.5z 2, ROC: everywhere
(b) x[n] = 1.5 G [n + 2] + 2 G [n] + 1.5 G [n 2]
X(z) = 1.5z2 + 2 + 1.5z 2 ROC: everywhere
(c) x[n] = 0.5n u[n] + 0.2n u[n]s
z
z
X(z) =
+
, | z | > 0.5
z 0.5
z 0.2
(d) x[n] = 0.5 n u[ n]
X(z) =
0.5 n
u[ n]z n =
n
0.5z
1
n
= + (0.5z)3 + (0.5z)2 + (0.5z) + 1

1
, | 0.5z | < 1
=
1 0.5z
1
=
,|z|<2
1 0.5z
(e) x[n] = 0.5 n u[ 1 n]
1
X(z) =
n
0.5 z
= + (0.5z)2 + (0.5z)
n
= 0.5z (1 + 0.5z + )
0.5 z
, | 0.5z | < 1
=
1 0.5 z
0.5 z
, |z|<2
=
1 0.5 z
(f) x[n] = 0.2n u[n] + 0.5n u[ n 1]
z
, | z | > 0.2
0.2n u[n]
z 0.2
z[bn u[ n 1]] =
1
bn z

z
b
z2
1 b
"
z 1
, |z|<|b|
b 1 z

b
z
, | z | < 0.5
0.5n u[ n 1]
0.5 z
z
z
, 0.2 < z < 0.5
X(z) =

z 0.2 0.5 z
z
, | z | > 0.5
(g) 0.5n u[n]
z 0.5
z
, | z | < 0.2
0.2n u[ 1 n]
0.2 z
No common region between the two ROCs
X(z) for x[n] = 0.5n u[n] + 0.2n u[ 1 n] does not exist.
(h) x[n] = 0.5| n | = 0.5n u[ 1 n] + 0.5n u[n]
111
1
X(z) =
0.5n
z n +
0.5n
z n
0.5 0.5
+
z z
= + (0.5z)2 + (0.5z) + 1 +
z
1
, 0.5 < z < 2

1 0.5 z z 0.5
n
(i) x[n] = 0.5n cos an u[n] = 12 2 [ejan + ejan] u[n]
u[n] 2n ejan
z
z 2e
? X(z) = 12 z z 12e
=
(j) x[n] = cos
e
jnS
2
u[n]
ja
, | z | > 2; (2 eja)n u[n]
ja
1
ja
z 2e
z ( z 2 cos a)
1
nS
u[n] = e
2
2
z e
jS
2
z e
1
X(z) =
2
e
jS
2
u[n]
ze
z
jS
jS
0.5e 4
jS
2
z
ze
z 0.5e
0.5 z sin S 4
z 2 z cos
jS
jnS
4
, |z|>1
2
= z ,
z2 1
, (0.5)n e
z 0.5e 4
, |z|>2
u[n]
|z| >1
(0.5) n e
jnS
z
z
z 2e ja
jnS
1
nS
(0.5)n e
u[n] =
2 j
4
(k) x[n] = (0.5)n sin

jS
4
0.5
e
u[n]
jnS
2
,e
|z|>2
jnS
? X(z) = 12 z
z 2 4 z cos a 4
jS
4
u[n]
jnS
u[n]
z 0.5e
jS
, | z | > 0.5
, | z | > 0.5
0.25
x(n K ) u[n K] z
x( n K ) z
7.2 x[n K] u[n K]
n
n K
Let n K = m
? x (m) z
z X(z)
(m + K)
m 0
K
7.3 x[n] = 0 for n < N1
112
N1 > 0: X(z) has terms with only negative powers of z. As n
, |x[n]| |z | 0 if
n
|z| >R1.
N1 < 0: X(z) has a finite number of terms with positive powers of z and also negative
powers of z that may go to . Terms with positive powers of z will become unbounded
if | z |
. Hence, the ROC does not include z = . Since negative powers of z go to ,
the ROC does not include 0.
7.4 x[n] = 0 for n > N2

| zn | 0 if | z| < R2.
N2 < 0: X(z) has only terms with positive powers of z. As n
N2 > 0: X(z) has positive and negative powers of z. Hence, z = 0 cannot be in the ROC
and the ROC corresponds to 0 < | z | < R2.
7.5 x[n] = 0, n < 0
X(z) =
x( n) z n = x[0] + x[1]z 1 + x[2]z 2 + ...
n
W(z) =
x[ n] u[n 2]z n = x[2] z 2 + x[3]z 3 + ...
W(z) = X(z) [x(0) + x[1]z 1]

n
Im
7.6 x[n] = a u[ 1 n] + b u[n]

an u[ 1 n]
n 1
z
az
,|z|<|a|
ROC
z
,|z|>|b|
zb
z
z
+
, |a|>|z|>|b|
X(z) =
z b
az
bn u[n]
az
|b|
|a|
Re
If | a | = | b |, X(z) is not convergent.
1
1
7.7 ejn u[n] e jD n z n =
, |ej z 1| < 1 or
<1
jD 1
z
1 e z
n 0
z
,|z|>1
z e jD
7.8 x[n] = ( 1)n u[n] = an u[n], a = 1
X(z) =
an z n = 1 +
n 0
1
a
1
z
a a
+
z z
a
z
<1=
, |z|>1
z
z 1
7.9 X(z) = x[ 2]z2 + x[ 1]z + x[0] + x[1] z 1 + x[2] z 2 +
x[n + K]
x[n K ] z
n
= + x[ 2] zK + 2 + x[ 1] zK + 1 + x [0] zK+ x [1] zK1
zK [... + x[ 2] z
z X(z)
u[n] na z
+ x[ 1]z + x[0] + x[1] z
+ x[2] zK 2 +
+ x[2] z 2 + ]
7.10 nan
n 0
z dzd a z
113
z dzd z z a , | z | > | a |
z z( zaa) z
( z aza)
z
a u [ n]
,|z|>|a|
za
2
? (n + 1)a
u[n]
( z aza)
z
za
x[n] z n
7.11 X(z) =
z2
z a 2
,|z|>|a|
d
(X(z)) =
dz
d2
n x[n]z n 1
n
(n) x[n] ( (n + 1)) z n 2
(X(z)) =
dz 2
? z dzd
X(z) + z2
d2
dz 2
X(z) =
[ n x[n]z n + n(n + 1) x[n] z n]

n
n2 x[n] z n
n
= z [n2 x[n]
7.12 Yu(z) =
n 0
n 0
k 0
y [n] z n = z n x [k]
z n [x[0] + x[1] + x[2] + + x[n]]
n 0
= x[0] + (x[0] + x[1])z 1 + (x[0] + x[1] + x[2])z 2 +

= (x[0] + x[1] z 1 + ) + z 1 (x[0] + x[ 1] z 1 + ) + z 2 (x[0] + x[1] z 1 + )
= Xu(z) + z 1 Xu(z) +
= Xu(z) (1 + z 1 + z 2 + )
z
= Xu(z)
z 1
7.13
x[ k ] = x[n] * u[n]
k
x[k ] = z[x[n]] z[u[n]] = X(z)
z 1
k
z
z
z a k = z[an u[n] * u[n]] =
, | z | > max {1, | a |}
z
a
z

1
k 0
X(z) =
d
u[n] z
dz
7.14 x[n] = an u[n]

n x[n] = n a
z
za
X(z) =
za
z a 2
114
? naa
u[n] = nan 1 u[n]
z a 2
1
7.15 x[n]: even, x[n] = x[ n] X(z) = X
z
1
x[n]: odd, x[n] = x[ n] X(z) = X
z
x[n] = a| n | X(z) =
z
za
z (1 a 2 )
az
=
( z a) (1 az )
1 az
(1 a 2 )
z (1 a 2 )
1
z
=
x[ n] = x[n] X =
z 1 a
(1 az ) ( z a )
z a 1 z
x[n] = an u[n] a n u[ 1 n] : odd

X(z) =
z
za
1
az
,|a|<|z|<
a
az 1
x[ n] = a n u[ n] an u[n 1] = xR[n]
XR(z) =
1
a
1
=X

z
1 az a z
7.16 Xu(z) = x[0] + x[1] z 1 + x[2] z 2 +

lim Xu(z) = lim [x[0] + x[1]z 1 + x[2]z 2 + ]
= x[0]
7.17 (a) X(z) =
0.8 z
( z 1)
, | z | < 1 left-sided signal
x[n] = 0.8 u[ 1 n]
0.8
(b) X(z) =
, | z | > 2 right-sided signal
z2
x[n] = 0.8 2n 1 u[n 1]
(c) X(z) =
0.8 z
+ 1 + z 1 + z 2, | z | < 1
1 z
0.8 z
,|z|<1
1 z
left-sided signal, 0.8u [ 1 n]
x[n] = 0.8 u[ 1 n] + [n] + [n 1] + [n 2]

(d) X(z) =
X(z) =
z 2 1.8 z
, | z | > 0.4 right-sided
z 2 0.3 z 0.4
z
z
2
z 0.5
z 0.8
x[n] = (0.5)n u[n] 2 ( 0.8)n u[n]

(e) x[n] = 0.3 [n + 3] 4 [n + 2] + 2 [n + 1] [n] + 2 [n 1] + 3 [n 2]
(f) X(z) =
z
( z 0.2) ( z 2 z 0.5)
, causal signal
115
z
z
| z | > 0.707
+ 1.715 149
z (0.5 j 0.5)
z 0.2
= 2.9412
+ 1.715 149
z
z (0.5 j 0.5)
x[n] = 2.9412 (0.2)n u[n] + 1.715 e + j149 (0.707)n ejn45 u[n]

+ 1.715 ej149 (0.707)n ejn45 u[n]
nS
= 2.9412(0.2)n u[n] + 3.43 (0.707)n cos 149 u[n]

4
(g) X(z) =
z 3 0.5 z 2 4 z 4.5
, 0.5 < | z | < 2
z 2 1.5 z 1
=4
z
z
0.25
2.75 + 4.5z 1
z
z
0.5
2
z2
z ! 0.5
x[n] = 4( 0.5)n u[n] + 0.25 2n u[ 1 n] 2.75 [n] + 4.5 [n 1]

z2
(h) X(z) =
( z 0.5)( z 1)
=2
( z 1)
+2
z
z
2
z 0.5
z 1
x[n] = 2n u[n] + 2(0.5) u[n] 2u[n]

z ( z 1)
, causal signal
(i) X(z) = 2
z z 0.5
= 1.5811 ej71.6
z
z 0.7e
x[n] = 1.5811e j71.6 (0.7)n e
j 45
jnS
4
+ 1.5811ej71.6
z
z 0.7e j 45
jnS
+ 1.5811ej71.6 (0.7)n e
, n0
nS
= 3.1623 (0.7)n cos 71.6 u[n]

4
(j) X(z) =
2 z 2 0.6 z
z 0.6 z 0.25
2
z
z
+
j126.9
z 0.5e
z 0.5e j126.9
x[n] = (0.5)n ej(n)126.9 + (0.5)n ej(n)(126.9),

= 2(0.5)n cos (126.9 n) u[n]
7.18 F(z) =
z
z z 0.29
2
n0
, causal negative powers of z

z 2 z 0.29
F(z) = z 1 + z 2 + 0.71z 3 + 0.42z 4 +

f[n] = G [n 1] + G [n 2] + 0.71 G [n 3]
z 1 z 2 0.71z 3
z
z 1 0.29 z 1
1 0.29 z 1
1 z 1 0.29 z 2
0.71z 1 0.29 z 2
0.71z 1 0.71z 2 0.2059 z 3
+ 0.42G [n 4] +
5(0.5385)n sin (3805n) u[n]
0.42 z 2 0.2059 z 3
= [ 0 1 1 0.71 0.4 2 0.2141 ]
n 0
7.19 (a) X(z) =
z 2 1.8 z
, | z | > 0.8 Right-sided Negative powers of z
z 0.3z 0.4
2
116
z 2 0.3z 0.4
1 2.1z 1 1.03z 2 1.149 z 3

z 2 1.8 z
z 2 0.3 z 0.4
2.1z 0.4
2.1z 0.63 0.84 z 1
1.03 0.84 z 1
1.03 0.309 z 1 0.412 z 2
1.149 z 1 0.412 z 2
1.149 z 1 0.3447 z 2 0.4596 z 3
X(z) = 1 + 2.1z 1 1.03z 2 + 1.149z 3 0.7567z 4

x[n] = [n] + 2.1 [n 1] 1.03 [n 2] + 1.149 [n 3] 0.7567 [n 4] +
(b) X (z) =
z
z 3 1.2 z 2 0.7 z 0.1
, causal signal
= z 2 + 1.2z 3 + 0.74z 4 + 0.148z 5 0.2204 z 6

x[n] = [n 2] + 1.2 [n 3] + 0.74 [n 4] + 0.148 [n 5] +
7.20 y[n] = y[n 1] + a y[n 1] x[n]
y[n] (1 + a) y[n 1] = x[n]; 1 + a = b
y[n] = b y[n 1] x[n]
Yu(z) = bz1 Yu(z) + by[1] Xu(z)
by[ 1]
X ( z)
u 1
Yu(z) =
1
1 bz
1 b z
For x[n] = K, n 0 and y[1] = P,
Yu (z) = bP
= bP
z
zb
z
zb
y[n] = bP bn
z2
( z 1) ( z b)
K
b 1
K
b 1
z
z
b z b z 1
[b bn 1], n 0
K n+1
K
b
+
,n0
= P
b 1
b 1
K n+1
K
y[n] 0 P
b 1
1 b
P = 10000, K = 500, b = 1
(n + 1) log (b) log
5
1200
241
240
K
(n + 1) log
Pb P K
241
240 log
12
11
n 19.9262
7.21 (a) y[n] 0.5y[n 1] = x[n], y[ 1] = 1, x[n] = u[n]
Y(z) [1 0.5z 1] 0.5 =
z
z 1
117
y[n] =
z 1 1 0.5 z
1
0.5
1 0.5 z 1
(0.5) n 1 u[n]
2u[n] (0.5) n u[n]
+
ZIR
ZSR
1
[x[n 2] + x[n 1] + x[n]], x[n] = ( 1)n u[n]
3
(b) y[n] =
1 2
z
[z + z 1 + 1]
3
z 1
Yu(z) =
y[n] =
Y(z) =
1
[( 1)n 2 u[n 2] + ( 1)n 1 u[n 1] + ( 1)n u[n]] ZSR only
3
(c) 6y[n 2] 5y[n 1] + y[n] = x[n 1] + x[n],

y [ 1] = 0
1
y[ 2] =
6
x[n] = u[n]
Yu(z) (6z 2 5z 1 + 1) =
z
z 1
(1 + z 1) + 1
z 1
z2
z2

z 1 z 2 5z 6 z 2 5z 6

Yu(z) =
ZSR
ZIR
6z
6z
2z
3z

z 2 z 3 z 2 z 3
z 1
y[n] = u[n] 6(2n ) u[n] 6(3n ) u[n] + 2(2n ) 11[n] 3(3n ) u[n]

ZSR

ZIR
7.22 (a) y[n] 0.75 y[n 1] + 0.125 y[n 2] = x[n]

X ( z)
TF: Y(z) =
1 0.75 z 1 0.125 z 2
z2
2z
z
=
H(z) = 2
z 0.5
z 0.25
z 0.75 z 0.125
h[n] = 2(0.5)n (0.25)n, n 0
Poles at z = 0.25, 0.5; zeros at 0(2)
Stable since poles are inside the unit circle
(b) y[n] 0.3y[n 1] 0.4y[n 2] = x[n]
Y(z) [1 0.3z 1 0.4z 2] = X(z)
H(z) =
Y (z)
z2
0.8 z
0.2 z
= 2
=

X ( z)
z 0.4 z 0.1
z 0.3 z 0.4
Poles at z = 0.4, 0.1

Zeros at z = 0(2); stable
h[n] = 0.8(0.4)n u[n] + 0.2( 0.1)n u[n]
(c) y[n] 0.75y[n1] + 0.125 y[n2] = x[n] +
0.5x[n1]
Y(z) [1 0.75z 1 + 0.125z 2] = X(z) [1 + 0.5z 1]
Y (z)
( z 0.5) z
= 2
H(z) =
X ( z)
z 0.75 z 0.125
Im
(2)

0.5
Re
Im
0.1
0.4
(2)
Re
Im
0.5
0.25
0.5
Re
118
Poles at z = + 0.25, + 0.5 stable

Zeros at z = 0, 0.5
z
z
H(z) = 4
3
z 0.5
z 0.25
h[n] = 4(0.5)n u[n] 3(0.25)n u[n]
(d) y[n] + 0.75y[n 1] 0.125 y[n 2] = x[n] 0.5x[n 1]
Y(z) [1 + 0.75z 1 0.125z 2] = X(z) [1 0.5z 1]
Y (z)
z ( z 0.5)
H(z) =
= 2
X ( z)
z 0.75 z 0.125
Poles at z = 0.8904, 0.1404
Zeros at z = 0, 0.5
Poles are inside the unit circle stable
H(z) =
0.8904
0 0.1404
Re
1.3489 z
0.3489 z
z 0.8904
z 0.1404
h[n] = 1.3489 ( 0.8904)n u[n] 0.3489 (0.1404)n u[n]

(e) y[n] + 1.1y[n 1] 0.6y[n 2] = x[n]
Y(z) [1 + 1.1z1 0.6z2] = X(z)
H(z) =
Im
z2
Y (z)
= 2
X ( z)
z 1.1z 0.6
Im
1.5
0.7895 z
0.2105 z
=
+
z 1.5
z 0.4
(2)
Re
Poles at z = 1.5, 0.4 unstable

Zeros at z = 0(2)
h[n] = 0.7895(1.5)n u[n] + 0.2105 (0.4)n u[n]
Im
(f) y[n] = a[x[n] x[n 1]]

Y(z) = aX(z) (1 z 1)
H(z) =
Y (z)
a
= (z 1)
X ( z)
z
Re
(2)
Re
Re
Poles at the origin, zero at z = 1; stable

h[n] = a[ [n] [n 1]]
(g) y[n] 2y[n 1] + y[n 2] = x[n]
Y(z) [1 2z 1 + z 2] = X(z)
H(z) =
Im
z2
Y (z)
z2
= 2
=
X ( z)
z 2 z 1 1
( z 1)2
0 (2)
Poles at z = 1 (2) unstable

Zeros at z = 0 (2)
z
z

= (n + 1) u[n]
2
z 1 ( z 1)
h[n] = z 1
(h) y[n] y[n 2] = x[n]

Y(z) [1 z 2] = X(z)
Im
Y (z)
z2
H(z) =
= 2
X ( z)
z 1
119
Poles at z = 1 Marginally stable zeros at z = 0(2)

H(z) =
z
z
1
1
+
2 z 1 2 z 1
h [n] =
1
1
u[n] + ( 1)n u[n]
2
2
Im
(i) y[n] 1.6y[n 1] + 0.64y[n 2] = x[n]

Y(z) [1 1.6z 1 + 0.64z 2] = X(z)
H(z) =
z2
Y (z)
= 2
X ( z)
z 1.6 z 0.64
0 (2)
(2) 0.8
Re
Poles at z = 0.8 (2)

Zeros at z = 0(2)
H(z) =
z2
( z 0.8) 2
z
z
+ 0.8
z 0.8
( z 0.8) 2
h[n] = (n + 1) (0.8)n u[n] stable

Y ( z)
X (z)
1 0.3z 0.4 z
1
2
Y(z) 0.3Y(z)z 0.4z Y(z) = X(z)
y[n] 0.3 y[n 1] 0.4y[n 2] = x[n]
7.23 (a) H(z) =
1
2
(b) H(z) = 0.3z3 4z2 + 2z 1 + 2z 1 + 3z 2 =
Y ( z)
X (z)
y[n] = 0.3x[n + 3] 4x[n + 2] + 2x[n + 1] x[n] + 2x[n 1] + 3x[n 2]

z
z 1
Y ( z)
=
(c) H(z) = 2
=
1
2
X (z)
1 z 0.29 z
z z 0.29
y[n] y[n 1] + 0.29y[n 2] = x[n 1]
7.24 HI(z) is stable if poles of HI(z) are within the unit circle. Hence, zeros of H(z) must be
within the unit circle.
HI(z) is causal if M ! N so that the number of finite zeros is no more than the number of
finite poles only negative powers of z are presented in HI(z).
7.25 (a) h[n] = 0.2n u[n] H(z) =
z
z 0.2
y[n] = [n] Y(z) = 1

Y ( z)
Y ( z)
z 0.2
= H(z) X(z) =
=
z
X (z)
H ( z)
x[n] = [n] 0.2 [n 1]

(b) h[n] = 0.2n u[n] H(z) =
z
z 0.2
y[n] = 3(0.3)n u[n] 2(0.2)n u[n] Y(z) =

X(z) =
z2
3z
2z
=

( z 0.3) ( z 0.2)
z 0.3 z 0.2
Y ( z)
z
=
H ( z)
z 0.3
x[n] = (0.3)n u[n]

(c) h[n] = 0.2n u[n] H(z) =
z
z 0.2
120
x[n] = [n 2] 0.2 [n 3] X(z) = z 2 0.2z 3 =

Y(z) = H(z) X(z) =
z 0.2
z3
y[n] = [n 2]
z2
z
z 0.2
(d) h[n] = 0.2n u[n] H(z) =
x[n] = u[n 2] u[n 3] = [n 2] X(z) = z 2

Y(z) = H(z) X(z) =
7.26 (a) H(z) =
z 1
z 0.2
1
y[n] = (0.2)n 2 u[n 2]
z
=
z 0.5
1 0.5 z 1
Poles at z = 0.5, zero at z = 0

1
H(ej) =
1 0.5e j:
|H|=
Im
j1
(1 0.5cos :) 0.25sin :

2
1
1.25 cos :
Max. response at = 0
Re
1
=2
1 0.5
1
| H |min =
at =
1.5
0.5sin :
H = tan 1
1 0.5cos :
| H |max =
2 Mag
1
1.5
p
0
30
W
W
Phase
(b) H(z) =
Im
z 2 0.3z 0.4
Poles at z = 0.5, 0.8
Zero at z = 0
e j:
H(ej) = j 2:
e
0.3e j: 0.4
1
| H | = j:
e
0.5 e j: 0.8
j1
Re
j1
1.25 cos : 1.64 1.6 cos :
Mag
121
1
10
=
3
1 0.8 1.5
| H |max =
H = tan
sin :
sin :
tan 1
cos : 0.5
0.8 cos :
Im
z 1.6 z 1.28
= z 1 + 1.6z 2 + 1.28z 3
(c) H(z) =
3
z
2
Poles at z = 0(3)
Zeros at z = 0.8 j0.8
| H | = |ej + 1.6ej2 + 1.28ej3|
Im
sin : 1.6sin 2: 1.28sin 3:

cos : 1.6cos 2: 1.28cos 3:
Use MATLAB
H = tan 1
(d) H(z) =
j1
z 0.8 z 0.32
Poles at z = 0.4 j4
Zero at z = 0
H(ej) =
Im
j1
e j:
Magnitude (dB)
5
0
5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Normalized Frequency (xp rad/sample)
0
10
20
30
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Re
j1
e j 2 : e j: 0.29
Phase (degrees)
Magnitude (dB)
Phase (degrees)
P7.26 (a)
10
1 Re
e j:
j 2:
z z 0.29
Poles at z = 0.5 j0.2
Zero at z = 0
H(ej) =
j1
0.8e j: 0.32
Use MATLAB
(e) H(z) =
Re
P7.26 (b)
15
10
5
0
5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
50
100
150
200
122
Magnitude (dB)
10
0
10
20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Phase (degrees)
Magnitude (dB)
200
400
600
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Phase (degrees)
Magnitude (dB)
Phase (degrees)
P7.26 (c)
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
P7.26 (d)
10
5
0
5
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
50
100
150
200
P7. 26(e)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
20
40
60
80
7.27 cos n = ; cos2 n =
1 cos 2nS
2
=0
sin nS
S
=
2
2
(a) cos n yss = 0.667 cos n

cos2 n yss = 2 cos2 n
sin
nS
yss = 0.8944 sin
2
nS
2 26.6
(b) cos n yss = 3.33 cos n

cos2 n yss = 1.11 cos2 n
sin
nS
nS
yss = 0.6984 sin 77.9
2
2
(c) cos n yss = 0.68 cos n

sin
nS
nS
170.1
yss = 1.624 sin
2
2
123
(d) cos n yss = 0.472 cos n

nS
nS
yss = 0.9524 sin 139.6

2
sin
(e) cos n yss = 0.437 cos n

nS
nS
144.6
yss = 0.815 sin
2
2
sin
1 z z2
1
= z 1 1 z
3
3z
1
1 2 cos :
H(ej) = [e j + 1 + ej] =
3
3
7.28 H(z) =
Hc(z) =
1 z z2
3z 2
1
[1 + z 1 + z 2]
3
1
1
[1 + ej + ej2] = 1 ze
3
3
Hc(ej) =
j3
2
1
3
cos
: 3:
1 2 cos 2 cos 2 j sin 2 :
1
[1 + cos 2 + cos j (sin 2 + sin )]
3
Hc(e j) =
3|Hc(e j)| = 1 cos 2 2: cos 2 : 2 cos 2: 2cos : cos 2:

+2cos + sin22 + sin2 +2sin2 sin
|Hc ej| =
1
3
3 2cos 2: 4cos : =
1
|(1 + 2 cos )|
3
Hence |H(ej )| = |Hc(ej )|

Phase responseNon linear for H(z); zero for 0
Magnitude
2S
2S
; 180 for
3
3
Mag.
1
1
3
1
1/3
0
2p /3
2S
0
3
1
1
Hc(ej) = [1 + ej + ej2] = [ej (ej + ej) + ej]
3
3
1 j
= e (1 + 2 cos )
3
2S
: for 0 : 3
Phase response =
: S for 2S : S
3
124
p
Hc 3
180
2p /3
0
2p
3
W
-
2p
3
H(z) = b0 + b1 z 1 + b2 z 2 + b1 z 3 + b0 z 4
H(e j) = b0 + b1 ej + b2 ej2 + b1 ej3 + b0 ej4
= b0 ej2 (ej2 + ej2) + b2 ej2 + b1 ej2 (e+j + ej)
= ej2 (2b0 cos 2 + 2b1 cos + b2)
H = 2 ( )
For the given values

H(e j ) = ej2 ( 0.0254 cos 2 + 0.22 cos + 0.8054)
S
S
S
S
:
H
H
6
4
3
2
0.9832 0.9610 0.9281 0.8308
60
90 120 180
MATLAB: f = pi 6
pi
pi ;
2
pi
4
R = freq z ([b0 b1 b2 b1 b0], [1 0 0 0 0], f);

7.30
0
(a)
0
(c)
p
W
p
W
p
W
(b)
p
W
(d)
7.31 (a) Y(z) = b X(z) 2b z 1 X(z) + z 2 X(z) + z 1 Y(z)

Y(z) =
X ( z ) (b 2bz 1 z 2 )
1 z 1
X(z)
Y (z)
z 1
2b
z 2
125
(b) Y(z) = [(2X(z) + z 1 X(z)) 4 5z 1 Y(z)] 3 = Y(z)

X ( z ) (24 12 z 1 )
Y(z) =
1 15 z 1
X(z)
Y (z)
24
z 1
15
12
7.32 W(z) = b2 X(z) a2 Y(z)

Y(z) = b0 X(z) + z 1 [b1 X(z) a1 Y(z) + z 1 W(z)]
= b0 X(z) + b1 z 1 X(z) a1 z 1 Y(z) + b2 z 2 X(z) z 2 a2 Y(z)
H(z) =
b b z 1 b2
Y ( z)
= 0 11
X (z)
1 a1 z a2 z 2
7.33 (a) H(z) =

H(z) =
z 2 0.2 z 0.15
( z 0.4) ( z 2 0.6 z 0.34)
1 0.2 z 1 0.15 z 2
z 1
1 0.6 z 1 0.34 z 2 1 0.4 z 1
X (z )
z 1
0.6
z 1
0.2
0.4
Y (z )
z 1
0.34
(b) H(z) =
=
0.15
z 0.5
z 0.5 z 0.02 z 0.024
3
1 0.5 z 1
1 0.2 z 1
z 0.5
( z 0.2) ( z 0.4) ( z 0.3)
z 1
z 1
1 0.4 z 1 1 0.3z 1
X (z)
z 1
0.2
z 1
0.5
0.4
z 1
0.3
(c) H(z) =
Y (z )
z 3 0.7 z 2 0.05 z 0.075

z 5 0.1z 4 0.02 z 3 0.158 z 2 0.0076 z 0.0082
126
1 z 1 0.25 z 2
z 1
z 1 0.3z 2
(using tf2sos)
1 0.2005 z 1 1 0.7004 z 1 0.1203z 2 1 0.6 z 1 0.3401z 2
X (z)
z 1
0.2005
z 1
Y (z)
0.7
z 1
0.1203
z 1
0.3
0.6
1
z 1
0.34
0.25
127
Chapter 8
"
1
[ + X(Z + Z 0) + X(Z) + X(Z Z 0) +
T
2S
=B
For Z 0 =
T
1
Xs(Z) = , a constant
T
x(t) = sin 10t
B = 10 rad/s
2S
S
= 10 T =
5
T
8.1 Xs(Z) =
"]
X(w)
1
X s (w)
1/T
0
X s (w)
1/T
Sampled:
x[nT] = sin 10
nS
=0
5
Xs(Z) = 0
Since the sampling interval is the same as the period, samples may all be zeros.
samples
8.2 (a) x[n] = an u[1 n], | a | > 1
X(:) =
n
a n u[1 n] ejn:
a2
a -1
= ae
j:
a n ejn:
+ 1 + a1 e j: + a2 e j2: +
"
a
a +1
128
e j: e j: 2 e j: 3

= ae 1
a a
a
j:
2 j:
ae
a e
=
=
,|a|>1
j:
e
a e j:
"
j:
a
a2
X(:) =
a 2 1 2a cos :
sin :
X (:) = : tan1
depends on a
a cos :
(b) x[n] = a| n |, | a | < 1

n
1+ a
1- a
X(:) =
an ejn : + an e jn :
X (W)
n 0
j:
1
ae
,|a|<1

j:
1 ae
1 ae j:
1 a2
1 a 2 2a cos :
(c) x[n] = an u[ 1 n], | a | > 1

1
e j:
X(:) = an ej:n =
a
n
|X(:)| =
1
1
e j:
a
1
a -1
XW
a 2 1 2a cos :
sin :
X (:) = : tan1
a cos :
1
a +1
(d) x[n] = 1, | n | < 5

X(:) =
e jn: = e j4:
4
X(:) = e j4:
= e j4:
e j:
a e j:
1- a
1+ a
e jn:
n 0
1 e
j 9:
e j 4.5: (e j 4.5: e j 4.5: )

e
j:
2
x [n]
1 e j:
j:
2
j:
2
sin 4.5:
sin 0.5:
X(0) = 9
X(S) = 1
X(W) 9
1
p
129
(e) x[n] = u[n] u[n N]

X(:) =
N 1
e : e :
:
e : e :
j N2 :
= e
j N2
j2
e
j
1 e jN :
=
1 e j:
jn:
j N2
j2
j2
sin
sin N2 :
| X(:) | =
sin :2
N 1
x[n 4]
n
(b) 0.8 x[n]

n
x[n 4] e jn: =
(0.8)
x[n] e
j:n
=e
=
(c)
N - 1
-
2
:S
X (:) =
8.3 (a) x[n] X(:)
N
:
2
1:
2
sin
N 1
2
| X (W)|
x[m]e j(m + 4):, using n 4 = m
j4:
X(:)
x[n] (0.8 e j:)n
X(:) e j: 0.8 e j:
1
x[n] cos nS = x[n] (e jnS + e jnS )
2
1
2
1
x[n] e jn ( : S )
2 n
x[n] (e jnS + e jnS ) e jn:

n
x[n] e jn (: S )
1
X (:) :: S X (:) :: S
2
12 [X (: S) + X(: + S)]
(d) (n + 1) x[n]: X(:) = x[n]e jn:
n
dX (:)
= j n x[n] e j:
d:
n
dX (:)
+ X(:)
d:
x[n] e jn:
? (n + 1) x[n]
8.4 x[n]
X(:) =
jnx[n]
x[n] e jn(: : )
n
X(:) : : : = X(: :0)
(a) x[n] e
jn:0
(b) x[n K ]
x[n K ] e jn:
130
x[l ] e j(l + K):, using n K = l
e jk: X(:)
8.5 x1[n] * x2[n] =
x1[k] x2[n k]
? DTFT{x1[n] * x2[n]} =
x1[k ] x2 [n k ] e jn:
k
= x1[k] e jk:
x2[n k]e j[n k]:
= x1[k] e jk:
x2[m]e jm:,
k
k
= X1(:) X2(:)
e j4:
using n k = m
8.6 (a) X(:) = 1 e

x[n] = G [n] G [n 4] G [n + 4]
(b) X(:) = 1 + G (: 10) + G (: + 10) G (: 25) G (: + 25)
j4:
G (: M)
1
2S
G (: M) e jn: d: =
e jMn
2S
? x[n] = G [n] + 21S [e + j10n + e j10n e+ j25n e j25n]

1
= G [n] + [cos 10n cos 25n]
S
(c) X(:) = cos
:
2
1
e
2
1 1
x[n] =
e
2S 2 S
S
j:
2
j:
2
e
j:
2
j:
e 2
jn:
e d:
1
j n 1 :
j n :
2
2
1 e
e
=

1
4S
1
j n 2 j n 2
S
1
1
sin n S sin n S
2
1
2

=
1
1
2S
n
n
2
2
cos nS cos nS
1

=
1
n1
n
2S
2
2
n 1
2(1)
S (4n 2 1)
131
(d) X(:) = j sin: =

x[n] =
1
4S
1 j: j:
[e e ]
2
(e j: e j:) e jn: d:
G [n 1]; e j: G [n + 1]
? X(:) = j sin: x[n] = 12 [G [n + 1] G [n 1]]
j:
(e) X(:) = cos: sin: =
? x[n] =
n
8.7 y[n] = x
r
e j 2: e j 2:
1
sin 2: =
G [n K] e jK:
j4
2
1
[G [n + 2] G [n 2]]
j4
Y(:) =
n
Y(:) = x[k] e
jrk:
, using
= X(:)|: r: = X(r:)
n jn:
e
r
n
=k
r
n
x[n] = 1, 0 n 15; r = 4 y[n] = x
4
1 e j1b:
1 e j:
n 0
Y(:) = x[0] + x[1] e j4: + x[2] e j8: + x[3] e j12: + x[4] e j16: +
X(:) =
15
e jn: =
" + x[15] e
j60:
1 e j 64 :
1 e j 4:
= X(4:)
8.8 x[n] = x[ n]:

X(:) =
x[n] e jn: + x[0] + x[n] e j:

n 1
X(:) = x[ m] e jm: + x[0] + x[n] e jn:

m 1
n 1
n 1
x[n] e jn: + x[0] + x[n] e jn:

n 1
= x[0] + 2 x[n] cos(n:)

n 1
x[n] = x[ n]:
X(:) =
x[n] e jn: + x[0] + x[n] e jn:

n 1
m 1
n 1
= x[ m] e jm: + x[0] + x[n] e jn:
132
= x[0] + [x[n] e jn: x[n] e jn:]

n 1
= x[0] j2 x[n] sin(n:)

n 1
8.9 Zr[n] = u[n] u[n N]

Wr(:) =
N 1
e jn: =
n 0
1 e jN :
1 e j:
|Wr(:)|max = N at : = 0
N
:
2
1
sin :
2
jN
:
2
j
sin
:
2
N
:
N
2
=
at : = :c,
Solving iteratively |Wr(:)| =
1
2
sin :
2
0.3497 rad for N 8
N
:c 0.1740 rad for N 16
0.0867 rad for N 32
|Wr (W)|
sin
Wr(:) = 0 when sin
N:
= kS
2
2S
4S
O
,
,...
N
N
As N increases, more smoothing occurs :c decreases
or, at : =
2p
N
4p
N
0n
n,
2
8.10 Wt[n] =
N
N n,
nN
Wt[n] = y[n 1] where y[n] = Wr[n] * Wr[n] and

N
Wr[n] = u[n] u n
2
Wr(:) = e
j(N 1)
: sin
2
N:
2
sin
N:
sin
4
Hence | Wt(:) | = | Wr(:) | =
:
sin
2
:
2
| Wt(:) |max =
:c 0.252 rad/s
Smoother spectrum than Wr[n] but longer in time; also, wider passband.
133
N2
4
|Wt (W)|
p
N
2p
N
8.11 IDFT to obtain x[l] is
X [k ] e
1
N
k 0
1
N
j 2S
lk
N
N 1
1
N
N 1
N 1
n 0
k 0
x[n]
N 1
j 2S
lk
N
0, l n
N 1
N 1
n 0
k 0
j 2S
x[n] e N
8.12 x[n] =
*
x[n] =
1
N
N 1
1
N
N 1
(l n ) k
= x[l]
j 2S
nk
N
X [k ] e
k 0
X [k ] e
j 2S
nk
N
= g[n]
k 0
N 1
8.13 Y[k] = X[k] H[k] = x[l ] e
1
N
N 1
1
=
N
N 1
1
N
N 1
y[n] =
N , l n
1
N
N 1
j 2S
nk
N
k 0
x[n] e
k 0
n 0
j 2S
(l n ) k
N
j 2S
(l n ) k
N
N 1 N 1
Y [k ] e
j 2S
kl
N
j 2S
nk
N
j 2S
N 1
km
h[m] e N
m 0
k 0
k 0
N 1
x[l ] e
l 0
j 2S
j 2S
kl N 1
km
N
h[m] e N
N 1
x[l ]
l 0
N 1
h[m]
m 0
j 2S
k (n l m)
N
m 0
j 2S
nk
N
j 2S
k (n l m)
N
k 0
nl m0
N , n l m 1
0,
k 0
= N G [n l m]
y[n] =
1
N
N 1
l 0
N 1
x[l]
h[m] N G [[n l m]
m 0
134
N 1
x[l] h[n l], 0 n N 1
l 0
For n N, y[n] periodically repeats from y[n] for 0 n N 1. (Check y[1] and y[5], for
example.) Hence y[n] = yc[n] = x[n] h[n].
N 1
1
N
8.14 x[n] =
X [k ] e
k 0
N 1
1
N
X * [n] =
X * [l ] e
N 1
1
N2
1
N2
n 0
8.15 f1 =
1
N2
1
N
j 2S
n (k l )
N
X [k ] e
j 2S
j 2S
nk N 1
nl
N
X * [l ] e N
k 0
l 0
N 1
X * [l ]
l 0
j 2S
n( k l )
N
n 0
N , k l 0
0, k l 0
n 0
E=
N 1
N 1
X [k ]
k 0
N 1
Since
j 2S
nl
N
N 1
x[n] =
n 0
l 0
N 1
?E=
j 2S
nk
N
N 1
N 1
k 0
l 0
X [k ] X * [l ] N G [k l]
N 1
X [k ] X * [ k ]
k 0
1
N
N 1
X [k ]
k 0
200S
210S
= 100 Hz, f2 =
= 105 Hz
2S
2S
fmax = 105 Hz
fs min = 210 Hz
Sample time T =
1
s
210
Want a frequency resolution of 'f 5 Hz
'f T =
1
N
N=
1
5
1
210
= 42
500
500
= 15.625Hz; 'f 2 =
= 7.8125 Hz
32
64
f 1 94 Hz, f 2 117 Hz
8.16 'f =
n = 0:N-1;
T = 1/500;
N = 32;
x = [0.7000 1.0822 -0.0631 -0.9629 -0.4408 0.5663 0.6530
-0.0902 -0.5438 -0.2566];
x = [x 0.2163 0.3376 0.1416 -0.1416 -0.3376 -0.2163 0.2566
0.5438 0.0902 -0.6530];
x = [x -0.5663 0.4408 0.9629 0.0631 -1.0822 -0.7000 0.8199
1.2386 -0.2127 -1.4613];
x = [x -0.5663 1.2491];
135
df1 = 1/N/T; fhz1 = n*df1; X = fft(x,N);

xp = [x(:);zeros(N,1)]; df2 = 1/2/N/T; n2 = 0:2*N-1;
fhz2 = n2*df2; Xp = fft(xp,2*N);
Spectrum w/o zero padding
15
10
5
0
50
100
150
200
250
200
250
Spectrum after zero padding
15
10
5
0
50
100
150
Frequency, Hz
8.17
% P8_17
T = 1/500; N = 32;
n = 0:N-1;
N2p = N/2 + 1;
x = sin(2*pi*70*n*T);
x = x(:);
X1 = fft(x,N);
df1 = 1/N/T;
fhz1 = n*df1;
plot(fhz1(1:N/2),abs(X1(1:N/2)));
hold
% DFT with N = 32 zeros
Xz1 = fft(x,64);
df2 = 1/T/64;
fhz2 = [0:1023]*df2;
plot(fhz2(1:32),abs(Xz1(1:32)),:)
xlabel(Frequency, Hz)
136
18
16
14
zero-padded
12
10
8
N-point DFT
6
4
2
0
0
50
100
150
Frequency, Hz
200
250
Spectral peak at approximately 62.7 Hz without zero-padding and 70.3 Hz with zeropadding. Better resolution closer to actual peak
8.18
% P8_18
T = 1/500;
N = 32;
n = 0:N-1;
x = sin(2*pi*80*n*T);
x = x(:);
X1 = fft(x,N);
df1 = 1/N/T; fhz1 = n*df1;
hold
%DFT with N = 32 zeros
Xz1 = fft(x,64);
df2 = 1/T/64; fhz2 = [0.1023]*df2;
subplot 211
plot(fhz1(1:N/2),abs(X1(1:N/2)));
grid
hold
plot(fhz2(1:32), abs(Xz1(1:32)),:)
M = 2048;
X3 = fft(x,M);
df3 = 1/T/M;
fhz3 = [0:M-1]*df3;
subplot 212
plot(fhz3(1:M/2),abs(X3(1:M/2)))
h[n] = (G [n] + G [n 1] + G [n 2])/3
1
1
(1 + e j: + e j2:) = e j: (e j: + 1 + e j:)
3
3
1
H(:) = e j: (1 + 2cos :)
3
H(:) =
137
20
15
10
5
0
50
100
150
Frequency, Hz
200
250
50
100
150
Frequency, Hz
200
250
20
15
10
5
0
0
8.19
% P8_19.m
h = [1 1 1]/3; w = 0:0.05:pi;
H = (1 + exp(-i*w) + exp(-i*2*w))/3;
figure(1); subplot 211
plot(w,abs(H), LineWidth, 1.5); hold
subplot 212
plot(w,angle(H)*180/pi,LineWidth,1.5);
hold
xlabel(Normalized Frequency)
H2 = fft(h,16);
subplot 211; title(Magnitude)
stem([0:pi/8:pi],abs(H2(1:9)))
subplot 212; title(Phase, deg.)
stem([0:pi/8:pi],angle(H2(1:9))*180/pi)
figure(2); freqz(h,1)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
100
50
0
50
100
150
Magnitude
DTFT
DFT
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Normalized Frequency
3.5
Phase, deg.
0.5
138
Magnitude (dB)
0
20
40
60
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
100
Phase (degrees)
0.4
50
0
50
100
150
0
0.2
8.20
% ideal_LP_DFT1.m P8.20
n = -10:10;
hi = 0.25*sinc(0.25*(n)); % noncausal
N = 21;
m = 0:20;
h = 0.25*sinc(0.25*(m-10)); % causal
h = h(:);
FH = fft(h,512);
% Hamming window
wH = 0.54 0.46*cos(2*pi*m/(N-1));
wH = wH(:); hwin = h.*wH;
FW = fft(hwin,512);
figure
subplot 211
plot(abs(FH(1:257)),LineWidth,1.5)
hold
text(75,1, unwindowed)
plot(abs(FW(1:257)),:,LineWidth,1.5)
text(100,0.5, windowed)
title(Magnitude)
subplot 212
plot(angle(FH(1:257))*180/pi,LineWidth,1.5)
hold
plot(angle(FW(1:257))*180/pi,:LineWidth,1.5)
title(Phase)
xlabel(k)
Window smoothes the response-ripples reduced.
139
Magnitude
1.5
1
Unwindowed
0.5
Windowed
50
100
150
Phase
200
250
300
50
100
150
k
200
250
300
200
100
0
100
200
8.21
1 n jn:0
r (e
+ e jn:0)
2
z ( z r cos :0 )
z
= 2

j:0
z re
z 2rz cos :0 r 2
(a) h[n] = rn cos (n:0)u[n] =

z
1
H(z) =
2 z re j:0
For r = 0.8 and :0 = S/4, the pole-zero plot as shown. Peak response occurs at
: = :0 = S/4 0.7854
Resonant frequency 0.7962,
Using ginput on the DFT mag. Plot.
%
r
N
n
h
P8_21.m
= 0.8; w0 = pi/4;
= 256;
= 0:N-1;
= (r.^n).*(cos (n*w0));
Im
j1
Re
FH = fft(h,N);
dw = 2*pi/N;
j1
w = 0:dw:2*pi-dw;
figure(1)
subplot 211
plot(w(1:(N/2)+1),abs(FH(1:(N/2)+1)),LineWidth,1.5)
title(Magnitude)
subplot 212
plot(w(1:(N/2)+1),angle(FH(1:(N/2)+1))*180/piLine
Width,1.5)
title(Phase, deg.)
xlabel(Normalized Frequency)
140
DFT Magnitude
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
2.5
3.5
Phase, deg.
40
20
0
20
40
60
0.5
1.5
2
Normalized Frequency
141
Chapter 9
9.1 x1(t) = iL(t), x2(t) = vc(t)
y(t) = i0(t)
di
vc(t) = L L x2 = L x1 (t )
dt
dv
1 t
1
vc(t) = (i0 iL)dt c = (i0 iL)
C
C
dt
vs (t ) vc (t )
vs (t ) x2 (t )
y(t) =
i0(t) =
R
R
R
dv
v (t ) 1
1
vs(t) c iL
using (3), (2): c =
RC
dt
RC C
1
1
1
or x2 =
vs(t)
x2(t) x1(t)
RC
RC
C
(2), (3), and (4) gives
1
0
0

x
1
L

1
x 1
1
2
RC
C
RC
1 x1 1
y(t) = 0
vs(t)
R x2 R
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
i0 (t)
+
vs (t)
9.2 iL = x1, vc = x2, i1 = y1, i2 = y2

Node 1: KCL
L x1 v1
L x1 x2
+ x1 +
=0
R1
R2
R1 R 2
R1
R2
? x1 =
x1
x2
v1
L( R1 R 2 )
L( R1 R 2 )
L( R1 R 2 )
i1
Node 2: KCL
x2 L x1 x2 v2

C x2 = 0
R2
R3
v1 +
iL (t)
R1 (1)
iL
+
vc (t)
C
R2
L
(2) R3
v+
c
Using (1) in the above

R2 R 3
1 R1
1 R1
1
1
x1
v1
v2
x2 =
x2
C R1 R 2
CR2 R1 R 2
R 3
C ( R1 R 2)
R2C
y1 = i1 =
y2 =
v1 L x1
R1
R2
R1 R 2
x1
1
R1 R 2
x2
1
R1 R 2
+ v2
(2)
v1
(3)
v2 x2
1
v
=
x2 2
R3
R3
R3
(1), (2), (3), and (4) gives

R1 R 2
x1 L( R1 R 2 )
x =
R1
1
2
C ( R1 R 2 ) CR2
i2
(4)
R2
L( R1 R 2 )
x1 L( R1 R 2 )

R1
R 2 R 3 x2
1
(
C
R
R 3
1 R 2)
R1 R 2
R1
v1
1 v2
R 2C
142
R2
y1 R1 R 2
=
y
2 0
R1 R 2 x1 R1 R 2

1 x2
0
R 3
For R1 = 6 :, R2 = 12 :, R3 = 18 :, L =
v1
1 v2
R3
1
1
H and C =
F1 the system matrices are as
3
36
given in the problem.

9.3 (a)
d2y
dy
+ 2y(t) = x(t)
dt
dt
dy
Letting x1 =
and x2 = y(t),
dt
d2y
= x(t) 3x1 2x2
x1 =
dt 2
and x2 = x1
2
3
x 3 2 x1 1
? 1
x(t)
x2 1 0 x2 0
x
y(t) = >0 1@ 1
x2
(b)
dx
d2y
dy
3 + 2y(t) =
+ x(t)
2
dt
dt
dt
x
y(t) = >1 1@ 1
x2
x (t)
+
3
2
x1 3 2 x1 1
x = 1 0 x 0 x(t)
2
2
x1
y (t)
x1
x2
x2
9.4 (a) State variable model

x1 1 6 3 x1 1 3
x = 18 2 2 x 9 1 v(t)
2

2
2
y(t) =
3
1 x1 1
v(t)
3 x2 3
1
1
1
1
1
s
s

2
s
s

18
8
1
3
6
9
6
[sI A]1 =
=
1
1
1
18
1
s
9
9 s 3
9
3
18s 2
1
1 18s 2 8s 1 18s 2 8s 1 3 1
2

H(s) =
2
18s 6 1 3
3
3
18s 2 8s 1 18s 2 8s 1 9
1
1
1
=
>12s 2 6s@ 13 3
2
18s 8s 1

9
143
6s 2 6s 1
18s 2 8s 1
s-domain model
KCL
Vs I 0 R1 V0 I 0 R1
I0 =

1
sL
R2
Cs
H(s) =
R1
I0 (s)
R2
Vs (s) +
sL
1
Cs
I0
1 R2Cs LCs 2
=
Vs
R1 s( L R1 R 2 C ) s 2 LC ( R1 R 2 )
(b) State variable model

1
0
0

x
1
L x1

=
1 v(t)
x 1
1 x2
2
RC
C
RC
y(t) = 0
1 x1 1
v(t)
R x2 R
s
[sI A] 1 =
1
C
1
1
s
1
RC
L
=
s
1
1
1
2
s

s
RC
LC
RC
C
1
L
s
1
1
RC
H(s) = C[sI A] 1 B + D = 0
1
R '
C
1
s
LC
=
1
s

R s2
RC LC
s-domain model
Vs ( s)
I(s) =
1
R sL ||
sC
Vs ( s)
=
L
C
R
1
sL
sC
1
2
s
I (s)
LC
=
1
Vs ( s )
2 s

R s
RC LC
1
0
1
L
1
R
s RC
I
Vs +
R
sL
1
sC
9.5 H(s) = C[sI A] 1 B + D

1
s 12 1
1
[sI A] 1 =
= 2
12
s
4

s
16
s 60
1
s 4
12 s 12
144
1 2 0 1 1 0
1
1 12 1 s 4
s 16 s 60 18 0 1 12 s 12 2 3 18 0 1
1
0
3 18
12 1 2 s 10
1

=
3s 36
1
18( s 2 16s 60) 0 1 2s
0
18
3s 1 1 0
22 s 120
1
=

2s
2
3s 36 18 0 1
18( s 16s 60)
H(s) =
H(s) =
s 2 38s 180
3s
2
18( s 16s 60)
s 2 13s 24
2s
1
s 3 2 1
9.6 (a) H(s) = >0 1@

1 s 0
s 2 1
1
= 2
>0 1@ 1 s 3 0
s 3s 2

H(s) =
1
s 3s 2
2
s 3 2
(b) H(s) = >1 1@
1 s
1
0

s 2 1
1
>1 1@ 1 s 3 0
s 3s 2

s
1
= 2
>1 1@ 1
s 3s 2

=
H(s) =
s 1
s 3s 2
2
9.7
x
x1
x2
x2
x2
x3
x3
x1 3 0 0 x1 1
x = 2 2 0 x 0 x
2
2
x3 0
1 1 x3 0
x1
y = >0 0 1@ x2
x3
9.8 (a)
sX 2 (s) X 2 (s)
Y (s)
1
= 2
observer form
X ( s ) s 5s 6
1 1
Y(s) = ( X ( s) 6 Y ( s )) 5 Y ( s)
s s
X (s)
sX 1(s)
X 1 (s)
145
Y (s)
x1 0 6 x1 1
x = 1 5 x 0 x(t)
2
2
x1
y(t) = >0 1@
x2
(b)
Y (s)
2s 1
=
X ( s ) s 2 5s 6
1 1
Y(s) = ( X ( s) 6 Y ( s) 2 X ( s) 5 Y ( s )
s s
x1 0 6 x1 1
x = 1 5 x 2 x(t)
2
2
X(s)
x1
y(t) = >0 1@
x2
X1
Y (s)
s 2s 2
= 3
X ( s ) s 6 s 2 11s 6
1
Y(s) = 3 [s2(X 6Y) + s(2X 11Y) + 2X 6Y]
s
1
1
1
= ( X 6Y ) (2 X 11Y ) 2 (2 X 6Y )
s
s
s
(c)
X2
Y(s)
2
X (s)
X1
X2
X3
Y(s)
6
11
6
x1 0 0 6 x1 2
x = 1 0 11 x 2 x(t)
2
2
x3 0 1 6 x3 1
x1
y(t) = >0 0 1@ x2
x3
(d)
sX 1 (s)
Y (s)
4
1
=
X (s) s 3 s 2
X 1 (s )
3 0 x1 1
x = 0 2 x 1 x(t)
2
2
x1
y(t) = > 4 1@
x2
x1
X (s)
sX 2 (s)
Y (s )
X 2 (s)
146
(e)
Y (s) 2
4
1
=
X (s) s s 3 s 2
x1 0 0 0 x1 2
x = 0 3 0 x 1 x(t)
2
2
x3 0 0 2 x3 1
x1

y(t) = > 2 4 1@ x2
x3
2
X (s)
X1
X2
Y (s)
3
X3
(f)
5
Y (s)
=
X ( s ) ( s 1)( s 3)
x1 1 0 x1 1
x = 5 3 x 0 x(t)
2
2
x1
y(t) = >0 1@
x2
X(s)
X1
Y(s)
(g)
X2
Y (s)
5
=
X ( s ) ( s 1)( s 2 2s 2)
x1 1 0 0 x1 1
x = 5 0 2 x 0 x(t)
2
2
x3 0 1 2 x3 0
x1

y(t) = >0 0 1@ x2
x3
X(s)
X1
X2
X3
Y(s)
2
2
147
9.9 (a)
Y (s)
1
=
controller form
X ( s ) ( s 2 5s 6)
s2 Y(s) = X(s) 5s Y(s) 6Y(s)
x1 0 1 x1 0
x = 6 5 x 1 x(t)
2
2
X(s)
X ( s)
(2s + 1)
s 5s 6
X ( s)
; Y(s) = W(s) (2s + 1)
W(s) = 2
( s 5s 6)
s2 W(s) = X(s) 5s W(s) 6 W(s)
x1 0 1 x1 0
x1
x = 6 5 x 1 x(t); y(t) = >1 2@ x
2
2
2
(c)
X2
x1
y(t) = >1 0@
x2
Y (s)
2s 1
=
(b)
X ( s ) s 2 5s 6
Y(s) =
s 2Y ( s )
X(s)
s2W(s)
sX 2
X2
Y(s)
X1
X1
Y(s)
Y (s)
s 2 2s 2
= 3
X ( s ) s 6 s 2 11s 6
X (s)
(s2 + 2s + 2) Y(s) = W(s) (s2 + 2s + 2)
Y(s) = 3
s 6 s 2 11s 6
s3W(s) = X(s) 6s2 W(s) 11s W(s) 6W(s)
x1
y(t) = > 2 2 1@ x2
x3
1
0 x1 0
x1 0
x = 0

0
1 x2 0 x(t)
2
x3 6 11 6 x3 1
X(s)
s3W(s)
sX 3
X3
11
X2
Y(s)
X1
s 1 0
9.10 H(s) = >1 0@

0 s 1
s 1 0
1
= 2 >1 0@

s
0 s 1
1
H(s) = 2
s
148
9.11
function [A, B, C, D] = ccfsv(num, den)
% Numerator and denominator polynomials in s, starting the
highest power
H = tf(num,den) %verify transfer function
N = length(den)-1;
A = zero(N,N);
for i = 1:N-1
A(i,i+1) = 1;
end
% last row
A(N,:)-den(N+1:-1:2)/den(1);
B = zeros(1,N);
B(N,1) = 1/den(1);
m = N:-1:1;
C = num(m+1)-den(m+1)*num(1)/den(1);
D = num(1)/den(1);
return;
(a)
(c) Nu = [0 1 2 2];
a = [0 0 1]; b = [1 5 6];
De = [1 6 11 6];
[A,B,C,D] = ccfsv(a,b)
[A,B,C,D] = ccfsv(Nu,De);
Transfer function:
1
------------s^2 + 5 s + 6
Transfer function:
s^2 + 2s + 2
----------------------s^3 + 6 s^2 + 11 s + 6
A =
0
-6
A =
0
1
0
0
-6 -11
1
-5
B =
0
1
B =
0
0
1
C =
1 0
C =
2
D =
0
D =
0
0
1
-6
0 1
1 t
9.12 A =
; I + At =
0 0
0 1
0 0
Atn =
, n
0 0
2 ? ( Atk!)
k 0
1 t
=
0 1
1 1
1
s s2
1
s
(sI A)1 =
=
0 1
0 s
? I (t) = e = L
At
1 t
(sI A)1 =
0 1
149
9.13 Step response: Ys(s) = (C) (s)B)
1
s
0
s 3
1 1
Ys(s) = > 4 5@

1 1 s
0
s 2
4
=
s 3
=
4
5
5 1 1
=

s( s 3) s( s 2)
s 2 1 s
4 1
1 51
1
3 s s 3 2 s s 2
? ys(t) =
23 4 3t 5 2t
e e ,t0
6 3
2
1 1 1 1
1
0
s 3
1 1 s( s 3) 3 s (s 3)
=
=
X(s) =
1 1 s
1 1 1
0
1
s 2
s ( s 2) 2 s ( s 2)
1
3
x(t) =
1
2
1
3
x(1) =
1
2
A =
B =
C =
D =
sys
(1 e 3t )
,t0
(1 e )
(1 e 3 )
0.3167
=
0.4323
(1 e 2 )
2t
[ 3 0; 0 2];
[1 1];
[4 5];
[0];
= ss(A,B,C,D)
t = 0:0.001:5;
[y, t, x] = step(sys,t);
x(1000,:) = 0.31669
0.4322
1
0
s 3
s 3 0
9.14 (sI A) =
=
1
0
0 s 2
s 2
0
s 3
1
4
5
H(s) = > 4 5@

=
1
1
s
3
s
2

0

s 2
1
Poles are at s = 3 and 2.
150
9.15 x1[k + 1] = x2[k]; x2[k + 1] = u[k] 0.2x2[k] 0.5x1[k]

y[k] = x2[k + 1] + x2[k] 2x1[k] = u[k] + 0.8x2[k] 2.5x1[k]
1 x1[k ] 0
x1 [ k 1] 0
x [k 1] = 0.5 0.2 x [k ] + 1 u[k]
2
2

x [k ]
y[k] = > 2.5 0.8@ 1 + u(k)
x2 [k ]
9.16 x1[k + 1] = v[k]; x2[k + 1] = x1[k]; x3[k + 1] = y[k]
x3[k + 1] = y[k] = 2bx1[k] + x2[k] + x3[k] + bv[k]
x1 [ k 1] 0 0 0 x1[k ] 1
x [k 1] = 1 0 0 x [k ] 0 v[k]
2

2
x3 [k 1] 2b 1 1 x3 [k ] 6
x1[k ]
y[k] = > 2b 1 1@ x2 [ k ] + bv[k]
x3 [k ]
(a) Y(z) = 2bX1(z) + X2(z) + X3(z) + b V(z)
X ( z) V ( z)
V ( z)
Y ( z)
X1(z) =
; X2(z) = 1 = 2 ; X3(z) =
z
z
z
z
V ( z ) V ( z) Y ( z )
+ bV(z)
2
z
z
z
1 2b
b 2
2
Y ( z)
z = 1 2bz bz
z
H(z) =
=
1
z ( z 1)
V ( z)
1
z
Y(z) = 2b
0
z 0
(b) [zI A} = 1 z
0 ; ' = z2(z 1)
2b 1 z 1
z
1
[zI A] 1 =
2
z
1 2bz
z 2 ( z 1)
0
1
z
1
z ( z 1)
z 1
H(z) = > 2b 1 1@ z 2
1 2bz
z 2 ( z 1)
1
z 1
0
z 1
1
z ( z 1)
0 1
0 0 + b
1 b
z 1
151
= > 2b 1 1@ 2
+b
z
b 1 2bz
z 1 z 2 ( z 1)
=
H(z) =
2b 1
1 2bz
b
+b
2 1 2
z
z
z
z ( z 1)
bz 2 2bz 1
z ( z 1)
9.17 y[k] = b0 v[k] + x1[k]

x1[k + 1] = b1 v[k] a1 y[k] + x2[k] = (b1 a1b0) v[k] a1 x1[k] + x2[k]
x2[k + 1] = b2 v[k] a2 y[k] = (b2 a2b0) v[k] a2 x1[k]
x1[ k 1]
x [k 1] =
2
a1 1 x1[k ] b1 a1b0
a 0 x [k ] b a b v[k]
2 2 2 2 0
x1[k ]
y[k] = >1 0@
+ b0 v[k]
x2 [k ]
9.18
b b z 1 b z 2 b z 3
Y ( z)
= 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
X ( z ) a0 a1 z a2 z a3 z
1
[b0 X(z) + z 1 {b1 X(z) a1 Y(z) + z 1 [b2 X(z) a2 Y(z)
a0
+ z 1 (b3 X(z) a3 Y(t))]}]
1
[b0 x[k] + D{b1 x[k] a1 y[k] + D[b2 x[k] a2 y[k] + D(b3 x[k] a3 y[k])]}]
y[k] =
a0
Y(z) =
b0
b1
b2
x [k]
b3
x3 [k +1] x3 [k ]
D
x 1 [k + 1]
x 2 [k + 1]
1
a0
y [k ]
a1
a2
a3
y[k] =
b
1
x3[k] + 0 x[k]
a0
a0
152

0
x1[ k 1]
x [k 1] = 0
2

x3 [k 1]
b0
b3 a3 a
0
x1[k ]
a2
b0
0
x2 [k ] b2 a2 x[k]
a0
a0
x3[k ]
a1
b
1
b1 a1 0
a0
a0
x1[k ]
1
b0
y[k] = 0 0
x2 [k ] a x[k]
a
0
x3 [k ] 0
0
a3
a0
9.19 Observer form

v(n)
1
[x[n] + D{3y[n] + D(y[n])}]
y[n] =
10
x1[n + 1] = y[n]
1
[v[n] + x2[n]]
=
10
x2[n + 1] = x1[n] 3y[n]
= x1[n] 0.3x2[n] 0.3v[n]
[
1]
x
n

1
0 0.1 x1[n] 0.1
x [n 1] = 1 0.3 x [n] 0.3 v[n]
2
D
x1[n+ 1]
1
10
D
x2[n+ 1]
y[n]
x1[ n]
y[n] = >0 0.1@
+ 0.1v[n]
x2 [n]
0.1
z
[zI A] =
1 z 0.3
z 0.3 0.1
1
z
z 0.3z 0.1 1
2
H(z) = C[zI A] 1B + D
' = z2 + 0.3z 0.1
1 z 0.3 0.1 0.1
+ 0.1
H(z) = >0 0.1@
z 0.3
' 1
=
=
>0.1
'
0.1
+ 0.1
0.3
0.1z @
z2
10( z 2 0.3 z 0.1)
(Also, directly from the difference equation.)
Unit step response

z
z3
=
z 1 10( z 1)( z 0.2)( z 0.5)
1
1
z
z
z

z 1 140 z 0.2 42 z 0.5
1
1
(0.2)n
( 0.5)n , n 0
140
42
Ys(z) = H ( z )
1
12
1
ys[n] =
12
9.20
x1[n + 1] = a1 x1[n] + b1 v[n]
x2[n + 1] = a2 x2[n] + b2 v[n]
y[n] = c1 x1[n] + c2 x2[n]
153
z a1
[zI A] 1 =
0
0
z a2
1
( z a1 )( z a2 )
b c
b c
H(z) = 1 1 2 2
z a1 z a2
z a2
0
0
z a1
x1[n +1]
b1
v [n]
c1
y [n ]
a1
x2[n +1]
b2
c2
D
a2
y[n] = 2x1[n] + x2[n]

9.21 x1[n + 1] = x2[n]
x2[n + 1] = 0.24x1[n] x2[n] + v[n]
x2[n]
v [n]
y[n]
2
x1[n]
0.24
1
1
z
1
= 2
[zI A] 1 =
z z 0.24
0.24 z 1
z 1 1 0
1
H(z) = > 2 1@ 2

z z 0.24 0.24 z 1
z2
H(z) = 2
z z 0.24
Series:
Y ( z)
z2
1
=
V ( z ) z 0.4 z 0.6
v [n ]
z 1 1
0.24 z
D
D
0.4
y [n]
0.6
154
Parallel:
Y(z) =
8
7V ( z )
V ( z)
z 0.4
z 0.6
0.4 0
A=
0.6
0
1
B = ; C = >8 7 @
1
D
0.4
v[n]
y[n]
7
D
0.6
9.22 (a) y[n] = v[n] + D{0.75y[n] + D[ 0.125y[n]]}

y[n] = v[n] + x2[n]
x1[n + 1] = 0.125x2[n] 0.125v[n]
x2[n + 1] = x1[n] + 0.75x2[n] + 0.75v[n]
x1[n 1] 0 0.125 x1[n] 0.125
x [n 1] = 1 0.75 x [n] 0.75 v[n]
2
x1[n]
y[n] = >0 1@
+ v[n]
x2 [n]
0.125
z
H(z) = >0 1@
z
1
0.75
0.125
z2
0.75 1 = 2
z 0.75 z 0.125
v [n]
D
x1[n +1]
D
x2[n +1]
y [n]
0.75
0.125
(b) x[n + 1] = v[n]

y[n] = bx[n] + av[n]
H(z) = b z 1 + a = a bz 1
v[n]
y[n]
x [ n +1]
D
155
(c) y[n] = x[n] + D{1.6y[n] + D[ 0.64y[n]]}

x1[n 1] 0 0.64 x1[n ] 0.64
x [n 1] = 1 1.6 x [ n] 1.6 v[n]
2
x1[n]
+ v[n]
x2 [n]
y[n] = >0 1@
H(z) =
z2
z 2 1.6 z 0.64
v [n]
x 2[n +1]
D
y[n]
x 1 [ n +1]
1.6
0.64
(d) y[n] = v[n] + D[ 0.5v[n] 0.75y[n] + D{0.125y[n]}]
x1[n 1]
x2 [ n 1]
y[n] = v[n] + x2[n]

x2[n + 1] = x1[n] 0.75y[n] 0.5v[n]
= x1[n] 0.75x2[n] 1.25v[n]
x1[n + 1] = 0.125y[n] = 0.125x2[n] + 0.125v[n]
1
z 0.125
1 z 0.75 0.125
=
[zI A] 1 =
z
' 1
1 z 0.75
1 z 0.75 0.125 0.125
+1
H(z) = >0 1@
z 1.25
' 1
=
0.125
>1 z @ 1.25
'
+ 1, ' = z2 + 0.75z 0.125
z 2 0.5 z
H(z) = 2
z 0.75 z 0.125
Y ( z)
1
=
1
X ( z ) 1 0.3z 0.4 z 2
y[n] = v[n] + D[0.3y[n] + D{0.4y[n]}]
x1[n 1] 0 0.4 x1[n] 0.4
x [n 1] = 1 0.3 x [n] 0.3 v[n]
2
2

9.23 (a) H(z) =
x1[n]
+ v[n]
x2 [n]
y[n] = >0 1@
156
v [n]
Observer
D
x1[n]
y[n]
x2[n]
0.3
0.4
1 x1[n] 0
x1[n 1] 0
x [n 1] = 0.4 0.3 x [n] 1 v[n]
2
2

x1[n]
y[n] = >0.4 0.3@
+ v[n]
x2 [ n]
v[n]
y [n]
D
x 2 [n]
0.3
D
x 1 [n]
0.4
Controller
(b) H(z) = 1 + 2z 1 + 3z 2
y [n ]
v [n ]
D
y[n] = v[n] + 2v[n 1] + 3v[n 2]
x2
x1[n 1] 0 1 x1[n] 0
x [n 1] = 0 0 x [n] 1 v[n]
2
2

z
z 2 z 0.29
z 1
1 z 1 0.29 z 2
0 0.29 x1[n] 0
v[n]

1
1 x2 [n ] 1
x1[n]
y[n] = >0 1@
+ v[n]
x2 [n]
x1[n 1]
x [n 1] =
2
Observer
v [n ]
y[n] = v[n 1] + y[n 1] 0.29y[n 2]
x1[n 1]
x [n 1] =
2
x1
x [n]
y[n] = >3 2@ 1 + v[n]
x2 [ n]
(c) H(z) =
x 1 [n ]
0.29
v[n]
Controller
x2 [n + 1]
D
1 x1[n] 0
0
0.29 1 x [ n] 1 v[n]
x1[n]
y[n] = >0 1@
x2 [n]
y [n ]
D
x 2[n+1]
y [n]
D
0.29
x 1[n]
157
9.24 Each pole term

v[n]
r1
y1[n]
D
P1
r1
D
P1
r2
y[n]
v[n]
P2
rM
D
PM
9.25 From P.9.21

z2
H(z) = 2
z z 0.24
Step response
Ys(z) =
z2
z
z
z
z
3
8
7

=
z z 0.24 z 1 (1.4)(1.6) z 1 1.4 z 0.4 1.6 z 0.6
2
Or
Ys(z) = 1.339
z
z
z
5.7143
+ 4.375
z 1
z 0.4
z 0.6
ys[n] = 1.339 5.7143( 0.4)n + 4.375 ( 0.6)n, n 0

A = [0 1; -0.24 -1]; B = [0 1]; C = [2 1]; D = 0;
sys = ss(A,B,C,D,1)
step(sys)
hold;
n = 0:15;
ys = 1.3393*ones(size(n)) + 4.375*(-0.6).^n 5.7143*
( 0.4).^n;
stem(ys)
158
Step Response
2
Amplitude
1.5
0.5
Time (sec)
10
15
9.26 y[n] = v[n] + D[1.6 y[n] + D{ 0.64 y[n]}]
x1[n 1]
x2 [ n 1]
y[n] = x2[n] + v[n]

x2[n + 1] = x1[n] + 1.6 y[n]
= x1[n] + 1.6 x2[n] + 1.6v[n]
x1[n + 1] = 0.64 y[n] = 0.64 x2[n] 0.64 v[n]
x1[ n 1]
x [n 1] =
2
0 0.64 x1[n] 0.64

1 1.6 x [n ] 1.6 v[n]
x1[n]
+ v[n]
x2 [n]
y[n] = >0 1@
H(z) =
z2
z3
(z)
=
v[n]
u[n]
Y
;
=
s
z 2 1.6 z 0.64
( z 0.8) 2 ( z 1)
Ys(z) =
z
z
25 z
24
3.2
z 1
z 0.8
( z 0.8) 2
ys[n] = 25 24(0.8)n 4n(0.8)n, n 0

% initial state
X0 = [0 0];
% n = 1; v[n] = 1
Xp = A*X0 + B;
% v[n] = 1 for n>=0
y(1) = C*Xp + D;
for n = 2: 100
X = A*Xp + B;
y(n) = C*X + D;
if (abs(X Xp) <=
[1e-5 1e-5]) break;
159
end
% for next state
Xp = X;
end
k = 1:n;
ys = 25 - 24*(0.8).^k
-4*k.*(0.8).^k;
figure
% Matlab step resp. function
yss = step(sys,k);
stairs(k(1:30), yss(1:30));
hold
stem(k(1:30), y(1:30);
(9.26) Step Response
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
15
20
Time (sec)
25
30
160

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An Instructors Solutions Manual to Accompany

Introduction to Signal & System Analysis

2009 Cengage Learning

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Printed in the United States of America

posted electronically as described herein. Any material posted

Personal family finance system: Family monthly incomeinput; Monthly expenses

t 1 has 10 cycles of sinusoid.

2.2 x(t) = cos 10S t, 1

2.7 x3(t) = x1(t) x2(t); x1(t) = x1( t); x2( t) = x2(t)

2.8 (a) x(t) = 2 sin (10S t 30)

x(t + T ) = 2e j6S (t + T ) e j60 = x(t) for 6S T = 2 k

3 cos S t + 2 cos t : No rational value for

T = 501 s for cos 100S t + sin 200S t

2.9 (a) x[n] = 2 cos nS = x[n + N] = 2 cos ((n + N)S)

2 cos (10(n + N)) for any integer N.

(c) 2 cos 10n

2.10 (a) 2 cos (t + 60): periodic, power signal, T = 2S

[1 + cos (2(t + 60))]dt

(d) x(t) = cos S t, | t | 0.2, repeats every 0.4s

G (t + 2) cos (10t) u(t)dt = 0;

cos 5t G (t + 2)dt = cos ( 10)

e at u(t) G (2t 4)dt =

e at cos bt G (2t 5)dt = e

r (3t) G (2t 4)dt =

G (at t0) f (t)dt = G(D)

G [2n 3] x[n] = G [l]

x2(t) = x1(t d) y2(t) = x2(t) = x1(t d) = y1(t d)

(i) has memory (ii) invertible (iii) linear

(v) causal (vi) stable

(i) has memory (ii) noninvertible (iii) linear

(v) noncausal (vi) stable

x2[n] = 9.4, yd2[n] = 1001. But, for

x1[n] + x2[n] = 12.8, yd [n] = 1101 yd1[n] + yd2[n]

y (t) and x (t) y (t), each satisfying the model.

2.17 Let x1(t)

2.18 For x3[n] = a1 x1[n] + a2 x2[n] y3 [n] = a1 y1[n] + a2 y2[n]

2.20 v0(t) = 10vi(t) + 0.05, 0.5 V vi 0.5 V

2.21 y(t) = x(t) cos wc t

nonlinear, causal, BIBO-stable.

2.23 y(t) = x*(t)

y (t) = a (t) jb (t)

x2(t) = a2(t) + jb2(t) y2(t) = a2(t) jb2(t)

2.24 x(t) = u(t) y(t) = g(t)

Let x1(t) = A1 es1t

and x2(t) = A2 es2t

Then x3(t) = c1 x1(t) + c2 x2(t) = c1 A1 es1t + c2 A2 es2t satisfies

= c1 [a B1 s1 es1t + b B1 es1t] + c2 [a B2 s2 es1t + b B2 es2t]

2.27 y[n] = x[n] + by[n 1]; y[0] = 0; x[n] = K, 0 < K <

z2n . Then, for x3[n] = a1x1[n] + a2x2[n], assume

y3[n] = a1y1[n] + a2y2[n].

y[n] 2 y[n 1] + 6  2 y[n 2] = x[n 2]

Exact solution: y(t) =

Second order diff. eq.--discretized to DT model

2.31 DT Model: (L/T) (y[n] y[n 1]) + (T/2C)

(y[k] + y[k + 1)] + Ry[n] = x[n]

(L/T) (y[n 1] y[n 2]) + (T/2C)

(y[k] + y[k + 1]) + Ry[n 1] = x[n 1]

Using the above

(y[k] + y[k + 1]) = x[n 1] (L/T) (y[n 1] y[n 2]) Ry[n 1]

Hence, the model equation becomes

(c) vc(t) = 15 icRc

(b) a = 100: H(s) =

301 Signal & System Analysis Sol

301 Signal & System Analysis Sol

y[n] 2 y[n 1] + 6 2 y[n 2] = x[n 2]

y1(t) = x(D ) h1 (t D ) d D ; y(t) = y1 (E ) h2(t E ) dE

u(t 2) + (t 3)2 u(t 3)