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Iskander el amri

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REO 6
Iskander El Amri

1) g , h , r are the letters used in ABAQUS to reference the


element coordinated in the text (s,t) for both 2D and 3D.
2) Using full integration is appropriate when the Gauss scheme chosen
will integrate the stiffness matrix of an element with uniform material
behavior exactly. This happens only if the Jacobian of the mapping
from the isoparametric coordinates to the physical coordinates is
constant throughout the element (i.e opposing element sides or faces
in three-dimensional elements must be parallel and, in the case of the
second-order elements the midside nodes must be at the middle of
the element sides. This means that opposing element sides or faces in
three-dimensional elements must be parallel and, in the case of the
second-order elements, that the midside nodes must be at the middle
of the element sides. )
However, If the element does not satisfy all the previous conditions,
full integration is not exact because some stiffness terms are of a
higher order than those that are integrated exactly by the Gauss
scheme. Such inaccuracy in the integration does not appear to be
detrimental to the element's performance.
3) When using Reduced integration, we are employing an integration
scheme one order less than the full scheme to integrate the element's
internal forces and stiffness.
This appears to be a poor approximation; however, it has multiple
advantages.
In fact, when using a first-order element, the uniform strain method
yields the exact average strain over the element volume. Not only is
this important with respect to the values available for output, it is also
significant when the constitutive model is nonlinear, since the strains
passed into the constitutive routines are a better representation of the
actual strains.
Moreover, when using a second-order element, in which the
isoparametric coordinate lines remain orthogonal in the physical space,
the reduced-integration points have the Barlow point property: the
strains are calculated from the interpolation functions with higher
accuracy at these points than anywhere else in the element.
Reduced integration decreases the number of constraints introduced
by an element when there are internal constraints in the continuum
theory being modeled, such as incompressibility, or the Kirchhoff
transverse shear constraints if solid elements are used to analyze
bending problems.

In such applications, fully integrated elements will lockthey will


exhibit response that is orders of magnitude too stiff, so the results
they provide are quite unusable. The reduced-integration version of the
same element will often work well in such cases.
4)
All these isoparametric elements are available with full or reduced
integration. Gauss integration is almost always used with second-order
isoparametric elements because it is efficient and the Gauss points
corresponding to reduced integration are the Barlow points at which
the strains are most accurately predicted if the elements are wellshaped.
The paper was published in 1976.
5)
Full integration
Reduced integration
4-node bi-linear quadrilateral (2-D)

1
8-node bi-quadratic quadrilateral

20-node tri-quadratic brick (3-D)

27

4
8
6) The first-order reduced integration elements such as 4-node 2D
element and 8-node 3D elements have only one integration point thus
it is possible for them to distort in such a way that the strains
calculated at the integration point are all zero leading to an
uncontrolled mesh distortion. This phenomenon is called hourglassing.
The modified reduced integration used is called hourglass control
7) When using a first-order plane strain with either a generalized plane
strain, axisymmetric quadrilateral, hexahedral solid elements, or
cylindrical elements, the strain operator provides constant volumetric
strain throughout the element, thus preventing mesh locking in case
the material response is approximately incompressible.
However, using a first-order triangular or a tetrahedral element should
be avoided as much as possible in stress analysis problems since these
elements are overly stiff and exhibit slow convergence with mesh
refinement. This is especially a problem with first-order tetrahedral
elements. If they are required, an extremely fine mesh may be needed
to obtain results of sufficient accuracy.
Second-order elements provide higher accuracy than first-order
elements for smooth problems that do not involve severe element

distortions. They capture stress concentrations more effectively and


are better for modeling geometric features: they can model a curved
surface with fewer elements. Finally, second-order elements are very
effective in bending-dominated problems.
8) Reduced integration uses a lower-order integration to form the
element stiffness.
Reduced integration reduces running time, especially in three
dimensions.
Second-order reduced-integration elements generally yield more
accurate results
than the corresponding fully integrated elements.
The mass matrix and distributed loadings use full integration.
In Abaqus/Explicit you can choose between full or reduced integration
for hexahedral (brick) elements. Only reduced-integration first-order
elements are available for quadrilateral elements in Abaqus/Explicit;
the elements with reduced integration are also referred to as uniform
strain or centroid strain elements with hourglass control.
However, for first-order elements the accuracy achieved with full
versus reduced integration is largely dependent on the nature of the
problem.
9)
Triangular and tetrahedral elements are geometrically versatile and are
used in many automatic meshing algorithms.
It is very convenient to mesh a complex shape with triangles or
tetrahedra, and the second-order and modified triangular and
tetrahedral elements in Abaqus are suitable for general usage.
However, a good mesh of hexahedral elements usually provides a
solution of equivalent accuracy at less cost. Quadrilaterals and
hexahedra have a better convergence rate than triangles and
tetrahedral, and sensitivity to mesh orientation in regular meshes is
not an issue.
However, triangles and tetrahedra are less sensitive to initial element
shape, whereas first-order quadrilaterals and hexahedra perform better
if their shape is approximately rectangular. The elements become
much less accurate when they are initially distorted.

First-order triangles and tetrahedral are usually overly stiff, and


extremely fine meshes are required to obtain accurate results. As
mentioned earlier, fully integrated first-order triangles and tetrahedral
also exhibit volumetric locking in incompressible problems.
where accurate results are needed. This element provides accurate
results only with very fine meshing.
10)
Hourglassing
Hourglassing can be a problem with first-order, reduced-integration
elements in stress/displacement analyses. Since the elements have
only one integration point, it is possible for them to distort in such a
way that the strains calculated at the integration point are all zero,
which, in turn, leads to uncontrolled distortion of the mesh. First-order,
reduced-integration elements in Abaqus include hourglass control, but
they should be used with reasonably fine meshes. Hourglassing can
also be minimized by distributing point loads and boundary conditions
over a number of adjacent nodes.
Parasitic shear
Fully integrated elements do not hourglass but may have from
locking behavior.
Shear locking occurs in first-order, fully integrated elements that are
subjected to bending. The numerical formulation of the elements gives
rise to shear strains that do not really existthe so-called parasitic
shear. Therefore, these elements are too stiff in bending, in particular
if the element length is of the same order of magnitude as or greater
than the wall thickness.
Incompatible mode elements
Incompatible mode elements are first-order elements that are
enhanced by incompatible modes to improve their bending behavior. In
addition to the standard displacement degrees of freedom,
incompatible deformation modes are added internally to the elements.
The primary effect of these modes is to eliminate the parasitic shear
stresses that cause the response of the regular first-order
displacement elements to be too stiff in bending. In addition, these
modes eliminate the artificial stiffening due to Poisson's effect in
bending (which is manifested in regular displacement elements by a
linear variation of the stress perpendicular to the bending direction).

In the nonhybrid elementsexcept for the plane stress element, CPS4I


additional incompatible modes are added to prevent locking of the
elements with approximately incompressible material behavior. For
fully incompressible material behavior the corresponding hybrid
elements must be used.
Because of the added internal degrees of freedom due to the
incompatible modes these elements are somewhat more expensive
than the regular first-order displacement elements; however, they are
significantly more economical than second-order elements. The
incompatible mode elements use full integration and, thus, have no
hourglass modes.
.

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