Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tutorial 14
January 3, 2001
HICSS-34
Tutorial 14
University of
Wisconsin
A.P.Sakis Meliopoulos Georgia Institute of
Technology
Giri Venkataramanan University of
Wisconsin
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Outline
1. Overview of Micro-sources (1/2 hr)
2. Problems and Issues related to
Distribution Systems (1 hr)
3. Power Electronics (1hr)
4. Operation and Control of Micro-Grids
Needs and Challenges (1/2Hr)
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Power Generation
kWs
Distributed Generation
1 MW
T/D grid
On site generation
Peaking
units:
Cost
deferrals:
Voltage
support:
Back-up power
Local power & heat
Isolated site
Local voltage support
Cost reduction
Load management
Micro Grid
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Micro-Turbine Basics
Hot Air
Recuperator
Turbine
Generator
Air
Power
electronics
Compressor
3 Phase ~ 480V AC
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
1997
Prototype F.C.
cars (G.M., DC., Toyota)
Production of
F.C. vehicles
2005
2000
Daimler-Chrysler
$324 million
investment
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
QuickTime and a
Photo - JPEG decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Distributed Generation
Business Characterization
U. S. Electricity Market $250 Billion Per Year
Distributed Generation Expected to Capture 1020% of Market in 10 years
Players - Illustrative List
Allied-Signal
Micro-Turbines
Siemens
Fuel Cells
Solar Turbine/Caterpillar Tractor
Engines/turbines
Capstone Turbine
Micro-Turbines
GE
Fuel Cells/Turbines
Others - Ballard, Allison, Williams, Plug Power, PowerCell
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
Commercial Units/Packaged Solutions Coming to Market PSERC
Generation Efficiencies
1 MW
70%
With
CHP
60%
50%
CHP
Hybrid
Fuel cell
CCTG
Fuel Cell
Micro
Turbine
40%
Gas
Turbine
Reciprocating
Engines
30%
20%
10kW
100kW
R.H.Lasseter
1 MW
Old
steam
10MW
University-of-Wisconsin
100MW
1000MW
PSERC
On Site Generation
Efficiencies
30/80%
Microturbine
30-200 kW
PA Fuel Cells
200-2000 kW 40/78%
5-250 kW
Hybrid FC/MT
200-2500 kW <70%
Roof top PV
1-10 kW
Recip Engine
0.5-4 MW
R.H.Lasseter
40/78%
Power
Electronic
interface
38/80%
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
INTERCONNECTION
VOLTAGE
Transmission
Sub transmission
Distribution
Customer
GENERATOR
ELECTRIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Rating Small
Fault Current
Islanding
Voltage Control
R.H.Lasseter
> 66 kV
24-66 kV
4-16 kV
120-480 V
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Micro-source Issues
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Generator
AC
AC
DC
Type of Inverter
Response of Prime Mover
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Line Commutated
pu
CSI - Line
Commutated
VSI - PWM
with
Voltage
Linecontrol
P
&
Q
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
Time seconds
PSERC
20 sec
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Micro-Source Dynamics
DC Bus
AC
AC
Power Source
DC
Power
1.0
Fuel Cells
20-100 seconds
Micro-turbine
0.5
0.0
R.H.Lasseter
10
time sec.
20
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
CUSTOMERS
Electricity problems
disrupting equipment and
production are originated
by voltage sags, with
duration less than 1/2
second
95 percent of
interruptions are due to
faults or outages on the
T/D system
80 percent of the
interruptions are due to
distribution system
components
R.H.Lasseter
Production equipment
contains electronics
sensitive to power quality
problems
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Pload
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Next
1. Problems and Issues related to
Distribution Systems Power
2. Power Electronics Sources
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
Georgia Institute of Technology
Tutorial 14
HICSS-34
Jan 3, 2001
Georgia Tech
PSERC
1
RTU
Micro-Grid Management
System
Converter
CATV&
Communications
RTU
RTU
Control
Data
Aqcuisition
Sensitive Load
RTU
Static
Conditioner
Fuel Cell
Variable
Speed
Drives
Converter
Interface
Protection
Interface
Protection
Converter
Georgia Tech
Microturbine / Generator
PSERC
2
Safety
100
80
60
40
sheep
300
Kiselev Dogs
Dogs
Ferris Dogs
Let-Go Current
200
100
50%
20
0.5%
Let-Go Threshold
Minimum
Fibrillating
Current (0.5%)
Maximum
Non-Fibrillating
Current (0.5%)
99.5%
Dangerous Current
pigs
calves
Ventricular Fibrillation
0
0
20
40
60
80
Body Weight (kg)
100
Safe Current
0
5
10
50
100
500
1000
Frequency (Hz)
Georgia Tech
5000
PSERC
4
A1
A2
rbody
B
A1
A2
Veq
req
Georgia Tech
PSERC
5
PSERC
Georgia Tech
P ro g ra m X F M - P a g e 1 o f 1
c : \ w m a s te r \ ig s \ d a t a u \ g p r _ e x 0 1 - M a y 1 4 , 2 0 0 0 , 0 1 : 5 1 :4 4 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 s a m p le s / s e c - 2 4 0 0 0 S a m p le s
2 .5 0 1
P h a s e _ A _ L in e _ C u r r e n t_ _ B U S 1 0 (k A )
1 .6 9 4
8 8 7 .3 m
8 0 .7 6 m
-7 2 5 .8 m
-1 .5 3 2
-2 .3 3 9
-3 .1 4 6
-3 .9 5 2
1 .0 5 2
E a r t h _ C u r r e n t _ _ G r o u n d _ a t _ B U S 2 0 (k A )
7 1 7 .1 m
Important Issues
3 8 2 .5 m
4 7 .8 1 m
-2 8 6 .8 m
-6 2 1 .5 m
-9 5 6 .1 m
-1 .2 9 1
-1 .6 2 5
4 4 .0 2 0
4 4 .0 4 0
4 4.06 0
4 4 .0 8 0
4 4 .1 0 0
PSERC
Georgia Tech
Power Quality
Disturbances
Lightning
Switching
Power Faults
Feeder Energization inrush currents, Motor Start
Loading imbalance
Harmonics, Resonance
EMI
Design Options
Configuration
Grounding
Overvoltage Protection (arresters), Fault Protection
Use of Steel/Aluminum conduit, Etc.
Georgia Tech
PSERC
8
S
wf
S
A
S
dt
PSERC
Georgia Tech
PSERC
Georgia Tech
10
Coefficient of
Grounding
95/164
100/173
90/155
actual
VLG
= no min al
VLG
85/147
2
80/138
75/129
70/121
X0/X1
0
57/100
2
65/117
Georgia Tech
PSERC
11
B U S 10
B U S 20
B U S 30
B U S 40
Close
Voltage Reference
Volt age
Remote Earth
Current
Neutral
Nominal Voltage
6.92
Plot Mode
Absolute
kV (L-L)
Deviation
Voltage (kV)
Ground
2.00
Distance
1.250
0.00
_A
-5.810
-2.00
_B
0.3334
-4.00
_A
-6.00 _B
_C
_N
-8.00
0.00
BUS40
_C
0.9744
Comments
The Data of the Figure can
be used to generate
nomograms and statistical
distributions of voltage sags
and swells for a specific
location (IEEE P1346)
A better approach is outlined
next
_N
0.00
0.75
1.50
2.25
Distance (miles)
Georgia Tech
3.00
3.75
BUS50
PSERC
12
Transformer
L1
N
L2
3.0
Sensitive
Electronic
Equipment
G
Ground Loop
Ground Rods
Voltage (kV)
Arrester
2.0
1.0
PQ Characterization
106
Georgia Tech
105
104
103
102
10
PSERC
1
0.1
Frequency (Hz)
13
0.01
Ferroresonance
5
Comments
2 PHASES
ENERGIZED
Vulnerable Systems:
Medium Voltage Cable with
Transformers/Regulators
1 PHASE
ENERGIZED
0.1
10
100
Georgia Tech
1000
PSERC
14
Comments
Harmonic Resonance
BUS90
BUS80
1
BUS110
BUS120
BUS30
BUS40
BUS50
BUS60
BUS70
Impedance Magnitude
Impedance Magnitude
334.5
100
334.5
10.0
Magnitude
(Ohms)
Magnitude
(Ohms)
163.4
10.0
Magnitude (Ohms)
1000
100
Frequency
(Hz)
872.1
1.00
0.100
1.00
0.00
400
800
1200
1600
2000
Table
0.00
400
800
1200
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Impedance Phase
Impedance Phase
Frequency
(Hz)
150
80.0
334.5
75.0
40.0
Phase
(Degrees)
120
Phase ( Deg)
Frequency
(Hz)
0.00
5.501
Phase ( Deg)
Magnitude (Ohms)
1000
1600
2000
Table
Frequency
(Hz)
0.00
Phase
(Degrees)
-75.0
-150
-40.0
-225
-80.0
0.00
400
800
1200
Frequency (Hz)
Georgia Tech
1600
2000
Close
0.00
400
800
1200
Frequency (Hz)
1600
2000
Close
PSERC
15
Reliability
Reliability Indices for Distribution Systems
(Utility Perspective)
Reliability Measures
(Customer Perspective)
Voltage Sags
Voltage Swells
Momentary Outages
Load Interruption
EMI
SAIFI =
Georgia Tech
Comments
Good Methods for Utility
Applications Exists
(Markovian)
End User/DER Methods
Needs Further Research
(NonMarkovian Processes)
PSERC
16
Cost of Reliability
Example
Power requirements: 3000 VA power
Average power consumption is 2000 Watts
Power utility reliability: SAIFI = 1.5, SAIDI = 45, Momentary = 30
Sector customer damage function: commercial per Table Below
Calculations
MWhrs consumed: 17.52
Cost of two 20 minute outages: (3.0)(17.52)(2) = 105.12
Cost of five 1 minute outages: (1.0)(17.52)(5) = 87.60
Cost of momentary: (1.0)(17.52)(30) = 525.60
Annual cost of interruptions: 718.32
Comments
Cost of utility power (assuming $0.10 pwr kWhr): $1,752 per year
Mom
0
1.0
6.0
2.0
Georgia Tech
1 Min
0
1.0
6.0
2.0
20 min
0.1
3.0
13.0
2.0
1 hr
0.4
10.0
24.0
3.0
4 hr
3.0
36.0
64.0
3.0
8 hr
6.0
74.0
106.0
4.0
24 hrs
20
94.0
135.0
5.0
PSERC
17
0
300
600
900
5e-4
3e-6
3e-3
0.996
13.0
9e-4
0.46
13.5
0.3
30
58
648
7.2e-5
13.0 0.3
2.7e-5 5e-3
47
3.8e-3 0.52 65
0.9961 13.5 648
PSERC
Georgia Tech
18
Protection
Typical DERs Protection
Protection Issues
Fault Protection (Current Limited
DERs, Remote Contribution,
Ground Impedance, etc.)
Faulted Circuit Indication
Fault Location and Isolation
Detection of Hot Down
Conductors
PSERC
Georgia Tech
19
Unbalance/Asymmetry
Most Power Circuits Are Asymmetric
1 zmax zmin
S1 =
2
z1
1 ymax ymin
S2 =
2
y1
Asymmetry Factor
0.06
0.04
Series Admittance
0.02
Shunt Admittance
0.0
180
660
1140
1620
2100
Frequency (Hz)
Other Sources
Single Phase Loads
End Use Equipment
Induction Motors
Georgia Tech
PSERC
20
BUS100
Device:
BUS90
Total Power
Voltage
L-G
Phase Quantities
Current
L-L
Symmetric Comp
BUS80
1
BUS30
BUS110
BUS120
BUS40
MCLOAD1_A
BUS50
BUS60
BUS70
1
MCLOAD2
IM
Voltages
MCLOAD1_B
MCBUS1
MCLOAD1_C
RGROUND
ANGSPEED2
MCLOAD1
IM
ANGSPEED1
Va
Sa
S
Sc
Ia
Sb
Ic
Ref Vc
Currents
MCLOAD1_A
Comments
Va
Vb
Vc
MCLOAD1_B
MCLOAD1_C
Ia
Ib
Ic
Ib
Vb
Important Factors:
Configuration
Transformers
Load Balancing
Georgia Tech
PSERC
21
Comments
HA
LA
HB
LB
LC
HC
Neutral
~
I neutral
Counterpoise
Ground Mat
~
I counterpoise
Ground Rod
Ground Rod
~
I earth
CATV
Properly Designed mGRIDs can Practically Eliminate Stray Voltages and Currents
Georgia Tech
PSERC
22
BUS100
0.500
Return
Feet
Update
BUS200
Magnetic Field
6.00 inches
375
MilliGauss
300
225
150
BUS400
75.0
1Ph
0.00
0.00
0.50
Zoom All
Angle
319.1
Field
270
360
365.9
Update
Magnetic Field
6.00 inches
Zoom Out
180
Angle(Degrees)
Feet
Zoom In
Return
90.0
Comments
76.0
72.0
MilliGauss
68.0
64.0
60.0
56.0
0.00
Zoom In
Zoom Out
Zoom All
Angle
Georgia Tech
90.0
244.1
180
Angle(Degrees)
Field
270
360
75.81
PSERC
23
WEMPEC
Inverters in Microgrids
Giri Venkataramanan
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Madison
3 Jan 2001
Giri@engr.wisc.edu
3 Jan 2001
GV 1
WEMPEC
Outline
Description of inverter types and
characteristics
Inverter control objectives
Inverter dynamic modeling
Summary
3 Jan 2001
GV 2
WEMPEC
Inverter types
PWM inverter
z Multilevel inverter
z Naturally commutated current source
inverter
z
3 Jan 2001
GV 3
WEMPEC
Vb
Vc
GV 4
WEMPEC
Vdc
3 Jan 2001
Va
Vb
Vc
GV 5
WEMPEC
Multilevel Inverters
Vdc
+ other phases
Vdc
Vdc
+ other phases
Vdc
3 Jan 2001
GV 6
WEMPEC
Typical waveforms
Pole voltage
Vdc
Vdc/2
Line-Line Voltage
Stepped synthesis
also possible
3 Jan 2001
GV 7
WEMPEC
Stiff Current
1P3T
1P3T
3 Jan 2001
GV 8
WEMPEC
1P3T
Stiff current
Natural
commutation
Leading power
factor load
Three phase a
voltages
1P3T
3 Jan 2001
GV 9
WEMPEC
3 Jan 2001
GV 10
WEMPEC
3 Jan 2001
GV 11
WEMPEC
Vi
IL
IL
Vo
It
Vo
It
Vac
Vac
GV 12
WEMPEC
3 Jan 2001
GV 13
WEMPEC
IL
Vo
It
Vac
3 Jan 2001
GV 14
WEMPEC
GV 15
WEMPEC
Fault Management
Vi
IL
It
Vo
Vac
Fault
3 Jan 2001
GV 16
WEMPEC
Capacitor switching
Power quality events
3 Jan 2001
GV 17
WEMPEC
Power sharing
z Frequency matching
z
3 Jan 2001
GV 18
WEMPEC
Vo VacVo
cos
Q=
Xt
Xt
3 Jan 2001
GV 19
WEMPEC
Modeling objectives
Need to model dynamic properties
Control input and real power flow or power
angle
Control input and reactive power flow or
voltage magnitude
3 Jan 2001
GV 20
WEMPEC
+
Voltage
command
Current
Regulator
Voltage
Controller
-
PWM
Converter
and
LC Filter
Vo
Ls
It
IL
Vi
Current
feedback
Voltage feeback
3 Jan 2001
GV 21
WEMPEC
+
Flux
command
PWM
Converter
and
LC Filter
Flux
Regulator
Vo
Vi
Flux
feedback
1
i
Vi
IL
3 Jan 2001
It
Ls
Vo
It
Vac
GV 22
WEMPEC
3 Jan 2001
GV 23
WEMPEC
m(t ) = m(t ) e
jm ( t )
vi (t ) = vi (t ) e
jvi ( t )
iL (t ) = iL (t ) e
jiL ( t )
vo (t ) = vo (t ) e
jvo ( t )
GV 24
WEMPEC
Dynamic Equations
d
L iL = vdc m cos(m iL ) vo cos(vo iL )
dt
d
L iL
iL = vdc m sin(m iL ) vo sin(vo iL )
dt
vo
d
C vo = iL cos(iL vo )
dt
R
vo
d
C vo vo = iL sin(iL vo )
dt
R
3 Jan 2001
GV 25
WEMPEC
Vo
R
C Vo = I L sin(I L Vo )
3 Jan 2001
Vo
R
GV 26
WEMPEC
Vo
R
C Vo = I L sin iLvo
Vo
R
GV 27
WEMPEC
IL
A=
Vo
RC I L
I
L
3 Jan 2001
I L
0
~
u= m
Vo
LR I L
C Vo
2
IL L
Vo
1
RC
1
RC
Vo
2
C Vo
2
IL L
2
Vo
2
LR I L
Vo
1
RC
~
iL
~
i
x = ~L
v
o
~
vo
L
V sin
dc
miL
B=
L IL
GV 28
WEMPEC
Transfer function
z
40
20
0
10
1 .10
100
1 .10
1 .10
fk
0
AG( f k) 90
180
10
1 .10
100
fk
3 Jan 2001
GV 29
WEMPEC
200
10
t 1000
50
Ioa( t , 1000 )
Ioac( t , 1000 )
50
10
t 1000
3 Jan 2001
GV 30
WEMPEC
0
100
200
300
300
200
100
100
200
300
60
0
20
40
60
60
40
20
20
40
60
Re ( Iocomplex( t , 500 ) )
3 Jan 2001
GV 31
WEMPEC
313.396 + 629.17i
313.396 629.17i
313.396 + 509.17i
313.396 509.17i
3 Jan 2001
= 569 Hz
Excitation frequency
= 60 Hz
GV 32
WEMPEC
GV 33
WEMPEC
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
3 Jan 2001
Summary
GV 34
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Micro Grid
open
13.8 kV
480V
480V
6
5
8
M5
M8
R.H.Lasseter
480V
9
M9
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Vinv
Inverter
P p 0
Q Vinv
Vinv
0
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
E
PSERC
Basic P Q Controller
Va
V
Vc
E
Ec
v
Flux
Vector
Calculator
v o
Inverter
Flux
Vector
Control
Flux
Vector
Calculator
Ea
Eb
Ec
R.H.Lasseter
Po
Ib
c
Switch
P o
Ia
I
Inverter r
P&Q
Calculation
P _
_
Q
p-i
P o
p-i
v o
Qo
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Current
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Micro Grid
P control
V control of 8 & 9
13.8 kV
480V
480V
6
5
8
M5
M8
R.H.Lasseter
480V
9
M9
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
P V controller
8 on
Bus 8
9 on
Bus 9
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Load Sharing
Frequency Control
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Island System
P ~ Sin(12)
V2 / 2
L2 Increase L 2
R.H.Lasseter
V/
1 1
L1
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
P ~ Sin(12)
0
V1
0 > 1 > 2
V2
2
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Frequency Droop
P02
P01
min
P
P2max P1max
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Power Droop
i (t) = 0 mi (Pc,i Pi (t))
+
+
s
_
k"
s
Pc
_
m
1
s
_
k'
p-i
P o
Po
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
E0
Eo
+
_
Flux
Vector
Calculation
I
o
Po
R.H.Lasseter
Q E
P&Q
Calculation
p-i
vo
Inverter
Flux
v Vector
Control
P
Power with droop
University-of-Wisconsin
Po
PSERC
Island
Micro Grid
13.8 kV
480V
480V
Non-critical Loads
6
5
8
M5
M8
Critical Loads
R.H.Lasseter
480V
9
M9
Critical Loads
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Frequency Droop
P02
P01
min
P
P2max P1max
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Frequency Hz
Frequency at bus 8
Time seconds
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Sensitive loads
(Quality & Service)
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Voltage Sensitivity
5-10 cycles
150
100
CBEMA
Type 1
50
Type
2
CBEMA
0
1 0 -1 100
R.H.Lasseter
101
102
103
DurUniversity-of-Wisconsin
at ion ( 6 0 Hz Cy c les)
PSERC
Voltage Sag
1.0
1.0
-1.0
-1.0
injected current
Critical Load
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
AC
DC
DC
University-of-Wisconsin
DC
PSERC
dq
abc
-
Negative component
V
c
V
s
PID
V
q
dq-
s
V
dq
V
+
V
dq
V
s
abc
+*
Inverter
+
V
c
d
abc
dq-
dq+
PID
+
V
q
dq+
dq
abc
Positive component
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Premium Power
UPS functions
Back-up service
Custom Power functions
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC
Research Needs
1. Clear interfaces/functions to the
Grid
2. Micro-Grid protection
3. Plug & play controls
4. Placement tools including CHP.
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
PSERC