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PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH DALAM POLITIK INDONESIA:

KAJIAN KES PEMILU KADA KABUPATEN KAMPAR

NURHAMIN (P 42261)

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini membincangkan perubahan dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah pada era
reformasi di kabupaten Kampar. Tesis ini juga meneroka mengenai perilaku politik elit
dan pengundi di daerah berkenaan. Permasalahan kajian yang diajukan ialah perubahan
dalam pemilihan kepala daerah semasa Orde Baru semasa krisis ekonomi yang
menyebabkan kejatuhan soeharto dan seterusnya kemunculan reformasi dan bagaimana
peraturan baru pemilukada langsung memberi peluang kepada elit parti, birokrat, elit
lokal dan penyelenggara pemilukada untuk mempengaruhi perilaku pengundi di
kabupaten Kampar. Kajian ini telah memanfaatkan kaedah kajian yang kualitatif dan
kuantitatif. Pengumpulan data secara kualitatif adalah berdasarkan kepada temubual
intensif ke atas 15 orang informan utama manakala rujukan juga dilakukan kepada kajian,
buku, jurnal, tesis dan keratan akhbar yang berkaitan. Manakala kaedah kuantitatif pula
berdasarkan kepada soal selidik terhadap 600 responden dan data telah dianalisis
menggunakan perisian SPSS. Konsep budaya politik dan teori perilaku pengundi telah
digunakan sebagai alat analisis untuk tiga objektif utama tesis ini. Pertama,
membincangkan peranan Soeharto dan kroninya dalam Pemilihan kepala daerah Orde
Baru; kedua, menganalisis krisis ekonomi di Indonesia sehingga kejatuhan Soeharto dan
kroninya di daerah; ketiga, menganalisis perubahan peranan elit parti, birokrat, elit lokal
dan penyelenggara pemilu dalam proses pemilukada di kampar. Analisis kajian ini
menunjukkan pemilukada merupakan lanjutan daripada oligarki, penaungan dan nasional
etnis Orde Baru. Lebih penting lagi, hasil kajian ini menunjukkan empat penemuan
utama; pertama, pemilihan kepala daerah semasa orde baru telah menonjolkan
monopoli kuasa atau autoritarian soeharto dalam budaya politik di daerah; kedua,
krisis ekonomi mencetuskan reformasi terhadap pemerintahan autoritarian Soeharto yang
mengurangi kepercayaan terhadap kerajaan pusat dan bermulanya otonomi daerah;
ketiga, kuasa pengerusi parti daerah telah memberi peluang kepada calon kepala daerah
mengatur strategi nasional etnik putera daerah dan pendatang; dan keempat, peranan elit
parti dan birokrat berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perilaku pengundi daerah luar bandar
terutamanya kelompok parokial dan subjektif manakala elit lokal berpengaruh signifikan
terhadap partisipasi pengundi kelompok rasional di kabupaten Kampar. Dapatan kajian
lain menunjukkan Rejim Orde Baru telah menggunakan kuasanya dalam program
transmigrasi penduduk ke daerah sehingga menciptakan integrasi politik masyarakat
lokal dan pendatang pasca reformasi di kabupaten Kampar.

DISTRICT ELECTIONS IN INDONESIAN POLITICS:


A CASE STUDY OF KAMPAR REGENCY
NURHAMIN (P 42261)

ABSTRACT
This study discusses changes in the district elections in the era of reform in Kampar
regency. This research also explores the political behavior of elites and voters in this
regency. The proposed problem statement is how the current election of head of district
has changed in the new order as a result of economic crises which led to the fall of
Soeharto and the subsequent implementation of reforms and how the new regulations
have given opportunities for parties elite, local elite, bureaucrats and the general election
commission to influence voters behavior in Kampar. This study has benefited from both
qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative method consists of
intensive interviews of 15 key informants and a document analysis of related studies,
books, journals, thesis and newspaper articles. Meanwhile, the quantitative data is based
on a questionnaire with 600 respondents and this data was analyzed using SPSS.
Concepts of political culture and electoral behavior theory were used for the analysis of
three main objectives of this thesis. First, to discuss Soehartos roles and his cronies in
the election of the head of district during the New Order; second, to analyze the economic
crisis which led to the fall of Soeharto and his cronies in the regency; third, to analyze the
roles of parties elite, local elite, bureaucrats, and the general election commission in
direct elections in Kampar regency. The analysis shows that this election is an expansion
of oligarchy, patron-clientele, and national ethnics of the New Order. More important, the
study revealed four major findings; first, the elections highlighted a practice of monopoly
of power or authoritarianism by Soeharto at all levels of elections in the districts; second,
the economic crisis resulted in a motion against Soeharto and this has led to regional
autonomy; third, the autonomy of regency management to determine the local ethnic and
non-local ethnic representatives appointed as the head of regency; and fourth, there was a
crucial influence of the parties elite and some bureaucrats towards voters behavior in
remote areas (parochial and subjective communities) and local elite has a significant
influence in increasing political participation (rational community). A related finding is
that the New Order Regime used its power through transmigration program which has
produced a local political integration in post reform Kampar.

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