Julie Moore CAMBRIDGEPe is Ss: Common ~— mistakes at — | | | [IELTS Advance ' -.. and how to avoid theeavailable from the British Library sno responsibilty forthe persistence or third-party internet websites referred to in got guarantee that any content on such websites Is, ‘information regarding prices, travel given in this work are correct at {Cambridge University Press does not guarantee n thereafter. | 1 Articles: the before general 2 Articles: alan before ndun Testi 8 4 When douse when, ifand whether? 19 5 Punctuation: commas with dlscourie markers 6 Punctuation: using apostrophes 12 Test2 13 7 Common spelling mistakes 15 ” 8 Spelling: one word or two? 16 9 Adjectiveforms 47 Yest3 18 400° “Weing prepositions: with notte amraet ‘141. Using prepositions: after verbs 21 12 _ Using prepositions: describing trends and changes _ Test4 23 13 Describing statistics: using prepositions 25 14 Describing statistics: nouns 26 15 Describing statistics: verbs 27 Test5 28 16 Numberandamount 30 17 Making comparisons: a 18 Expressing co &“Articles: the before general 41. Tick the correet sentence in each pat. 11a Mary people ave worvied about thea fects Of mo Mony people are worried abput the bad eects of mo 2a Wensed to look at Factors sich os the 1 Weneed folok ot oclors sch x ral Betta We use the before nouns which deseribe a general type of t example of that thing: ‘These are problems for students living away from the family. We don't know the effects of such chemicals on the body. The role ofthe student at university level varies greatly from country to ot ‘Most of our business is carried out over the telephone. ‘Theis also used before abstract nouns which describe a situation, a qu ora change, These words are often followed by of something: There is a problem with the availability of clean water in some villages, The distribution of income is uneven in most countries (On the whole, the standard of living is better in urban areas. ‘Many residents complained about the frequency of bus services This advance was brought about by the development of antibiotics. He made a number of recommendations for the improvement of staff oe We use the developmentiimprovement, etc. of something wo describe a| process of change, but developments/improvements, etc in something 0 specific changes: We try to keep up-to-date with new developments in information technology. 2 Correct the mistake below. 0% eer Doctors always stress... A diet high in cholesterol is bad for heart The introduction of computerised systems led to an in cre ‘We all benefit from development of new technologies. — ‘We were unhappy about quality of the food ay Last year the airline saw a 20% Iaptores rt ‘There have been changes in the r Rates vary depending on stand She focused on the role: “3| ‘When do | use capital letters? | 4. Tick the correct sentence in each pale. | 1 Sheexploined that Thal food on recpines ot of i ynrases: (very, really, quite, etc.) in these p ‘of women working in senior government posts. phrases to be careful with: gree: Lagree with you to a certain degree. ‘We have a wide range of books to choose from. ‘numberlamount: an equal number of men and wornen proportionipercentage: a small proportion of patients She exploined that thai Food often neqpines alot of ngrecient| 2.8 Sixty percent of students erroled at the rhersty ore ma b Sixty percent of students exoled atthe Unversy are mee. Capital letters are always used for nouns in the folowing groups: countries: Germany, the United States, Britain, the Czech towns, cities, states and regions: Tokyo, Paris, Texas, New Sa nationalities, ethnic groups and religions ~ referring to people from a country region or eulture: Can you speak Chinese? a Buddhist temple months and days of the week: October, th April, Tuesday 4 Capital letters are not used for the seasons: spring, summer. + names of organisations and institutions: he United Nations, ‘Where a word like museum, university station ox hospital's institution, it has a capital letter: Harvard Universing Karachi However, when these words are not part ofa name, they do not haw They built anew 100-bed hospital in the provincial capital He first joined the company in 2003 vz Also remember: the Earth (but not she World), the Third country, AIDS, CDIDVD (plural CDs/DVDs}. 2 Correct the mistake below. visitors to china should remember not to give a dod these customs are common in muslim countries she started work for microsoft in july 2005 {went to university in geneva in switzerland ‘we took a taxi from york station to the royal this is a photo of me on wall street whencle: alan, | theor— (20 article). ‘ofacid in athe! stomach. bly longtime forthe results to be announced. gi improvements in a/the- quality as well as anithel- of businesses fil inthe fist year. significant number of homes had two cars p decline in athe. proportion of aid allocated to health Ihel- extended family in caring for older people. ms have succeeded to althel- certain extent. pould receive althe-basic education. -with a/the/- recruitment of new staff. nce of these figures? ent communication skills. a number of mistakes with articles (the, a/an) and capital ‘and correct them. my unnen ssioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established on ‘was set up to protect refugees throughout World ‘problems. It has its headquarters in tion has a staff of around 6,540 in sfeguard rights and well-being of if th } milion people: which UNHCR cially in counties in afica and asia. More ge are in europe and united cores Me it in ental tele ta punctuation and extra words (such as articles or 1 odile is french she was born lyon 21 september 1968 she moved britain 20 years ago and now has british citizenship she speaks english fluently but she still has quite strong french accent corinne lives with her husband steve near melbourne australia steve is australian but corinne has german ‘mother and american father she was born united states and met steve while they were both working europe andre is travel photographer he lives switzerland but he spends large part of the year travelling around world last, summer he went on long trip south america to photograph ancient inca temples Y Rewrite the sentences below using the word given and making necessary to keep the meaning the same, The council wants to encourage new businesses to develop, development . . His main role isto assess how good the service for customers ‘ quality ‘There has been ai increase in the amount of transportation . Whether mothers return to work often depends on whethes availability ‘Many of the changes are due to the fact that to growthPunctuation: commas with discourse I | 1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair, ; 1 @.Tneonclision the world popations expanding ten ag th cor po tronaport wos better bb Inconesion the werd popuationis expanding a an shou chonge tation fees 2. a welook for exanple. at sport nschools bf velook for example ot sport in schools. Discourse markers are words or phrases which show how ideas ‘They are often separated from the rest of the text by commas, an event or situation that we believe will happen: en I finish my studies. (I expect to finish.) ‘arrive atthe airport, (We expect the person to arrive.) On the other hand, the unemployment rate has fallen. Finally, local councils need to consider the cost of recyeling schemes. Unfortunately, there were no more tickets available. Similarly, animals kept outdoors are also vulnerable to infection. \We also tse commas around certain words and phrases in the middle This problem can‘, however, be solved quite so simply. There are more jobs in the city, but, of course, the cost of living is higher. Which option you choose depends, to a certain extent, on your budget. Water is particularly scarce in arid regions, for examplelfor instance i ‘certain verbs (and nouns) which involve considering two options: People who live in cold countries, such asilike Norway, have to spend -10 discuss whether they should take further action. e is whether immigrants should adopt local customs. } sare any problems. (Problems are only a possibility) tain polite requests: itif would be grateful ifyou could call me back. fasked you a few questions about the accident? -t0 get part-time jobs whether or not they want to. ‘te Where an adverb describes an adjective, commas are not needed: ‘This was matched by a similarly dramatic increase in May. However careful you are, accidents can always happen. 2 Correct the mistake below. Tnetably there's anays something you forge. 3. Add commas in the sentences below where needed. What happens if for example you forget your password? ‘To sum up Ta like to recap the main advantages and d Statistics can however be misleading. the children leave home, the weather's bette? its useful oF just a waste of money. ‘could give us a breakdown of the marks. sronnivns OFOthE had the disease, Contact sports like rugby will inevitably i ‘Asimilarly priced house in the city centre) ‘We will of course reimburse any travel - You were able to come,{becatze tts easier than preparing Fresh cishes. (becaose i's easier than preparing fresh shes, in contractions - where a leter or letters have been missed out. d in informal writing or to represent spoken language. s) got nwo sisters, hasn't she? send the goods by first class post. sgone through passport control, so I couldn't go back: ld) like to change the booking. @ has) been invited to the party? is this? (whose = belonging to who) verb + nor: ] f have not) been announced yet. gw theanswer or Ido not know the answer. (not tdenotknewthe answer) | when their children behave badly. free for Poets we mend to conten the eotts fr the nergy, We col Looe for exonale Ways 2 “uch 25 rof inculation and doutle-glazing Moreover manny poor people tive tw ol i newer buildings. .. Stoondlyy iss much easier for governments of r reguintions for industry without thebr econo country whigh is trying to expan its use in the future. However ineportant this ai Some will inevitably need Welp to achieve a & i =e I would be grateful when/iflwhether you could confirm the b What’ the best way to deal with a patient who's/uhaselwho b Its important to start saving towards a pension now so that yo secure iffas/when you retire. 4 Please dont hesitate to contact me ifthathuhether you! don't know yet ifithat/whether ot not be able to come, Cheap airlines have brought benefits. Such as/For exam longer only for the rich. ‘The bank has announced that it will close 50 of it’ MPs will debate ifabouthohether to changeto surgery for some patients. (however) S _ for some patients, ‘bins are not feasible. (such as those in flats) : - not feasible Sof precautions we would recommend. (therefore) recommend, for cutting emissions. (toa certain extent) _ cutting emissions, Fyulnerable to such infections. for instance) .». uch infections. nidable. (unfortunately) unavoidable, 3. Correct any spelling errors in the sentences below. n spelling mistakes sk the correct sentence In each pair. 1 a Whave becone very deperdnt on computers } Weave becone very dependent on computers 9 2 You need tohave a dear idea of what you want fo achieve. fb You reed to have a clear idea of what you want fo acheive Nouns which are commonly misspelt include: i seommodation, benefit, country, environment, government, percentage, proportions sn British English, the noun programme has two main meanings: ar yaining programme = a series of sessions; a TV programme = a TV"broadeast put: a computer program = computer software . Words containing the ieor i vowel combination often cause problems British Children learn a rhyme to help them remember: “Thefore E except after 7 tchievelachievement, believelbelief, hygiene/hygienic retrievelretrieval But: receivelreceipt, deceiveldecet, ceiling tn British English, practice the spelling of the noun and practiseis the verb forms ‘Now they can put into practice what they have learnt. {rll bea good opportunity to practise speaking English. ‘The adjectives dependent and independent are spelt with -entat the end: ‘The degree of influence is dependent on a number of factors. Zz Dependant is a noun referring to a person who depends on someone else financiallf= ‘The company provides private healthcare for workers and their dependants. {beleive that successful companies need an experienced workfores: We need to look at goverment expenditure on enviromental projects: Food hygine is a major concern for restaurant owners Many farmers are dependent on foreign investors ‘This money should be spent to benifit the poorest countaries. Strong health and educational programes are vital for develo ‘The propotion of women who acheive first class “Everyone has the right to practise thelrreligion, 15engin thant nas on¢ word include miespan fesse, website, dif, workforce, workplace outside, overall, overcome hing someone, sometimes nowadays, throughout whereas rtten with a hyphen include: ete, en as separate words include: spend a lot of money on clothes. lution have decreased in the past five years ‘even though she knows irs bad for her health. plane has been delayed. (= an adverb meaning perhaps) reason for the change may be financial. (= a verb phrase) Nobody seems to talk e compounds and phrases in the sentences below. re satisfied, where as only 60% of men were happy. every thing was neatly arranged. sare due to changes in lifestyle, ‘the health and well being ofall our residents. the outbreak of the civil war. -span of people living in the country side, ool should be compulsory. [through out the country, 1 a Mary university students have a part-time job. face-to-face now-2-days. 2 Correct the mistake below. 3 Underline the correct word. the correct sentence in each pair. 1b Nary anveraity students have apart tine jb 12 These Jobs cornot be done by unexperienced young people 'b- These jobs connat be done by inexperienced voong people ‘There are many compound adjectives in English which are w yphen + good-looking, good-natured, well-known, well-educated, well-pald, welleeg + badly-behaved, bad-tempered,il-equipped, hard-working: easy-going + short-lived, short-tempered, short-term, long-term, long-lasting + fully-qualifed, full-scale, full-size fulltime, part-time, time-consuming Many phrases describing the age, size or length of something are formed in i ‘way. When they are used before a noun, they are hyphenated: : ‘astx-year-old boy Hes six years old. a ‘three-month training course ‘The course lasts three months, a two-bedroom flat a flat with two bedrooms Adjectives are also formed using prefixes, especially to deseribe opposites: ais- dissatisfied, disorganised ‘over- overcrowded, overpriced — {n- inexpensive, inexperienced, inappropriate post- post school, postgraduate tea- immoral, immature, impolite pre- pre-school, prearranged non-nonexistent, non-smoking un- unaware, unsuitable unemp ‘Some of these adjectives are spelt with a hyphen and some as one word} dictionary for the correct spelling. Don't you think thats «bit unappropriate for 2 job interview? Don't you think. 1 The figure rose steadily over a 30 year/30-year period. ‘The stalls sella variety of non-expensivelinexpensive snack He was a polite, well-educated/good-edueated man. ‘The family live in a simple, single-storeyisingle storeys house. She is punctual, conscientious and hard work/hard-working. Everyone needs a healthy, well-balanced/well balanced diet. All supervisors must attend a week-longlone week long Many tourists go into the mountains wearing insuitable/ a‘2. Underline the correct words inthe text belong, : staytt MBE 5 cton usth both the | The Stayfit Health Club offers a wide range of fitness (1) ‘suit your (2) life-style/lifestyle. Choose from @ + of i ‘one of our (3) fully-trained/full-rained instructors or join | sandking doubleroom For two rights from 15th (4) twenty-five/twenty five different exercise classes we n X arrived, I was tod by a rather unpaite you can brush up on your serves or (5) practice/pra t there was oly 2. srdle room avaiable. I thon | (©) full-size/full size indoor tennis courts. ‘a. Fifty Foo room and. the Ft was gh T had a number oF heavy bags, ro body Apply now for a 20% discount* (7) 12 months/12-month membership | ZX armed at my room, I realised that I had * vallablty (8) dependent/dependant on demand, ‘uncaract key and had to retum to the reception a I rally Faurd, some ove to exchange the key and get into my room, 1 Found that it was camped 1th ro phone a tdlevson as advertised on your fhe sever I receved durng 4 ‘Tho printer has forgotten to add spaces and punctuation to the owrlze them with appropriate spaces between words and any nes unctuation. goodlookingeasygoing ‘S0yearoldmanseekswell educatedyoungwoman 2 attractivenellequippednwobedroo. mholidaycottagesetinbreathrakinge ‘ountrysiclenonsmokersonlypleasejing prepositions: after verbs 11 Tick the correct sentence in each pair. | 1m compere nha apr! ad dryer ane 'Conparies in the US spend noe none for research ond dewopment 2a retorts lanier ea Weave to provide doctor the rescnees they ned fo do thal ob 1 There are a number of common verb + object + preposition com | You can check the patterns used with a particular verb in @ good + spend + timelmoney + on something ‘The average person spends £100 a month on transport. ‘so: Expenditure on’Spending on education has risen. invest + money + in something a 1s up to local government to Invest money tn improved leisure flies. = preposition for with the noun reason: Also: The protesters want more state eves ape ‘No one explained the reason for the dela 5 : sting: No ¥ provide + something + for someone something: Tere are many reasons fo chosing a small car Th elect il preside eripley ent forcing cee at ier meee nary for felly reasons. | Also: There has been progress in the proviston of facilities for the disabled. fused to introduce a reason for something. Due to already contains the | + provide + someone + with something on, so we do not use due +a reason: We aim to provide the children with an opportunity to experience a help + someone + (out) + with something She visits twice a week to help her grandmother out with the housework. ‘Also: Some students need extra help with reading and writing. Imusic and store it on your computer. every night on the TV news. is available on the university website. | | 2 Correct the mistake below, eorng 0» satement his website, be left the club On average, how much.. sbelow (in the same order) to create sentences, Add any necessary 3. There is one incorrect or missing preposition in each sentence! sand put the verbs in an appropriate form. | changes or additions necessary to correct the sentences. | 1 Some companies spend huge sums in advertising. ‘The new labels provide customers better information about! have a problem I think you can help me. ‘The party promised to increase investment for education, We are pressing for the provision more special lanes for cyclists ‘There are no facilities provided to passengers with oe Spending for photographic film has dropped dramatically. 8 There's a porter in reception to help guests their bags, atthe rarber of people aged over ely of the ninben of people aged over eighty there was a drop 15%. cuts in the level of spending on the elderly. jation, etc. in something ifcant improvements in health care. changes in people’ lifestyles. ‘change or the result of a change + of+ a number showing luctiontrise, et. of + number .of 20% in energy costs as a result of the measures. experienced a fall of 36,000 listeners to a total audience of 2.1 million. estotal, etc, of + number la peak of 45,000 in early March. et preposition in each sentence. slight rise in/ofto the number of men employed. to be a fall byofin approximately 30% over the next decade, tion hhas ed to a decline ofinto video sales ban increase by/ofin only 0.5% during the past year. ed oftolin educational levels, TEST 4 ‘The number of births in Scotland has risen to its highest level since 1999, according to the Registrar General, Figures suggest that more than $4,000 babies were born in 2005, a rise ( smn 420 births on the previous year ~ that’s an increase (2). than 196. The increase (3) is lower than the inerease (4) usu almost 3% between 2003 and 2004, The Registrar General for Scotland said: "The Fecent upturn (5) souuu the bith rate is encouraging but it may be easing oft” deaths in 2005, with a drop (7) the incidence of strokes and heart disease, two of Scotland's top three causes of death. There was also a fall (8) the number of both marriages and divorces. ‘There are 10 mistakes with prepositions in the paragraph below either: or missing prepositions. Find the mistakes and correct them. In the past few years, there has been a dramatic increase of the number: airlines which offer cheap flights throughout Europe. Ifyou look in the in will find some amazing deals at their websites, These ‘no frills’ airlines few facilities their passengers, but when they're only spending afew most people are happy with a basic service. This reduction of the cost. {ravel has, inevitably, led to an explosion of the number of people who take foreign holidays. The growth to air travel and changes to patterns: within Europe have had both positive and negative impacts. Ithas| investment for many regional airports and boosted local economies; 1 ‘environmental impact of those extra air miles?ent Varies a great deal from one region to another. can peak at around 30°C in summer. ‘to improve computer access for students. from five people who have chosen to give up their cars, but the incorrect order. Rewrite them to form correct sentences. ronmental for My car main reason up my was. scribing statistics: using pr ‘Tick the correct sentence in each pale. 1a The chart shows that only 18% men work les than 1 The chart shows that ony 18% of men work ess than 2. a welook atthe igores For people bet ween 0. bf we look atthe figares for people between 200 20 ‘There are several key prepositions which are used when + X% of something Only 28% of customers said that they were satisfied with + between XandY . ‘The rate rose dramatically between July 2005 and February 2006, the figurelpercentageltotal, etc. for a group or category Looking at the figures for winter and summer .. If we compare the percentages for skilled and unskilled workers .. ‘The average income for government employees is... ata levelrate Inflation has remained at roughly the same level over a number of ‘They can obtain loans at cheaper rates. 4 be highest / come top / rank second, etc. with X Football scored highest with 68% of the vote. aris is second in the table with 76 million passengers per year 2 Corset the mistake below. 80% dogs sald they preferred 80% 3 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct those with mi 1 France has the greatest number at 12 million, followed by ‘The percentage fluctuated between 3.5 to 4%. ‘The total value is approximately 18,000 yen fro Data is only available of the UK. The drop-out rate reached a peak of 18% in 2001, ‘The table shows the annual usage for families Africa was the least popular destination by only 6 12% interviewees had consulted a aya total, expressed as parts of 100: fafhouseholds with more than one car. dito describe part of a total: ‘highest proportion of people living in poverty? how often or how fast something happens, and some other measures: sslower in developing countries. intlerime rate, the birthideath rate, the exchange/interest rate e5 (the vertical axis and the horizontal axis) and a line or curve showing a trend. graph #) oras sections ofa circle (a pie chart). ‘usually numbers, organised within a across ++) and columns (going down f). ‘a general word for something represented in 2 for example, showing how something works, ‘achat The ple chart shows proportion of an average dy 2 student spends on different activities. --~-@ student spends on different activities. ord to complete each sentence. fe ratelpercentage of flights delayed by more than 60 minut suniemploymentlunemployed rates in six European countries, illustrates the planned layout of the buildings. ate of people aged 65 and over. films increase the criminal/crime rate. who own a mobile phoned has increased, 2 Correct the mistake below. jescribing statistics: verbs ‘Tick the correct sentence in each pair, 1 a Thebieth rate has reduced over the past fen years. 'b The bisth rate has chopped over tha past ten years. 2. a The graph shows arise inthe ranber of acoidents 1b The graph represents arisen the nanlser of aooid Common verbs used to describe graphs, charts and diagrams The chardgraph shows levels of post-school education in four ‘The diagram illustrates/represents the structure of the political system. ‘The chartlgraph compares average working hours in the UKand the US, We can see from the chartigraph that the numberof visitors peaks ‘Common verbs used to describe figures and statistics include: ‘The statstcsfigures suggest that people in rural areas are healthier ‘The figure will increase further, reaching 6 million in 2020. (not ‘Demand rose by 45% in just 2 years. (not raised by 4895) Time spent with the family dropped from 21% to just 6%. (not 4 Verbs such as rise, drop, decline and fall describe a change which’ Aperson or organisation can raise or reduce something: The Bank of England has raised interest rates. ‘ The Government has introduced measures to reduce traffic in the capital — The number of visitors... Complete the sentences using an appropriate verb. ‘The population of the city From the chart, we can ‘The inflation rate Mas wer The chart... . the amount of water consumed pet Diagram 2.4 the life cycle of a butterfly. ‘The results of the survey . public transport, ‘The percentage of households without & Phone wsuam ‘To combat global warming, we all need to . consume,‘water slide = least popular ide - only 2 “The wir lide was te eat paride chart shows % employees work late aprox. 4 figures show average no, days holiday skilled rate tooth decay dropped 10% 1960-1990 wwe can see 3 children watch more than 4hrsTViday — Zurich = 2° in table most expensive European cities 1st graph compares % single-parent families different Vocabulary extension, There are many different words significantly for “Caycentte— Suburbs xchange rate 7 1.0 dramatically Ls: 170. downturn, pia pany ia boost sol “TFMAMTTAS OND » around a third ‘Average daily water [Words to describe a | Words to describe a consumptonperperton | movement or trend | movement or trend _of our water usage Stet yards A downwards \ ngand cleaning. Then showering ‘ieaning20% | (nouns and verbs) _| (nouns and verbs) ‘next, accounting for around siowwcing22e of ourdaily consumption. Momntigund ‘oflanguage teachers in all levels, the average rates of pay in workers in four key industries, ‘only 6% senior posts in the banking sector -eame top in the survey at a 75% approval rating,0 & growing anount of people. aceessble fo « Growing nunber oF people er of people who visited the gollery each do. oF people who visited the gallery each day er 0 a plural countable noun: s the number of hours/passengers/peoplelschools/times, etc ‘of before an uncountable noun: ‘of enersylfoodiinformationimoneyitimefwaste, etc ‘offamount ofto talk generally about a quantity: engers-carried each year has risen gradually. the amount of water we waste. adjective + number oflamount oft cant amount of money on travel. (not ai an large number of people. (not Ss emaheoreh) jare used to describe the actual quantities frpeople. Percentage, proportion, rave, ete. are used measurements as part ofa total: ge of students with blue eyes is 25%. rof students with blue eyes is 6 ve definitely noticed an increase | In the amount of butterflies this year thas lowest people living in poverty? asked about rime they spend doing different activities, 'who were attracted into the shop by special offers, leisure time spent with friends and with family members, generate large money for the tourism industry, ow total overseas students at UK universities has risen, times an employee checks their email per hour. ere vorin shorter hours, 4 compare something (to/with something) The graph compares the crime rates in Japan and the US. Many have compared her voice to Aretha Franklins. (= they “compared tolwith something "Women’s income rose by 31% compared to only 13% for men. incomparison (tolwith something) Se area ie ola There is no comparison between my life here and the way of life in m {e's impossible to draw a direct comparison between the two conflicts. + something is bigger/higher/lower'more important, ete. than something else 2 Sague has more churches than any other European city. smething is double/half, etc. that of something else Fifi really quite big as compare with my last dog. Fifi really quite big, 4 Are the sentences right or wrong? Correct those which are wrong. 1 66.6 million people travelled abroad in 2007, comparing to 64.6) 2 Non-smokers' risk of heart attacks is roughly half that of people who 3. In comparative with other writers, she uses very simple, everyday! 4 There is no comparison to watching a band on DVD and seeing 5 The pass rate was over 70% in 2005, compare to 62% in 1990, 6 Many more crimes were committed by males compared to ferjays a year from work. Good sleepers, (2) on the -contraryrin contrast, miss only 2.4 days on average. |jcoe = aus : This chart (3) contrastslcompares the average Bee ee oe ie fo the sentence: " (d) numberiproportion of hours sleep a night for limited responses. Interviews, in contrast, are time- people in different professions. Mechanics getthe most sleep, with 7.6 hours per night, (6) in contrast Fetes live with thelr families in contrast to 29% in Japan. sain contrast doctors and company directors, who '@ contrast between two things which are very different: “jeep for less than 6 hours. Shift workers such as nurses andl members oft eee ney sium areas. services, unsurprisingly, get relatively little sleep (6) in comparison withié ; especially in speech, to introduce the opposite of what has those in nine-to-five jobs, How stressful your job is could also affect the te ise (2) amountinumber of sleep you get, with one in five insomniacs blaming dropped since the attack?"On the contrary theyve risen stighys| fot their sleeplessness. The figures suggest that goverament employees are (@) compared tofcompares to private sector workers, so pethaps job ‘on the other hand to introduce an opposite viewpoint: oa arm their child about things to avoid, but, on the other hand, they Match the two halves of the sentences. 1 The sample contained an equal number of damage to the environment. 2 They are expected to make a certain numberof space available. Tim bit of fitness fanatic NI My sister, on the contrary, 3. The job involves a fair amount of players in each team. refers ess energetic hobbies. /} 4 There is only a limited amount of boys and girls 5 We tryto cause the minimum amount of travelling, 6 There are the same number of calls per hour. 4 Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing It, 1. Spain has a relatively low crime rate compared with other European countries, (comparison) Spain has i 2 The average life expectancy of someone living in Mozambique is only 31 years, compared with 78 years in the UK, 79 in France and nearly 81 in Japan. (contrast) The average life expectancy of someone living in Mozambique is only years Mountain biking and track cycling ae completly different. (no comparison) There vy made only $17.8 ri snes it expands, ately deep others along the coast. the wo politicians could not be greater. y more sensitive than our own, Birds, Many people have compared hee to >the Beatles, (comparison) Many people hav ‘ Most European students receive some funding, In the USA, ‘work their way through college. (hand) Most European students receive some funding. ..table and uncountable nouns 4g Tick the correct sentence in each pair. 1. International cid is very inportant after natural cisastene. 1b Intemational cids are very inportant after natinal disasters. 2 @ Every country has its own customs and behaviods. Every country has its own customs and behavioun leper squareelometre J Many common nouns in English are uncountable ~they do not havea plural fo FB oy ee few vy ccnp ves om Tae nce cet eee a those living in other regions, ‘employment, equipment, furniture, help, information, pollution, softusar, ta Alot of information is available on the internet. Nouns ending -ing to describe an activity are also uncountable: advertising, shopping, swimming, training, ete: This type of farming causes damage to the environment, Some words have countable [C] and uncountable {U] forms used in different cx Hehas no work experience. (U: knowledge and skills you gain by doing: ant Going into hospital is often a stressful experience. (C: a particular event or sit large limited increasing} 01’ much time do you spend commuting? (U: hours, minutes, ete) How many times do you go each week? (C: occasions) The waiters all wear local dress. (U: clothes for a particular context) | Ste had two bridesmaids in pink dresses. (C: a piece of women’s clothing) | so: We often go walking in the country. (singular: the countryside) Hes visited a number of countries. ( 2 Correct the mistake below. . amount of -comparison is only possible where all the external factors are equipped to cope with SUCH @ een. number of people, e Ee amount of media interest. paneer hncve we: ees ae eee oo total income, Thelowest At se ahe it woe in og oa amount of disruption. 1 The shop sells children’s clothings/clothing and footwear. 2 In developing countries/counery, malaria stil kills millions each year. 3 She has 20 years of experienceslexperience as a nurse, 4 The company sells specialist softwares/software for c 5 These patients need injections several timesitime a day. = § {thas excellent facilities, with all the latest equipmentslequipment. 7 Cigarette advertisings/advertising has been banned in 8 How often do you use public rransportstransportt 3%players. ‘amount of sleep per night. : a eee ‘anormal part of everyday life. sror uncountable nouns considered together have similar rates of tteracy. all be in the same form: 'with the correct present form of the verb in brackets. s---~ (allow) us to analyse the data in seconds. - (ea less and... (need) less sleep, tino (Be) a basic human right. 'weleamee pack on the first day. }you lise more than one verb in a sentence with the same place for children to play safely and keeps them out of trouble. ‘Tick the correct sentence in each pair. 11 a There have been big changes in the food we eat and the wa |b There have been big changes in the food we eat and the way we 2. a. Such files are net suitable for children because they conten vielenon. Such fis are not suitable for children beocuse it contains vokenoe {trefers back to a singular or uncountable noun we have Toe lost my umbrella, have you seen it anywhere? Emergency aid can help in the short term, but it isnt the answer in th Each school has its own computer support officer. ‘They refers back to a plural noun when the pronoun is the subject of ave Such events cost lot of money, but they can also create jobs for lea people: Don't take these painkillers when driving as they may cause drowsiness, ‘Them refers back to a plural noun when the pronoun is the object of a ‘Medical facilities have to be located where people can make best use oft We use their before something which belongs to a plural noun: Vie help developing countries to manage their natural resources carefully, x We usually only use he/him and shesher to refer to people and not to My car's quite old, but i's still fairly reliable. (not she) © Qovtaet the arletake below, 3 Complete the sentences with one pronoun in each space. 1 With a digital camera you can take photos and $end wmv. 1.YO I did all my homework and handed ‘The plane was forced to land when ‘You should take off your shoes and leave: Ifyou drink too much coffee, .. can stop you sleeping, Fifty years ago, most women didn't Work, w.m.mn» stayed 8 ‘We need to crack down on illegal drugs and the people Such huge companies have a number of. of their children. available on our website. {to the school buildings. for fundraising events. at the supermarket. ked the volunteers for all their .. in first aid. , but kept getting the answering machine. ofthe most sparsely populated .e.r0.nnm in the world. ductions below. Each paragraph contains 8 errors ~find the Fie children finds it easier to learn languages than Thera is no doubt that learning new languages are more ‘but they are certainly not impossible. Many people becomes fluent speakers. But what are the learners? children are increasing. In the UK, for example, the in the past 10 years. Some people believes. ting too much fast foods. Others, however, 3 In the letter below, there are 10 verbs in bold. In ¢ ‘which is the subject of the verb. Is the verb In are wrong. ‘Dear Mohammed, ‘How are you? I'm getting in touch because I'm pi Egypt on holiday soon and Tike to ask you for some advice. know that alot of tourists visits visit Egypt every year so like choose a time when the main tourist attractions ‘is least crowded. ‘When is the best time? I also know that your country “has a hot ct Are the weather hot all year round? Td be keen to know more about Egyptian customs too. What sort dress ‘are appropriate when you are out in the street? Irealisethatin many Muslim countries, women “cover their heads and °wears ae which ‘cover their arms and legs. Are tourists expected to dress in the same way? And what about the food? I've heard that Egyptian cooking "use a lot of spices and many dishes °contains meat. As 'm a vegetarian, doyou think will have a problem? Sorry for all my questions. Could you recommend any websites "has information about Egyptian culture and customs? Thanks for yourhelp. Best wishes, Anna, Vocabulary extension. Are these words countable or uncountable? Label them C or U. Use a good learner's dictionary to check ifne computer advice hour aspect nation Potential job‘used in continuous forms (being and having) fo exist, have = to possess: “in New York. (= enjoying our visit) ving me time off. (= behaving in an awkward way) ‘isonly used with adjectives which describe an attitude or “etc), not those describing feelings (happy, sad, etc.) n be used after certain words and phrases, -forward to, be advantages to, be worth, a reason for, away from my family. (= not accustomed to it) having a flat in the city centre. ti realy ooking 0 A ine a place of my A A cS ward to ‘own. ff 2 4 Tick the correct sentence in each pair. 1. a. Sone people con't afford to Join private langoage courses, Some people cart afford fo attend private longigs courses, 2a Thecniveraty brary provides Free internet Groess for ste: The anversity brary gives free internet aocess for students, ‘We use join to talk about becoming a member of something; such Try to stay healthy, so T've jotned a gym. ‘We tse attend to talk about going regularly to a class, course, Se We had the chance to attend a presentation skills workshop. (30tje#"9 We also attend an organised event, such as a conference, meeting ard ‘The Prime Minister attended a memorial service for the victims: Sl We usually use go to instead of attend in mote informal writing and speech Are you going to this afternoon’ lecture? (not astending) “We use provide to talk about making something available for people to use: especially about services supplied by the government, a company or other (One of the roles of the state is to provide a basic education. We need to provide better facilities for visitors. ‘The tourist office provides visitors with helpful information. Give s usually used in more informal contexts or when one person something to someone else: ‘The Red Cross gave the most malnourished children high-energy drinks: 2 Correct the mistake below. All team members are expected men 3. Underline the best verb to complete the sentences. 1 Allemployees have the opportunity to join/artend TT training courses ‘The council should givelprovide better public services for He is due to go/artend a meeting in Munich tomorrow. You will be given/provided a coloured wristband when you arrive, She encouraged workers to joinfattend the trade union. ‘The university website gives/provides information for overseas went tolattended a great party on Saturday night,eve along-fermofect on health. lave long-term eect on heath verb + noun combinations (collocations) in English: will have a negative effect on tourism, ‘have more time to spend on their hobbies. Tea is believed to have health benefits. 3: He didnt give any explanation. patty. Giver a chance to explain frst 9: There are several problems we need to deal with. ‘She proved that he didit commis the crime. (Can you make me ‘one reason wy | Shouid ge it back? such emergency situations. i ditt any difference in the city last year. Inn me t0 c00k fresh meals, TEST 8° “My wife's 6 months pregnant and I'm really looking forward to (5 a father. When she first told me she (6) was having/has a baby, cof a shock; | knew it would (7) have/make a huge effect on ‘now I've got used to the idea, | (8) 'm/'m being really excited : “1 was quite surprised when we were (9) given/} timetables at the start of term, We only have to, six lectures a week, so we (11) have/spend plenty of time other stuff. The course so far has been really interesting quite challenging without (12) been/being too tough” — 2 Use the words below in an appropriate form and in the same order to sentences, Add any necessary articles or prepositions. Example: the children be used to have structure their day “The childven are used to having a structure to their day usually grab sandwich lunchtime rather than have cooked meal not take room without have look first building have smoke alarms every room, he not give reason for be late she be quite shy and she not really like be in the spotlight the young mums enjoy have chat while children play villagers not have access clean water or health care. there be advantages be part of organised tour groupPRE naisbe\ are not 4] | proper training in language and ‘cultural differences and they are often ‘not equipped to manage the problems ‘they face with patients. They sometimes ‘don't know how to talk about sensitive issues without to be rude or too direct. Many newly-arrved nurses said that the hints and advice they received from ‘colleagues give a big difference and 1 become it easier to ft in rseif. Complete the sentences below using the correct form of make, ‘necessary, check the underlined noun in a good learner's dictionary ‘a good start to the year. -~-semmmuch success in persuading her to stay. Senseo ch at their desk, usually just a quick sandwich. aout te kao atthe ‘me lift tothe airport -2 worl with the receptionist about it. a nasty comment about her hair. ou ing next week and we can arrange atime to meet. ly ‘Commonly confused nouns: habits, 4 Tick the correct sentence in each pair. 1 a Asc towrist you shoud show respect for local behavionn bs. tourist you should show respect for local easton. 2. a. They encourage the practice of teachers neading loud te young chlcran 'b They encourage the hoi of teachers reading cloud fo young cen. habit is something a person does regularly in a particular way as everyday life, often without thinking about it: After a while, separating rubbish for recycling just becomes a habit. 9 ‘People’s eating habits have changed. Families no longer eat meals together. ‘A.custom is something people in a particular country or of a particular: ethnic group do because it has been part of their culture or way oflife ‘Hestudied Maori culture and customs. The custom of decorating eggs goes back hundreds of years. A practice is a method of doing something which is usually used, particular country, industry etc. In this sense, practice is @ countable noun: The report condemned the practice of keeping prisoners in chains. Modern agricultural practices are to blame for the decline in wild flowers. ae Someone's behaviour is the way they behave generally or on a particular Behaviour is usually an uncountable noun and has no plural form: ‘The appalling behaviour ofa minority of fans ruined the event for everyone. 2 Correct the mistake below. Itis@ British habit for a man to carry his new wie into thelr new home. ‘The people of the island are proud of their history and et Itis now a common practice/custom to allow calculators Parents need more control over their children's viewing! In accordance with Mustim custom/habit, he was buried He's picked up some bad behaviours/habits from: We hope to end the habitipractice of It is sometimes difficult to keep local Should you reward children for good.ch causes people to think or behave in a different way: the influence of violent computer games on young people. yon our personality. {to someone or something asa result of something else: harmful effects of stress on the mother and unborn baby, 1a beneficial effect on local businesses. (not effest-t0) “The verb form is affect: f were most seriously affected by the hurricane, leffect of something, especially something new, on a person or tal impact of the new dam. ‘massive impact on the personal computer industry. ces is also used to talk about the results, often bad, of an action: ‘taught about the consequences of doing wrong. Were very worried about the effects cof transport policy for wife, Commonly confused nouns: time words 41. Tick the correct sentence in each pair. 1a The facts will ony be sean overlong duration. bb The effects wil ony be seen over along perio of ine 2. a Nenagers are expected to work for long tne. Managers are expected fe work long hours. ‘We use hours to talk about the time during a day or week when’ happens, especially the time when someone works or when something iso working hours office hours ‘opening hours ‘Most nannies work long hours for low pay. (= they work many hours a day) We use period or period of time to talk about a particular length of time: Sales rose by 20% over a six-month period/over a period of six months. Sportsmen can earn a lot of money, but onty for a relatively short period of time, ‘We tse duration in formal writing to talk about how long something lasts: ‘Make sure that your visa is valid for the duration of your stay. The timing of something is when it happens within the context of other events: {He said the timing of the announcement is not related to next weeks board meeting. Times also used in a number of common expressions: How do people spend their spare timelfree timelleisure time? We spent most of the time on the beach. (not mostofshesimes) We haven't seen each other for a long time. (not fortong-time) 2 Correct the mistake below. 3. Complete the sentences using one of the words above in each gap. 1 Itwill take along. -»«: 0 repair all the damage, 2 The rate fell gradually over the from 1990 to 2000, 3 Passengers are not permitted to smoke for the. are from 9,00am to 5.30pm,ficers don't carry guns. s you!” when someone sneezes. ‘are vaccinated against a number of diseases. below with one preposition in each gap. planting tees to offset “stiessee-the environment ‘emissions from fights has ‘soups. They say the year, d record levels. ‘Thousands of people in evacuated from areas affected (7). lture in the region has also been severe. | part of life, many believe that the human intervention, vespecially means that excess 4 The paragraph below contains 10 errors. Edit the text by finding and 2. People don't realise the health consequences 3 ‘Tourists arent familiar with the American custom 4 The shop was shut down for the duration 5 You should try to get out of the habit 6 7 8 ‘The report assesses the potential impact ‘We have seen the increasing political influence He works away from home most 9. You pay the loan off gradually over a period. 10 Many were surprised by the timing errors. The effects to employees of working for long hours can be very serious, especially over a scale of time. Businesses need to look at whether their working practises encourage overwork. We should consider the impact of long working times on health and for family life. Children whose parents are at work most of the times really miss out. ‘Where parents have very little free-time to spend with their family, children often. develop problems with their behaviours and get into bad habits. It is easy for children to get out of control because their busy parents leave very little influence on them. ‘com the box to complete the sentences. Use a good eck any collocations you are not sure about. uunsocial knock-on common annoying z serious big learner's dictionary harmful bad Cuts to the service could have Nurses are often expected to work People claim the cartoon series is a ‘Always wear sun cream to avoid the The congestion charge has had a...., Itis ~~ practice to include a 10% service charge on the Blk She has the . habit of tapping her pen on the desk. ‘The rise in oll prices will have a effect on othereffect onthe ouliook of pubic spaces effect on the appearance of pubic spaces, ‘ody hai ete) and the way they dress: is are sometimes added to enhance the taste or appearance of food. ss to how attractive they are — their face, etc. but not their clothes: Host her looks, (= she was not as attractive as before) {isan uncountable noun and refers to the act of talking to people: sexcellent communication skills. Jour main means of communication. (not wear-of communication) (plural) refers to all the methods of sending information, for dont think you should judge people ‘on thelr appearances. S Using nouns and adjectives: male or men? 4. Tick the correet sentence in each pair. 1 There ore ow nore opportunities for fandles within the poles service 'b There ore now nore opportunities for woren within the police’ service. 2. a The chart show the runber of hours worked by men and wonen employees b The chart shows the number of hours worked by male and female employees: ‘Male and femate can be used as nouns, but they are only used in very fot ‘echnical writing, or when talking about animals rather than people; ‘The male tree frog sings to attract a female. In most spoken and written contexts, we use the nouns manimen or womanhwomen: Nursing and teaching degrees still attract more women than men. ‘The life expectancy for an average man in Switzerland is 77 years. Male and female are used as adjectives in written and spoken English: We have a roughly equal number of male and female students. All he exndidates on the shortlist were male. In informal conversation, people sometimes use woman or lady before another noun instead of female. Some people do not like lady used in this way: 3 @ womantlady doctor awomanllady golfer a womandriver She was the first woman president of Ireland. 2 Correct the mistake below. ‘The competition is open t0 both wun. ‘Women sometimes prefer to see a. She married a... ThejFor Britons fo vist 1999 was France. @ For British to vist 1999 wos France. Delong fo or come from a place, we use an adjective: Thai food Most of the students are Asian. are sometimes used as adjectives before a noun, especially "a system or an organisation: ‘UKcompanies British food (not usually 44-food) the US government (not #he-LiSA-goversme) from a place is usually the same word as the adjective: ‘4 German, a Thai, an Asian, a European ave a different word to refer to a person from that country: an, a Frenchman/Frenchwoman, a Dutchman/Dutchwaman ‘4 Filipino (the Philippines), a Finn (Finland), a New Zealander, ), a Spaniard (Spain), a Swede (Sweden), a Turk (Turkey) jused to referto 2 person from Britain in writing and news reports, but swe usually talk about a British person/maniwoman. ‘common informal words for nationalities, such as Bri, Aussie and ‘not appropriate in more formal writing. contributed §54 milion in aid. drinks 7.8 kilograms of coffee a year. ng “TEST 10. © oa 41 Complete the paragraph below with an appropriate noun or; ‘space. Add any articles (a/an/the) where necessary. ‘What do we drink? Bottled water ‘Carbonated soft drinks Country “Amount County “Amount 7 italy 755 fires 1 United States 216 res 2 France 746.6 res 2 eland 1281 3 Belgium 117.4 ves: 3 Canada 119.8 Ives 4 Switzerland 314.2 tres 4 119.8 res | [5 Germany 108.2 res 5 Belgium i = 6 Austria 36.5 tres 6 Australia 100.1 tires. 7 United States 468 ives 7 United Kingdom | 96.5 titres @ Canada 29,7 tres. 8 Netheriands. 96.1 fires 9 ireland 27.4 tres ‘9 New Zealand 42 tres, 70 United Kingdom | 25-4 res 10 Sweden 824 tres “Litres per person per year The tables show the amount of bottled water and carbonated soft drinks consumed per person per year in countries around the world. Bottled water is most popularin (example) 1... «with the average (1) enemies IDE, 155 litres per year. (2) nnsnnnmnnonnns Fans Second with 146.6 litres per person. Infact, the top six countries in terms of consumption of bottled water are all ®. 4) ae ~-and (5) next in seventh and eighth postions with (6) @ consuming the least bottled water ofthe countries! mentioned. (8) s»wownww people only drink an average of 25.4 a bottled water a year. i (10) a year, that’s almost double the consumption of any other count 1) nnn COUR, (12) i while (13) average of 126 litres annually. (14) . quantity of soft drinks as (15) whereas another (16). just features inthe top ten, with the average (18). 82.4 litres a year, The (19) nvm nd the (20) drink similar amounts, 96.5 and 96.1 litres per year_ between the two sides in the dispute. ‘were British Parliament, just 19.7% of MPs. : make a huge difference to the ofa building vows industry in the UK. politicians at alocal good “are smaller and have dark brown feathers. has really broadened my . {Countries and nationalities crossword Answer key 2 the importance of balanced diet 31 bad for the heart correct benefit from the development of unhappy about the quality of correct correct ‘depending on the standard of accommodation 8 the role of the family 2b 2 have an equal chance of winning 3 1 Onlyasmall number of troublemakers were responsible for the problems. Computers play a very important role in education nowadays. She cant afford to study on a full- time basis, ‘Teenagers should be allowed a ‘greater degree of freedom. ‘They have a slightly different approach to studying. ‘We had a one-week intensive training course, ‘There has been a gradual increase in the number of thefts. 8 They offer quite a wide variety of courses, Units 1a 2a 2. Heathrow Airport on 12th January at 5.30 in the morning 3 1 Visitors to China should remember not to give a clock as a present. 2 These customs are common in ‘Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia. the world and not justin T World countries. 8 She hopes to compete for France in the European’ in August. the concentration; the stomach an incredibly long time ~ improvements; quality; — efficiency Ahigh percentage a significant number : a sharp decline; the proportion of the extended family = to. certain extent abasic education the recruitment of3 mb ‘2 dogs toking realy bored, Where its iene? T'its someones 5 dont 2 cant 6 Lets 3 tats 7 tant 4 governments 8 who’ 1 an energy crisis and, undoubtedly, one of the keys; It ism', however, as straightforward; Firstly, we need ..; We could look, for example, at ways; Many ‘measures, such as roof insulation and double-glazing, are often; Moreover, ‘many poor people; houses which aren't as easy; Secondly, it’s much easier; However, for a developing country; In conclusion, we can say; some will, inevitably, need help. Zi 2 3a 4 1 2 if 5 whether who's 6 Forexample when 7 its if 8 whether is, of course, slower people, especially single parents, these rises will cause are, however, alternatives to surgery people, such as those in flats, compost bins are are, therefore, a number of precautions we would orare a number of precautions, therefore, we would or are a number of precautions we would, therefore, 6 are, to acertain extent, responsible for rare responsible, to a certain ‘extent, for people, for instance, are more e 2 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 a unite Lib 2 enge jore practice before you take your test believe government; environmental hygiene no errors benefit; countries programmes proportion; achieve no errors b 2 talk face-to-face nowadays 3 1 2 3 4 said they were satisfied, whereas only 60% of men... clean and everything was neatly. noerors the health and well-being of all our residents. no errors research into the lifespan of people living in the countryside, Maybe learning a foreign language ... runs twenty-six hostels spread ‘throughout the country. unit9 1 a b ‘that’s a bit inappropriate/ unsuitable fora job interview 30-year inexpensive well-educated single-storey hard-working. well-balanced week-long8 on 10 on 1 on 12 of 13 for 14 on 15. on 16 of ‘a dramatic increase in the number; Jook on the internet; deals on their ‘websites; facilities for their passengers; a few euros on a flight; reduction in the ‘cost; explosion in the number; growth offin air travel; changes in patterns; investment In many regional airports 1 reduction of 25% / a 25% reduction in (the number of) injuries 2 agreat deal of variation in the availability of this treatment from ‘one region to another. arise of 40% / 40% rise in house prices reach a peak of around 30°C in summer (Co make) improvements in ‘computer access for students more/greater investment in staff raining ‘My main reason for giving up my ccar was environmental, Improvements in local public transport mean that I just don't need a car. decided to get rid of my car for a ‘number of different reasons, Itwasn't economic to run a car any ‘more due to the high cost of fuel, Tfound Iwas spending too much ‘money on repairs, Unit 13 2a | | «fluctuated between 3.5 and 4%, ++» 18,000 yen at the current exchange rate, . only available for the UK. correct correct «least popular destination with only 69% of flights. 8 12% of interviewees ... Unit 14 rib 2a 2. the proportion of an average day 3 1 percentage 5 proportion 2 unemployment 6 crime 3 diagram 7 percentage 4 percent 8 graph Unit 15 rib a 1 2 2 reaches a peak in July 31 rose 2 see 3 reached 4. compares or shows 5 illustrates or shows 6 suggest or show 7 dropped or fell 8 reduce Test barchart 8 in compares 9 rate for 10 fell see 11 pie chart with 12. percentage drops 13. comes graph 14 percent ‘between 2000 and 2008. teachers at all levels. s+ Fates of pay for workers. only 5% of senior posts... ‘othe survey with 2 75% ++ proportion of the overall budget .. «Hing at arate of 1.8mm ... ‘» the data for London{in contrast to 78 years inthe UK, ‘79in France and nearly 81 in Japan, 3.1. {s no comparison between ‘mountain biking and track cycling, -made/drawn a comparison between them and the Beatles. 5 «Inthe USA, on the other hand, students work their way through college. 4 incomparison with/to other EU ‘countries; income in tax compared with only 29.7%; almost half that of workers in Germany; In contrast, Scotland; Compared with/to those living in other regions; the highest proportion/percentage of people from non-white ethnic groups; 29 percent of its population, compared with 8 percent 4 51 fair 6 direct 2 increasing 7 large 3 marked 8 enormous 4 limited 9 stark 5 same 10 certain Unit19 lla 2b 2 were meant to come in evening dress 3 1 clothing 5 times 2 countries 6 equipment 3 experience 7 advertising 4 software 8 transport Unit 20 lla 2a 2 love playing with the animals 31 allows 5 receives 2 eatneed 6 are 3 mean 7 varies 4 8 have Test7 10... any.websites which have 1 them 5 it 2 it 6 they 3 it 7 them 4 them 8 their 1 behaviour 6 shopping 2 information 7 help 3 damage 8 training 4 ideas 9 times 5 equipment 10 countries Research has shown; young children find it easier; learning new languages is more difficult; but it is certainly not impossible; and become fluent speakers; the best teaching methods In many western countries, obesity ‘among children is increasing; overweight children has doubled; Some people believe that children are getting fatter; eating too much fast food; argue that they are not getting enough exercise. [New technology allows us; other information online; newspapers are necessary; or whether they will soon disappear; news websites which are updated; newspapers still continue to be printed and people continue to buy them. 1... the main tourist attractions are Teast crowded 2.» Your country has a hot climate — verb form correct 3 Is the weather hot 4. What sort of dress is appropriate... 5 ...women cover their heads ~ verb Jorm correct 6 ....women cover their heads and wear clothing... 7. .«. clothing which covers their arms and legs 8... Egyptian cooking uses a lot of spices 9... many dishes contain meat information Unit24 lia 2a 2 give me one reason why back 31 give 2 deal with 3 make 4 committed Test 8 1 1 joinedof by on of 5 of 10 of 3 1 There will be... ofthe police at the march, 2 People dont... of heavy drinking. 3. Tourists arent... of tipping 15% in restaurants. 4 The shop ... of the war. 5 You should ... of adding salt to your food. 6 The report... of climate change. 7 Wehave.... of trade unions, 8 Heworks ... ofthe time, 9 You pay.... of five to ten years, 10 Many were ... of his resignation. 4 The effects on employees; working for Tong hours can; over a period of time; working practices encourage; long working hours on health and on family life; most of the time really; litle free time to spend; problems with their behaviour and get into bad habits; parents have very little influence 5 1 serious 5 big 2 unsocial 6 common 3 bad 7 annoying 8 knock-on 4 harmful unit 28 1 is 1b 2b 2. you should judge people on their appearance 3 1 communication 5 looks 2 appearance 6 outlook 3 appearance 7 appearance 4 communications 8 communication unit29 Vib 2b men can do all kinds of jobs 2 wor a1 2 Male, female 3. men, women 4 female/woman/ (lady) 5 6 7 {talian food is German Britons (British people) France 6 Australian Swede 7 American/US 5 China @ African Test 10 1 1 Italian 2 France 3. European 4. The United States (The US) 5 Canada 6 Ireland 7. the United Kingdom (the UK) 8 British 9 the United States (the US) 10 Americans 11 North American 12 Canada 13 Irish 14 Norwegians‘ material used, t fo our notice, we will be happy ia For the logo UNHCR on p.8: used by kind permission of the UN High Refugees; for the texts on p.23: ‘Birth rates continue to rise’ and ‘Spending dwarfed by ICT’, used by permission of bbc.co.uk; for the text on p.53e" drink?’, statistics used by permission of NationMaster.com. Illustrated by Julian Mosedale The Cambridge Learner Corpus This book is based on information from the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a colle: over 90,000 exam papers from Cambridge ESOL. It shows real mistakes students and highlights which parts of English cause particular problems for learners. The Cambridge Learner Corpus has been developed jointly with the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations and forms part of the Cambridge International Corp To find out more, visit www.cambridge.org/elt/corpus| Mem UC cy CAMBRIDGE eotlely nistakesat * Monitors progress through regular tests. www,cambridge.org/elt/commonmistakes UNIVERSITY PRESS Reni ear se (Oy a:3:9 00632