Unofficial Translation

Economic Survey

Fiscal Year 2015/16

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Finance
2016

Foreword
The prime objective of the government has been to bring social and economic
transformation through rapid economic growth by executing the Constitution
subsequent to its promulgation by the historic Constituent Assembly. Countrys
economic policy should be guided towards attaining sustainable economic
development by achieving rapid economic growth through maximum utilization
of available means and resources, and making national economy self-reliant,
independent, and prosperous by ending disparity through judicious distribution
of benefits.
Socialism-oriented, self reliant and competent economy needs to be developed
through extensive investment mobilization by putting the revival of economy on
the top priority with removal of negative impacts rendered by the devastating
earthquake and inconvenient supply situation as a result of border obstructions.
This Economic Survey for fiscal year 2015/16 has been prepared with analytical
review of achievements made through implementation of key economic policies.
Impact and trend analyses of programs have been carried out by incorporating
those programs considered vital from economic and social perspectives.
I am confident that this Economic Survey would serve as an useful source of
reference for those who are interested and have concerned over the countrys
economic activities including sector line agencies, intellectuals, researchers,
employees, teachers, students, industrialists, businessmen, NGOs, people in
general and Nepal's development partners, as well as foreign investors.
Last but not the least, I would like to extend my thanks to the Ministry of
Finance , Chief of Economic Policy Analysis Division including all personnel,
various Ministries, departments and other concerned entities who have extended
their supports to this work by providing data, information and other details.

Bishnu Prasad Poudel

Finance Minister

Contents

Foreword

List of Tables

iii

List of Charts

viii

Abbreviations

Executive Summary

xii

Major Challenges of Economy

xviii

Macro-Economic Indicators

xx

1.

Overall Economic Situation

2.

Public Finance

17

3.

Price and Supply

47

4.

Money and Banking

58

5.

Capital Market and Insurance

81

6.

External Sector

95

7.

Poverty Alleviation and Employment

107

8.

Agriculture, Forestry and Land Reform

120

9.

Industry, Commerce and Tourism

146

10.

Housing and Urban Development, Environment and Energy

165

11.

Transport and Communication

176

12.

Good Governance, General Adminstration, Peace and Reconstruction

188

13.

Social Sector

200

14.

Public Enterprises

263

15.

Post Earthquake Reconstruction and New Building

274

ii

List of Tables
Table 1(a): Global Economic Growth Rate
Table 1 (b) Economic Growth Rate of Neighboring Countries
Table 1 (c): CPI Based Global Inflation Rate
Table 1 (d): CPI-based inflationary Trend of Neighboring Countries
Table 1 (e) Net Aggregate Domestic Demand
Table 1 (f): World Trade Situation
Table 1 (g): Economic Growth in last Decade (Percent)
Table 1 (h): Contribution in Gross Domestic Product (in Percent)
Table 2 (a): Public Finance and GDP to their Ratios (In Percent)
Table 2 (b): Details of Government Expenditure
Table 2(c) : Detail of Government Expenditure (Status of Spending in the first
eight months of fiscal year)
Table 2 (d): Service and Function-Wise details of Recurring Expenditure
Table 2(e) : Service and Function-Wise details of Current
Expenditure(Expenditure Status for the first eight months of Fiscal Year)
Table 2 (f): Service and Function-Wise details of Capital Expenditure
Table 2 (g) : Service and Function-Wise details of Capital Expenditure
including Financial Provision
Table 2 (h): Details of Government Income
Table 2 (i) : Contribution of Government Income, Foreign Grant, Domestic
Debt and Foreign Debt to Total Government Expenditure
Table 2 (j) : Detail of Revenue Income
Table 2(k) : Revenue Detail(Revenue Detail of first eight months of fiscal year)
Table 2 (l) : Detail of Fiscal Deficit and Deficit Financial
Table 2(m) : Outstanding Stock of Public Debt and Principle Repayment and
Interest Expenditure
Table 2 (n): Income and Expenditure Details of Local Bodies
Table 2 (o) : Government Grant to Local Bodies
Table 3(a): Consumer Price Index based Annual Point to Point Inflation Rate
Table 3 (b): Point to Point Changes in National CPI
Table 3 (c): Annual Point to Point Changes of National Wholesale Price Index
Table 3 (d): Annual Point to Point Change of National Salary and Wage Rate Index

Table 3 (e): Average Retail Price of Some Major Commodities

Table 3(f): Prices of oil and gold in International market
Table 3 (g): Supply of Petroleum Products
Table 4 (a): Bank Rate, Refinance Rate and Cash Reserve Ratio
iii

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Table 4(b): Factors affecting Money Supply

Table 4 (c): Reserve Money and Money Multiplier
Table 4 (d): Status of Open Market Operation
Table 4(e): Interest Rate
Table 4 (f) : Deposit Mobilization and Credit Flow
Table 4 (g) : Number of Banks and Financial Institutions (By the end of Mid-July)
Table 4 (h): Some Major Indicators of Bank and Financial Institutions (By the end of Mid-July)

Table 4 (i) : Branches of Banks and Financial Institutions

Table 4(j): Some Indicators of Financial Expansion and Deepening
Table 4 (k): Non-Performing Loan of BFIs
Table 4 (l): Sources and Utilization of fund of microfinance Institutions
Table 4(m) : Postal Saving Bank
Table 4 (n) : Status of Credit and Deposit Guarantee
Table 4 (o): Status of Rural Self-Reliance Fund
Table 4(p) : Non-Performing Loan and Capital Fund
Table 5(a): Primary Market Trend
Table 5(b): Secondary Market Trend
Table 5 (c ): Ownership Structure of Insurance Companies
Table 5 (d): Source and Utilization of life and non-life Insurance Companies
Table 5(e): Total Life and Non-Life Insurance Premiums
Table 5 (f): Contribution of Insurance Premiums to GDP
Table 5 (g) : Investment made in Life and Non-Life Insurance Business
Table 5 (h) : Revenue Collected from Insurance Business
Table 5 (i) : Insurance Claim and Insurance Claim Payment
Table 5 (j) : Insurance Claim Amount Released by Life Insurance Business
Table 6 (a): Foreign Trade Situation (First Eight Months)
Table 6 (b): Remittance Inflows
Table 6 (c): Total Foreign Exchange Reserve (In Rs. 10 Million)
Table 6 (d): Status of Foreign Asset and Liability
Table 6 (e) : Foreign Exchange
Table 7 (a) : National Household and Population Survey
Table 7 (b) : Graduation Threshold and Nepal Position in 2016
Table 7(c): Status of Recipient of Skill Development Training
Table 7 (d): Country-wise detail of Foreign Employment
Table 7 (e) : Amount Collected in Social Security Fund
Table 8 (a): Area of Food Crops and their Production Details
Table 8 (b): The Preliminary Status of Cash Crop Production
Table 8 (c): Preliminary Status of Industrial Crop Production
iv

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Table 8 (d): Preliminary Status of Spices Production

Table 8 (e) : Number of Animals/Fowls
Table 8 (f): Status of Animals/ Fowls Production
Table 8 (g): Supply Status of Inputs for Agriculture Production
Table 8 (h): Natural Disaster affected Land Area (Ha)
Table 8 (i) : Sales and distribution status of Chemical Fertilizers
Table 8 (j): Additional Irrigation Extension
Table 8 (k): Status of Credit Flow of Banks and Financial Institutions
Table 8 (l): Description of Foundation Seed Production and Introduction of Crop Varieties

Table 8 (m): Small Farmer Cooperative and Status of Wholesale Credit Investment

Table 8 (n): Status of Meat-Oriented Livestock Credit Program

Table 8(o) : Status of Cooperative Institutions
Table 8 (p) : Primary Cooperative Institutions
Table 8 (q) : Forest Resource Statistics of Nepal
Table 8(r) : Conservation Area Details
Table 8 (s) : No. of Tourists Visiting Conservation Area and Revenue
Table 8 (t) : Domestic and External Tourist Visiting National Botanical Garden
Table 8 (u): Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Status
Table 8 (v): Revenue from Forest Sector
Table 9 (a): Industries Registered at the Department of Industries
Table 9 (b) : Licensed Industries for Operation
Table 9(c): Licensed Industries for Operation by Types
Table 9(d): Foreign Investment in Industry
Table 9 (e): Country-wise Foreign Investment
Table 9 (f) : Countries with BIPPA Agreement
Table 9(g): Details on Industrial Intellectual Property
Table 9 (h): Company Registration Status
Table 9 (i) : Major Indicator related with Tourism
Table 10(a): Energy Consumption Status
Table 10 (b): Electricity Demand, Consumption, Production and Physical Structures

Table 10 (c) : Alternative Energy Usage Status

Table 10 (d) : Detail of Average Daily and Monthly Import of Petroleum Products

Table 10 (e): Consumption details of POL Products

Table 11 (a): Status of Road Facility Expansion
Table 11 (b) : Road Facility extended by Department of Road
Table 11 (c) : Extension of Road Network by Local Bodies
Table 11(d) : Number of Registered Transport Vehicles
Table 11(e): Civil Aviation Indicators
v

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Table 11(f) : Number of License for Audio Visual

Table 11 (g) : Numerical Detail of Postal Service
Table 11 (h) : Situation of Telecommunication Service
Table 11(i) : Number of Telephone lines distributed
Table 11 (j) : Comparative Detail of Newspapers registered
Table 11(k) : Status of Motion Picture Sector
Table 11 (l): Information Related Task Carried Out
Table 12 (a) : Number of Bhutanese Refugees
Table 12 (b) : Number of Bhutanese Refugees Resettled in Third Countries
Table 12(c): Detail of Civil Personnel
Table 12(d) : Detail of Training Programs Conducted Through Nepal Administrative
Staff College

180
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186
193
193
194
195

Table 12 (e) : Detail of Regular Training Programs Conducted Through Nepal

Administrative Staff College

195

Table 12(f) : Status of Relief, Financial Assistance, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation

198
201
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204
206
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
212
213
214
214
215
216
216
217
217
219

Table 13 (a): Educational Achievements Based on Educational Indicators

Table 13 (b): Status of Pre-Primary Education
Table 13 (c): Scholarship Made Available To School Students
Table 13 (d): Students Studying at Martyrs Memorial Boarding School
Table 13 (e) Detail of Food for Education Program
Table 13 (f): Vocational Education and Training
Table 13 (g) : Details of Operational Programs under Non-formal Education
Table 13 (h): School Physical Facility Extension Program Details
Table 13 (i) : Detail of Distribution of Schools by Geographical Regions
Table 13 (j): Ratio of School, Student and Teacher by Level (Academic Year 2015)

Table 13 (k): Detail of Different Types of Schools by Development Region

Table 13 (l): Detail of Traditional Schools (In Numbers)
Table 13 (m): Detail Of Teachers Engaged In Community And Institutional School
Table 13 (n): Gender-Wise Detail of Teachers by Schools and by Levels (Basic Level)
Table 13 (o): Gender-Wise Detail of Teachers by Schools and by Levels (Secondary Level)

Table 13 (p): Enrollment Status of students in School level

Table 13 (q): Students Enrollment Status by Levels (Academic Year 2015)
Table 11 (r) :Detail on GER and NER
Table 13 (s) : Detail of Students appeared and passed out SLC Examination
Table 13 (t): Students appeared in Technical SLC
Table 13 (u): The Number of Students Nominated for Different Levels and
Faculties (In Number)
Table 13 (v): Campuses under Different Universities and Student Numbers
vi

220

Table 13 (w) : Student Enrollment and Production Details in Universities

(Fiscal Year 2014/15)
Table 13 (x): Achievement of Last Three Years
Table 13 (y): Details of Health Institutions, Beds and Human Resources
Table 13 (z): Health Service Beneficiary Population by Development Regions
Table 13 (aa): Details of Outpatient Services by Development Regions
Table 13 (ab) : Detail of Extended Vaccination and National Polio Vaccination
Program (In Number)
Table 13 (ac) : Detail of Reproductive Health Program
Table 13 (ad): Social Security Program Detail
Table 13 (ae) : Detail of Medical Specilists Registered with Nepal Medical Council

Table 13(af) : Detail of Services Rendered from Civil Service Hospital

Table 13 (ag): Major Achievements of Women Development
Table 13 (ah): Service Rendered Through Rehabilitation Center
Table 13 (ai): Details of Missing, Found after Missing and Found Unattended Children

Table 13 (aj): Disability Identity Card Distribution Details

Table 13 (ak) : Social Welfare Council registered institutions and approved programs

Table 13 (al) : Basic Drinking Water and Sanitation Status

Table 13 (am): Status of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Rural and Small Town Drinking Water

Table 13 (an): National Youth Mobilization Program Details

Table 13(ao): Sports and Extra-Curricular Activities Details
Table 13 (ap) :Programs under National Sports Council
Table 13 (aq) : 12th SAG Games Medal Table
Table 13 (ar) : Vital Statistics Registration Details
Table 13 (as): Social Security Allowance Distribution
Table 13 (at) : Progress in Social Allowance Distribution
Table 13 (au): Status of Social Mobilization
Table 15 (a): Damage from Earthquake
Table 15 (b): Damaged Caused by Earthquake (Sector-wise Detail)
Table 15 (c) : Resources for Reconstruction and Recovery
Table 15 (d): List of Homeowners Entitled to Receive Grant

vii

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275
277
278

List of Charts
Chart 1 (a): World Economic Growth Trend
Chart 1 (b): Economic Growth Trend
Chart 1 (c): Contribution of Indrastrial Sector in GDP
Chart 1 (d): Sectorwise Growth Rate
Chart 1 (e): Ratio of Consumption to GDP
Chart 1 (f): Share of Government & Private Sector in Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Chart 1 (g): Per Capital GDP
Chart 1 (h): Ratio of Saving to GDP
Chart 2 (a): Ratio of GDP
Chart 2 (b): Revenue Structure in Total Government Revenue
Chart 2 (c): Ratio of Revenue, Expenditure & debt to GDP
Chart 3 (a): Annual Average Inflation
Chart 3 (b): Five Year's Food & Non-Food Inflation
Chart 3 (c): Groupwise Inflation
Chart 3 (d): Inflation Based on Geographical Area
Chart 3 (e): Price of Petrolium Products
Chart 4 (a): Trend of Factors Affecting Money supply
Chart 4 (b): Deposit & Credit Interest Rate
Chart 4 (c): Expansion of Financial Services
Chart 5 (a): Share Issuance
Chart 5 (b): Market Capitalization
Chart 5 (c): Shares, Paid-up Capital and Transaction
Chart 5 (d): NEPSE Index
Chart 5 (e): Total Life & Non-life Insurance Premium
Chart 5 (f): Growth of Life and Non-life Insurance Busineses
Chart 5 (g): Growth Rate of Insurance Busineses Contribution to GDP
Chart 5 (h): Investment Made in Life & Non-life Insurance Busineses
Chart 5 (i): Revenue Receipt to Nepal Government
Chart 5 (j): Non-life Insurer's claim for losses due to earthquake
Chart 5 (k): Payment on the claim of Non-life Insurers
Chart 5 (l): Insurance Claim Ammount Released by life Insurance business
Chart 6 (a): Ratio to GDP
Chart 6 (b): Foreign Exchange Reserve
Chart 6 (c): Averge Foreign Exchange Rate
viii

2
5
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10
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20
31
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96
102
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Chart 7 (a): Houshold Benefitted in WUPAP Implemented District

Chart 7 (b): Skill Development Training
Chart 7 (c): Ammount Collected in Social Security Fund
Chart 8 (a): Production of Major Food Crops
Chart 8 (b): Market Production
Chart 8 (c): Sale & Distribution of Chemical Fertilizer
Chart 9 (a): Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism
Chart 9 (b): Indicators Relating to Tourism
Chart 10 (a): Energy Consumption Status
Chart 11 (a): Status of Road Service
Chart 11 (b): Companywise share of Telephone lines Distributed
Chart 12 (a): Bhutanese Refugees Living in Nepal
Chart 12 (b): Number of Bhutanese Refugees Resetteled in Third Countries
Chart 12 (c): Area-wise Status of Application/Complaint Field During Fiscal
Year 2014/15
Chart 13 (a): Students with Kinder Garden Experience in Grade 1
Chart 13 (b): Geographica Area-wise Details of Schools of all Levels
Chart 13 (c): Last Three Year's Detail of Teachers in All Schools
Chart 13 (d): School Level Student's Enrolment Status
Chart 13 (e): Status of Students enrolled in Tribhuwan University
Chart 13 (f): Students Enrolled in Tribhuwan University & Other University
Chart 13 (g): Medical Specialists Regestered with Nepal Medical Council by
2015
Chart 13 (h): Detail of lost & Protected Children in the first Eight month of
Fiscal Year 2015/16
Chart 13 (i): Emergency Rescue of Children at Risk
Chart 13 (j): Disability Indentity Card Distribution
Chart 13 (k): Birth & Death Registration of Last Five Years
Chart 14 (a): Sectir-wise Net Profit of Public Enterprises
Chart 15 (a): Estimated Damage Caused by Earthquake
Chart 15 (b): Resource Required for Reconstruction & Recovery

ix

108
114
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128
130
148
159
170
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182
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203
210
213
215
220
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234
242
242
244
255
266
276
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Abbreviations
AIDs
AIT
AMHS
AOCR
ARV
B.S.
BDS
BOOT
CB PMTCT
CBIMCI
CBR
CCTV
CDAS
CDMA
CEDA
CNS /ATM
CPA
DACC
DDC
DOTs
DPMAS
E.N.T .
E-DV
ETC
EVDO
FOB
GER
GIS
GPI
HIV
HMIS
HPS
HSS
ICAO
ICP
IED
IFAD
IOM
ISO
IT
JFPR
KG
KM

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Administrator in Training
Automatic Message Handling System
Air Operation Certificate Regulation
Antiretroviral
Bikram Sambat
Bachelor of Dental Surgery
Build Operate Owned Transfer
Community Based Pregnant Mother to Child Transmitted
Community Based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
Crud Birth Rate
Close Circuit Television
Central Depositary Accounting Software
Code Division Multiple Access
Center for Economic Development and Administration
Communication Navigation Survillance / Air Traffic Movement
Central Personnel Agency
District AIDS Coordination Committee
District Development Committee
Directly Observed Treatment
District Poverty Monitoring & Analysis System
Ear, Nose, Throat
Electronic Diversity Visa
Education Training Centre
Enhanced Voice-Data Optimized
Free On Board
Gross Enrolment Ratio
Geographic Information System
Gender Perception Indicator
Human Immune Deficiency Virus
Hazardous Materials Identification System
Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome
Higher Secondary School
International Civil Aviation Organisation
International Custom Point
Improvised Explosive Device
International Fund for Agriculture Development
Institute of Medicine
International Organization for Standardization
Information Technology
Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction
Kilogram
Kilometer
x

KW
LGCDP
LSS
M1
M2
MBBS
MCPM
MDA
MDAC
MDG
MDR
MDRTB
MIS
MLAT
MOU
NER
NITC
NTV
O&M
OTC
PAN
PIS
PMTCT
PNC
PS
PTMC
S. No.
SASEC
SEZ
SI
SS
STOL
TIA
TPS
UNFCCC
VCT/STI
VCTS
VDC
VHF/UHF
VOR/DME

Kilowatt
Local Government & Community Development Programme
Lower Secondary School
Narrow Money Supply
Board Money Supply
Bachelor in Medicine and Bachelor in Surgery
Minimum Conditions and Performance Measures
Mass Drug Administration
Ministerial Development Action Committee
Millennium Development Goals
Multi Drug Resistant
Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
Management Information System
Multilateration
Memorandum of Understanding
Net Employment Ratio
National Information Technology Center
Nepal Television
Organization & Management
Over the Counter
Permanent Account Number
Personnel Information System
Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission
Post Natal Care
Primary School
Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissourotomy
Serial Number
South Asian Sub-regional Economic Cooperation
Special Economy Zone
School Inspector
Secondary School
Short Take-Off and Landing
Tribhuvan International Airport
True Potato Seed
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Volunteer Counseling Treatment of Sexual Transmitted Infection
Vulnerability Compliance Tracking System
Village Development Committee
Very High Frequency / Ultra High Frequency
Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirection Range/Distance Measuring
Equipment

xi

Executive Summary
1.

As per World Economic Outlook published by International Monetary

Fund (IMF) in April, 2016, global production that grew by 3.1 percent in
2015 is estimated to grow by 3.2 percent in 2016. Likewise, economies
of developed countries that had expanded by 1.9 percent in 2015 is
projected to expand at the same rate as of previous fiscal year while
economies of emerging and developing countries that grew by 4.0
percent in 2015 are estimated to rise by 4.1 percent in 2016.

2.

Economies of South Asian countries other than Nepal and Maldives that
grew positively in 2015 as compared to its preceding year is expected to
grow in 2016 as well but that of Nepal and Sri Lanka. Economies of
two giant Asian countries: India and China, which rose by 7.3 percent
and 6.9 percent respectively in 2015, are projected to grow by 7.5 percent
and 6.5 percent respectively in 2016.

3.

In current fiscal year 2015/16, real Gross Domestic Production (GDP) of

the country is estimated to rise by 0.77 percent against its growth rate of
2.32 percent in the previous year. Low growth rate of the agriculture
sector, non-agriculture sector activities highly affected by earthquake,
and difficult supply situation as a result of border obstructions are
attributable for low economic growth in current fiscal year as compared
to that of previous fiscal year.

4.

Production of Agriculture sector is expected to grow by 1.3 percent in

FY 2015/16 against its growth of 0.8 percent in previous fiscal year.
Likewise, non-agriculture sector that registered a growth of 3.1 percent in
previous fiscal year is estimated to grow by 0.6 percent in current fiscal
year 2015/16. Production of the industry sector has declined by 6.3
percent while that of the services sector increased by 2.7 percent.
Industry and services sector had recorded growths of 1.5 percent and 3.6
percent respectively in previous fiscal year.

5.

There has been structural change in the Nepalese economy. Contribution

of agriculture and industry sectors to GDP is declining while that of the
services sector is rising. The primary sector that had expanded by 0.8
percent in previous fiscal year 2014/15 is expected to grow by 1.2
percent in current fiscal year. Likewise, the secondary sector that grew by
1.5 percent in previous fiscal year is estimated to decrease by 6.3 percent
in current fiscal year 2015/16, and the tertiary sector that recorded a

xii

growth of 3.6 percent last year is projected to grow only by 2.7 percent in
this fiscal year.
6.

Contribution of the agriculture sector to GDP is in declining trend, while

that of non-agriculture sector is steadily growing. Contribution of the
agriculture sector to real GDP, which stood at 36.6 percent in fiscal year
2001/02, has dropped to 31.6 percent in current fiscal year while that of
the non-agriculture sector has gone up from 63.4 percent to 68.3 percent
in the same period.

7.

Net consumption expenditure at prevailing price in current fiscal year

2015/16 is expected to stand at Rs. 2130.52 billion against Rs. 1934.04
billion that of previous fiscal year. The share of consumption expenditure
to GDP at prevailing price in FY 2004/05 was 90.2 percent while this is
expected to rise and reach 94.7 percent in current fiscal year.

8.

In fiscal year 2014/15, the share of gross domestic surplus to GDP

remained at 8.8 percent while this is estimated to stand at 5.3 percent in
current fiscal year 2015/16. The share of gross national surplus to GDP is
estimated to decline to 42.9 percent in current fiscal year from 43.9
percent of previous fiscal year.

9.

Of the budgetary allocation of Rs. 819.46 billion for current FY 2015/16,

Rs. 268.01 billion has been spent in the first eight months of current
fiscal year. This is lower by 22.69 percent as compared to that of
corresponding period of previous fiscal year. The share of current
expenditure stood at 73.87 percent, capital expenses at 10.18 percent and
financial management at 15.95 percent in the first eight months of current
fiscal year.

10.

Of the estimated gross revenue mobilization Rs. 475.01 billion in the

current fiscal year, Rs. 231.07 billion has been collected in the first eight
months of the current fiscal year. This amount is 14.8 percent higher
than that of the corresponding period of previous fiscal year. Although
venue mobilization in the initial months of the current fiscal year was
adversely affected due to supply difficulties as a result of obstructions at
the border, it has recorded growth in the subsequent months.

11.

In the current fiscal year 2015/16, foreign grants mobilization is

estimated at Rs. 110.92 billion, which is 205.0 percent higher than that of
previous fiscal year. Foreign grants of Rs. 11.57 billion has been
mobilized in the first eight months of the current fiscal year against
xiii

mobilization of Rs. 14.30 billion in the corresponding period of previous

fiscal year 2014/15.
12.

The outstanding public debt until mid-March of FY 2015/16 stood at Rs.

544.91 billion. Of this, the shares of domestic and foreign debts have
been 32.12 percent and 67.88 percent. The ratios of domestic and foreign
debts to GDP stand at 9.51 percent and 16.18 percent respectively, while
that of public debts is 25.69 percent in FY 2014/15.

13.

Inflation rate that stood at 7.0 percent in mid-March of FY 2014/15 went

up to 10.2 percent in the same period of current fiscal year 2015/16. The
growth rate of price indices of food and beverage group stood at 10.3
percent while that of non-food and service group remained at 10.2
percent by mid-March of the current fiscal year. The price indices of
these groups in the corresponding period of previous fiscal year stood at
9.5 percent and 4.9 percent respectively.

14.

During first eight months of the current fiscal year, broad money supply
and narrow money supply have increased by 11.5 percent and 20.0
percent respectively against their respective growth rates of 8.1 percent
and 7.0 percent during the same period of previous fiscal year. Gross
Foreign Asset in monetary sector that registered notable growth during
the first eight months of current fiscal year is attributable for the
expansion of money supply.

15.

During the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, deposit
mobilization of banks and financial institutions has increased by 8.4
percent and reached to Rs. 1830.62 billion. Likewise, during the same
period, credit flow to the private sector through banks and financial
institutions has grown by 10.8 percent to Rs. 1482.96 billion.

16.

NEPSE Index in the first eight months of the current fiscal year 201/16,
has increased by 34.79 percent as compared to the corresponding period
of the previous fiscal year, and stood at 1318.88 percentage points. Such
index was 978.44 points during the same period of FY 2014/15. Market
capitalization that stood at Rs. 104.03 billion in the first eight months of
FY 2014/15 grew by 40.52 percent in the same period of current fiscal
year reaching 142.91 billion.

17.

In FY 2014/15, earnings from premiums of life and non-life insurances

had totaled Rs. 36.28 billion, while such earnings reached to Rs. 25.74
billion by mid-March of FY 2015/16. Total earning from premiums is
xiv

estimated to hover around Rs. 38.60 billion by the end of current fiscal
year 2015/16.
18.

Gross export of goods in the first eight months of fiscal year 2014/15 had
totaled Rs. 56.87 billion with a decline of 6.6 percent. In the same period
of current fiscal year such exports has totaled only to Rs. 42.73 billion
with a sharp fall of 24.9 percent In first eight months of current fiscal
year 2015/16, gross import of goods has decreased by 13.9 percent
totaling Rs. 435.8 billion in contrast to 10.5 percent rise amounting to Rs.
505.92 billion in the same period of previous fiscal year. The net deficit
on tradable goods has decreased by 12.5 percent to Rs. 393.07 billion in
the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16 against 13.1
percent growth to Rs. 449.05 billion in the same period of previous year.

19.

The overall Balance of Payments (BoP) has remained in surplus of

Rs.158.18 billion by the first eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16.
Such surplus amounted to Rs. 35.07 billion in the same period of
previous fiscal year. Likewise, the current account remained in surplus
by Rs.138.55 billion in this period, while it had registered a surplus of
Rs. 11.65 billion in the same period of previous fiscal year.

20.

The ratio of remittance to GDP that stood at 29.1 percent in FY2014/15

is estimated to reach 32.1 percent by the end of current FY 2015/16.
Remittance income that had registered a growth of 4.0 percent in FY
2015/16 has grown by 15.2 percent reaching 427.27 billion in the first
eight months of current fiscal year.

21.

Total foreign exchange reserve grew by 22.2 percent as compared to that

of mid-July 2015 and reached Rs. 1006.68 billion in mid-March 2016.
Such reserve had remained at Rs. 824.06 billion by mid-July 2015. Based
on the trend of imports during the first eight months of current fiscal year
2015/16, the current foreign exchange reserve is sufficient to cover the
imports of goods for 18.8 months and imports of goods and services
combined for 15.8 months.

22.

In the current fiscal year, gross food production of Nepal (rice, wheat,
maize, millet, barley and buckwheat) is estimated to reach 8.692 million
metric tons with a decline of 6 percent from the previous fiscal year.
Likewise, paddy rice production is likely to fall by 10.2 percent to 4.299
million metric tons in the same period. Production of food crops
declined owing to adverse climate and border obstructions that adversely

xv

affected transportation of chemical fertilizers and fuel thereby affecting

the groundwater irrigation as well.
23.

Of the Nepals total land mass, forest occupies 40.36 percent while 4.38
percent is covered by the shrubs. The encroached forest land area of 638
ha was evacuated and managed in FY 2014/15, while 68 ha of such
land area have been evacuated and managed by mid-March of FY
2015/16

24.

Of the total 27,570 freed bonded labor families, 26,090 such families
have been resettled by mid March, 2016. Likewise, of the total 19,953
freed land tiller families ( Haliya), land has been procured for 293 such
families, homes constructed for 220 families, while 386 families have
been resettled with home repair grants provided.

25.

A total of 6,328 industries have been registered by mid-March, 2016.

More than Rs. 10.84 billion has been invested in those industries thereby
generating employment for 512,159 people.

26.

A total of 3,520 foreign investment industries from 86 countries have

been registered from fiscal year 2004/05 to the first eight months of
current fiscal year, where investments of more than Rs. 189 billion have
been approved. These industries are estimated to have generated
employment opportunities for a total of 211,843 people.

27.

Energy consumption in the first eight months of fiscal year 2015/16 has
reached 10,972.63 Tons of Oil Equivalent (ToE), which is 41.0 percent
higher as compared to the same period of previous fiscal year. The ratios
of traditional, commercial and renewable energy consumption during the
same period have been 55.33 percent, 42.0 percent and 2.67 percent
respectively. This has indicated that traditional energy users have been
gradually attracted towards the use of petroleum products.

28.

By the end of fiscal year 2014/15, a total of 27,496 Km road including

11,798 Km of black topped, 6,287 Km graveled and 9,411 Km earthen
(fair weather) roads have been constructed, while the total length of the
road has reached 27,990 Km by mid-March, 2016 comprising 11,890 Km
of black topped, 6,419 Km graveled, and 9,681 earthen (fair weather)
roads.

29.

There has been sharp rise in the quantity and quality of

telecommunication service sector with availability of newest and ultra
modern technologies in communication services. Telephone users density
xvi

has reached 110.25 percent with number of telephone subscribers

reaching 29,209,330 by mid-March 2016.
30.

Net enrollment rate at primary education level reached to 96.6 percent in

the academic calendar year 2015, while that at basic education level
reached to 89.4 percent and secondary education level reached to 37.7
percent. Such enrollment rates in previous academic year were 96.2
percent, 87.6 percent and 34.7 percent respectively, respectively. During
academic year 2015, the number of primary level school students stood at
4,264,942 while that at lower secondary schools was 1,862,873 and
secondary school was 938.897. Similarly, the number of schools has also
increased by primary level schools reaching 34,362, lower secondary to
15,091 and that of secondary level to 8,968.

31.

By Mid-March of 2016, eighty five percent of population is expected to

have benefited from access to basic drinking water service. Of this, only
15.3 percent are enjoying high quality drinking water service. Likewise,
81.0 percent of population is estimated to have access to basic sanitation
service.

32.

In 2015, children (under 5 years) mortality rate (per thousand) stood at

38, infant mortality rate (per thousand) at 33, while that of newly born
child remained at 23 per thousand. Similarly, maternal mortality rate (per
100,000 live births) stood at 190 and total fertility rate at 2.3 percent,
while women giving birth under the assistance of skilled midwifes has
reached to 55 percent. By mid-March 2016, the total number of health
institutions has reached 4,506 with 123 hospitals, 3,783 health posts, 384
Ayurvedic (Homeopathic) hospitals and dispensaries, and 216 primary
health centers.

33.

The devastating earthquake of April 25, 2015 and subsequent aftershocks

have resulted in the huge loss of human lives, physical infrastructure and
natural resources. This took the lives of 8,969 people and injured 22,302
people. Similarly, about 17,000 large cattle (quadrupeds) and some
40,000 small ones perished in the earthquake. Likewise, about 779,582
government buildings and private homes have been completely
destroyed, while 302,774 received partial damages. Damage caused by
this devastating earthquake is estimated at around Rs. 706 billion. Of
this, properties worth Rs. 517 billion were destroyed while production
damage is equivalent to Rs. 189 billion. As per the preliminary estimates
of damages rendered by the earthquake, the cost of reconstruction and
new constructions could be to the tune of Rs. 669.50 billion.
xvii

Major Challenges of Economy

1.

Obtaining higher economic growth rate through proper mobilization of

domestic and foreign investments by putting reconstruction and new
building works on top priority to avoid further negative impacts on the
economy caused by destruction of physical infrastructure remains a
challenging task.

2.

Making arrangements of technology and equipment required for

increasing agriculture production and productivity, skilled human
resource, improved seeds and fertilizers, agriculture extension, marketing
of production, and maintaining quality and modernizing and
commercializing agriculture sector through adequate arrangements of
means and resources for irrigation have been challenging tasks.

3.

The task of expediting the processes for productive industries,

infrastructure building and industrialization through active involvement
of the private sector by attracting domestic and foreign investments has
been a challenge.

4.

Constructing electricity projects in active participation of the private and

government sectors to end increasing energy crisis in the county and
addressing the problems seen in relation to power procurement
agreement, land acquisition, local obstruction, labor relation, and
infrastructure among others are other challenges.

5.

Tasks for creating employment through proper utilization of geological

and cultural diversities in the tourism sector, enhancing physical and
institutional structures for the sustainable development of foreign
currency earnings and attracting tourists from neighboring countries have
remained a challenge.

6.

Enhancing capacity for productive and capital expenditure through

prioritization of expenditures, maintaining financial discipline and
transparency, and making public expenditure management result oriented
through effective monitoring and evaluation processes have been
challenging tasks.

7.

Making institutional structure, capacity enhancement, and policy and

legal arrangements for effective management of public debts, limiting
domestic borrowings within desired limit of GDP, investing such
borrowings in capital building sectors thereby providing support to the
national production through their uses in future are challenging tasks.
xviii

8.

Increasing domestic employment through the arrangement of skill

oriented trainings as per the requirement of domestic markets, sending
skilled workers for foreign employment and using the remittance earned
from such foreign employment in productive sectors by converting it into
the capital, and creating employment opportunities to workers within the
country who have earned skills abroad are also other challenges.

9.

Curbing informal economic activities like illegal imports and exports;

illegal transactions of foreign currencies; illegal money transfers (Hundi),
and illegal financial transactions, and bring them into the formal
economy is a daunting challenge.

10.

Maintaining financial stability, increasing access to finance, and attaining

higher economic growth through the development and expansion of
financial sector have remained a challenge.

xix

Macroeconomic Indicators
Indicators

Fiscal Year
Units

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16 P

Economic Activities

Gross National Income (At current

Price)
Gross National Disposable Income
(At Current Price)
Per Capita GDP

Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
US Dollar

Per Capita GNI

Per Capita GNDI

Real GDP (At Basic Prices)

Agriculture
Industry
Service
Real GDP (At Producer's Prices)
Per Capita GDP (At Constant
Price)
Per Capita National Income (At
Constant Price)
GDP (At Current Price

Real GDP (At Basic Prices)

Agriculture
Industry
Service
Real GDP (At Producer's Prices)

2.8

5.8

3.9

4.3

3.9

4.6

3.8

5.7

2.32

0.77

1.0

5.8

3.0

2.0

4.5

4.6

1.1

4.5

0.80

1.30

4.0

1.6

0.6

4.0

4.3

3.0

2.7

7.1

1.50

-6.30

4.5

7.3

6.0

5.8

3.4

5.0

5.7

6.2

3.60

2.70

3.4

6.1

4.5

4.8

3.4

4.8

4.1

6.0

2.73

0.56

6.3

4.6

3.1

3.4

2.5

3.4

2.7

4.6

1.36

-0.78

6.9

4.6

3.3

3.7

2.1

3.7

3.2

5.8

1.15

-0.53

11.3

12.1

21.2

20.7

14.6

11.7

11.0

15.9

7.94

6.05

11.6

12.0

21.4

20.2

14.4

12.0

10.9

16.9

7.88

6.40

10.1

16.5

24.2

18.8

13.3

16.6

12.4

19.2

8.97

8.08

410.00

491.00

497.00

610.00

714.00

702.00

708.00

725.00

762.00

752.00

US Dollar

414.00

496.00

502.00

614.00

718.00

708.00

714.00

737.00

775.00

766.00

US Dollar
Rs. in
Billion
Rs. in
Billion
Rs. in
Billion
Rs. in
Billion
Rs. in
Billion

487.00

606.00

628.00

759.00

879.00

902.00

921.00

970.00

1030.00

1035.00

494.00

522.00

543.00

566.00

588.00

615.00

638.00

674.00

690.00

695.00

184.80

195.60

201.50

205.50

214.80

224.70

227.20

237.50

239.50

242.60

86.80

88.30

87.80

91.30

95.20

98.10

100.70

107.80

109.40

102.50

243.50

261.40

277.10

293.30

303.30

318.50

336.80

357.70

370.50

380.40

532.00

564.50

590.10

618.50

639.70

670.30

698.00

739.80

759.90

764.20

xx

Indicators
Per Capita GDP (In 2000/01 Price)
Per Capita Gross National Income
(In 2000/01 Price)
GDP(At Producer's Current Price)
Gross National Income(In Current
Price)
Gross
National
Disposable
Income(In Current Price)
Per Capita GDP (In Current Price)

Fiscal Year
Units

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16 P

Rs.

21129.00 22110.00

22793.00

23561.00 24144.00 24962.00 25646.20

26820.10

27184.00

26972.30

Rs.

21569.00 22567.00

23301.00

24152.00 24664.00 25582.00 26396.80

27939.30

28261.00

28110.10

Rs. in
Billion
Rs. in
Billion
Rs. in
Billion
Rs.

2006/07

2010/11

2011/12

728.00

816.00

988.00

1193.00

1367.00

1527.00

1695.00

1965.00

2120.00

2249.00

735.00

824.00

1000.00

1202.00

1375.00

1540.00

1708.00

1997.00

2155.00

2293.00

864.00

1006.00

1250.00

1485.00

1682.00

1962.00

2206.00

2629.00

2865.00

3096.00

28905.00 31946.00

38172.00

45435.00 51594.00 56880.00 62764.00

72413.00

77079.00

80921.00

Rs.

29200.00 32257.00

38626.00

45782.00 51879.00 57337.00 62764.00

72413.00

77079.00

80921.00

Rs.

34323.00 39417.00

48262.00

56549.00 63499.00 73082.00 34088.00

36773.00

37573.00

37963.00

Per Capita GNI (In Current Price)

Per Capita GNDI (In Current
Price)
Gross Consumption/ GDP

In %

90.20

90.20

90.60

88.60

86.00

89.00

89.40

88.10

91.20

94.70

Gross Domestic Saving/GDP

In %

9.80

9.80

9.40

11.40

14.00

11.00

10.60

11.90

8.80

5.30

Gross National Saving/GDP

Gross Fixed Capital
Formation/GDP
Government Investment in Gross
Fixed Capital Formation/GDP
Private Investment in Gross Fixed
Capital Formation/GDP
Gross Capital Formation/GDP

In %

28.60

33.20

35.90

35.90

37.00

39.50

40.70

45.70

43.90

42.90

In %

21.10

21.90

21.30

22.20

21.40

20.80

22.60

23.50

27.70

25.00

In %

3.40

4.00

4.50

4.50

4.70

4.70

4.40

4.80

5.20

5.90

In %

17.70

17.80

16.90

17.70

16.70

16.10

18.10

18.70

22.50

19.10

In %

28.70

30.30

31.70

38.30

38.00

34.50

37.00

41.00

39.00

34.00

In %

-18.90

-20.50

-22.30

-26.80

-24.00

-23.50

-26.80

-29.20

-30.00

-28.70

10 Million

2.52

2.55

2.59

2.63

2.65

2.69

2.72

2.76

2.80

2.83

Gap between Gross Domestic

Saving and Gross Investment/GDP
Total Population

Price
Consumer Price Index3
GDP Deflator2
Primary Sector

Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change

5.90

6.70

12.60

9.60

9.60

8.30

9.90

9.10

7.20

9.50

7.30

5.60

16.10

14.40

11.00

6.60

6.10

9.00

5.20

5.50

6.10

3.30

21.40

25.10

15.60

1.40

4.60

6.40

4.10

4.80

xxi

Fiscal Year

Indicators

Units
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change

Secondary Sector
Service Sector
Whole Sale Price Index4
Salary and Wages Rate Index5
Salary
Wages

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16 P

5.70

11.00

14.40

9.20

8.90

8.30

8.20

5.90

5.80

7.00

8.30

5.30

12.90

8.90

8.20

10.10

6.50

11.70

5.70

5.50

9.00

9.10

12.80

12.60

9.80

6.40

9.00

8.30

6.10

6.00

9.80

9.70

15.30

17.20

18.00

27.40

9.20

13.70

8.40

4.60

6.30

10.90

10.50

20.20

0.00

19.30

0.00

25.40

8.40

0.80

10.90

9.40

16.90

16.30

24.00

29.60

11.50

11.10

8.40

5.50

Public Finance***
Revenues
Total Government Expenditures
Recurrent Expenditure
Capital Expenditure
Principal Payments
Debt Servicing
Interest)
Revenue/GDP

(Principal

&

Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
In %

21.3

22.7

33.3

27.2

11.4

23.2

21.1

20.5

13.7

13.5

20.5

20.8

36.1

18.2

13.7

14.8

5.7

11.4

33.0

32.0

15.1

18.6

39.7

18.2

12.6

15.8

1.6

8.3

26.5

27.9

34.2

34.7

36.6

23.5

16.8

8.6

6.2

22.2

33.1

79.2

17.4

-2.2

14.9

-2.1

-6.6

17.1

74.3

19.2

53.9

-1.5

12.2

-0.7

18.6

5.3

5.4

17.9

38.4

10.3

36.8

15.2

12.1

13.2

14.5

14.9

14.7

16.0

17.5

18.2

19.1

20.5

Tax Revenue/GDP

In %

9.8

10.4

11.8

13.4

13.0

13.9

15.3

15.9

16.8

18.4

Non-Tax Revenue/GDP
Total
Government
Expenditures/GDP
Recurrent Expenditure/GDP

In %

2.3

2.8

2.7

1.5

1.5

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.4

2.1

In %

18.4

19.8

22.2

21.8

21.6

22.2

21.2

20.3

25.1

31.2

In %

10.6

11.2

12.9

12.7

15.4

15.9

14.6

13.6

16.0

19.3

Capital Expenditure/GDP

In %

5.5

6.6

7.4

7.6

3.5

3.4

3.2

3.4

4.2

7.1

In %

2.3

2.0

1.9

1.5

1.3

1.3

2.1

2.1

3.0

2.8

In %

3.1

2.8

2.7

2.4

2.2

2.3

2.9

2.7

3.5

3.8

Principal Payments/GDP
Debt Servicing (Principal
Interest)/GDP

&

xxii

Indicators

Fiscal Year
Units

2006/07

2007/08

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16 P

Foreign Grants/GDP

In %

2.2

2.5

2.7

Budget Deficit/GDP

In %

4.1

4.1

5.0

3.2

3.4

2.7

2.1

2.1

1.8

3.0

3.5

3.6

3.4

1.5

0.0

4.0

7.6

Foreign Loan/GDP

In %

1.4

1.1

Domestic Loan/GDP

In %

2.5

2.5

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.7

0.7

0.9

1.2

2.6

1.9

2.5

3.1

2.4

1.1

1.0

2.0

3.9

3.6

Per Capita Outstanding Debt

In %
Rs. in
Billion
Rs. in
Billion
Rs. in
Billion
Rs.

3.6

3.7

3.1

4.2

3.4

2.8

3.1

3.0

5.6

332.7

375.6

425.1

440.4

443.7

523.2

545.3

553.5

544.9

606.7

103.8

116.0

125.7

148.1

184.2

214.0

211.9

206.7

201.7

232.4

216.6

250.0

277.0

256.2

259.6

309.3

333.4

346.8

343.3

374.3

13212.0

14711.0

16416.0

16773.0

16749.0

19488.0

20041.0

20069.0

19496.0

21415.0

Total Outstanding Debt/GDP

Outstanding Domestic Debt/GDP

In %

45.7

46.1

40.8

33.9

32.5

34.3

32.2

28.2

25.7

27.0

In %

15.9

15.4

15.0

12.4

13.5

14.0

12.5

10.5

9.5

10.3

Outstanding Foreign Debt/GDP

In %

29.8

30.6

27.9

21.5

19.0

20.2

19.7

17.7

16.2

16.7

Outstanding Foreign Debt/Revenue

In %

247.0

232.3

197.9

144.0

130.8

126.6

112.6

97.2

84.6

81.3

Outstanding Foreign Debt/Export

Debt Service (Principal & Interest
payment)/Recurrent Expenditure
Outstanding Foreign Debt/Foreign
Exchange Reserve

In %

364.8

421.8

409.2

421.2

403.5

416.5

433.5

377.0

402.4

504.4

In %

29.7

24.9

21.1

15.2

14.3

14.5

19.7

20.1

21.7

19.6

In %

131.2

117.6

97.4

95.3

95.4

70.4

62.5

52.1

41.7

37.1

Foreign Loan and Grants/GDP

Total Outstanding Debt
Outstanding Domestic Debt
Outstanding Foreign Debt

2008/09

2009/10

Monetary Sector
Domestic Credit
Private Sector Credit
Net Credit to Government
Share of the Private Sector credit in
the Banking Sector Credit
Narrow Money Supply (M1)

Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change

11.7

21.3

27.1

17.2

14.6

9.3

17.2

12.7

16.2

20.1

12.3

24.3

29.0

14.2

13.9

11.3

20.2

18.3

19.4

19.0

10.4

11.2

20.4

26.9

19.7

-0.3

3.0

-15.4

-10.4

31.5

In %

75.8

77.7

78.9

80.2

79.7

81.4

83.5

87.6

90.0

89.1

Annual %
Change

12.2

21.6

27.3

11.0

5.2

18.6

14.4

17.7

19.7

20.0

xxiii

Indicators

Fiscal Year
2006/07

2007/08

7.4

19.9

25.5

22.8

25.0

14.0

Total Domestic Credit/GDP

Units
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
In %

Private Sector Credit/GDP

In %

Net Government Credit/GDP

Narrow Money Supply/GDP
Current Deposits/GDP

In %

6.0

6.6

7.2

6.1

5.9

6.1

6.2

6.5

7.3

8.61

Broad Money Supply/GDP

In %

54.3

60.7

63.8

68.8

67.1

74.0

77.6

79.7

88.6

101.88

Fixed and Saving Deposits/GDP

In %

36.9

41.8

43.9

51.0

50.8

56.4

59.8

61.6

68.5

79.21

Currency
Current Deposits
Broad Money Supply (M2)
Fixed and Saving Deposits

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16 P

13.0

1.9

20.1

14.9

16.2

18.7

17.0

30.5

7.6

11.4

15.9

13.4

20.4

21.5

25.24

25.2

27.3

14.1

12.3

22.7

16.4

19.1

19.9

22.0

14.9

27.0

27.3

15.5

14.8

24.0

17.0

19.5

20.0

22.58

49.5

53.6

56.2

66.8

66.2

64.8

68.8

66.9

72.0

81.56

37.6

41.7

44.4

53.5

52.9

52.7

57.4

58.6

64.8

72.71

In %

10.8

10.7

10.6

11.4

11.9

10.6

9.9

7.2

6.0

7.44

In %

17.4

18.9

19.9

17.8

16.2

17.2

17.8

18.1

20.0

22.67

External Sector
Export (Goods)
Import (Goods)
Export/Import Ratio
Trade Deficit
Income from Tourism
Expenditure on Tourism
Remittance Income
Remittance Income
Current Account Balance

Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
In %
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Annual %
Change
Rs. in
Billion
Annual %
Change
Rs. in
Billion

-1.4

-0.2

14.2

-10.2

5.8

15.4

3.6

17.4

-7.3

-13.0

12.0

14.0

28.2

31.6

5.8

16.5

20.6

27.3

8.4

2.0

30.5

26.7

23.8

16.2

16.2

16.1

13.8

12.7

11.0

9.4

19.2

20.2

33.3

44.6

5.8

16.7

23.9

29.7

10.8

3.8

6.0

84.2

49.9

0.6

-12.5

24.8

11.4

35.6

15.2

-10.0

32.0

32.2

50.5

2.8

-14.4

93.2

153.7

6.5

26.1

20.0

100.1

142.7

209.7

231.7

253.6

359.6

434.6

543.3

617.3

679.0

2.5

42.5

47.0

10.5

9.4

41.8

20.9

25.0

13.6

10.0

-0.9

23.7

41.4

-28.1

-12.9

76.0

57.1

89.7

108.3

141.9

xxiv

Fiscal Year

Indicators

Units

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16 P

Export/GDP

In %

8.2

7.3

6.9

5.1

4.7

4.9

4.5

4.7

4.0

3.3

Import/GDP

In %

26.8

27.2

28.8

31.4

29.0

30.2

32.8

36.4

36.5

35.1

Total Trade/GDP

In %

34.9

34.5

35.6

36.5

33.7

35.1

37.3

41.0

40.6

38.4

Trade Deficit/GDP

In %

18.6

19.9

21.9

26.3

24.3

25.3

28.3

31.7

32.5

31.8

Income from Tourism/GDP

In %

1.4

2.3

2.8

2.4

1.8

2.0

2.0

2.4

2.5

2.1

Expenditure on Tourism/GDP

In %

2.2

2.6

3.2

2.7

2.0

1.7

2.3

2.1

2.5

2.8

Remittance Income/GDP

In %

13.8

17.5

21.2

19.4

18.5

23.5

25.6

27.7

29.1

32.1

In %
Rs. in
Billion
Rs. in
Billion
Annual %
change

-0.1

2.9

4.2

-2.4

-0.9

5.0

3.4

4.6

5.1

6.3

5.9

29.7

44.8

-3.3

4.1

131.6

68.9

127.1

145.0

161.0

165.1

212.6

286.5

268.9

272.2

439.5

533.3

665.4

824.1

1009.5

0.1

28.8

34.8

-5.4

1.2

61.5

21.4

24.8

23.8

22.5

Months

10.6

11.7

12.2

8.7

8.4

11.6

10.2

11.5

13.0

15.6

Months

8.7

9.4

10.0

7.4

7.3

10.3

8.7

10.0

11.2

13.2

Per US Dollar
=Rs.

70.5

65.0

76.9

74.5

72.3

81.0

88.0

98.3

99.5

106.5

Current Account Balance/GDP

Balance of Payments
Foreign Exchange Reserve
Foreign Exchange Reserve
Capacity of Reserves to cover
Import of Goods
Capacity of Reserves to cover
Import of Goods and Services
Exchange Rate6
1Annual

Estimates2Base

3Base

2005/06=1004Base

1999/2000=100,5Base

Preliminary
Year 2000/00=100,
Year
Year
Year 2004/05=100,
Average of Buying and Selling Rates
# Including the data of Development Banks and finance companies since July 2010
***Capital grants that used to be accounted for capital expenditures in the past have been included in current expenditures from FY 2011/12
following IMFs GFS 2001 reclassification. Similarly, share and loan investment in public enterprises has also been removed from the capital
grant budget head.
Note: Ratio of GDP is calculated at the current producers' Price.
6Annual

xxv

1. Overall Economic Situation

Nepalese economy, despite presence of great opportunities for higher growth rate
through development of potential sectors of the economy including agriculture,
tourism, forestry mines, and human resources, has been perpetually bearing the
challenge of low economic growth rate. Economic growth rate remained low in the
current fiscal year as a result of protracted strikes, bandh (closures), and obstructions
to movements on the border with India, while private sector formed gross fixed
capital stock has also declined. Similarly, per capita income has also dropped owing to
modest economic growth and as a consequence, this index may not support the
country to achieve its target of graduating from the status of least developed country
to developing country by 2022. Implementation of constitution, if delayed, would
render adverse impact to the investment environment. Bandh, strikes, labor issue,
energy crisis, and difficult geographical access to external markets have also affected
industries that are in operation. Hence, it is imperative to boost the morale of the
investors by creating investment friendly environment as per broader economic policy
mandate. Likewise, prioritized development of infrastructure with priority is most
necessary focusing on agriculture sector that has been yielding lower productivity
but creating higher employment opportunities; the services sector that has created
less employment but yielding higher productivity gains; and the industry sector,
which is not operating in full capacity.

1.1.

World economy, though improving after the financial crisis, remained

weak in 2015 owing to sluggishness in the revival of developed
economies coupled with decreased economic growth rate of emerging
and developing economies. Likewise, global inflation rate remained low
as a result of decreased oil prices and weak demand. Nepalese economy
having less direct impact of the world economy is also projected to grow
marginally in FY 2015/16. Economic activities that remained dormant in
the first six months of the current fiscal year 2015/16 are moving in
positive direction in subsequent months.

World Economy
Economic Growth Rate
1.2.

The global production growth rate has declined due to slow revival of
world economy and decreased growth rate of large emerging economies
that contribute greatly to world economic growth rate. World Economic
Outlook published by International Monetary Fund (IMF) in April, 2016
1

revealed
that
the
global production rate
that had increased by
3.4 percent in 2014
dropped to 3.1 percent
in
2015.
Such
production growth rate
is expected to improve
marginally and stand
at 3.2 percent in 2016.
1.3.

IMF has predicted that

economy of developed
countries that had expanded by 1.9 percent in 2015 is likely to attain
same growth rate in 2016 as well. Of the developed countries,
production of the US economy that had grown by 2.4 percent in 2015 is
projected to grow at same rate in 2016.

1.4

Euro area that recorded the growth rate of by 1.6 percent in 2015 is
estimated to grow only by 1.5 percent this year. The economy of Japan
that had recorded a growth of 0.5 percent in 2015 is not expected to
expand beyond growth rate of 2016 due to decline in private
consumption demand.
Table 1(a): Global Economic Growth Rate
(Annual Percentage Change)
Regions

2013

2014

Projection

2015

World Output

3.3

3.4

3.1

2016
3.2

2017
3.5

2021
3.9

Developed Economies

1.2

1.8

1.9

1.9

2.0

1.8

Emerging and Developing Economies

4.9

4.6

4.0

4.1

4.6

5.1

Emerging and Developing Asia

6.9

6.8

6.6

6.4

6.3

6.4

Middle East and North African Countries

2.1

2.6

2.3

2.9

3.3

3.6

Emerging and Developing Europe

2.8

2.8

3.5

3.5

3.3

3.3

EU Member Countries

0.3

1.4

2.0

1.8

1.9

1.8

Source: International Monetary Fund, April, 2016

1.5

IMF predicts that emerging and developing economies that had grown by
4.0 percent in 2015 are likely to grow by 4.1 percent in 2016. The
economic growth rate of emerging and developing economies are likely
remain low as a result of economic recession in Russia and Brazil and
low economic growth of China coupled with weak performance of oil
exporting economies.
2

1.6

Economic growth rate of India is estimated to expand gradually due to

increase in investment as a result of policy improvement in Indian
economy while that of China is likely to fall. Of the economies of large
Asian countries, economies of India and China that had grown by 7.3
percent and 6.9 percent respectively in 2015 are projected to grow by 7.5
percent and 6.5 percent respectively.
Table 1 (b) Economic Growth Rate of Neighboring Countries
Countries

2012

2013

2014

2015

Bangladesh
Bhutan
India

6.3
6.0
6.3
6.0
4.9
6.4
5.6
6.6
7.2
Maldives
2.5
4.7
6.5
Nepal
4.8
4.1
5.4
Sri Lanka
9.1
3.4
4.5
Pakistan
3.8
3.7
4.0
Afganistan
14.0
3.9
1.3
China
7.7
7.7
7.3
Source: International Monetary Fund, April, 2016

1.7

6.4
7.7
7.3
1.9
3.4
5.2
4.2
1.5
6.9

2016
6.6
8.4
7.5
3.5
0.5
5.0
4.5
2.0
6.5

(Annual percentage change)

Projection
2017
2021
6.9
6.5
8.6
7.5
7.5
7.8
3.9
4.7
4.5
3.8
5.0
5.0
4.7
5.5
3.0
4.0
6.2
6.0

Among South Asian countries, economic growth rates of countries

except that of Maldives and Nepal increased in 2015 as compared to that
of 2014. Likewise, IMF has projected that economic growth rate of all
countries other than Nepal is likely to rise in 2016 as compared to that of
2015.

Price Situation
1.8

The rise in price level of developed economies that stood at 1.4 percent
in 2014 fell to 0.3 percent in 2015. This inflation rate recorded the
lowest following the financial crisis. The price level increase in
developed economies in 2016 is projected at 0.7 percent. Fall in the oil
prices is the reason behind the low price rise of developed countries.
Likewise, price of emerging and developing economies that remained at
4.7 percent in 2015 is projected to remain 4.5 percent in 2016. The
increase in price level of Euro Area is remained at zero percent in 2015
and it is expected to rise marginally by 0.4 percent in 2016.

1.9

Inflation in South Asian countries seem to be affected by the economic

incidences of other countries of the world. Inflation rate of all South
Asian countries decreased in 2015 as compared to that of 2014 as a
consequence of decreased prices of petroleum products and food
commodities. IMF has projected that inflation rate of all South Asian
countries except that of Bhutan is likely to surge in 2016 as compared to
that of 2015. Of the South Asian countries, inflation rate of Afghanistan
3

has remained negative by 1.5 percent in 2015. The inflation rate of China
declined from 2.0 percent to 1.4 percent in 2015 and projected to remain
at 1.8 percent in 2016. Decreased oil prices and sluggish economic
activities are attributable to low inflation rate of China.
Table 1 (c): CPI Based Global Inflation Rate
(Percent)
Regions

2013

Developed Economies
1.4
EU Member Countries
1.3
Emerging and Developing
5.5
Economies
Emerging and Developing Asia
4.7
Emerging and Developing
4.3
Europe
Middle East and North African
9.3
Countries
Developing Economies with
8.0
Lower Income
International Monetary Fund, April, 2016

1.10

1.4
0.4
4.7

0.3
0.0
4.7

0.7
0.4
4.5

Projection
2017
1.5
1.1
4.2

3.5
3.8

2.7
2.9

2.9
4.1

3.2
4.8

3.7
4.2

6.6

5.9

5.5

4.7

3.9

7.3

7.2

8.0

7.7

6.2

2014

2015

2016

2021
1.9
1.7
3.9

Inflation rate in India remained at 4.9 percent in 2015 from 5.9 percent in
2014. As per the projection of IMF, Inflation rate of all South Asian
countries other than that of Bhutan and Pakistan is likely to rise in 2016.

Table 1 (d): CPI-based inflationary Trend of Neighboring Countries

(Percent)

Countries
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Afganistan
Pakistan
China

Projection
2017

2013

2014

2015

7.5

7.0

6.4

6.7

6.9

5.7

8.6
9.4

9.6
5.9

7.2
4.9

6.1
5.3

6.0
5.3

5.6
4.9

4.0
9.9
6.9

2.5
9.0
3.3

1.4
7.2
0.9

2.1
10.2
3.4

2.6
11.1
4.5

4.2
5.6
5.0

7.4

4.7

-1.5

3.0

4.5

6.0

7.4

8.6

4.5

3.3

5.0

5.0

2.6

2.0

1.4

1.8

2.0

3.0

2016

2021

International Monetary Fund, April, 2016

Aggregate Domestic Demand

1.11

Aggregate domestic demand of developed countries grew by 2.1 percent

in 2015 as compared to a growth of 1.8 percent in 2014 due to expansion
of economic activities in these countries. The real domestic demand of
the United States registered a growth of 2.5 percent in 2014 surged by
3.0 percent in 2015. Likewise, such demand of Euro Zone that had grown
4

by 0.9 percent in 2014 grew by 1.8 percent in 2015. This demand of

developed countries is projected to rise by 2 percent in 2016.
Table 1 (e) Net Aggregate Domestic Demand
Regions

2013

2014

2015

Developed Economies
0.9
1.8
United States of America
1.2
2.5
European Countries
-0.7
0.9
United Kingdom
2.6
3.2
Japan
1.7
0.0
Canada
1.9
1.3
Source: International Monetary Fund, April 2016

1.12

(Annual Percentage change)

Projection
2017
2021
2.1
2.0
2.9
2.2
1.7
1.5
2.2
2.2
0.0
0.6
1.8
2.0

2016
2.0
2.8
1.7
1.9
0.4
0.3

2.1
3.0
1.8
2.7
0.0
0.2

World trade of goods and services, which was negative during financial
crisis, gradually expanding following the revivals of the economies. The
volume of world trade in goods and services that had grown by 3.5
percent in 2014 grew merely by 2.8 percent in 2015. It is, however,
estimated to grow by 3.1 percent in 2016.
Table 1 (f): World Trade Situation
(Annual Percentage Change)

Trade

Economies

2013

2014

201
5

Total Trade Volume

Global
Developed Economies
Emerging and Developing Economies
Developed Economies
Emerging and Developing Economies
Developed Economies
Emerging and Developing Economies

3.4
3.0
4.4
2.2
5.2
0.8
0.0

3.5
3.5
3.1
3.5
3.7
0.3
-0.4

2.8
3.4
1.7
4.3
0.5
1.9
-3.9

Export
Import
Terms of Trade

Projection
2016
2017
3.1
2.5
3.8
3.4
3.0
1.1
-2.3

3.8
3.5
3.9
4.1
3.7
-0.3
-0.3

Source: International Monetary Fund, April 2016

1.13

Exports of developed economies increased by 3.4 percent while those of

emerging and developing economies rose by 1.7 percent in 2015.
Likewise, imports of developed economies and those of emerging and
developing economies grew by 4.3 percent and 0.5 percent respectively
in
2015.
Terms
of
Trade
of
developed
economies
increased by
1.9 percent in
2015
while
those
of
emerging and
5

developing economies declined by 3.9 percent during the same year. IMF
has projected that world trade is likely to expand by 3.1 percent in 2016.
National Economy
1.14

Economic growth of the country (at the basic price) is estimated to

remain at 0.77 percent in FY 2015/16. GDP recorded a growth of 2.32
percent growth rate in the previous fiscal year. The economic growth rate
in FY 2001/02 had recorded 0.16 percent, which once again went below
1 percent in current fiscal year for the second time. The economic growth
rate shrank owing to negative production rate of mines and quarrying,
industry, electricity, gas and water, construction, wholesale and retail
trade, hotel and restaurant sectors, and the low growth in agriculture
sector that occupies one-third proportion in GDP.

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16

Average

Agriculture
1.0
5.8
Non Agriculture
4.4
5.9
Industry
3.9
1.7
Service
4.5
7.3
Economic Growth
2.75
5.8
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

3.0
4.3
-0.6
6.0
3.9

2.0
5.0
4.0
5.8
4.26

4.5
3.6
4.3
3.4
3.85

4.6
4.5
3.0
5.0
4.61

1.1
5.0
2.7
5.7
3.76

4.5
6.4
7.1
6.2
5.72

0.8
3.1
1.5
3.6
2.32

1.3
0.6
-6.3
2.7
0.77

2.9
4.3
2.1
5.0
3.8

1.15

2006/07

2007/08

Fiscal Year

Table 1 (g): Economic Growth in last Decade (Percent)

The economic growth rate recorded above five percent in FY 2007/08

and FY 2013/14, but the rate remained below five percent in other fiscal
years. The economic growth rate of the country in past decade averaged
3.8 percent at basic prices. Likewise, the average growth rate of
agriculture and non-agriculture sectors stood at 2.9 percent and 4.3
percent in a decade. Similarly, industry and service sectors under the
non-agriculture averaged 2.1 percent and 5 percent respectively in a
current decade. Despite satisfactory growth attained by services sector in
last ten years, growth rate that of agriculture and industrial sectors have
not been satisfactory. Agriculture sector is influenced by factors like
fragmentation of arable lands, high dependency on weather, and scarcity
of improved seeds and fertilizers. Moreover, industrial sector has been
affected as industries and entrepreneurship could not be developed due to
debilitating investment environment, labor relations problem, persistent
energy crisis, political transition.

Agriculture Sector
Agriculture and Forestry
1.16

In FY 2015/16, production of agriculture and forestry sectors is estimated

to grow by mere 1.1 percent. Low growth of the agriculture and forestry
is caused by the decline in production of main crop due to lengthening
drought. Production of paddy which accounts top share in overall
agriculture production has declined by 10.2 percent, while that of second
main crop wheat production has dropped by 5.0 percent due to adverse
weather situation. Overall growth rate of agriculture sector, however, is
estimated to remain positive due to increased production of other crops
including that of maize by 4 percent, potato by 4.5 percent and
vegetables by 5.0 percent. The production of this sector had increased
only by 0.71 percent in previous fiscal year. The average growth rate of
this sector in the last decade stood at 2.82 percent. Contribution of the
agriculture and forestry sector to GDP is 31.2 percent in current fiscal
year.

Fishery
1.17

Increased investment of farmers in fishery has resulted in growth in its

production as well. The fishery sector is expected to grow by 11.8
percent in the current fiscal year while this had increased by 7.1 percent
in its preceding fiscal year. The average growth rate of this sector
remained at 5.9 percent during last ten years while its share to GDP is
just 0.5 percent. Fishery sector is estimated to expand due to low impact
of earthquake in Terai region and gradually increasing in government and
non-government investments in this sector.

Non-Agriculture Sector
1.18

Non-agriculture sector is expected to grow by 0.6 percent in current

fiscal year against its growth of 3.1 percent in previous fiscal year.
Industry sector among non-agriculture sector is estimated to drop by 6.3
percent in current fiscal year while service sector is likely to rise by 2.7
percent. Industry and services sectors had registered a growth of 1.5
percent and 3.6 percent in its preceding year.

Industry Sector
Mining and Quarrying Sector
1.19

Contribution of mining and quarrying sector to GDP in FY 2015/16 is

estimated at 0.6 percent. Production of this sector is expected to fall by
6.5 percent in current fiscal year. The growth rate of this sector in the
preceding year was 2.3 percent. Such decline is attributable to
moratorium imposed by the government on construction of concrete
buildings due to the earthquake and decreased quarrying of boulders,
gravels sands and soil in earthquake affected districts. Likewise, the
growth rate of this sector has averaged 2.65 percent in last ten years.

Manufacturing Industry
1.20

Contribution of manufacturing industry to GDP is estimated to have

remained at 5.5 percent in FY 2015/16. The growth rate of this sector is
estimated to decrease by 9.9 percent in current fiscal year 2015/16 as
compared to that of preceding year. Industries could not be operated for
long period due to scarcity of fuel and raw materials as a result of border
obstructions and Terai bandh ultimately leading to such decline. The
average growth rate of this sector in last ten years stood at 1.18 percent.

1.21

Contribution of manufacturing industries to GDP has shrunk from 9

percent in FY 2000/01 to 5.5 percent in current fiscal year. The
performance of manufacturing industries has not been satisfactory in last
ten
years.
Unfavorable
investment
environment
in the industry
sector,
inability
to
create
amicable labor
relation
as
expected
coupled with lack of reliable and regular supply of electricity, prolonged
political transition and weakening industrial infrastructures among
others, have long been affecting the industry sector. The growth rate of
this sector in the last decade averaged 1.5 percent, while such average
has hovered around 0.8 percent in preceding five years.
8

Electricity, Gas and Water

1.22

Production of electricity, gas and water sector is estimated to decline by

1.7 percent in FY 2015/16 as compared to its preceding year. Decline in
production in this sector can be attributed to factors like failure to bring
some of the hydroelectricity production centers into operation that were
shut down after the earthquake, and rivers getting dry due to persistent
drought. Contribution of this sector to GDP in current fiscal year stands
at 1.02 percent.

Construction Sector
1.23

Production of the construction sector is estimated to drop by 3.98 percent

in current fiscal year 2015/16 as compared to its preceding year. Factors
behind such negative growth could mainly the closure of national
industries, obstructions at the border impeding imports of construction
materials, and failure on gaining the momentum by post-earthquake
reconstruction works. The average growth rate of this sector in last ten
years has remained at 3.01 percent. Contribution of this sector to GDP
stands at 6.9 percent in current fiscal year 2015/16.

Service Sector
Wholesale and Retail Trade
1.24

Wholesale and Retail trade is expected to record a negative growth of

1.13 percent in FY 2015/16. Main factors affecting the sector resulting in
such negative growth may be attributable to low agricultural and
industrial productions, and decreased availability of saleable goods
resulting from lower imports caused by border obstructions. The average
growth rate of this sector in last five years is 4.5 percent. Being the
largest contributor to GDP among the non-agriculture sectors,
contribution of this sector in GDP is estimated to remain at 14.2 percent
in current fiscal year.

Hotel and Restaurant

1.25

Output of Hotel
and Restaurant
sector
is
estimated
to
decline by 4.8
percent in FY
2015/16.
Earthquake,
border
obstruction,
reduced number
of tourist arrival and fuel scarcity are the reasons for the decline in hotel
business while domestic tourism dropped due to transport obstructions.
This sector contributes 2.1 percent to the GDP.

Transport, Storage and Communication

1.26

Despite negative output recorded in land transport in current fiscal year,

notable growth achieved in air transportation has resulted in the positive
growth in overall transport services sector. The output of transport,
storage and communication that grew by 6.2 percent in the last fiscal
year is estimated to grow by 2.6 percent in the current fiscal year
2015/16. Under this sector, the output growth rate of transport sector has
been 0.5 percent while that of communication and storage has increased
by 2.6 percent. The contribution of this sector to GDP has remained at
8.4 percent in the current fiscal year.

Financial Intermediation
1.27

The growth rate of this sector in the previous fiscal year 2014/15
remained at 2.9 percent while this is estimated at 3.3 percent in current
fiscal year. The contribution of this sector to GDP in current fiscal year
stands at 5 percent.

Real Estate and Business Services

1.28

Output of this sector in current fiscal year is estimated to grow by 3.7

percent while such growth of this sector in previous fiscal year was
limited only to 0.8 percent due to devastating earthquake. Improved real
estate trading in urban areas of the country coupled with increased
business transactions caused the growth rate of this sector to remain
10

positive. Contribution of this sector to GDP in current fiscal year stood

at 9.2 percent. This sector has grown with an average rate of 4.57 percent
in last ten years.
Public Administration and Defense
1.29

Based on the budgetary allocation and expenditures on public

administration and defense of the central government, output of this
sector is estimated to increase by 5.8 percent in current fiscal year
2015/16 against its growth of 5.4 percent in the previous year.
Contribution of this sector to GDP is expected to remain at 2.6 percent in
current fiscal year.

Education
1.30

Output of this sector is estimated to remain at 6.7 percent in FY 2015/16

while it had grown by 3.7 percent in its preceding year. Despite lower
medium term utilization, augmentation in income has resulted net growth
in value addition of educational institutions. Contribution of this sector in
current year's GDP is expected to remain at 6.8 percent.

Health and Social Work

1.31

Output of this sector is expected to rise by 8.9 percent in current fiscal

year 2015/16 consequent to rise in transactions of private sector health
institutions, while this had increased by 10.5 percent in the previous
fiscal year. Contribution of this sector to GDP in current fiscal year is
estimated to remain at 1.8 percent while its average output growth for the
preceding ten years has remained at 6.91 percent.

Other Community, Social and Personal Services

1.32

Output of this sector that grew by 4.4 percent in the previous fiscal year
is estimated to rise by 5.6 percent in the current fiscal year 2015/16.
GDP is expected to be revised due to the expansion of central and local
governmental budgetary allocations and expenditure made for
community and social services, and private sector operated
communication and services. This sectors contribution to GDP in the
current fiscal year is estimated at 4.3 percent while its average growth
rate in the preceding ten years has been 8.65 percent.

11

Sector-wide Detail
1.33

The output of the primary sector that grew by 0.8 percent in previous
fiscal year is estimated to rise by 1.2 percent in the current fiscal year
2015/16. The growth rate of this sector averaged 2.87 percent in the
preceding ten years. Likewise, output of the secondary sector that had
increased by 1.5 percent in the previous fiscal year is estimated to drop
by 6.3 percent in FY 2015/16. Average growth rate of this sector for the
past ten years stood at 2.12 percent. Similarly, the output of tertiary
sector that had grown by 3.6 percent in the previous fiscal year is
estimated to rise by 2.7 percent in FY 2015/16. Growth rate of this sector
averaged 5.03 percent in the last ten years.

GDP Structure
1.34

Nepalese economy has witnessed structural changes. Economy has

gradually been shifting from agriculture sector to non-agriculture sector.
Contribution of the agriculture sector to GDP is in declining trend while
that of non-agriculture sector is gradually increasing. Services sector
under the non-agriculture sector has also been expanding rapidly. The
average contribution of agriculture sector to GDP between FY 2001/02
and FY 2005/06 had remained at 35.7 percent while it slipped to 33.9
percent between FY 2006/07 and FY 2010/11 and stood at 33.0 percent
between FY 2011/12 and FY 2015/16. During the same period, average
contributions of the non-agriculture sector were recorded as 64.3 percent,
66.1 percent and 67.0 percent respectively. Contribution of agriculture
sector to GDP is 31.7 percent while that of non-agriculture sector is 68.3
percent in the current fiscal year 2015/16.
Table 1 (h): Contribution in Gross Domestic Product (in Percent)
Sector

2006/07-10/11

35.7

33.9

33.0

Non-Agriculture
64.3
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

66.1

67.0

Agriculture

1.35

(Five Years Average)

2011/12-15/16

2001/02-05/06

Though the economy saw some structural changes from the perspective
of percentage structure of sector-wide contribution to GDP, and support
to promotion of intersectoral economic activities brought in by
dynamism in the economy, not any of the sectors has recorded
comparatively higher growth. Despite structural changes seen on surface,
substantial and positive changes have yet to come by.
12

Consumption and Investment

1.36

Gross Consumption expenditure at prevailing price is estimated to

remain at Rs. 2130.52 billion in FY 2015/16 while it was Rs. 1934.04
billion in its preceding year. The average share of consumption to GDP
stood at 89.8 percent in the last ten years while this rose sharply in its
succeeding two years. The share of consumption at prevailing price to
GDP that stood at 90.2 percent in FY 2006/07 dropped and remained at
86 percent in FY
2010/11
while
this is estimated
to grow and reach
94.7 percent in
FY 2015/16.

1.37

The share of
private sector to
GDP that had
remained at 79.3
percent in FY 2006/07 is expected to stand at 82 percent in current fiscal
year 2015/16 while this share remained at 78.4 percent last year.
Likewise, the share of government consumption to GDP that stood at 11
percent in FY 2014/15 is anticipated to remain at 10.9 percent in the
current fiscal year 2015/16.

1.38

Of the total consumption, private sectors consumption in the current

fiscal year stood at 86.5 percent against 87.9 percent that of 2006/07.
Government consumption in the total consumption remained at 11.6
percent and that of not-for-profit organizations is 1.9 percent. Of the
private sector consumption, food items hold two-third shares than nonfood items and services. In current fiscal year, shares of food items, nonfood items and services to total private sector consumption are 66.7
percent,
23.4
percent and 9.9
percent
respectively.
Expenditure on
food items is on
the
rise
as
compared to that
of
non-food
items
and
13

services due to changed food habits and escalating prices on food items.
Consumption expenditures on food items, non-food items and services
had remained at 59 percent, 28.7 percent and 12.3 percent respectively.
Household consumption expenditure to GDP at current prices has
reached 86.2 percent in current fiscal year.
1.39

Gross capital formation expenditure that stood at Rs. 822.30 billion in

FY 2014/15 is anticipated to drop and remain at Rs. 763.56 billion in the
current fiscal year 2015/16. The share of gross capital formation to GDP
at current prices is expected to remain at 34 percent in the current fiscal
year while such share in the previous fiscal year was 38.8 percent.

1.40

Gross fixed capital formation expenditure is estimated to stand at

Rs.562.46 billion in the current fiscal year 2015/16 against such
expenditure of Rs. 588.34 billion in previous fiscal year. The share of
gross fixed capital formation to GDP in the current fiscal year is
predicted to remain at 25 percent. Contributions of the private sector and
government sector to gross fixed capital formation are expected to stand
at 76.4 percent and 23.6 percent respectively in the current fiscal year
2015/16 while such contributions were 81.3 percent and 18.7 percent
respectively in its preceding year.

Per Capita Income

1.41

Per capita GDP at

current prices has
surged by 4.6
percent to Rs.
79,370 in FY
2015/16.
Such
GDP stood at Rs.
75,855
in
previous
fiscal
year. Likewise, at
constant prices of
the previous year,
per capita GDP that was Rs. 27,184 is expected to drop by 0.8 percent to
Rs. 26,972 in current fiscal year 2015/16. Per Capita GDP at constant
prices has declined owing to high inflation rate compared to the
production growth rate. Such GDP at constant prices had increased by
1.7 percent in previous fiscal year.
14

1.42

Actual per capita disposable income has increased by 1 percent to Rs.

37,963 in FY 2015/16. Per capita GDP declined to USD 752 in 2015/16
from USD 762 of last year. Likewise, Per capita gross national income of
previous fiscal year also declined from USD 775 to USD 766. Low
economic growth rate coupled with depreciation of Nepalese currency
against the US Dollar are the reasons for reduced per capita income in the
US Dollar term.

Savings
1.43

In current fiscal year, gross domestic saving which has low ratio with
GDP
and
gross
national
saving which
has
higher
ratio
with
GDP,
both
have
declined.
Though gross
national
savings that
continued to remain high due to higher remittance income in preceding
years, it has come down in this year. The ratio of gross domestic saving
to GDP that remained at 8.8 percent in previous fiscal year is estimated
to decline and rest at 5.3 percent in current fiscal year 2015/16. The
share of gross national savings to GDP is estimated to decline and remain
at 42.9 percent in current fiscal year as compared to its preceding year.
Share of such saving was 43.9 percent in previous fiscal year. The ratios
of gross domestic savings and gross national savings to GDP averaged
10.2 percent and 38.3 percent respectively in last ten years.

Problems and Challenges

1.44

Despite presence of enormous opportunities towards attaining higher

economic growth rate through utilization of drivers of the economic
development like agriculture, tourism, hydroelectricity and infrastructure
at their highest potentials, Nepal has to shrink at lower economic growth
rate due to its failure to do so in a timely manner.

15

1.45

Persistent problems like bandh (blockades), strikes, labor issues, short

supply of electricity and difficulties to ensure geographical access to
external market have posed challenge to run operational industries in
their full capacities.

1.46

Developing capacity of traditional farmers to use newer technology and

skill, enhancing access to chemical fertilizers and improved seeds,
extending irrigation facility, and establishing interrelationship between
agriculture market and other industries for the development of agriculture
sector are the daunting challenges.

1.47

Despite expansion of trade, finance, communication, education, health

and transport sectors including that of service oriented industry sector
along with augmented consumption capacity as a result of increased
remittance income, developing the services sector into additional
employment oriented sector amid current situation where employment
could not be developed comparatively is a challenging task.

1.48

Consumption has continued to grow despite low economic growth rate.

Due to increased consumption trend, this year saw historic decline in the
domestic saving ratio. This ratio remained low as a result of high
consumption trend against low economic growth rate and failure to
extend access of institutions and instruments to the general public for
saving mobilization. Hence, creating environment to boost savings in a
country like Nepal having low per capita income and weak financial
infrastructure has remained another challenge to the economy.

16

2. Public Finance
Public Finance and its Structure
2.1

The government of Nepal had announced budget and programs for fiscal
year 2015/16 on 14th July, 2015 on the backdrops of huge destruction of
lives and properties rendered by devastating earthquake of April 25, 2015
and series of subsequent aftershocks. Implementation of budget and
programs was brought forward amid new political context that had
emerged upon promulgation of new Constitution of Nepal by the
Constituent Assembly in the third month of current fiscal year and
uncomfortable situation created by a five-month long blockade on border
points.

2.2

Government of Nepal had arranged programs and resources by allocating

the budget of Rs. 819.46 billion for fiscal year 2015/16. The total
budgetary allocation for current fiscal year is higher by 54.17 percent as
compared to the gross real expenditure of FY2014/15. The volume of
the allocated budget appeared to have increased as a result of resources to
be arranged for post-earthquake reconstruction works. Of the total
allocation of Rs. 618.10 billion for FY 2014/15, expenditure totaled only
to Rs. 531.55 billion, which is 85.99 percent of allocation. Likewise,
gross real expenditure for FY 2014/15 was 22.18 percent higher than that
of FY 2013/14. The gross real expenditure that amounted to Rs. 370.22
billion in FY 2013/14 is higher by 21.30 percent as compared to that of
its preceding fiscal year 2012/13.

2.3

Government revenue in FY 2015/16 is estimated to remain at Rs. 587.94

billion which is 31.14 percent higher than the real income of FY 2014/15.
The public income in FY 2014/15 had stood at Rs. 448.33 billion. This
revenue of FY 2014/15 is 13.12 percent higher than that of FY 2013/14.
Likewise, such revenue of FY 2013/14 had increased by 18.68 percent to
Rs. 396.31 billion as compared to its preceding fiscal year. The ratio of
public finance to GDP of last five years is as follows.

17

Table 2 (a): Public Finance and GDP to their Ratios (In Percent)
(In Rs.10 Million)

Descriptions

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

152734.40

169264.30

194162.40

212047.00

224869.10

33916.80

35863.80

43505.00

53155.00

81946.00

28798.40

33392.70

39631.00

44833.00

58794.00

-511.84

-2471.10

-3874.00

-8322.00

-23152.00

Expenditure

22.2

21.2

22.5

25.06

36.44

Government Income

18.9

19.7

20.55

21.14

26.05

Budget Deficit

3.4

1.5

2.0

3.92

10.29

GDP
Expenditure
Government Income
Budget Surplus(+)/ Deficiency(-)
Ratio to GDP (In Percent)

*Estimated

Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office and Central Bureau of Statistics

2.4

Fiscal deficit of the Government of Nepal is estimated at Rs. 331.52 billion in

FY 2015/16. Of the estimated budget of Rs. 103.28 billion for the fiscal year
2014/15, allocated budget could not be spent at expected level which led to
fiscal deficit of Rs. 83.22 billion. Such deficit was Rs. 38.74 billion in FY
2013/14, which is 56.77 percent higher as compared to the fiscal deficit of its
preceding fiscal year.

2.5

In comparison to preceding fiscal years, the government revenue in fiscal years

2013/14 and 2014/15 increased by 18.68 percent and 13.12 percent respectively
while expenditures in those two respective years grew by 21.30 percent and
18

22.18 percent respectively. Likewise, during the fiscal year 2013/14, budget
deficit had increased by 56.77 percent as compared to that of FY 2012/13 while
such deficit in FY 2014/15 had increased by more than hundred percent to Rs.
83.19 billion as compared to that of its preceding fiscal year.
2.6

The ratio of Government expenditure to GDP stood at 25.06 percent in FY

2014/15 while such ratio was 22.5 percent in its preceding fiscal year. The
government revenue as compared to GDP that stood at 20.55 percent in FY
2013/14 has reached 21.14 percent in FY 2014/15. The gap between
Governments revenue and expenditure with GDP stood at 3.92 percent in FY
2014/15 while this gap was 3.4 percent in FY 2012/13. Similarly, the gaps
remained at 2 percent and 1.5 respectively in the fiscal years 2013/14 and
2012/13. As per the estimate on revenue and expenditure of the government for
the current fiscal year 2015/16, revenue, expenditure and budget deficit are
likely to remain at 26.05 percent, 36.44 percent and 10.29 percent respectively
of GDP.

Government Expenditure
2.7

Of the total budget of Rs. Rs 819.46 billion earmarked for the current
fiscal year 2015/16, recurrent expenditure accounted for 59.1 percent,
25.5 percent allocated for capital expenditure while 15.4 percent is
allotted for fiscal arrangement. In the previous fiscal year 2014/15, of the
gross real expenditure Rs. 531.55 billion, recurrent expenditure was
63.86 percent, capital expenditure stood at 16.71 percent while 19.43
percent was allotted for fiscal arrangement. The details of government
expenditure of Nepal government for the current fiscal year and
preceding five years are as follows:
Table 2 (b): Details of Government Expenditure
(In Rs. 10 million)
2011/12

Expenditure Head

2012/13

2013/14

Amount

Percent

Amount

Percent

Recurrent Expenditure

24346.0

71.8

24745.5

69.0

Capital Expenditure

5139.1

15.2

5459.8

Share Investment

1209.4

3.6

890.2

Domestic Loan Investment

1206.4

3.6

1255.2

662.7

2.0

2094.0

Principle Repayment of
Domestic Debt
Principle Repayment of
Foreign Debt
Total Expenditure

*Estimated

Amount

2014/15

2015/16*

Percent

Amount

Percent

Amount

Percent

30353.0

69.82

33940.7

63.96

48426.6

59.1

15.2

6669.4

15.94

8884.3

16.71

20887.7

25.5

2.5

945.1

2.16

1051.0

1.98

1194.6

1.45

3.5

1351.0

3.0

2833.8

5.33

5091.1

6.21

5.8

2515.0

5.8

4742.9

8.92

4110.0

5.01

1353.2

4.0

1419.0

4.0

1672.0

3.8

1702.7

3.2

2236.0

2.73

33916.8

100.0

35863.8

100.0

43505.5

100.0

53155.4

100.0

81946.0

100.0

Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office and appropriation act of current f/Y 2015/16

19

2.8

In FY 2015/16, the total government expenditure is estimated at Rs.

819.46 which is 54.16 percent higher as compared to the actual
expenditure of Rs. 531.55 billion of FY 2014/15. Likewise, the estimated
government expenditure of the current fiscal year is higher by 141.6
percent as compared to the actual expenditure of Rs. 339.16 billion of FY
2011/12. The total government expenditure of FY 2012/13 was
marginally higher by 5.74 than that of FY 2011/12. In fiscal years
2013/14 and 2014/15, the total government expenditure had increased by
almost similar proportion of 21.3 percent and 22.18 percent respectively
as compared to their preceding years.

2.9

The share of recurrent expenditure to the total government expenditure in

fiscal years from 2011/12 to 2013/14 hovered around 70 percent which
fell marginally and rested at 63.86 percent in FY 2014/15 while such
expenditure in current fiscal year is estimated to remain at 59.1 percent.
The estimated recurrent expenditure of current fiscal year 2015/16 is
higher by 42.68 percent as compared to that of FY 2014/15 while this is
higher by 89.9 percent if compared with that of FY 2011/12. Thus, about
cent percent increment in the recurrent expenditure is speculated during
five years period.

2.10

The share of recurrent expenditure to total expenditure in fiscal years

2011/12 and 2012/13 remained equal at 15.2 percent while this grew to
15.94 percent and 16.71 percent in fiscal years 2013/14 and 2014/15.
This is estimated to remain at 25.5 percent in the current fiscal year. The
estimate of capital expenditure to actual capital expenditure of FY
2015/16 is higher by 135.1 percent as compared to that of FY 2014/15.
Likewise, such estimates for current fiscal year as compared to the
capital expenditure of preceding fiscal years 2011/12, 2012/13 and
2013/14 seemed to be higher by 306.44 percent, 282.57 percent and
213.18 percent respectively. A challenge lies ahead for the mobilization
of allocated capital expenditure on the backdrop of devastating
earthquake that struck the country in April, 2015 and a five-month long
blockade on the border that lasted for about five months between end of
August and the end of January, 2015.

20

2.11

Government investment in public enterprises and projects for this fiscal

year is estimated at Rs. 62.85 billion including share investment of Rs.
11.94 billion and loan investment of Rs. 50.91 billion, which is 7.66
percent of the estimated total government expenditure. The ratio of share
and loan investments to actual investment of previous fiscal year 2014/15
stood at 7.31 percent. Likewise, such ratio for FY 2011/12 was 7.2
percent while this declined to some extent and stood at 6 percent and
5.16 percent respectively for its succeeding fiscal years 2012/13 and
2013/14.

2.12

Under the fiscal arrangement, repayment of principle against domestic

borrowings and foreign debts stands at 7.74 percent of the total
expenditures allocated for the current fiscal year 2015/16, while this
figure was 6 percent for FY 2011/12. Such expenditure remained almost
consistent at 9.8 percent and 9.6 percent in its two consecutive
succeeding fiscal years. In previous fiscal year 2014/15, the share of this
expenditure to the total expenditure remained little higher at 12.12
percent as compared to that of its preceding fiscal years.

2.13

Expenditure for fiscal arrangement in FY 2012/13 and FY 2013/14

hovered around 15 percent while it is estimated to remain the same in
current fiscal year 2015/16 as well. This expenditure in FY 2011/12 was
comparatively lower with its 13.2 percent share to the total expenditure.
Due to failure of Nepal government on spending total capital expenditure
earmarked for FY 2014/15, this saving was utilized on debt servicing,
which made the share of capital expenditure higher by 19.43 percent.
Table 2(c) : Detail of Government Expenditure (Status of Spending
in the first eight months of fiscal year)
(Rs. 10 Million)

Detail of Spending
Current Expenditure
Capital Expediture
Investment in Share
Domestic Loan Investment
Principal Repayment of
Domestic Borrowing
Principal Repayment of Foreign
Borrowing
Total Expenditure

2013/14
Amount
Percent
17730.96
87.60

2014/15
Amount
Percent
21396.92
61.72

2015/16
Amount
Percent
19798.49
73.87

1961.42

9.69

8503.20

24.52

2728.37

10.18

179.54
339.72

0.89
1.68

239.06
952.72

0.69
2.75

369.31
730.72

1.38
2.73

20.30

0.10

2627.81

7.58

2226.69

8.31

7.87

0.04

949.00

2.74

947.75

3.53

20239.81

100.00

34668.71

100.00

26801.24

100.00

Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office

21

2.14

Expenditure of the government in the first eight months of current fiscal

year totaled Rs. 268.01 billion which is 22.69 percent lower than the total
expenditure of Rs. 346.68 billion during in the corresponding period of
the previous fiscal year. This expenditure for previous fiscal year
2014/15 was higher by 71.28 percent as compared to that of its preceding
fiscal year. The government expenditure earmarked for the current fiscal
year could not be spent as expected due to uncomfortable situation
emerged as a result of earthquake followed by border obstructions.

2.15

Recurrent expenditure in the first eight months of the current fiscal year
2015/16 stood at Rs. 197.98 billion which is 73.87 percent of the total
expenditure made during the same period and 7.47 percent less as
compared to that of corresponding period of previous fiscal year
2014/15. Such expenditure in the first eight months of FY 2014/15 was
20.67 percent higher as compared to that of corresponding period of its
preceding fiscal year 2013/14. Likewise, capital expenditure during the
first eight months of FY 2014/15 is 333.52 percent higher totaling Rs.
85.03 billion as compared to that of the corresponding period of its
preceding fiscal year 2013/14. This expenditure was 24.52 percent of the
total expenditure madein the same period of that fiscal year. Capital
expenditure in the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16 is
just 10.18 percent of the total expenditure, and lower by 67.91 percent as
compared to that of its preceding fiscal year.

2.16

In total expenditure, the amount set aside for share and loan investments
on public enterprises and various projects in the first eight months of the
current fiscal year 2015/16 stands at 4.11 percent. The shares of such
investments during the same period of its preceding fiscal years 2013/14
and 2014/15 remained at 2.57 percent and 3.44 percent respectively.
Repayment of principle against domestic borrowings and foreign debts in
the first eight months of FY 2013/14 was just 0.14 percent of the total
expenditure while such expenditures remained at 10.32 percent and 11.84
percent respectively in the corresponding periods of the fiscal years
2014/15 and 2015/16. Under the principle repayment against domestic
borrowings and foreign debts heading for the first eight months of FY
2014/15 and 2015/16, a sum of Rs. 35.76 billion and Rs. 31.74 billion
22

have been paid respectively. Such payment totaled Rs. 280 million
during the same period of FY 2013/14. The shares of expenditures on
fiscal arrangements to the total expenditure during the first eight months
of fiscal years 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 continued to rise and stood
at 2.71 percent, 13.76 percent and 15.95 percent respectively.
Status of Service and Function-wise Recurrent Expenditures
2.17

Of the total allocation of Rs. 484.26 billion recurrent expenditure

earmarked for the current fiscal year 2015/16, public services
expenditure head is estimated to hold topmost position with 30.96
percent. The share of such expenditure to total recurrent expenditure was
highest even in its preceding fiscal year 2014/15 with 29.40 percent.
Such expenditures to their respective total recurrent expenditures in fiscal
years 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14, however, remained second largest
with 22.41 percent, 24.46 percent and 20.65 percent respectively.
Education sector occupied highest position with nearly 25 percent share
to the total recurrent expenditure in those three fiscal years.

Table 2 (d): Service and Function-Wise details of Recurring Expenditure

(In Rs. 10 million)
Fiscal year

Fiscal Year
2011/12
Expenditure Head

2012/13

2013/14

2015/16*

2014/15

Amount

Percent

Amount

Percent

Amount

Percent

Amount

Percent

Amount

Percent

General Public
Service

5455.04

22.41

6052.36

24.46

6268.55

20.65

9978.58

29.40

14991.78

30.96

Defense

2077.98

8.53

1847.69

7.47

2577.82

8.49

2807.31

8.27

2932.34

6.06

Public Law & Order

3607.53

14.82

3483.2

14.07

3985.41

13.13

3004.20

8.85

3150.03

6.50

Economic Affair

3473.68

14.26

3596.49

14.53

5068.08

16.70

5260.59

15.50

10183.19

21.03

46.51

0.20

29.16

0.12

152.14

0.50

281.49

0.83

397.64

0.82

323.41

1.33

230.65

0.93

604.64

1.99

238.94

0.70

497.33

1.03
7.83

Environmental
Protection
Housing and
Community
Amenities
Health

1949.54

8.0

1891.83

7.65

2336.20

7.7

2618.84

7.72

3792.01

Recreation, Culture
& Religion

186.42

0.77

225.59

0.91

360.64

1.19

298.71

0.88

401.03

0.83

Education

6191.42

25.43

6229.07

25.17

7769.93

25.60

7974.48

23.50

9847.4

20.33

Social Security

1034.47

4.25

1229.77

4.05

1477.63

4.35

2233.84

4.61

100

1159.50
24745.5
4

4.69

24346

100

30353.18

100

33940.77

100

48426.59

100

Total

*Estimated

2.18

Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office & appropriation alt of current F/Y 2015/16

Expenditure on defense heading is estimated to remain at 6.06 percent of

the total expenditure in FY 2015/16. The share of this expenditure to the
total expenditure hovered around 8 percent since FY 2011/12 until the
23

fiscal year 2014/15. Expenditure on public peace and security heading to

total expenditure for the fiscal years 2011/12 to 2014/15 accounts for 14
percent while the share of such expenditure declined and rested at 8.85
percent to the total expenditure in FY 2014/15. Such share to the total
expenditure declined further to 6.5 percent in the current fiscal year
2015/16. Expenditure on economic affair in the current fiscal year is
estimated to grow by little and reach 21.03 percent as compared to that of
about 15 percent spent in its preceding four consecutive fiscal years.
2.19

The share of expenditure on environment protection heading to the total

recurrent expenditure in current fiscal year 2015/16 and its preceding
four consecutive fiscal years remained lowest with less than 1 percent.
Total expenditure under this heading is estimated to remain at Rs. 3.97
billion in current fiscal year. During this period, the share of expenditure
under housing and community services heading to the total expenditure
hovered around 1 percent. In the current fiscal year and its preceding four
consecutive fiscal years, expenditures under health and social security
headings shared about 8 percent and 4 percent respectively to their
respective total recurrent expenditures while those under the
entertainment, culture and religion headings hovered around 1 percent.
Table 2(e) : Service and Function-Wise details of Current Expenditure
(Expenditure Status for the first eight months of Fiscal Year)

Expenditure Head
General Public
Service
Defense
Public Law & Order

2013/14
Amount
Percent

2014/15
Amount
Percent

(In Rs. 10 Million)

2015/16
Amount
Percent

3357.61

18.94

5731.70

26.79

4987.19

25.19

1740.86

9.82

2084.98

9.74

1896.23

9.58

2625.54

14.81

2045.96

9.56

1907.63

9.63

15.65

3195.43

14.93

2656.57

13.42

0.71

179.34

0.84

120.90

0.61

1.12

108.24

0.51

155.72

0.79

7.12

1710.02

7.99

1420.30

7.17

0.85

251.50

1.18

182.16

0.92

26.75
4.23
100

5054.73
1035.00
21396.90

23.62
4.84
100

5345.88
1125.91
19798.49

27.0
5.69
100

Economic Affair
2775.08
Environmental
126.05
conservation
Housing and
Community
198.81
Amenities
Health
1263.20
Recreation, Culture
151.46
& Religion
Education
4743.28
Social Security
749.06
17730.95
Total
Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office

24

2.20

Of the total recurrent expenditure earmarked for the current fiscal year
2015/16, Rs. 197.98 billion has been spent in its first eight months and of
this, Rs. 49.87 billion is spent on general public service heading. The
total expenditures during the same periods of the fiscal years 2014/15
and 2015/16 stood at Rs. 177.30 billion and 213.96 billion respectively
and of these, expenditures on general public services for their respective
fiscal years accounted for Rs. 33.57 billion and 57.31 billion. The shares
of such expenditures in current fiscal year and its preceding year to their
respective total expenditures remained around 25 percent while such
expenditure shared nearly 19 percent to the total expenditure earmarked
for FY 2013/14. Expenditures under education heading in the first eight
months of the fiscal years 2013/14 and 2015/16 were the highest with
about 27 percent to their respective recurrent expenditures while this
stood at 23.62 percent in FY 2014/15. During the first eight months of
FY 2014/15, expenditure on general public services heading had the
highest share of 26.79 percent to the total recurrent expenditure.

2.21

Of the total expenditure made during the first eight months of FY

2013/14 through to same period of FY 2015/16, expenditures on
environment protection, housing and community services and
entertainment, culture and religion headings accounted for nearly 1
percent of less. Likewise, during the same period, expenditures on
defense heading accounted for 9 percent, economic affair accounted for
about 14 percent, about 7 percent on health and social security accounted
for approximately 5 percent. Expenditure on public peace and security
front in the first eight months of FY 2013/14 shared 14.81 percent to the
total recurrent expenditure while such expenditures during the same
period of FY 2014/15 and FY 2015/16 are slightly higher than 9 percent.

Status of Service and Function-wise Capital Expenditures

2.22

Of the total capital expenditure including that of fiscal arrangement of

Rs. 335.20 billion allocated for FY 2015/16, economic affair is expected
to occupy the topmost position with Rs. 55.91 billion. The shares of such
expenditure to total capital expenditure in fiscal years 2011/12, 2012/13
and 2014/15 had hovered around 65 percent while that of FY 2013/14
was just 45.52 percent. General public service is estimated to hold 28.05
25

percent share in the total capital expenditure allocated for FY 2015/16

which was slightly lower than 35.62 percent in FY 2013/14 while
expenditure on this heading in FY 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2014/15
accounted for more than 4 percent. The table below depicts the detailed
status of service and function-wise capital expenditure from FY 2011/12
to FY 2015/16.
Table 2 (f): Service and Function-Wise details of Capital Expenditure
(In Rs. 10 million)
Expenditure
Head

2011/12
Amount
Percent

General
Public Service
Defense
Public Law &
Order
Economic
Affair
Environmental
Protection
Housing and
Community
Amenities
Health
Recreation,
Culture &
Religion
Education
Social
Security
Total

2012/13
Amount
Percent

Fiscal Year
2013/14
Amount
Percent

2014/15
Amount
Percent

2015/16*
Amount
Percent

209.63

3.97

209.63

3.84

4684.58

35.62

313.07

3.52

9403.82

242.23

4.59

242.23

4.44

658.80

5.01

453.38

5.10

816.96

28.05
2.44

319.04

6.05

293.09

5.37

511.42

3.89

392.70

4.42

772.75

2.30

3387.92

64.19

3629.10

66.47

5986.82

45.52

5877.42

66.16

18742.62

55.91

45.21

0.86

32.94

0.60

105.08

0.80

160.48

1.81

1118.12

3.34

678.45

12.86

708.51

12.98

822.82

6.26

1292.49

14.55

2201.44

6.57

337.47

6.39

295.34

5.41

315.64

2.40

327.99

3.69

341.84

1.02

20.19

0.38

15.60

0.28

30.59

0.23

36.37

0.41

72.57

0.22

13.88

0.26

13.91

0.25

12.64

0.09

9.60

0.11

16.87

0.05

23.69

0.45

19.50

0.36

23.65

0.18

20.84

0.23

33.16

0.10

5277.71

100

5459.85

100

13152.04

100

8884.34

100

33520.15

100

*Estimated Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office and Appropriation Alt of Current F/Y 2015/16

2.23

The share of expenditure on defense heading to the total capital

expenditure is expected to remain at 2.44 percent while about 5 percent
was the share of expenditure in this heading to the total expenditure in
the fiscal years between 2011/12 and 2013/12. Likewise, the share of
capital expenditure on education, social security, defense, entertainment,
culture and religion headings was lower than 1 percent in FY 2011/12
through to 2013/14 while such expenditure on those heading is expected
to remain close to 1 percent as well in the current fiscal year2015/16. The
share of capital expenditure on environment protection heading that was
around 1 percent rose to 1.8 percent and 3.34 percent respectively in
fiscal years 2014/15 and 2015/16. On the public peace and security front,
the share of capital expenditure to its total that remained close to 6
percent in fiscal years 2011/12 and 2012/13 went down to nearly 4
percent in their two consecutive succeeding fiscal years. The share of

26

such expenditure in the current fiscal year 2015/16 is speculated to go

further down to 2.30 percent.
2.24

The share of capital expenditure on housing and community amenities

heading for the fiscal years 2011/12 and 2012/13 hovered around 13
percent whereas, the expenditure ratio increased to some extent and
reached 14.55 percent in FY 2014/15 but such ratio dropped to 6.26
percent in fiscal year 2013/14. The share of capital expenditure on
housing and community amenities heading is projected to stay at 6.57
percent as well in the current fiscal year 2015/16. Of the total capital
expenditure, the share of health sector in fiscal years 2011/12 and
2012/13 that remained at 6.39 percent and 5.41 percent respectively
descended to 2.4 percent and 3.69 respectively in their immediate
succeeding fiscal years. Of the total capital expenditure In the current
fiscal year 2015/16, Rs. 3.41 billion is estimated to be spent under health
heading with its share of 1.02 to total capital expenditure.

Table 2 (g) : Service and Function-Wise details of Capital Expenditure

including Financial Provision
(Expenditure Status in the first eight months of Fiscal Year)
(In Rs. 10 million)
Expenditure Head
General Public Service
Defense
Public Law & Order
Economic Affair
Environmental Protection
Housing and Community
Amenities
Health
Recreation, Culture & Religion
Education
Social Security
Total

2013/14
Amount
Percent
58.80
3.0
120.09
6.12
161.16
8.21
1328.04
67.71
11.17
0.57

Fiscal Year
2014/15
Amount
Percent
4060.69
47.75
142.46
1.68
184.46
2.17
3341.68
39.30
107.68
1.27

2015/16
Amount
Percent
102.17
3.75
60.67
2.22
110.05
4.03
1940.88
71.14
31.47
1.15

174.82

8.91

512.85

6.03

362.96

13.30

90.79
6.22
3.66
6.67
1961.42
Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office

4.63
0.32
0.19
0.34
100

132.89
9.53
3.62
7.34
8503.20

1.56
0.11
0.04
0.09
100

93.65
13.48
3.14
9.90
2728.37

3.43
0.50
0.12
0.36
100

2.25

Of the total Rs. 27.28 billion earmarked on capital expenditure with that
of fiscal arrangement for the current fiscal year 2015/16, economic affair
holds the highest share with Rs. 19.40 billion with a ratio of 71.14
percent in the first eight months of this year. The share of such
27

expenditure during the same period of two consecutive fiscal years

2013/14 and 2014/15 to their respective capital expenditure stood at
67.71 percent and 39.30 percent respectively. Of the expenditure made
during first eight months of fiscal year 2014/15 and current fiscal year
2015/16, about 3 percent has been spent on general public services, while
such expenditure accounted for 47.75 percent in the corresponding
period of FY 2014/15,. During the same period of fiscal year 2013/14,
shares on defense, public peace and security and health headings to the
total capital expenditure accounted for 6.12 percent, 8.21 percent and
4.63 percent respectively while in FY 2014/15 and current fiscal year
2015/16, such expenditures declined with defense heading accounting for
1.68 percent and 2.22 percents in these respective years. In the same
period, public peace and security shared 2.17 percent and 4.03 percent of
expenditures respectively. Similarly, health heading shared 1.56 percent
and 3.43 percent in its respective fiscal years.
2.26

Of the total capital expenditure, entertainment, culture and religion,

education and social security headings shared less than 1 percent from
fiscal years 2013/14 to first eight months of the current fiscal year while
that of environment protection heading during the same period was also
around 1 percent. Likewise, in first eight months of FY 2013/14, Rs.
1.74 billion was spent on housing and community amenities by sharing
8.91 percent of the total capital expenditure. The share of such
expenditure in first eight months of fiscal year 2014/15 fell to some
extent to 6.02 percent. The share of such expenditure during the same
period of the current fiscal year 2015/16, however, has doubled thereby
reaching 13.30 percent.

Government Income
2.27

Government income of Rs. 587.94 billion is estimated to be mobilized in

current fiscal year 2015/16, which is higher by 31.14 percent than that of
previous fiscal year 2014/15. Growth rate of the government income of
previous fiscal year 2014/15 was 13.12 percent higher than that of
preceding fiscal year 2013/14. Shares of revenue mobilization, foreign
grants, and principle repayment against the government borrowing in the
current fiscal year are estimated to remain at 80.80 percent, 18.86 percent
28

and 0.34 percent respectively. A sum of Rs. 6.9 billion was recovered
from unaudited account last year that contributed 1.35 percent to the total
government income. The table below shows the status of government
income from FY 2010/11 to FY 2015/16.
Table 2 (h): Details of Government Income
(In Rs. 10 Million)

Revenue
Heading
Tax Revenue
Non-Tax
Revenue
Total
Revenue
Foreign
Grants
Principle
Repayment
Receipt
Irregularities
Recovery
Total
Government
Income

Fiscal Year
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16*
Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent
21172.26 73.52 25921.49 77.63 31244.12 78.72 35595.57 79.03 42701.10 72.63
3265.14

4417.95

11.13 4991.07 11.08 4800.11

8.17

24437.40 84.85 29602.11 88.65 35662.07 89.86 40586.64 90.11 47501.21 80.80
4081.02

14.17

18.70

0.07

75.53

261.24

0.91

28798.36

100

*Estimated

2.28

11.33 3680.62 11.02

3522.98 10.55

3396.01

8.56

3637.42

8.08 11092.94 18.86

0.23

56.98

0.14

208.15

0.46

200

0.34

192.11

0.57

573.42

1.44

609.04

1.35

33392.73

100

39688.48

100

45041.25

100

58794.15

100

Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office and budght speech of current F/Y 2015/16

Of the total government income estimated for FY 2015/16, revenue is

expected to have a share of 80.80 percent with mobilization of Rs.
475.01 billion, which is 17.03 percent higher than that of preceding fiscal
29

year 2014/15. Revenue mobilization in fiscal year 2012/13 and 2013/14

hovered around 21 percent while that in FY 2014/15 was just 13.8
percent. Contribution of revenue to the total income in FY 2011/12 had
remained at 84.85 percent while it grew to 88.65 percent, 89.86 percent
and 90.11 percent respectively in the fiscal years from 2012/13 2013/14,
and 2014/15. It seems an arduous task to mobilize revenue at the desired
level owing to uncomfortable environment that has resulted from
devastating earthquake
of April, 2015 and subsequent aftershocks,
about five-month long border obstructions since August last year, low
agricultural production due to adverse climate causing some erosion on
demand side of the economy, and shrunken economic activities .
2.29

Foreign grants is likely to contribute 18.86 percent to the total

government income with its mobilization of Rs. 110.92 billion in current
fiscal year 2015/16. Such grants had contributed 8.08 percent to the
governments total income with the mobilization of Rs. 36.37 billion in
its preceding fiscal year 2014/15. Effective Implementation is likely to
fall short as a result of higher estimate of revenue mobilization by 205
percent in the current fiscal year as compared to that of previous fiscal
year. Likewise, foreign grants of Rs. 40.81 billion was mobilized in FY
2011/12 which declined to Rs. 35.22 billion and Rs. 33.96 billion
respectively in its two consecutive succeeding fiscal years 2012/13 and
2013/14. During this period, the contribution of foreign grants to the
governments total income reduced in fiscal years 2011/12, 2012/13 and
2013/14 to 14.17 percent, 10.55 percent and 8.56 percent respectively.
The contribution from principle repayment of loan to the governments
total income had stood at around 1 percent in fiscal years from 2011/12
to 2014/15. Principle repayment of loan is likely to contribute 0.34
percent to the governments total income in current fiscal year 2015/16.

2.30

Government income is likely to contribute 71.74 percent to the budget of

Rs. 819.46 billion allocated for the current fiscal year 2015/16. It had
contributed almost 85 percent to the governments total expenditure of
fiscal years 2011/12, 2013/14 and 2014/15 while such contribution to
total expenditure in fiscal year 2012/13 had remained at 93.10 percent.
Contribution of foreign grants to the governments total expenditure
30

remained at 12.03 percent in FY 2011/12 while this continued to decline

in its three consecutive succeeding fiscal years and stood at 9.82 percent,
7.30 percent and 6.84 percent respectively. Foreign grants of Rs. 110.92
billion is estimated to be mobilized in the current fiscal year 2015/16
with its contribution of 13.53 percent to the governments total
expenditure.
Table 2 (i) Contribution of Government Income, Foreign Grant, Domestic
Debt and Foreign Debt to Total Government Expenditure
(In Rs. 10 million)
Description

2011/12
Amount Percent

2012/13
Amount Percent

Fiscal Year
2013/14
Amount Percent

2014/15
2015/16*
Amount Percent Amount Percent

Total
Government 33916.70
_
35863.80
_
46505
_
53155
_
81946
Expenditure
Total
Government 28798.36 84.90
33392.73
93.10 39688.48 91.22 45041.25 84.74 58794.15
Revenue
Total
24437.40 72.05
29602.11
82.54 35662.07 76.68 40586.64 76.35 47501.21
Revenue
Foreign
4081.02
12.03
3522.98
9.82
3396.01
7.80
3637.42
6.84
11092.94
Grant
Domestic
3641.86
10.73
1904.28
5.3
1998.28
4.29
4236.75
7.97
8800.0
Debt
Foreign
1108.30
3.26
1196.94
3.33
2113.23
4.54
2043.22
3.84
9496.47
Debt
*Estimated Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office and budght speech of current F/Y 2015/16

2.31

71.74
57.96
13.53
10.73
11.58

The shares of domestic debts to the governments total expenditure in the

fiscal years from 2011/12 to 2014/15 stood at 10.73 percent, 5.30 percent
31

and 4.29 percent respectively while that of foreign debts hovered around
4 percent during these periods. The share of domestic and foreign debts
to the governments total expenditure is expected to remain at 10.73
percent and 11.58 percent with their contribution of 22.31 percent in the
current fiscal year 2015/16 which is speculated to remain higher by
nearly by two folds as compared to the contribution of 11.81 percent to
the governments total income of FY 2014/15.
Revenue Mobilization
2.32

Revenue mobilization of Rs. 475.01 billion with Rs. 427.01 billion

collected from tax revenue and Rs.48 billion from non-tax revenue is
estimated for the current fiscal year 2015/16. The shares of tax and nontax revenues to the total revenue stood at 87.7 percent and 12.3 percent
with revenue mobilization of Rs.405.86 billion in previous fiscal year
2014/15. The shares of tax and non-tax revenues to the total revenue
mobilization from the fiscal years 2011/12 to 2013/14 remained close to
87 percent and 13 percent respectively while such shares are expected to
remain at 89.89 percent and 10.11 percent in current fiscal year 2015/16.
The table below shows the Revenue mobilization status from FY 2011/12
to FY 2015/16.

2.33

Contribution of goods and services based tax has attained the top position
in the tax revenue collected between FY 2011/12 and the current fiscal
year with about 45 percent share to the total revenue. During this period,
contribution of income, profit and capital gains taxes, and that of foreign
trade based tax to total revenue remained close to 21 percent and 18
percent respectively. The share of property tax in the form of direct tax
to the total revenue collected in fiscal years from 2011/12 to 2014/15
remained below 2 percent while such share went up to 2.3 percent in
previous fiscal year. Likewise, the property tax amounting Rs. 12.04
billion is expected to be mobilized in current fiscal year contributing 2.54
percent to the total revenue. The share of other taxes to the revenue
mobilization in the fiscal years from 2011/12 to 2015/16 has remained
about 0.5 percent.

32

Table 2 (j) : Detail of Revenue Income

Revenue Head

(In Rs.10 million)

Fiscal Year
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16*
Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent

Tax on Income, Profit

5130.30
21.0 6418.67 21.68 7561.36 21.20 8616.57 21.23 10564.88
and Capital Gains
Tax based on
155.50
0.64
188.06 0.64 244.99
0.69
292.58
0.72
342.58
Remuneration
Property Tax
358.84
1.47
534.02 1.81 667.11
1.87
939.94
2.32 1204.40
Tax based on Goods
11056.10 45.24 12927.05 43.67 15771.84 44.23 18002.52 44.35 21976.43
and Services
Tax based on Foreign
4339.06 17.75 5693.18 19.23 6798.05 19.06 7484.12 18.44 8329.17
Trade
Other Taxes
132.38
0.54
160.52 0.54 200.77
0.56
259.84
0.64
283.60
21172.18 86.64 25921.49 87.57 31244.12 87.61 35595.57 87.7 42701.06
Net Tax Revenue
Income from Assets
1765.24
7.22 1760.84 5.95 2067.52 5.80 2270.87
5.60 2158.52
Income from the sales
691.31
2.83
1124.7 3.80 1164.53 3.26 1223.06
3.01 1304.48
of Goods and Services
Penalties, Fines and
31.56
0.13
33.82
0.11
45.28
0.13
125.43
0.31
51.44
Confiscations
Voluntary Handover
0.08
0.0
0.51
0.0
0.24
0.0
0.50
0.0
0.13
except Grants
Miscellaneous
776.92
3.18
760.77 2.57 1140.39 3.20 1371.21
3.38 1285.51
Revenue
Net Non-Tax
3265.11 13.36 3680.64 12.43 4417.95 12.39 4991.07 12.30 4800.08
Revenue
24437.29 100 29602.13 100 35662.07 100 40586.64 100 47501.14
Net Revenue
*Estimated Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office and budght speech of current F/Y 2015/16

2.34

22.24
0.72
2.54
46.26
17.53
0.60
89.89
4.54
2.75
0.11
0.0
2.71
10.11
100

On non-tax revenue mobilization front, property earned income tax is

expected to remain at Rs. 21.58 billion which would contribute 4.54
percent to the total revenue mobilization in current fiscal year 2015/16.
Such tax in the fiscal years from 2012/13 to 2014/15 had contributed
about 6 percent to the total revenue while this contributed Rs. 17.65
billion ( 7.22 percent) to the total revenue in FY 2011/12. On non-tax
revenue side, the share of fines and penalties in fiscal years from 2011/12
to 2013/14 had stood around 0.13 percent with this rose to 0.31 percent
in FY 2014/15. Current fiscal year 2015/16 is likely to see 0.11 percent
contribution of fines and penalties to the total revenue. The share of Nontax revenue receipt from the trading of goods and services to the total
revenue stood close to 3 percent in the fiscal years from 2011/12 to
2015/16. During the same period, the share of voluntary handover except
that of grants remained negligible and miscellaneous non-tax revenues
stood close to 3 percent.

33

Table 2(k) : Revenue Detail

(Revenue Detail of first eight months of fiscal year)
(In Rs. 10 million)
Revenue Heads

Fiscal Year
2014/15
Amount
Percent

2014/15
Amount
Percent

19.58

2444.62

12.09

4922.94

21.30

0.66
1.30
46.50
20.22
0.60
88.86
5.07

148.81
362.87
10614.21
4815.71
129.20
18515.41
491.92

0.73
1.79
52.50
23.82
0.64
91.57
2.43

181.59
447.45
10674.01
4153.67
139.15
20518.82
848.12

0.79
1.94
46.19
17.98
0.60
88.80
3.670

3.52

496.93

2.46

849.15

3.674

0.11
0.0
2.44
11.14
100

26.33
0.36
688.05
1703.59
20219

0.13
0.0
3.41
8.43
100

38.99
0.22
852.36
2588.84
23107.66

0.17
0.0
3.69
11.20
100

2013/14
Amount
Percent
Tax on Income, Profit and Capital
3754.36
Gains
125.50
Tax based on Remuneration
249.20
Property Tax
8914.70
Tax based on Goods and Services
Tax based on Foreign Trade
3876.64
115.14
Other Taxes
17035.54
Net Tax Revenue
Income from Assets
971.35
Income from the sales of Goods and
675.30
Services
Penalties, Fines and Confiscations
20.23
Voluntary Handover except Grants
0.21
468.55
Miscellaneous Revenue
2135.64
Net Non-Tax Revenue
19171.18
Net Revenue
Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office

2.35

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, revenue
mobilization totaled to Rs 231.07 billion with tax revenue sharing
88.80 percent and non-tax 11.20 percent. Despite uncomfortable
situation that economy encountered in this year, this level of revenue
mobilization is still higher by 14.28 percent as compared to the
corresponding period of previous fiscal year. In the current fiscal year
2015/16, contribution of goods and services based taxes to total revenue
has been highest with 46.19 percent as in its two consecutive preceding
fiscal years. Likewise, except for remuneration based income tax
collected on direct taxes side, and fines, penalties and grants on the
indirect taxes side, taxes handed over through voluntary tax filings in this
period has contributed less than one percent to the total tax revenue
collected in this period.
Though there has been almost equal
contribution of tax and non-tax revenues to the total revenue in the fiscal
years 2013/14 through to 2015/16, the shares of foreign trade based tax
to the total revenue in FY 2013/14 and FY 2014/15 remained 20.22
percent and 23.82 percent respectively while such contribution declined
to 17.98 percent in current fiscal year 2015/16 as a result of obstructions
at border points.

34

Foreign Grants
2.36

Of the total budgetary allocation made for the current fiscal year
2015/16, foreign grants is estimated to cover Rs. 110.92 billion. A total
of Rs. 36.37 billion grants was mobilized in fiscal year 2014/15. The
estimated foreign grant for the current fiscal year is higher by about 205
percent than that of previous fiscal year. About Rs. 49.81 billion as
foreign grant was mobilized in FY 2011/12 while such grants totaled to
Rs. 35.22 billion and 33.96 billion respectively in its two consecutively
succeeding fiscal years.

2.37

The shares of multilateral and bilateral grants in the total foreign grants
stood at 51.60 percent and 48.40 percent respectively in fiscal year
2014/15. Of the total foreign grants in current fiscal year, multilateral
grant is expected to reach Rs. 66.34 billion while Rs. 44.58 billion is
likely to come as bilateral grant with their respective shares of 59.8
percent and 40.2 percent to such total. The shares of multilateral and
bilateral grants to the total foreign grants were almost equal in fiscal
years 2011/12 and 2013/14 while share of multilateral grant stood at
52.35 percent and that of bilateral grants remained at 47.65 percent in FY
2012/13.

2.38

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2013/14, foreign grants
of Rs. 17.11 billion has been mobilized while such grants of Rs. 14.30
billion and Rs. 11.57 billion were mobilized during the same period of
fiscal years 2014/15 and 2015/16. During this period, about Rs. 4 billion
with the highest share of such grant was mobilized on economic affair
heading while entertainment, culture, and religion had the lowest share of
grants with about Rs. 400 million or less. Especially, failure on capital
expenditure spending as expected has resulted in weak mobilization of
foreign grants as well.

Fiscal Deficit and Deficit Financing

2.39

Public expenditure has crucial role to drive the economy towards the
desired course. This would also help promote private sectors investment.
Revenue, foreign grants, principle repayment and recovery from
unaudited accounts among others are the governments sources of
income that are mobilized for public expenditure. Aside from this, fiscal
deficit is being adopted with the assumption that public expenditure will
be higher as compared to estimated government income in order to use
the available means and resources of economy to extent possible.
35

Through this, high and sustainable economic growths are expected by

maintaining economic stability. Fiscal deficit, where public expenditure
is higher than governments income, is met through the deficit financing.
In such case of deficit financing, the government manages funds to meet
its expenditure either through domestic loan or foreign debts or through
change in cash reserves or any or all of these measures. Arrangements
made by the government of Nepal for deficit financing in fiscal years
from 2011/12 to 2015/16 are as follows.
Table 2 (l) : Detail of Fiscal Deficit and Deficit Financing
(In Rs. 10 million)

Description
Fiscal Deficit

2011/12
5118.4

2012/13
2471.1

Fiscal Year
2013/14
3874

2014/15
8322

2015/16*
23152

1196.94
1904.28
630.17

2113.23
1998.28
294.79

2043.22
4236.75
- 1834.57

9496.47
8800.0
- 4855.53

Sources of Fiscal Deficit Financing

Foreign Debts
Domestic Borrowing
Change in Cash
Reserves(-)
Surplus(+)
*Estimated

1108.30
3641.86
- 368.19

Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office and budght speech of current F/Y 2015/16

2.40

In the current fiscal year 2015/16, of the allocated budget, the

governments income is likely to fall short by Rs. 231.52 billion resulting
in fiscal deficit. The share of this deficit to GDP that is estimated at Rs.
2248.69 billion for current fiscal year is likely to remain at 10.29 percent.
Likewise, fiscal deficit in current fiscal year 2015/16 is higher by 178.20
percent as compared to Rs.83.22 billion of previous fiscal year 2014/15.
The share of fiscal deficit to GDP of Rs. 2120.47 billion stood at 3.92
percent in previous fiscal year 2014/15. A target is set to finance the
fiscal deficit of current fiscal year through Rs. 94.96 billion as foreign
debts, Rs. 88 billion in the form of domestic borrowings and the rest Rs.
48.56 billion that still fell short is through the change in cash reserves.

2.41

In fiscal year 2011/12, government budget deficit had stood at Rs. 51.18
billion which dropped in its two consecutive subsequent fiscal years
reaching Rs, 24.71 billion and 38.74 billion respectively. Fiscal deficit
declined owing to the governments failure to mobilize allocated budget
at desired level during this period. The share of fiscal deficit in fiscal
years from 2011/12 to 2013/14 to the GDPs of their respective fiscal
years stood at 3.4 percent, 1.5 percent and 2.0 percent. Shares of such
36

deficits that ranged from 2 percent to 3.4 percent to their respective

GDPs during these fiscal years indicate that the government of Nepal has
space to expand its expenditures in productive sectors
2.42.

For financing fiscal deficit, foreign debts equivalent to Rs. 12 billion was
mobilized in fiscal years 2011/12 and 2012/13 while foreign debts of
about Rs. 21 billion was mobilized during the fiscal years 2013/14 and
2014/15. Domestic loan of Rs. 36.41 billion was mobilized in FY
2011/12 while in fiscal years 2012/13 and 2013/14, domestic loan of only
Rs. 20 billion was mobilized as spending of public expenditure at desired
level during these fiscal years was not visible.

2.43

In the first eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16, the total
outstanding public debt stood at Rs. 558.83 billion. Such amount during
the same period of previous fiscal year was Rs. 511 billion. Foreign debts
occupy nearly two-third space in the total outstanding public debts.

Total Public Debt and Payment

2.44

Public debts are used in order to mobilize means and resources that are
available actually in developing countries to the maximum extent to drive
the economy ahead dynamically. The total outstanding public debt has
stood at Rs. 544.91 billion until fiscal year 2014/15. Of this, the shares of
domestic and foreign debts are 37 percent and 63 percent respectively.
The outstanding public debt in FY 2010/11 that totaled Rs. 443.70 billion
rose gradually and reached 553.50 billion in previous fiscal year 2014/15.
The total outstanding public debt grew to 22.81 percent in FY 2014/15 as
compared to that of FY 2010/11.

2.45

Of the total public debts in FY 2013/14, principle repayment accounted

for Rs.41.87 billion while such repayment stood at Rs. 64.45 billion in its
subsequent fiscal year 2014/15. The principle repayment in FY 2014/15
is higher by about 54 percent as compared to that of its preceding year.
The principle repayment that accounted for Rs. 17.22 billion in FY
2010/11 started to grow gradually in its subsequent fiscal years.
Likewise, interest of Rs. 9.26 billion against total public debts was paid
in FY 2014/15 while such interest of Rs. 12.03 billion was paid in its
subsequent year. The interest against public debts ranging from Rs. 12
billion to Rs. 15 billion were paid in fiscal years from 2010/11 to

37

2012/13. Since public expenditure did not rise as expected in this period,
government of Nepal has increased its debt service payments. .
2.46.

In the first eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16, the total
outstanding public debts stood at Rs. 558.83 billion against Rs. 511
billion during the same period of last year (2.43 repeated). Likewise,
principle repayment of Rs. 31.74 billion together with Rs. 4.82 billion
interest against domestic and foreign debts have been paid during the
first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16. During the same
period of previous fiscal year 2014/15, such figures had stood at Rs.
23.77 billion and Rs. 5.46 billion respectively.

Table 2(m) : Outstanding Stock of Public Debt and Principle Repayment and
Interest Expenditure
(In Rs. 10 million)

Description
2011/12

Fiscal Year
2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

21392.06
30928.70
52320.76

21187.28
33344.20
54531.48

20668.86
34681.91
55350.77

20165.68
34326.18
54491.86

662.68
1353.24

2094.0
1419.0

2515.24
1672.46

4742.99
1702.78

2015.92

3513.0

4187.70

6445.77

1232.99
283.08
1516.07

1073.35
300.32
1373.67

867.26
336.52
1203.78

622.90
303.61
926.51

3531.99

4886.67

5391.48

7372.28

10.1

10.4

12.32

9.4

13.87

32.5

34.3

32.2

28.7

24.23

2010/11
Detail of Outstanding stock of debt
Domestic Debt
18419.90
Foreign Debt
25950.10
Total Debt
44370.0
Detail of Principle Repayment Expenditure
Domestic Debt
600.2
Foreign Debt
1121.81
Total Principle
1722.04
Repayment Expenditure
Detail of Interest Expenditure
Domestic Debt
1041.50
Foreign Debt
232.19
Total Interest Expenditure
1273.69
Total Debt Payment
2995.73
Expenditure
Total Debt Payment
Expenditure to
Government
Expenditure(In Percent)
Public Debt Share to GDP
(In Percent)

Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office and Nepal Rastra Bank

2.47

Ratios of Treasury bills, development bonds, national saving certificates,

citizen saving certificates and special bonds stood at 59.44 percent, 28.30
percent, 8.22 percent, 1.62 percent and 2.42 percent respectively to the
total domestic debt of FY 2014/15. Such ratios were 66.03 percent,
38

22.79 percent, 8.02 percent, 0.80 percent and 2.36 percent respectively in
its preceding fiscal year. During the fiscal years between 2011/12 and
2014/15, the structure of domestic debt remained consistent while
treasury bills to such borrowing had the highest share. . The high share of
Treasury bills in the structure of domestic debt, the government needs to
settle the payable debts liability at the shortest period and shift its
priority to long-term bonds so as to avoid the risky rinterest rate .
2.48

Of the total stock of outstanding domestic debt of the government, the

share of Nepal Rastra Bank in FY 2013/14 and FY 2012/13 stood at
13.64 percent and 11.58 percent respectively while that of commercial
banks during this period remained at 65.98 percent and 67.62 percent
respectively. Likewise, private sectors and other institutions shared 20.38
percent and 20.79 percent respectively during this period. The share of
Nepal Rastra Bank to total stock of outstanding domestic debt of
government in the fiscal years from 2011/12 to 2014/15 declined almost
by 20 percent and reached close to 11 percent. Thus declined share of
Nepal Rastra Bank to the domestic debt structure has increased
attractions of commercial banks, other institutions and private sectors.
This would further facilitate the government to mobilize the share of
public debts in appropriate size while mobilizing public finance.
Similarly, risks of foreign currency exchange loss could be minimized by
reducing the share of foreign debts in public debts and domestic capital
market could be further diversified and expanded through this.

4.49

The share of repayment principle and interest of public debts to the

governments total expenditure remained at 13.87 percent in previous
fiscal year 2014/15 against 12.39 percent that of its preceding fiscal year
2013/14. The share of debt service payments to government total
expenditure in fiscal years 2011/12 and 2012/13 stood at 10.41 percent
and 13.62 percent respectively. Likewise, public debts in fiscal years
2011/12 and 2012/13 had almost one third share in the GDP. Such share
declined in fiscal years 2013/14 and 2014/15 to 28.50 percent and 25.69
percent respectively. Through this, the possibility of increasing the share
of public debts in public finance mobilization is visible.

39

Financial Arrangement of Local Bodies

Income and Expenditure Status of Local Bodies
2.50

The government of Nepal has adopted policy of developing local level

programs based on decentralization principle by catching the spirit of
Local Self-Governance with a target of ensuring people's maximum
participation in countrys governance process. As envisaged by the new
Constitution of Nepal, initiatives have been taken to make the democratic
practices efficient from local level for delivering the fruits of democracy
among the people. The Government of Nepal, as per the constitutional
provision to transform the local bodies into a robust institution through
merger of their current structure by taking population, geography and
infrastructure into consideration, has constituted a commission to propel
the tasks of delineating the boundaries and identifying the number of
village government (Gaunpalika), municipal government (Nagarpalika),
and special, protected and autonomous areas. Currently, services are
being delivered through 75 District Development Committees (DDCs),
217 Municipalities and 3157 Village Development Committees (VDCs).

2.51

Primary education, primary health, agriculture and livestock extension,

local infrastructure, community drinking water sectors among others
have been conferred to local bodies in order to make the local bodies
more functional. Constitutional and legal arrangements have been made
in local bodies for ensuring means and resources required for achieving
their targets through mobilization of local revenues. Likewise the Nepal
government has made an arrangement to provide conditional and
unconditional bulk grants to local bodies. Along with the constitutional
provisions, Local Self-Governance Act, 1999, Local Self-Governance
Regulation, 2000, Local Bodies Resource Mobilization and Management
Procedure 2012 have granted rights to design and implement plans and
programs as per the people's needs and demands by mobilizing their
respective revenues in their priority accorded sectors.

2.52

The Local Body Fiscal Commission has been carrying out functions
related to conducting studies and researches on tax to be levied by local
bodies and revenues to be distributed among themselves, furnishing
advices to local bodies on policy related matter to make the tax system
time relevant, distributing grants to local bodies based on the criteria of
minimum condition and their work performance level, recommending the
best performing local bodies to reward them by the Nepal government.
Further, the Commission conducts local bodies internal resource
40

analysis, identification of new resource sectors, and determination of

unconditional grants to be provided to local bodies on the basis of
minimum condition and work performance criteria. The Commission has
set indicators of minimum condition and work performance measures 9
for DDCs, 10 for Municipalities and 7 for VDCs for their evaluation.
Apart from these, work performance evaluation is carried out by the
Commission based on work performance indicators 46, 40 and 13 for
DDCs, Municipalities and VDCs respectively. The Commission has been
making efforts to enhance quality through periodic review of such work
performance measures and indicators. System has been executed in such
a way that the cycle of minimum conditions and performance measures
in relation with unconditional grants set for local bodies shall complete in
every three years. Most of the local bodies have been able to perform
well on the basis of such evaluation but about one-third of the total
VDCs have not been able to achieve success at desired level.
Table 2 (n): Income and Expenditure Details of Local Bodies
(In Rs. 10 million)

Fiscal Year
Description

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

1. District Development Committee (DDC)

Grant received from Government
of Nepal

2985.33

2084.31

2671.0

2596.56

Net Income
A)Internal Resources
B) Revenue Disbursement

321.99

275.60

357.46

457.80

178.04

136.94

186.40

209.64

143.95

138.66

171.06

248.16

Total allocation made for

expenditure

3307.32

2359.91

3028.46

3054.36

2970.0

1795.82

2678.0

2519.85

504.92

428.42

334.52

496.67

Resources and Revenue Allocation

274.30

336.56

378.25

409.98

Total allocation made for

expenditure
Actual Total Expenditure

779.22

764.98

712.77

906.65

683.80

676.87

617.49

797.85

925.80

669.20

821.0

736.0

97.64

117.13

130.22

0.0

1023.44

786.33

951.22

736.0

765.87

764.91

934.04

730.41

Actual Expenditure
2. Municipality

Grant received from Government

of
Nepal
Total
Amount of Internal

3. Village Development Committee (VDC)

Grant received from Government
of Nepal
Total Amount of Internal
Resources and Revenue Allocation
Total allocation made for
expenditure
Actual Total Expenditure

Summary
41

Description
Total Internal Income of Local
Bodies
Total Receipt of Grant in Local
Bodies
Total Income of Local Bodies
Share of Internal Income in Total
Income (%)

Fiscal Year
2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

693.93

729.29

865.93

867.78

4416.05

3181.93

3826.52

3829.23

5109.98

3911.22

4692.45

4697.01

13.58

18.65

18.45

18.48

Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office and Local Development and Fiscal commission Secretariat of Local
bodies

Government Grant to Local Bodies

2.53

Tasks mainly in the sectors like development of local infrastructure,

social security, social mobilization and empowerment, poverty reduction,
environment friendly development, social service delivery at local levels,
local good governance including reconstruction subsequent to the
earthquake and infrastructure are being carried out through local bodies
in line with the spirit of decentralization. The government of Nepal has
been providing the major chunk of its expenditure in the form of grants
to local bodies for their failure to mobilize their own internal means and
resources to meet their desired goals. The status details of resource
mobilization of local bodies are as follows:

District Development Committee (DDC) Grants

2.54

District Development Committees are provided with grants for providing

economic, social supports and empowering people thereby supporting in
poverty reduction through institutionalization of inclusive development
that is based on the needs and demands of local people with their own
direct involvements while utilizing local skills, labor, means, and
resources. The government of Nepal provided nearly Rs. 29.85 billion
as grant to the DDCs in FY 2011/12 while such grants stood between Rs.
21 billion and Rs. 26 billion in the fiscal years from 2012/13 to 2014/15.
Towards DDCs internal sources and revenue disbursement sides, the
income stood at Rs. 4.57 billion in FY 2014/15 while such income
remained close to Rs. 3 billion in fiscal years from 2011/12 to 2013/14.
During this period, the DDCs have spent about 80 to 90 percent of their
total allocated fund. Enhancing internal resource mobilization capacity is
apparent since the contribution of the grants hovers around just 85
percent to 90 percent.

42

Municipal Grants
2.55

Municipalities are being provided with recurrent and capital grants with
the objective of reducing poverty and attaining socio-economic
development through the development of physical infrastructures thereby
strengthening their service delivery mechanism. Towards recurrent side,
tasks such as institutional development, economic and administrative
strengthening, resource mobilization and coordination, environment and
sustainable development related policies, formulation, coordination,
monitoring and evaluation together with setting an appropriate weighing
system for grant disbursement are being carried out while on capital
grants front, physical infrastructure works are being performed. The
government of Nepal had provided grants of Rs. 5.04 billion in FY
2011/12 while such grants stood at Rs. 4.28 billion in FY 2012/13, Rs.
3.34 billion in its immediate subsequent fiscal year and Rs. 4.96 in FY
2014/15. Grant of about Rs. 4 billion was mobilized through
municipalitys internal resources and revenue disbursement in FY
2014/15 while such grants ranged from Rs. 2.74 billion to 3.78 billion
between FY 2011/12 and FY 2013/14. During this period, internal
resources contributed about 40percent to 60 percent to total expenditure
while other expenditures were covered by the grants.

Village Development Committee (VDC) Grant

2.56

The government of Nepal has been disbursing grants to VDCs in order to

institutionalize local peoples need based development initiatives through
the utilization of local skills, labor, means and resources. The
government of Nepal had provided grants of Rs. 9.25 billion to VDS in
FY 2011/12 while such grants dropped to Rs. 6.69 billion in its
succeeding fiscal year 2012/13, Rs. 8.21 billion in FY 2013/14 and Rs.
7.36 billion in its subsequent fiscal year 2014/15. Likewise, Rs. 970
million was mobilized through their internal resources and revenue
disbursement in FY 2011/12 while their internal resources rose to Rs.
1.17 billion and Rs. 1.30 billion respectively in its two consecutive
subsequent fiscal years. The internal resources of VDCs contributed from
10 percent to 15 percent to its total expenditure.

2.57

The amount garnered through local bodies internal resources and

revenue disbursement totaled nearly Rs. 7 billion in fiscal years 2011/12
and 2012/13 while such amount grew to 8.65 billion in FY2013/14. This
43

seemed to have contributed about 13-19 percent to the total expenditure.

During this period, the government of Nepal has provided grants from
Rs. 31 billion to Rs. 44 billion to the local bodies.
Local Development Tax Fund
2.58

The government of Nepal that had been carrying out planned

development and construction works in former 58 municipalities
through an arrangement of auxiliary fund out of 1.5 percent octroi
raisedat various customs points at and deposited in the local development
fund. Since FY 2008/09, the government, however, has been allocating
budget from its own source through which physical infrastructure
development works are being carried out. Of Rs. 2.61 billion earmarked
for Local Development Fund in FY 2014/15, a sum of Rs. 1.6 billion was
provided to the municipalities as unconditional grant while Rs. 1 billion
was earmarked for auxiliary fund programs. Of the approved total 315
physical infrastructure development programs planned to be completed
through utilization of the reserve fund, 222 of those have been completed
including black topped road, drainage, drinking water, landfill site
construction, procurement of fire brigades, and waste management.
During the first eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16,
unconditional capital grant was provided through Local Development
Fund for the construction of physical infrastructure in those 58
municipalities while cost involvement based projects are being operated
through the auxiliary fund. Under this, 286 municipal projects have been
approved and Rs. 10.38 billion earmarked for their implementation
where works are underway. For cost involvement based projects of 133
newly declared municipalities, each of them was provided with Rs. 8
million 743 thousand through which physical infrastructure development
projects are being implemented.

2.59

The government of Nepal has been providing recurrent and capital grants
to the local bodies. For the current fiscal year 2015/16, a sum of Rs. 3.87
billion has been allocated as grants for District Development Committees
(DDCs). Of this, recurrent grant accounts for Rs. 2.30 billion while Rs.
1.36 billion is allocated as capital grant. Recurrent and capital grants of
DDCs for fiscal year 2011/12 had stood at 5.91 billion while such grants
in fiscal years from 2012/13 to 2014/15 ranged from Rs. 3.32 billion to
Rs. 4.43 billion.

2.60

Recurrent and capital grants for Village Development Committees

(VDCs) amounted Rs. 9.25 billion in FY 2011/12 while that for 2013/14
44

stood at Rs. 8.21 billion which went down near to Rs. 7 billion in fiscal
years 2012/13 and 2014/15. Such grants in the current fiscal year
2015/16 remained at 8.05 billion. Recurrent grants that stood at Rs. 1.56
billion in fiscal years from 2011/12 to 2014/15 slid to Rs. 1.41 billion in
the current fiscal year.
Table 2 (o) : Government Grant to Local Bodies
(In Rs. 10 million)
Fiscal Year
Grant
Recurrent Grant to DDC
Capital Grant to DDC
Total
Recurrent Grant to VDC
Capital Grant to VDC
Total
Recurrent Grant to
Municipalities
Capital Grant to
Municipalities
Total
Local Development Fund
Capital
Local Development Fund
Recurrent
Total
Grant Total

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2014/15

230.0
361.0
591.0
769.20
156.60
925.80

133.68
309.79
443.48
512.65
156.60
669.25

137.0
195.0
332.0
664.40
156.60
821.0

127.30
207.40
334.70
579.40
156.60
736.0

136.96
230.49
367.46
663.44
141.74
805.18

Share of
Total
Budget
1.77
2.98
4.76
8.59
1.84
10.42

60.0

94.14

115.0

378.80

506.56

6.56

11.0

11.0

0.0

36.0

123.01

1.59

71.0

105.14

115.0

414.80

629.57

8.15

190.0

123.70

195.68

200.43

234.63

3.04

40.0

39.97

64.32

61.12

108.73

1.41

230.0
1817.80

163.68
1381.55

260.0
1528.0

261.55
1747.05

343.37
2145.59

4.45
27.78

Source: Financial Comptrollers General Office and Local Development and Fiscal commission Secretariat of Local
bodies

2.61

In current fiscal year 2015/16, municipalities are provided grants with a

total of Rs. 6.29 billion including Rs. 1.23 billion as recurrent grant and
Rs. 5.06 billion as capital grant. Such grants in FY 2011/12 had stood at
only Rs. 710 million. In fiscal years from 2012/13 to 2014/15,
governments grants to the municipalities rose to Rs. 1.05 billion and
reached Rs. 4.14 billion.

2.62

Local Development Fund that contained the grant sum of Rs. 2.30 billion
in FY 2011/12 shrunk to Rs. 1.63 in its subsequent fiscal year. Likewise,
the recurrent and capital grants for the fiscal years 2013/14 and 2014/15
that had remained at Rs.2.60 billion grew to Rs. 3.43 billion in current
fiscal year. Such grants shared 27.78 percent to the total budget of
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development wherein the shares of
DDCs, Municipalities, VDCs and Local Development Fund stood at 4.76
percent, 10.42 percent, 8.15 percent and 4.45 percent respectively. The
45

share of recurrent grants to the total grants is higher in DDCs whereas

that of capital grants to such total is more in VDCs, municipalities and
Local Development Fund.
Problems and Challenges
2.63

The demand of public expenditure has continued to grow for expediting

the pace of development and construction works and meeting peoples
broad aspirations. The requirement of public expenditure will certainly
escalate in the process of adopting federal governance system while
promulgating new constitution. Maintaining balance among public
expenditures demand, need and availability has been a complex task.

2.64

The share of revenue mobilization to GDP is close to 20 percent. Such

ratio generally stands at 35 percent in countries advancing towards
development. The task of mobilizing revenue in accordance with its
viability remains a challenge.

2.65

Recurrent expenditure generally occupies one-fourth space in Nepals

total public expenditure while capital expenditure shares merely 15
percent to such total. Though recurrent expenditure complies with
estimation, capital expenditure seems to remain below par. Despite fiscal
deficit being executed to optimally mobilize public resources, budget
surplus is likely to repeat at the end of the every fiscal year which poses
challenge to attest the effectiveness of capital expenditure.

2.66

Nepals public debts hold about one-fourth space in GDP. In some

developed countries, such ratio is found to exceed 100 percent with the
objective of mobilizing financial instruments to their maximum extent.
There exists a possibility to utilize public debts for ensuring resources on
development initiatives. Result oriented Implementation of means and
resources to be mobilized so is still lacking.

2.67

Optimum utilization of available financial instruments by making the

economy vibrant is a must to achieve sustainable economic
development.. Aside from generating revenue potentials, resources for
the large projects that can bring effective changes in development context
through the organized mobilization of public debts can be guaranteed.
The task for utilizing rarely available financial instruments to make them
result oriented emains a challenge.

46

3. Price and Supply

Inflation has soared in FY2015/16 as compared to that of previous fiscal year due to
uncomfortable supply situation in Nepal. Despite monetary expansion contained
within a desirable limit, lesser Indian price pressure, lower petroleum prices, and
lower rate of world inflation in Nepal has risen in the current fiscal year due to
uncomfortable supplies of essential commodities. During first eight months of the
current fiscal year, supply of petroleum products together with that of food items
has dropped. It is imperative to give emphasis on raising the agricultural
production and productivity, developing distribution and price information systems,
establishing regular monitoring system for carrying out daily monitoring of
wholesalers stock of most essential commodities, and raising the storage capacity
of food and petroleum products.

The Trend and Structure of Inflation

5 /1

2 01

4 /1

2 01

3 /1

2 01

2 /1

2 01

1 /1

2 01

0 /1

2 01

9 /1

2 00

8 /0

2 00

7 /0

6 /0

5 /0

2 00

2 00

47

6*

Several factors have been affecting Nepals inflation rate for many years
which have posed a serious challenge to the short-term initiatives for
containing
the
inflationary
rate
within
the
desired
limit. During
the last 10
years,
Nepals
inflation rate
that
had
reached the
apex with 12.6 percent in FY 2008/09 descended to 9.9 percent in FY
2012/13. The average inflation rate of the first eight months of the
current fiscal year still hold the top position with 9.7 percent. To bring
high inflation rate under control, tasks such as increasing production
through the enhancement of domestic production capacity particularly on
supply side, making the legal provision effective so as to maintain
healthy competition among all sectors of economy, increasing the storage
capacity of petroleum products to ease the energy supply situation, and
completing the ongoing hydroelectricity projects within the stipulated
time are to be carried out.
2 00

3.1

3.2

The
average
inflation rate
of Nepal in last
five years has
stood at 8.8
percent while
that of food
and beverage
group
remained
at
10.8
percent
and non-food
and
service
group
averaged 7.3
percent. For, such higher inflation rate during this period, food and
beverage groups seemed to be more responsible than the non-food and
service group.

3.3

Food and beverage group is found to have remained volatile than n onfood items and service group owing to its higher price, increased
agricultural production and supply situation.

3.4

Nepals price level used to be influenced mainly by structural, monetary,

and Indian price situation while in this fiscal year, it has been highly
affected by the border obstructions that impeded imports of goods.
Nepal, despite able to contain monetary expansion within a desirable
limit, less price rise in the Indian market, decreased oil prices in
international market, and low global inflation rate, witnessed higher
inflation rate in this year as compared to previous fiscal year due mainly
to uneasy supply situation.

3.5

Inflation rate in the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16
averaged 9.7 percent against merely 7.2 percent that of previous fiscal
year. By mid-March of FY2015/16, an annual consumer inflation rate on
point to point basis stood at 10.2 percent against 9 percent during the
same period last year. Later months of current fiscal year saw continuous
decline in the consumer inflation rate while such rate had reached the top
point with 12.1 percent by mid-February 2016.

48

Table 3(a): Consumer Price Index based Annual Point to Point

Inflation Rate
(Base Year 2014/15=100)
Month
Mid-August
Mid-September

2011/12
7.7

2012/13
11.9

2013/14
7.9

2014/15
7.5

8.0

7.6

(Percentage Change)
2015/16
6.9

8.5

11.2

Mid-October

7.2

8.9

10.5

8.4

7.5

8.2

Mid-November

8.5

10.5

10.0

7.2

10.4

Mid-December

7.5

10.4

10.3

7.0

11.6

Mid-January

6.8

9.8

9.7

6.8

12.1

Mid-February

7.0

10.1

8.8

7.0

11.3

Mid-March
Mid-April

7.0
7.5

10.2
9.5

8.9
9.4

7.0
6.9

10.2
-

Mid-May

8.7

8.7

9.7

7.1

Mid-June

9.9

8.2

9.5

7.4

Mid-July

11.5

7.8

8.1

7.6

Average

8.3

9.9

9.1

7.2

9.7

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Group-wise Consumer Price Situation

3.6

While analyzing on group-wise basis, the price index of good and

beverage group increased by 10.3 percent by mid-February 2016 on point
to point basis while such index had grown by 9.5 percent in the same
period of previous fiscal year. The reason behind such high price index
was mainly due to the rise of double digits in the prices of pulse, dairy
products and eggs, ghee and oil, spices and liquor items. According to
this, the prices of sub-group under food and beverage groups including
those of pulses rose by 31.6 percent, dairy products and egg by 11.9
percent, ghee and oil by 18.8 percent, spices by 16.6 percent and liquor
by 14.5 percent. Aside from this, prices of food grains and food grain
products together with restaurant and hotel sub-group have also increased
sharply.

3.7

Price index of non-food item and service group has increased by 10.2
percent on point-to point basis by mid-March, 2016 while this had
increased by 4.9 percent on the same basis by mid-March, 2015. The
price index of this group remained high due to the higher price rise in the
49

sub-groups including those of garments and foot wares, household

commodities, service and education. Of the non-food items and service
group, price index of garments and foot-wares including shoes and flipflops has stood highest with the rise of 15.3 percent while that of
household items and service sub-group rose by 13.1 percent and
education sub-group by 12.4 percent.

Table 3 (b): Point to Point Changes in National CPI

(Base Year 2014/15 = 100)
(Percent Change)
Consumable Items

Fiscal Year (Mid-March)

Weight
Percentage

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16

100
46.8
14.8
2.0
5.7
5.7
5.0
2.7
2.2
1.4

7.0
4.2
-2.4
-1.8
5.1
5.8
17.4
13.3
9.8
5.9

10.2
11.3
12.9
12.6
9.4
17.1
7.3
13.9
5.2
12.0

8.9
10.8
11.7
6.8
13.9
13.5
6.7
0.3
14.1
-3.5

7.0
9.5
7.8
16.7
4.8
9.9
16.8
-0.4
10.4
-0.1

10.2
10.3
9.2
31.6
6.8
6.5
11.9
18.8
9.2
6.7

Spices

1.5

-12.1

5.5

10.5

12.0

16.6

Soft Drinks

1.0

6.0

12.0

2.4

4.2

4.7

Liquors

1.7

9.2

4.4

22.5

21.1

14.5

Tobacco Products

0.9

9.0

11.4

25.3

26.6

7.9

Restaurant and Hotels

2.4

11.4

12.2

9.5

11.3

9.9

Total (A+B)
A. Food and Beverage
Cereals and Cereal made Items
Lentils
Vegetables
Meat and Fish
Dairy Products and Eggs
Ghee and Oil
Fruits
Sugar and Sweets

50

53.2

9.4

9.3

7.1

4.9

10.2

8.5

15.2

11.5

12.2

10.0

15.3

10.9

6.3

9.7

5.1

0.9

13.1

Furnishing and Household Equipment

4.9

13.4

12.7

9.4

8.9

6.8

Health

3.3

6.4

6.5

9.1

4.3

2.5

Transportation

6.0

17.0

8.4

4.9

0.5

3.4

Communication

3.6

-8.2

-2.1

0.1

0.3

5.7

Recreation and Culture

5.4

8.8

6.2

7.5

6.2

4.8

Education

8.5

8.9

12.5

7.8

5.5

12.4

Other Goods and Services

2.2

9.9

10.8

6.5

8.3

8.1

B. Non-Food Items and Services

Clothing and footwear
Household Items and Service

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Region-wise Consumer Price Situation

3.8

While analysing from regional perspective, consumer inflation rate of

Kathmandu Valley remained at 12.7 percent hills accounted for 10.4
percent while that of Terai stood at 8.6 percent. While in previous fiscal
year, such index of both Kathmandu valley and hills was 7.1 percent and
that of Terai was 6.9 percent.

Wholesale Price Index

3.9

Wholes
ale
price
inflatio
n rate
on
pointto-point
basis
remaine
d 5.5 in
midMarch of 2015/16 remained which is equal to that of corresponding
period of previous fiscal year. During the first eight months of the
current fiscal year 2015/16, price index of agricultural commodities
51

under wholesale price has increased by 9.1 percent and that of

domestically produced goods by 6.3 percent while such index of
imported goods dropped by 2.8 percent. The price index of such groups
had increased by 8.4 percent and 6.0 percent respectively while that of
imported goods had decreased by 0.8 percent respectively during the
same period of previous fiscal year.
Table 3 (c): Annual Point to Point Changes of National Wholesale Price
Index
(Base Year 1999/2000 = 100)
(Percent Change)
Group
Over All Index
Agricultural Products
Domestically Produced Industrial Goods
Imported Goods
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

3.10

Fiscal Year (Mid-March)

Weight
Percent

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

100.0
49.6
20.4
30.0

6.3
1.7
9.5
13.0

9.0
12.3
3.5
6.6

8.3
11.3
6.7
3.7

5.5
8.4
6.0
-0.8

2015/16 (Mid
March)
5.5
9.1
6.3
-2.8

Under the agro-products group, the prices pulse and spices sub groups
have increased dramatically by 47.3 percent and 20.6 percent
respectively. Likewise, the prices of fruits and vegetable sub group have
grown by 9.4 percent. Under the domestically produced industrial goods
group, prices of beverage and tobacco products have registered highest
growth of 8.7 percent while under the imported goods while those of
transport materials and machineries under imported goods group attained
lofty growth of 6.8 percent but those of petroleum products and coal slid
by 12.8 percent.

National Salary and Wage Rate Index

3.11

During review period, the annual point-to-point salary and wage rate
index increased by 4.6 percent against 6.8 percent increase during the
same period of previous fiscal year. During this period, salary index has
increased by 0.8 percent and wage rate index by 5.5 percent. On the
salary index, so of the banks and financial institutions, education and
public enterprises sub-groups have registered growth of 2.3 percent, 1.5
percent and 0.7 percent respectively. Likewise, wage-rate index of
construction laborers, agriculture laborers, and industrial laborers have
increased by 10.2 percent, 5.6 percent and 3.6 percent respectively.

52

Table 3 (d): Annual Point to Point Change of National Salary and Wage Rate Index
(2004/05 = 100)
(Percent change)
Consumables Goods

Weight
Percent

Fiscal Year (Mid-March)

100.0
27.0
2.8

2011/12
27.6
19.3
18.7

2012/13
7.8
0.0
0.0

2013/14
16.9
26.4
31.3

2014/15
6.8
7.6
9.7

2015/16
4.6
0.8
0.0

1.2 Public Enterprises

1.1

28.0

0.0

27.6

7.5

0.7

1.3 Bank and Financial Institutions

0.6

42.4

0.0

47.7

4.3

2.3

Overall Index
1. Salary Index
1.1 Civil Service

1.4 Army and Police Force

4.0

26.5

0.0

34.5

8.5

0.0

1.5 Education
1.6 Private Institutions

10.6
7.9

19.1
8.6

0.0
0.0

30.5
0.0

9.1
0.0

1.5
0.0

2. Wage Index

73.0

29.8

9.6

14.8

6.6

5.5

2.1 Agriculture Labour

39.5

27.1

12.5

11.1

7.9

5.6

2.2 Industrial Labour

25.2

34.3

4.7

24.8

2.7

3.6

2.3 Construction Labour

8.3

34.1

6.3

10.0

10.4

10.2

Fifth Household Budget Survey

3.12

National National Consumer Price Index being published by Nepal

Rastra Bank has been updated. For this, fifth household budget survey
work is completed. The sole objective of this survey was to prepare a
commodity basket of goods and services with the revised weights
calculated on the basis of details on household family consumable goods
and services collected for updating consumer price index. Recent
consumer price index incorporates 496 goods and services. The
consumer price index of goods and services incorporated in commodity
basket shares 97 percent of the total consumable expenditure of
household families. In the price index prepared through the fifth
household budget survey, the weight for food and beverage holds 43.91
percent and for non-food items and services is 56.09 percent. Such
weights in previous fiscal year were 46.82 and 53.18 percent
respectively.

Retail Prices of Daily Consumable Goods

3.13 Review of average retail prices ten major agricultural commodities among

daily consumable items ( rice, wheat flour, black-grams, lentils, mustard

oil, clarified butter, mutton, potato, dried onion and fresh ginger) reveals
that the price of other items except that of potato, onion and ginger has
gone up by mid-March 2016. Likewise, until this period, the price of other
items except that of pulses and ghee appears to be lower in Terai than hills.
53

Table 3 (e): Average Retail Price of Some Major Commodities

(Price in Rs. per KG)
2015/16*
S. No.

Items

Hill

Terai

Nepal

Mid-August

Mid-March

Mid-August

Mid-March

Mid-August

Mid-March

45.6

48.1

39.0

34.9

42.3

41.5

Coarse Rice

Wheat Flour

47.3

53.5

38.0

41.0

42.6

47.3

Black Lentil

167.3

193.3

171.3

227.2

169.3

210.3

Pigeon Peas

175.3

187.5

194.7

256.4

185.0

222.0

Mustard Oil Per Liter

177.7

220.7

170.7

204.4

174.2

212.6

Clarified Ghee

728.3

740.0

777.3

799.7

752.8

769.8

Mutton

658.3

673.3

640.0

659.0

649.2

666.2

Red Potato

39.5

37.7

28.3

22.2

33.9

30.0

Dry Onion

74.0

45.7

83.3

34.7

78.7

40.2

10

Ginger Fresh

134.7

97.7

133.3

53.3

134.0

75.5

Source: Department of Agriculture, Directorate of Agriculture Promotion and Market Development,

Hariharbhawan *Preliminary

Price of Crude Oil and Gold in International Market

3.14

During review period, price of crude oil in the international market has
dropped sharply. Reasons behind such steep fall in the price of crude oil
in the international market are reduced economic growth rate of
emerging countries, unchanged production volume of oil producing
countries despite low its demand and increased oil production volume of
the United States of America among others. The price of Crude Oil Brent
in the international market was US $ 54.8 a barrel until mid March 2015
while this dropped by 28.1 percent to US $ 39.41 a barrel by mid-March
2016.
Table 3(f): Prices of oil and gold in International market

2015

2016

2014

2015

2016

Percentage Change
MidMid-July
March
2014
2015 2015 2016

104.7

57.3

108.1

54.8

39.41

-4.0

-45.3

-49.3

-28.1

1310.0

1144.44

1385.0

1152.0

1264.8

2.0

-12.6

-16.8

9.8

Mid-July
2014
Oil (Dollar Per
109.1
Barrel)*
Gold (Dollar
1284.8
per Ounce)**
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

3.15

Mid-March

*Crude Oil Brent ** Based on London Rate

The price of gold that had stood at US$ 1,152 per ounce until mid-March
2015 went up to US$ 1,265 an ounce with an increase of 9.8 percent by
the same period of current fiscal year.
54

Price Trend of Petroleum Products in Nepal

3.16

During review period, fall in the price of petroleum products in

international market caused to decline its retail price of petroleum
products in Nepal as well. Of the petroleum products, the price of petrol
that had
stood at
Rs. 120
per litre
in
FY
2011/12
went up
Rs. 135
per litre
in
FY
2013/14
and suddenly dropped to Rs. 99 a litre in FY 2015/16. Likewise, the price
of diesel and kerosene was Rs. 46 per litre in FY 2011/12 which
gradually increased and rested at Rs. 106 per litre in FY 2013/14 but slid
again to Rs. 75 a litre in FY 2015/16.

3.17

Arrangement for wholesale distribution of petroleum products are being

made through Biratnagar, Birgunj, Amlekhgunj, Kathmandu, Pokhara,
Bhairahawa, Nepalgunj, Surkhet, Dang, Dhangadhi, Dipayal and
Janakpur. Both the wholesale and retail prices of petroleum products are
set on the basis distance between the depot sites and their respective
border custom points. The retail price of petrol in Kathmandu valley
stands at Rs. 99 a litre as of mid-March 2016 while that of diesel and
kerosene is Rs. 75 a litre. Likewise, the price of LP Gas is Rs. 1400 per
cylinder and that of aviation fuel is Rs. 109 a litre.

Supply Situation
3.18

The devastating earthquake coupled with the disruption in supply of

petroleum products since August last year has badly affected the supply
of food items and salt. Shortage of fuel mainly petrol, diesel and LP Gas
due to border obstruction crippled the lives of the people leading near to
humanitarian crisis. Likewise, shortage of construction materials affected
the post earthquake construction projects that had just started gaining
momentum. Shortage of fuel affected timely supplies of food grains and
salt needed in the targeted areas. Such situation led to price hike,
55

artificial shortage and black marketing thereby causing daily lives of the
people extremely difficult.
Table 3 (g): Supply of Petroleum Products
Petroleum
Products
Petrol (KL)
Diesel (KL)
Kerosene (KL)
Aviation Fuel (KL)
Total
LPG Gas (MT)

For First Eight Months

2014/15
2015/16
186965
118987
583242
344204
13541
6881
94854
41501
878602
511573
165975
95017

Percentage Change
Mid-March/Mid-March
-36.4
-41.0
-49.2
-56.2
-41.8
-42.8

Source: Ministry of Supplies, Government of Nepal

3.19

Due to the obstructions at Indo-Nepal border points, the supply of petrol

decreased by 36.4 percent, diesel by 41 percent, aviation fuel by 56.2
percent, LP Gas by 42.8 percent and that of kerosene by 49.2 percent in
the first eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16 as compared to the
corresponding period of previous fiscal year.

3.20

Salt Trading Corporation has been delivering salt in the grant assistance
of the government of Nepal in 13 remote districts and 9 moderately
remote districts with the objective of providing relief to the people of
these districts and meeting their iodine requirement. Of the target set to
transport 66,783 quintals of iodized salt to 22 remote districts including
13 remotest, and nine moderately remote districts for the fiscal year
2015/16, a total of 39,344 quintals of iodized salt has been transported
during the review period.

3.21

Continuity has been given in the current fiscal year as well to

transportation of food grains to 23 remote mountainous and hilly districts
through Nepal Food Corporation under the policy of ensuring unhindered
and regular supply of food grains to those districts. In this process, 4,700
MT of food grains has been transported until mid-March 2016 against the
target of 15,300 MT set for the current fiscal year. Likewise, of the target
to store33, 000 MT of food grains in buffer stock under in National Food
Security Reserve, and SAARC Food Security Bank, a total of 18,600 MT
of food stuff has been stored until mid-March 2016.

3.22

A separate Ministry of Supplies has been established in December of

current fiscal year 2015/16 with a view to make the supply arrangement
sustainably effective and and reliable by promoting national interests and
protecting the rights and interests of consumers thereby ensuring an
environment towards making quality consumable goods and services
56

easily available through the arrangement of healthy and competitive

supply system for goods and services.
Issues and Challenges
3.23

Despite several policy initiatives that were taken in the past to contain
inflation rate within the desired limit, such rates still continue to remain
high. This indicates that several multidimensional aspects are responsible
for determining the price level while various factors have been playing
roles on raising the rate of inflation. Though Indian inflation, price hike
in petroleum products, syndicate among others were considered
responsible for high inflation in the past, border obstructions and
disruption in the supply of petroleum products, and most essential
commodities have been reasons for such high price inflation in the
current fiscal year. Thus, there lies a challenge to bring the inflation
under control, and make supply situation smooth by regularizing demand
and market based provisions through the adoption of monetary and fiscal
policies.

3.24

It is necessary to carry out tasks like making distribution system

organized to bring inflation under control, expanding the storage capacity
of essential commodities, making the market monitoring effective,
making cartel / syndicate systems punishable, making the distribution of
petroleum products more organized, enhancing the agricultural
production and productivity, developing mechanism for the imports of
food items as per the projection. Likewise, tasks such as completing the
ongoing hydroelectricity projects within stipulated time, developing
distribution and pricing information systems to reduce the margin of
middlemen in the trading of agro-products, developing daily monitoring
system for the monitoring of wholesalers stock of essential goods and
increasing the storage capacity of petroleum products also require equal
attention.

3.25

Though Nepals price situation is influenced by investment, supply and

structural changes in the short-term, long-term price determining factors
have been overall demand and money supply. The price of Nepal appears
to be affected mostly by international prices of commodities and
petroleum products that are being imported via India and disruptions in
their supplies. Nepals prices could only be stabilized if coordinated
pricing policy is formulated by incorporating both supply and demand.

57

4. Money and Banking

The pressure emerged through the uneasy situation as a result of the impact of
damage rendered by the earthquake and border obstructions that overall economy
faced has hit the monetary and banking sectors too. Despite rise in liquidity of the
banking sector due to increase in remittance inflow, foreign loan and grants with
decreased imports; growth rate credit is slightly lower due to lack of expansion in
economic activities. Though the banking sector easily bore the brunt of the first
phase of earthquake and obstructions rendered to Nepal's international trade with
variables of the financial sector remaining stable, the situation has made it
imperative to be watchful to avoid potential effects with passage of time.

4.1

While analyzing overall situation, the situation of monetary and banking

sector appears to remain stable and balanced despite shrunken economic
growth in fiscal year 2015/16. The current high liquidity in the banking
sector has offered opportunity of financial resource management together
with challenges for revival of economy and broadening of investment.
Working guidelines of integrated economic policy requires to be
followed by balancing the opportunities and challenges emerging with
the expansion of economic activities. This chapter encompasses the
situation of Nepals monetary and banking sector, policy arrangements
related to this sector together with problems and challenges.

Monetary Policy
4.2

Nepal Rastra
Bank, pursuant
to
Nepal
Rastra Bank
Act, 2002, has
to publish its
monetary
policy
programs and
implement
them. As per
this Act, for
sustainable
economic
development,

Box 4 (A): Key Indicators of Monetary Policy

Average inflation remained 9.7 percent in the first
eight months against its projected annual average
target of 8.5 percent.
Foreign exchange reserve is sufficient to cover
imports of goods and services for 15.8 months in first
eight months against the target level reserve to cover
at least for 8 months.
The growth rate of broad money supply remained at
11.5 percent in the first eight months against its
projected annual growth of 18 percent to maintain the
economic growth target.
The credit to private sector increased by 11.6 percent
in first eight months against its annual projected
growth of 20 percent.

58

Nepal Rastra Bank shall formulate and implement monetary, finance

sector and foreign exchange policies required for maintaining stability on
price and on external and finance sector for sustainable economic
development. Similarly, it has been making monetary policy and its midterm review report public as per this Act since FY 2003/04. The
monetary policy of FY 2015/16 was made public on July, 23, 2015 and
its mid-term review on February 28, 2016. Such monetary policy mainly
focuses on maintaining price and external sectors stability, maintaining
financial stability thereby enhancing the capacity of finance sector,
extending access to finance, and providing support to achieve objectives
set for meeting the target of post earthquake reconstruction and economic
growth.
Monetary Policy Guideline
4.3

Monetary policy was implemented in FY 2015/16 with the objective of

providing support to the task of achieving target of economic growth
thereby maintaining economic stability. Monetary policy guideline was
made cautious and balanced for providing support in reconstruction and
economic growth on the one hand while reducing the eminent impacts on
the stability of price, external and financial sectors due to high demand
emerging from the extensive investments of government and private
sectors on the other.

4.4

In a bid to achieve targeted economic growth, there was a challenge to

bring inflation under control due the pressure that was likely to exert on
the overall demand of economy and supply related factors. Thus, the
monetary policy had emphasized on keeping the monetary aggregates
within desired limit in order to avoid additional inflationary pressure
emanating from the demand side.

4.5

The external sector was able to attain equilibrium position as a result of

high balance of payment surplus that resulted from decreased imports
and increased remittance inflow during the review year. Monetary policy
has given emphasis on operating monetary instruments so as to
encourage saving mobilization and loan investment by maintaining
stability on interest rates with the objective of providing support to the
economic growth. Similarly, the monetary policy had prioritized the
tasks of maintaining stability of finance sector and enhancing capacity of
financial institutions by synchronizing them with the expanded economic
activities. Continuity was given to the task of mobilizing financial means
59

and resources in productive sector and enhancing access to finance,

inclusiveness and financial literacy.
Economic and Monetary Target
4.6

Monetary policy for fiscal year 2015/16 had set dual targets of
maintaining foreign exchange reserve that would cover import of goods
and services for at least 8 months by keeping consumer inflation at an
annual average rate of 8.5 percent, and managing monetary liquidity
necessary to help achieve economic growth target of the Government of
Nepal.

4.7

Given the existing exchange system, to achieve the economic and

monetary targets, the broad money supply which serves as an
intermediate target of monetary policy was projected to remain at around
18 percent with expected expansion the private sector credit by 20
percent. Objective was set to encourage the private sector to make their
investment of credit on productive sectors so as to achieve targeted
economic growth without affecting price and external sectors stability.

Operational Instruments
4.8

Instruments for monetary policy operations have been employed

considering the eminent opportunities and challenges that may emerge in
the course of expansion of economic activities. The existing mandatory
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) that the Banks and Financial Institutions
(BFIs) for fiscal year 2014/15 are required to maintain at 6.0 percent for
Class A 5.0 percent for Class B and 4.0 percent for Class C has
remained unchanged. Likewise, the existing provision of Statutory
Liquidity Ratio (SLR) to be maintained by BFIs at 12 percent for Class
A 9.0 percent for Class B and 8.0 percent for Class C has been
kept unchanged. Similarly, considering the post-earthquake situation of
the country, the bank rate applicable for ultimate creditor facility and
securities paper discounts purposes, which was set as per the policy
provision was reduced by 1 percentage point and maintained at 7 percent
from the earlier rate.

4.9

As open market operation is considered a key instrument to monetary

policy, arrangement has been made for using regular, incidental, and
structural open market operation instruments so as to make it more
vibrant and effective. Likewise, provisions have been made for using
bonds issued by international financial institutions in Nepalese currency
60

can be used on open market operations and for obtaininng stand by

liquidity facility. Bids on savings, introduced last year with validity of
maximum three months, has been provided continuity to this year as well
Likewise, program was set for Nepal Rastra Bank to issue bonds if
deemed necessary.
4.10

The exiting refinance interest rate of 4 percent being charged by Nepal

Rastra Bank for agriculture, hydropower, poultry and livestock as well as
fishery and other productive sectors has been kept unchanged whereas
other existing refinancing interest rate remains unchanged. Similarly,
such interest rate that was set at 1 percent against lending for the
promotion of sick industries, small and cottage industries, foreign
employment, dalits, Ethnic people (janajatis), disadvantaged group,
women, differently abled people, deprived groups and communities run
small business enterprises
and encourage export has remained
unchanged.
Table 4 (a): Bank Rate, Refinance Rate and Cash Reserve Ratio
(In Percent)
Instruments

Bank Rate
Refinancing Rates:
Export Credit (In Domestic Currency)
Export Credit (In Foreign Currency)
Sick Industries
Small and Cottage Industries
Productive Sector
Cash Reserve Ratio
Standing Liquidity Facility Rate#

2011/12
7.0

2012/13
8.0

1.5
0.25*
1.5
1.5
6.5
5.0
-

1.5
0.25*
1.5
1.5
6.0
5-6+
8.0

Fiscal Year
2013/14
8.0
1.0
0.25*
1.0
1.0
5.0
4-5++
8.0

2014/15
8.0

2015/16
7.0

1.0
0.25*
1.0
1.0
4.0
4-6+++
8.0

1.0
0.25*
1.0
1.0
4.0
4-6+++
7.0

* LIBOR Rate Plus

+The cash reserve ratio to be maintained by banks and financial institutions is set at 6.0 percent for "A"
class, 5.5 percent for "B" class and 5.0 percent for "C' class.
++The cash reserve ratio to be maintained by banks and financial institutions is set at 5.0 percent for "A"
class, 4.5 percent for "B" class and 4.0 percent for "C' class.
+++The cash reserve ratio to be maintained by banks and financial institutions is set at 6.0 percent for "A"
class, 5 percent for "B" class and 4.0 percent for "C' class.
#
monetary policy for fiscal year 2012/13 has provisioned for providing Standing liquidity Facility
at the Bank Rate
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

4.11

Nepal Rastra Bank has adopted the policy to extend its special refinancing
facility at interest rate of 1 percent towards encouraging agriculture and small
entrepreneurial businesses-based activities in specified 10 districts having
higher level of poverty and in 114 VDCs and 4 municipalities of Parsa, Bara,
Rautahat, Sarlahi, Dhanusha, and Saptari districts along the southern border
having high severity of poverty. This policy of disbursing credit of up to Rs.
250 thousand to the earthquake victims of Kathmandu valley and Rs. 150
61

thousand to those from outside valley at an annual interest rate of 2 percent

through BFIs for reconstructing their houses has been given continuity and
emphasis for its implementation.
Monetary Sector
Money Supply
4.12

Broad money supply and narrow money supply has expanded by 11.5 percent
and 20 percent respectively. Respective growth rates of these moneys in the
same period of the previous fiscal year were 8.1 percent and 7 percent. Money
supply witnessed growth as a result of increased net foreign asset.
Table 4(b): Factors affecting Money Supply
(In Rs. 10 Million)
Monetary Aggregates

Net Foreign Assets(1.1-1.2)@

Change in First Eight Months

2013/14
2014/15
2015/16*
Amount
Percent
Amount
Percent
Amount
Percentt
10281.34!

1.1
1.2
2
2.1

22.00

3507.15@

Foreign Asset
12114.60
21.90
4141.70
Foreign Liability
920.10
10.70
528.20
Net Domestic Assets (2.1-2.2)@
3934.05!
4.60
9254.82
Net Domestic Debt
3623.60
3.10
8399.20
Net Credit to Government
-7845.70
-46.80
-7078.70
(A)
(i)Net Claims on Government
370.60
2.20
-1326.10
(ii)Government Saving
8216.30
44529.0
5752.60
Credit to Non-financial Public Enterprises
25.90
2.30
-7.90
Credit to Financial Institutions
657.60
48.10
1185.90
(B) (i)Government
0.50
0.40
118.70
(C) (ii) Non-government
657.10
53.20
1067.20
Credit to Private Sector
10785.80
11.10
14299.9
Net Non-monetary Liabilities@
-310.45!
-1.00
-855.62@
2.2 Money Supply, M2 (3.1+3.4)
14215.40
10.80
12761.9
3287.50
10.90
2477.70
Money Supply, M2 (3.1+3.4)
3
(a)Money
3031.60
15.50
2728.10
(b)Current Deposits
255.90
2.40
-250.50
3.1 Saving and Call Deposits
8377.60
13.40
6752.70
Time Deposits+
2550.40
6.50
3531.60
3.2 Time and Saving Deposits(3.2+3.3)
10928.00
66.60
10284.3
*Provisional, @Exchange gain/loss adjusted, +Including Margin Deposits
1. Exchange rate loss NRs. 9132million adjusted
2. Exchange rate gains NRs. 1064 million adjusted
3. Exchange rate gains NRs. 25324 million adjusted
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

62

5.90

15818.27#

21.2

6.00
6.00
9.60
6.40
-49.90
8.00
244.80
-0.80
107.10
79.80
111.30
12.40
-2.50
8.10
7.00
12.00
-2.00
8.70
8.10
5.90

18910.80
560.20
5720.21#
8471.70
-7694.20
-1466.70
6227.50
55.70
319.20
15.30
303.80
15902.40
2751.45#
21538.50
8514.80
4154.10
4360.70
11543.00
1480.80
13023.80

22.3
5.6
5.1
5.5
-60.5
-9.1
184.2
-5.5
19.8
4.7
23.7
11.6
6.9
11.5
20.0
15.4
28.2
12.1
3.0
9.0

Net Foreign Assets

4.13

During the review period, Net Foreign Assets registered growth due to
increased volume of remittance inflow, foreign debts and grants. During
this period, net foreign asset (foreign exchange gain/loss adjusted) has
increased by Rs. 158.18 billion (21.2 percent) as compared to increase by
Rs. 35.07 billion (5.9 percent) of previous fiscal year.

Gross Domestic Borrowing

4.14

Gross domestic borrowing rose by 5.5 percent in the first eight months of
fiscal year 2015/16 against the growth of 6.4 percent in same period of
the previous fiscal year. Growth rate of gross domestic borrowing fell
during the review period as compared to corresponding period of
preceding fiscal year owing to decreased growth rate of credits to private
sector with increased government savings. During the review period, the
net claim on government has declined by 9.1 percent as against the
decline rate of 8.0 percent in the previous year. Decline on such claims is
attributed to the government saving of Rs. 96.09 billion by the end of
mid-March of current fiscal year.

4.15

Credits flow to the private sector in first eight months of the current
fiscal year grew by 11.6 percent (Rs. 159.2 billion) against the growth of
just 12.4 percent
(Rs. 143 billion)
in the same
period
of
previous year.
Credit
that
expanded very
slowly for about
first six months
of the current
fiscal year due to
the devastating
earthquake and
subsequent
obstructions in foreign trade has started improving gradually with
positive change in the situation. During the review period, there hasbeen
progress in the credit flow of banks and financial institutions to
industrial production, wholesale and retail trades, construction,
63

transportation, communication, public services, and the agriculture sector

among others.
Reserve Money and Money Multiplier

4.16

Reserve money has increased by 4 percent in the first eight months of

current fiscal year 2015/16 in contrast to its decline of 4.8 percent in the
same period of the previous fiscal year. Higher expansion in net foreign
asset is attributable for such increase.
Table 4 (c): Reserve Money and Money Multiplier

Particulars
Currency
Reserve (In
Rs. 10
million)
Narrow
Money
Multiplier
Broad Money
Multiplier

* Provisional
4.17

Percentage change
in first eight months
2014/15
2015/16

MidJuly
2013

MidMarch
2014

MidJuly
2014

MidMarch
2015

MidJuly
2015

MidMarch
2016*

35422.0

37459.2

43659.4

41549.6

52289.8

54391.2

-4.8

4.0

0.851

0.893

0.893

0.914

0.812

0.937

12.4

15.4

3.713

3.891

3.587

4.076

3.591

3.848

13.6

7.2

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

On money multipliers side, the broad money multiplier has increased to 3.85
points in mid-March 2016 from 3.59 points of mid-July 2015. In the same
period, the narrow money multiplier has also increased to 0.94 points from 0.81
points. Money multipliers grew at a lower rate in mid-March of current fiscal
year as compared to the same period of previous fiscal year due to mopping up
of excessive liquidity in higher quantity through open market operations
resulting in lower cash reserve than the money supply.

Implementation Status of Monetary Instruments

4.18

Open market operation has been considered as a prime instrument of monetary

policy for the management of liquidity by containing monetary aggregates and
interest rates at desired level. Nepal Rastra Bank has mopped up liquidity due to
excess liquidity with BFIs until the first eight months of the current fiscal year.
During the review period of this fiscal year, amount equivalent to Rs. 297.50
billion was mopped up through deposit auction, Rs. 162.77 billion through
reverse repo auction and Rs. 9.1 billion through sale auction at different
intervals. During the same period of previous fiscal year, Rs. 85 billion was
mopped up through bid deposit, Rs. 271.10 billion through reverse repo at
different intervals.

64

Table 4 (d): Status of Open Market Operation

(Rs. in 10 Million)

Particulars

First Eight Months

2014/15 2015/16
35610 35610.0
910

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

Liquidity Absorption
A Outright Sale
Reverse Repo

850.0
850.0

61100.0
850.0

47680
600

60250.0

31580

27110.0

16277.0

Deposit Auction
Liquidity Injection
B
Outright Purchase
Repo
C Net Liquidity Absorbed (A-B)

0.0
850.0

0.0
61100.0

15500
0
47680

8500.0
35610.0

29750.0
46937.0

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

4.19

In first eight months of fiscal year 2015/16, the Nepal Rastra Bank
(NRB) injected net liquidity of Rs. 306.33 billion through the net
purchase of USD 2.89 billion from foreign exchange market (commercial
banks). Net liquidity of Rs. 213.13 billion was injected through the net
purchase of USD 2.22 billion in the corresponding period of the previous
fiscal year.

4.20

The NRB purchased Indian currency (INR) equivalent to Rs. 213.84

billion and Rs. 1.18 billion through the sale of USD 2.03 billion and Euro
10 million respectively in the review period. INR equivalent to Rs.
232.60 billion was purchased through the sale of USD 2.36 billion in the
corresponding period of the previous fiscal year.

Interbank Transaction and Standing Liquidity Facility

4.21

In fiscal year 2015/16, BFIs have been using inter-bank transaction

facility for short-term liquidity management and standing liquidity
facility of Nepal Rastra Bank. In the first eight months of the current
fiscal year 2015/16, commercial banks carried out interbank transaction
worth Rs. 523.84 billion while transactions of other financial institutions
(except among commercial banks) amounted to Rs.45.20 billion. During
the same period of previous year, Commercial banks and other financial
institutions had carried out such transaction equivalent to Rs. 275.30
billion and Rs. 134.89 billion respectively. Bank and financial
institutions have not requested for standing liquidity facility while during
the same period, such facility worth Rs. 10.31 was used.

65

Interest Rate
4.22

Short-Term Interest Rate: As result of existing excess liquidity with

banks and financial institutions, the weighted average interest rates of 91day Treasury bill, inter-bank transaction and deposit auction rate have
been decreased in mid-March of 2016 compared to that of Mid-March
2015. The weighted average interest rate of 91-day Treasury Bills that
was 1.13 percent in mid-March of previous year 2014/15 has dropped to
0.53 percent by the same period of current fiscal year. Similarly, the
weighted average interest rate of 90-days deposit auction that was 0.86
percent in mid-March 2015 has come down to 0.39 percent in the same
period of current fiscal year. Likewise, weighted average inter-bank
transaction rate of commercial banks that was 1.80 percent in mid-March
of previous year has slid to 0.42 percent in mid-March 2015. Likewise,
the weighted average inter-bank rate of other financial institutions that
had stood at 4.6 percent in mid-March of previous year has declined to
0.98 percent in mid-March 2015.

4.23

Deposit and Credit Interest Rate: The interest rates on credit and
deposits have
continued
to
decline due to
excess liquidity
with BFIs. The
weighted
average interest
rate
of
commercial
banks to be
provided to the
public against
their deposits
dropped to 3.06
percent in midMarch, 2016 from 3.79 in same period of previous fiscal year. The
weighted average interest rates charged by commercial banks against
credit have dropped slightly to 9.17 percent in mid-March, 2016 from
9.56 percent in same period of previous fiscal year. Likewise, average
credit base rate of the commercial banks has remained at 6.46 percent in
mid-March 2016 while such rate was 7.52 percent in the same period last
year.
66

Table 4(e): Interest Rate

(Percent)
Mid-July Mid-Sept.
2014
2014

Description
91-days Treasury Bills

0.02

0.93

MidJan.
2015

MidMar.
2015

0.16

1.13

MidMid-Apr. Mid-Jul. Mid-Sep. Mid-Jan.

Mar.
2015
2015
2015
2016
2016
0.69

0.17

1.1

0.68

0.53

Interbank Rate
Among Commercial
Banks
Among Other Financial
Institutions

0.16

1.03

0.15

1.80

0.64

1.01

0.64

0.26

0.42

2.40

2.55

2.51

4.06

3.87

3.89

2.1

1.21

0.98

Weighted Average Interest Rate of Deposit and Credit

Deposit

4.09

3.79

3.75

3.79

4.07

3.94

3.55

3.32

3.06

Credit

10.55

10.14

9.82

9.56

9.64

9.62

9.46

9.29

9.17

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Deposit Mobilization and Credit Flow

4.24

The deposit volume of BFIs has increased by 8.4 percent (Rs. 141.79
billion) by the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16 in
contrast to its growth of 7.6 percent (Rs. 106.62 billion) in the same
period of previous fiscal year. During the review period, the deposit
amount of commercial bank, development bank and finance companies
has increased by 8.1 percent, 5.1 percent and 8.7 percent respectively.
Table 4 (f) : Deposit Mobilization and Credit Flow
Heading

MidJuly
2013

MidMarch
2014

MidJuly
2014

MidMarch
2015

Deposit Mobilization
Commercial Banks
101558
111221
119648
130100
Development Banks
15522
17656
20033
19839
Finance Companies
6817
7326
7209
7339
Bank and Financial
118809
130356
140677
151339
Institutions +
Credit Flow (Private Sector)
Commercial Banks
74600
82936
88581
100654
Development Banks
12904
14826
16679
17458
Finance Companies
6614
6738
6472
6860
Bank and Financial
94118
104500
111732
124972
Institutions +
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank
*Provisional
+ Inter-bank deposits among bank and financial institutions is deducted

4.25

(In Rs. 10 Million)

Percentage Change in
First Eight Months
2014/15
2015/16

MidJuly
2015

MidMarch
2016

145275
23073
7164

157032
24246
7785

8.7
-1.0
1.8

8.1
5.1
8.7

168883

183062

7.6

8.4

108054
19342
6497

120451
20697
7148

13.6
4.7
6.0

11.5
7.0
10.0

133893

148296

11.8

10.8

The credit flow towards private sectors has increased by 10.8 percent
(Rs. 144.03 billion) in the first eight months of the current fiscal year
67

2015/16 while this had increased by 11.8 percent (Rs. 132.40 billion) in
the same period last year. During review period, shares of commercial
banks, development banks and finance companies in total credit have
stood at 11.5 percent, 7.0 percent and 10 percent respectively.
4.26

Credit flow towards industrial production, wholesale and retail trades,

construction and agriculture like important sectors has slightly declined
in the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16 as compared to
that of the same period of previous fiscal year. During the review period,
credit lending towards industrial production sector increased by 9.2
percent, wholesale and retail trades by 10.8 percent, construction sector
by 6.7 percent , transportation, communication and public service sector
by 19.8 percent and agriculture sector by 9 percent.

Financial Sector
4.27

By mid-April of current fiscal year, there are 29 commercial banks, 72

development banks, 46 finance companies, and 41 class "D" financial
institutions licensed to carryout micro finance related transactions.
Similarly, 15 cooperative institutions and 27 non-government
organizations have obtained permission from Nepal Rastra Bank to
conduct limited banking transactions. Apart from bank and financial
institutions, various institutions including 26 insurance companies,
Employees' Provident Fund, Citizen Investments Trust, and Postal
Savings Banks have been operating as indispensable parts of the financial
system. The number of BFIs has decreased in recent years due to
suspension of license issuance to establish commercial bank,
development bank and finance companies; and encouraging increase in
merger and acquisition among bank and financial institutions.
Table 4 (g) : Number of Banks and Financial Institutions

Bank and Financial Institutions

(Mid-July)
2016*

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Commercial Banks

31

32

31

30

30

29

Development Banks

88

88

86

84

76

72

Finance Companies

80

70

59

53

48

46

Micro-finance Institutions
Nepal Rastra Bank
Licensed Cooperatives
(limited banking
transactions)

21

24

31

33

38

41

16

16

16

15

15

15

38

36

31

29

27

27

Nepal Rastra Bank

licensed NGOs (microfinance
transactions)

68

Insurance Company

25

25

25

25

26

26

Employees Provident Fund

Citizen Investmetn Trust

Postal Saving Bank

117

117

117

117

117

117

Offices of Postal Saving Bank

* Mid-April
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

4.28

Deposit collection and credit transactions have been expanding in tandem

with the rising numbers of BFIs. Both financial inclusion and financial
deepening have continued to grow in parallel with quantitative and
qualitative expansion of BFIs. The share of commercial banks to total
deposit and credit lending has continued to remain high. The share of
commercial banks, development banks, finance companies and other
institutions to total deposit stood at 82.9 percent, 12.8 percent, 4.1
percent and 0.2 percent respectively in mid-March, 2016. Similarly,
share of commercial banks, development banks and finance companies in
total credit lending remained at 76.1 percent, 14.4 percent and 5.6 percent
and3.8 percent respectively.

Table 4 (h): Some Major Indicators of Bank and Financial Institutions

(Mid-July)
(Rs. in billion)

2012

2013

2014

2015

Mid-March
2016

Total Assets

1380.8

1584.9

1889.8

2183.2

2425.4

Total Deposits

1076.6

1271.5

1482.0

1772.0

1910.4

Total Loans

804.5

983.8

1066.9

1345.6

1494.8

Deposit/GDP Ratio (%)

68.8

73.7

76.3

83.4

89.9

Loans/GDP Ratio (%)

50.7

55.8

55.0

63.3

70.4

Description

Share in Total Deposits (in percent)

Commercial Banks (A Class)

80.6

80.3

80.7

81.9

82.9

Development Banks (B Class)

11.8

12.6

13.5

13.0

12.8

Finance Companies (C Class)

7.1

5.4

4.9

4.0

4.1

Other Institutions

0.5

1.7

0.9

1.0

0.2

Share in Total Lending (in percent)

Commercial Banks (A Class)

77.4

76.1

74.6

75.8

76.1

Development Banks (B Class)

12.5

13.3

15.6

15.2

14.4

69

2012

2013

2014

2015

Mid-March
2016

Finance Companies (C Class)

8.3

6.7

6.5

5.6

5.6

Other Institutions

1.8

3.9

3.2

3.5

3.8

Description

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Branch Expansion
4.29

By mid March of current fiscal year 2015/16, the total number of

branches of banks and (A, B and C Class) financial institutions has
reached to 2,864 while the number of branches of commercial banks
reached 1806 while that of development banks and finance companies
stood at 856 and 202 respectively during the same period. Considering
the number of these branches as a benchmark, Far Western and MidWestern Development Regions are lagging behind in terms of financial
expansion. Of the total branches, 45.6 percent are in the Central
Development Region whereas only 4.8 percent are in the Far-Western
Development Region.
Table 4 (i) : Branches of Banks and Financial Institutions

Development
Region and Zone
Eastern
Development
Region
Mechi
Koshi
Sagarmatha
Central
Development
Region
Janakpur
Narayani
Bagmati
Western
Development
Region
Gandaki
Lumbini
Dhaulagiri
Mid Western
Development
Region
Rapti
Karnali
Bheri
Far Western
Development
Region
Seti

(Mid-March 2016)
Percentage
Total
Share

Commercial Banks

Development Banks

Finance Companies

339

110

23

472

16.5

92
167
80

36
66
8

4
13
6

132
246
94

4.6
8.6
3.3

868

324

113

1305

45.6

93
169
606

41
113
170

5
18
90

139
300
866

4.9
10.5
30.2

326

310

55

691

24.1

129
157
40

142
141
27

27
25
3

298
323
70

10.4
11.3
2.4

168

82

254

9.0

66
16
86

39
1
42

5
0
3

110
17
131

3.8
0.6
4.6

105

30

138

4.8

66

19

87

3.0

70

Development
Region and Zone
Mahakali
Total

Commercial Banks

Development Banks

Finance Companies

Total

39
1806

11
756

1
202

51
2864

Percentage
Share
1.8
100.0

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

4.30

While considering the total domestic deposit of commercial banks that

holds largest share in banking transactions, average per capita deposit
which stood at Rs. 48,408 in mid-July 2015 stood at Rs. 51,634 in midMarch 2016. Likewise, per capita credit flow from commercial banks
which averaged Rs. 39,310 by mid-July 2015 stood at Rs. 43,105 by midMarch 2016.
Table 4(j): Some Indicators of Financial Expansion and Deepening
Description

Commercial Bank Branches

Population per Branch
Domestic Deposit of Commercial
Banks(Rs. in Billion)
Deposit per Person (Rs.)
Commercial Banks Lending (Rs. in
Billion)
Per Capita Credit (Rs.)
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

4.31

MidJuly
2011
1111
23847

MidJuly
2012
1425
18860

MidJuly
2013
1486
18348

MidJuly
2014
1547
17880

MidJuly
2015
1656
16701

MidMarch
2016
1806
15528

628

801

941

1117

1358

1470

23709

29816

34519

40366

48408

51634

673

788

938

1067

1103

1227

25401

29320

34404

38574

39310

43105

Financial intensity has gradually been increasing with the rise in numbers
and expansion of BFIs in the country. A bank branch in mid-July 2012
used to deliver banking services to 15,528 people, which has improved
with each branch serving 23,847 people by mid-March 2016.

71

Mergers and Acquisitions

4.32 The number of banks and financial institution is growing after
implementation of the merger policy that is being adopted to enhance the
financial stability of merger, acquisition and resolution. After the
introduction of bank and financial institution by-laws, 2011 on merger
and acquisition, 84 BFIs went into the merger forming 31 institutions by
mid-March 2016. Likewise, 1 commercial bank acquired 2 finance
companies and one development bank acquired another development
bank.
Resolution
4.33

A total of 12 institutions including 3 development bank and 9 finance

companies are in the process of resolution in mid-January, 2016. The
deposit collected by these institutions stands at Rs. 4.51 billion while
their credit investment totals Rs. 7.71 billion. The non-performing loan
of these institutions is close to 91 percent while the overall capital fund
has remained negative by almost 30 percent.

Status of Non-Performing Loans

4.34

The ratio of non-performing loans of commercial banks, development

banks and finance companies to their total loan has decreased compared
to that of mid-July, 2015. The non-performing loan of commercial bank
group that was 2.5 percent in mid-July, 2015 has gone down to 2.3
percent in mid-March 2016. Similarly, the non-performing loan of
development banks decreased from 3 percent of mid-July 2015 to 2.3
percent in mid-March 2016. Likewise, such loan of finance company
group has dropped to 13.1 percent in mid-April 2016 from 13.7 percent
of mid-July, 2015.
Table 4 (k): Non-Performing Loan of BFIs
(In Rs. ten million)

Banks and
Financial
Institutions

Mid-July 2013
NPL
Amount

Commercial
1945.2
Banks
Development
603.3
Banks
Finance
1051.2
Companies
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Mid-July 2014

Percent

NPL
Amount

2.6

Mid-July 2015

Mid-March 2016

Percent

NPL
Amount

Percent

NPL
Amount

Percent

2630.6

2.9

2658.9

2.5

2788.4

2.4

4.5

672.7

4.2

568.5

3.0

451.2

2.3

16.0

943.4

13.7

883.2

13.7

866.7

13.1

72

D Class Microfinance Institutions

4.35

Various BFIs carrying out micro-finance related activities are availing

financial services to deprived communities particularly women living in
rural areas to engage them in income-oriented activities. The number of
D class financial institutions that carry out microfinance related
transactions has reached 41 by mid-March, 2016. The total asset or
liability of these institutions has increased by 22 percent to Rs. 83.75
billion in mid-March, 2015 as compared to that of mid-July 2015. The
total deposits and borrowings of these institutions reached Rs. 20.66
billion and Rs. 45.03 billion by Mid-March, 2016 while loan and
investments totaled Rs. 67.30 billion and Rs. 2.95 billion respectively.

Table 4 (l): Sources and Utilization of Fund of Microfinance Institutions

Mid-July
2014

MidMarch
2015

Mid-July
2015

MidMarch
2016*

Capital Fund

581.0

582.0

620.4

845.5

Deposit

1120.0

1369.8

1605.8

2066.2

22.3

28.67

Borrowings

2858.1

3305.8

3849.7

4503.4

15.66

16.98

Others

385.4

743.3

526.8

737.7

92.89

40.04

Profit and Loss Account

114.0

163.1

260.4

222.7

43.07

-14.47

6164.0

6863.1

8375.5

21.9

22.0
31.44

Description

Resource

Utilization

(In Rs. Ten million)

2014
2015
Percenta
Percenta
ge
ge
Change
Change
0.2
36.3

Resource/Utilization

5058.5

Liquid Fund

979.4

565.0

682.5

897.1

-42.31

Investment

47.0

240.5

247.8

295.1

411.40

19.1

Credit and Lending

3642.6

4800.5

5532.7

6730.2

31.79

21.64

Others

374.9

556.2

395.4

452.6

48.35

14.46

Profit and Loss Account

14.5

1.8

4.6

0.5

-87.60

-88.88

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

*Provisional

Financial Sources of Other Financial Institutions and Utilization Status

Employees' Provident Fund
4.36

Employees Provident Fund, established in September 16, 1962 under the

Employees Provident Fund Act 1962, has been managing provident funds of
civil servants, military, police personnel, teachers, personnel of government
institutions and some other private companies. Besides lending facilities and
collecting funds from the depositors, the Fund has also been investing in realestate business, industries, and hydro-power projects. Assets/liabilities of this
Fund, which stood at Rs. 194.44 billion in mid-July 2015 has reached Rs.
211.83 billion by mid-March 2016. Provident fund of depositors has reached
Rs. 205.53 billion in mid-March 2016.
73

Citizens Investment Trust

4.37

Citizen Invest Trust established on March 18, 1991 under the Citizens
Investment Trust Act, 1990, the Trust in addition to mobilizing
individual and institutional deposits, providing credits and loans, has
been working as issue manager to facilitate issuance of shares of various
organized institutions. Asset/liability of this Trust (Fund) that stood at
Rs.70.50 billion in mid-July 2015 reached to Rs.77.22 billion by midMarch recording a growth of 9.5 percent as compared to the
corresponding period of previous year. On the sources side, deposits
(collection of fund) that stood at Rs.67.23 billion in mid- July, 2015 went
up to Rs. 74.58 billion by mid-April, 2016. Of the total fund collected in
the review period, the share of Employees' Savings Increment Retirement
Fund is 65.3 percent; 3.2 percent is that of Citizens' Unit Plan; 15.4
percent is of Gratuity Fund Scheme; 4.2 percent is of Investors Account
Plan; while the share of collection from the Insurance Fund is 11.9
percent.

4.38

In fiscal year 2015/16, the Trust has completed issuance of general and
rights shares worth Rs. 6468.4 million in merchant banking transactions
under its Capital Marketing Services. The Trust has issued general and
right shares worth Rs. 7.45 billion by mid-March 2016. During the
review period, a total of Rs.14.6 million has been earned through share
issuance fee and guarantee commission fee.

4.39

Investments of the Citizen Investment Trust in various sectors that stood

at Rs. 59.9 billion in FY 2014/15 have reached Rs.52.71 billion by midMarch, 2016. Of total investments so made by mid-March 2016, the
share of fixed deposits including fixed interest generating fund to total
investment is 64.2 percent, 5.8 percent is in government bond, 6.7
percent in share security bond, 3.8 percent in term-loans and 19.42
percent in participating borrowing/housing loans.

Postal Savings Bank

4.40

Postal Savings Bank operating under the Department of Postal Services

of the Government of Nepal is in operation since 1974. Although 117
Post Offices are authorized to collect deposits, only 68 post offices have
been providing banking services. The total deposit of postal saving
banks, which was Rs 1.83 billion in mid-July 2015, has reached Rs. 1.85
billion by mid-March 2016. Similarly, the number of accounts in such

74

banks that totaled 65,937 in mid-July, 2015 rose to 66,310 by midMarch, 2016.
Table 4(m) : Postal Saving Bank
Total Deposit
Total Account
Number

Mid-July 2014
159.50

Mid-March 2015
161.26

Mid-July 2015
183.17

(In Rs. 10 Million)

Mid-March 2016
185.14

61415

63201

65937

66310

Deposit and Credit Guarantee Corporation

4.41

Deposit and Credit Guarantee Corporation was established on 20th

September 1974 with the objective of accessing banking services at doorsteps of the people in remote areas and the poor by encouraging
commercial banks to invest in priority sectors. This entity has been
working on availing credit to priority sectors as well as guaranteeing
loans on livestock, vegetable farming; foreign employment loans; microfinance and loans to underprivileged groups; and small and mediumscale enterprise loans. Current paid-up capital of the Corporation stands
at Rs.2 billion. On its ownership structure, Government of Nepal owns
89.2 percent, NRB 10.0 percent, and Nepal Bank Ltd and Rastriya
Banijya Bank combined together share 0.8 percent of its shares.

4.42

Deposit and Credit Guarantee Corporation provided credit guarantee to

Rs. 1.91 billion by mid-July 2015. The Corporation's guarantee coverage
has reached Rs. 3.36 billion by mid-March 2016. As per the directive
issued by NRB, A, B, C and D Class BFIs must provide guarantees to
deposit of up to Rs. 200 thousand made at personal saving and fixed
accounts. With this provision, the corporation by the end of fiscal year
2014/15 provided guarantee to deposit of Rs. 283.8 billion with 164
BFIs. By mid-March 2016, such guaranteed deposits with 150 BFIs have
reached Rs. 318.92 billion.
Table 4 (n) : Status of Credit and Deposit Guarantee
Description

Mid-July
2014

Mid-March
2015

Mid-April
2015

Mid-July 2015

Mid-March
2016

Credit Guarantee
Amount (In Rs. 10
Million)
Bank and Financial
Institutions
No. of Credit

127

152

156

191

336

45

45

45

55

55

42434

75949

186813

38721
39543
Deposit Guarantee

75

Amount (In Rs. 10

Million)
Bank and Financial
Institutions
No. of Credit

25276

28425

28425

28380

31892

177

177

177

164

150

1772188

11168659

11168659

11920960

12993985

Credit Information Bureau Limited

4.43

Credit Information Bureau collects information on repayment of loans,

and makes such information available to BFIs by preparing information
on blacklisted loan defaulters. The NRB, commercial bank group,
development bank group and finance company group own 10 percent, 65
percent, 10 percent and 15 percent of shares respectively in this Bureau.
By mid-January 2016, the number of blacklisted borrowers totaled 7,106,
while 2,492 borrowers have been delisted from the black list in this
period.

Rural Self-Reliance Fund

4.44

Rural Self-Reliance Fund, established in 1991, has been providing

wholesale credits with the objective of improving economic as well as
social status of targeted groups through optimum utilization of local
resources, means, and skills. By this period, seed capital of the Fund has
reached Rs. 793.4 million with receipt of Rs.540 million from the
Government of Nepal and Rs. 253.4 million from NRB. The Fund has
been disbursing credits from the seed capital to its affiliated
organizations on the basis of their capacity and primary capital.

4.45

The Fund has disbursed credit amounting Rs. 1.9 billion to 1,129
organizations including NGOs and cooperatives by mid-March 2016. Of
this total credit, a sum of 1,355.4 million has been recovered. The Funds
debt recovery rate against its credit flow to cooperatives and NGOs stood
at 95.7 percent. NGOs have been delivering services in 68 districts
through the credit made available by the Fund, while a total of 53,392
rural families have directly benefited by conducting various income and
self-employment oriented programs.
Table 4 (o): Status of Rural Self-Reliance Fund
(In Rs. 10 Million)

S.
No.
1
2
3

Description
Number of Loan Disbursed Districts
Number of Loan Disbursed
Institutions
Number of Beneficiary Households

Mid-July
2014

Mid-April
2015

Mid-July
2015

68

68

68

MidMarch
2016
68

940

1013

1024

1139

46081

48679

49245

53392*

76

Disbursed Credit Amount ( in Rs. 10

Million)
5
Amount Recovered ( In Rs. 10
Million)
6
Amount Remained on Investment (In
Rs. 10 Million)
7
Overdue Loan (As percent of amount
to be recovered)
8
Credit Recovery (Percent)
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

152.33

166.49

170.06

190.47

91.3

109.21

116.5

135.54

61.04

57.08

53.56

54.93

3.67

5.45

5.38

4.35

96.33

94.55
94.62
95.65
*Including Non-Government institution

Cooperatives Conducting Limited Banking Transactions

4.46

The number of Co-operatives, established under the Cooperatives Act,

1991 and licensed by NRB to carry out limited banking transactions has
reached 15 by mid-March 2016. Assets/liabilities of these Cooperatives
that totaled Rs. 24.76 billion by mid-July 2015, stood at Rs. 27.82 billion
by mid-March 2015. Likewise, deposit collections of these cooperatives
reached Rs. 20.98 billion while credit and borrowings totaled Rs. 16.28
billion in mid-March 2016.
These institutions have made total
investment of Rs. 2.47 billion in government bonds, fixed accounts and
other instruments by mid-March, 2016.

4.47

The number of Savings and Credit Cooperatives registered under the

Cooperatives Act, 1991, and carrying out transactions, has reached
33,201 by mid-March 2016. Of this, 13,535 have been operating as
saving and credit cooperatives. Membership in such cooperative
institutions has reached 277.9 million by mid-March, 2016. By this
period, share capital of such cooperative institutions stood at Rs. 47.75
billion, deposit at Rs. 148.09 billion and investment at Rs. 137.52 billion.

Financial Sector Reform Program

4.48

The task of reforming the financial sector has given continuity even after
completion of the Financial Sector Reform Project in 2011. Restructuring
activities in Rastriya Banijya Bank and Nepal Bank Ltd. under this
project are in progress. The overall financial position of both Nepal
Bank Ltd. and Rastriya Banijya Bank Ltd. has been progressive due
credit to their notable growth in the paid up capital and deposits, decrease
in the volume of nonperforming loans with both banks operating in
profit during the review period. The position of non-performing loan and
capital fund of these two banks is presented in the table below.

77

Table 4(p) : Non-Performing Loan and Capital Fund

Mid-July

Non-Performing Loan in
Total Loan (Percent)

Capital Fund (Rs. in

Billion)
Rastriya Banijya
Nepal Bank Ltd
Bank
-9.80
-22.39

Nepal Bank Ltd

Rastriya Banijya Bank

2003

60.47

60.15

2008

12.38

21.65

-5.72

-15.5

2013

4.53

5.31

-0.96

2.50

2014

4.74

3.95

3.76

2.90

2015

3.95

3.41

3.77

7.51

4.73

7.22

Mid-Jan 2016
3.85
3.40
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank and Quarterly Reports of the Banks

Other Provisions Relating to Bank and Financial Institutions

4.49 Provision has been made for the BFIs to raise their minimum level of
paid-up capital so as to mobilize their resources and promote financial
stability by strengthening their capital base for their long-term
development. As per this provision laid out in monetary policy for FY
2015/16, commercial banks are required to raise their paid-up capital to
Rs. 8 billion, national level development banks to Rs. 2.5 billion,
development banks with operation area covering (4-10) districts to Rs.
1.2 billion, development banks with operation area covering (1-3)districts
to Rs. 500 million. Likewise, national level finance companies and those
operating in 4 to 10 districts are required to increase their paid-up capital
to Rs. 800 million and those operating in 1to3 districts to Rs. 400 million.
These provisions shall be met by mid-July, 2017. Paid-up capital may be
raised by such BFIs through merger or by issuing bonus share, right and
additional shares.
4.50 Arrangement is made for Implementation of capital fund related
provisions that is based on the work schedule prepared for gradual
implementation of Basel -III provisions in commercial banks.
Arrangements have been made for parallel run of Capital Adequacy
Framework 2015 based Basel -III provisions in commercial banks from
January 2016 followed by their full execution from July 2016.
4.51 Provision has been made for BFIs to replace existing debit, credit and
prepaid magnetic strip cards with chip based cards by mid-October, 2015
to ensure security on the usage of banking services thereby mitigating
operational risks.
4.52 Provision exists for extending micro-credits to ultra poor and low income
people through BFIs to run micro-enterprises or businesses on group
guarantee. The limit of such credit has been raised from Rs. 200
78

thousand to Rs. 300 thousand for those micro-credit facility using group
members, who have been using the facility since last two years and
belong to the good credit standing group category. Likewise, the exiting
collateral based micro-credit limit of Rs. 500 thousand has been raised to
Rs. 700 thousand.
4.53 Provision where the credit flow volume from BFIs to the deprived groups
was raised by 0.5 percentage points making it mandatory for them to
disburse such credits in proportions of 5.0 percent for Commercial
Banks, 4.5 percent for development banks and 4.0 percent for finance
companies to their respective total credit flow volume, by mid-January,
2016, BFIs are found to have disbursed loans to those deprived groups at
the proportions of 5.3 percent, 6.4 percent, and 4.0 percent of their credit
volumes respectively.
4.54 Provision has been made for the institutions serving in the financial
sector to mandatorily prepare and adopt Contingency Management
Framework by giving due consideration to possible impact in the event
of natural disaster so that regular business operations of the financial
system is unhindered.
4.55
Provision is made for the operation of Economic Rehabilitation Fund as
stipulated in Nepal governments Budget speech with a view to provide
support to the effort of refinancing earthquake affected residential
buildings, homes, agriculture business, tourism sectors at concessional
interest rate. For this, Economic Rehabilitation Fund (Formation/
Operation) related Guidelines 2015,that has been endorsed by Nepal
Governments Council of Ministers, is in implementation.
Problems and Challenges
4.56 Implementation of monetary policy amid high inflation rate and low
economic growth remains a challenge. In such a situation, inflationary
pressure further rises if broad money supply instrument is applied, and
economic growth will be hindered if narrow monetary policy is adopted.
Maintaining monetary policy in a balanced state in such situation is a
challenging task. Containing price within the desired limit in coming
days is a great challenge owing to a number of factors like aggregate
demand is likely to surge as a result of increased public expenditure for
reconstruction and rehabilitation of damaged structures coupled with the
frequent obstructions in supply situation. In addition, price of agriculture
products is like to increase due to production decrease and in such a
situation, there lay a challenge to maintain coordination between
monetary and fiscal policies for sustained price stability.
79

4.57

4.58

4.59

Liquidity in banking sector still remains high in current fiscal year.

Despite bid deposit and reverse repo like monetary instruments applied to
manage liquidity situation, the liquidity pressure still persists. Despite
having excess liquidity with the banking sector, it has not been able to
utilize it in the productive sector as desired. Hence, mobilizing such
excess liquidity in development works through governments loan and
utilizing it in the productive sector through the private sector remains a
challenge.
Countrys financial system is likely to face additional risks as a result of
BFIs increased use of technology and transactions at home and abroad.
Challenge lies ahead to extend its regulation and supervision limit and
make it more competent. Aside from Institutional governance and selfregulatory provisions, it is necessary to make law and order situation
more effective. Tasks of strengthening BFIs capacity to bear eminent
risks and making their transactions more transport are of utmost
important. Similarly, remaining alert is necessary to cope with the
additional challenge of maintaining financial stability amid situations
where performances of BFIs financed projects heavily suffered due to the
impact on economic activities resulting from border obstructions and
devastating earthquake in current fiscal year; and potential problems
emanating from inability of BFIs to recover loans extended for
reconstruction and recovery purposes.
The presence of BFIs could not be expanded to rural and remote areas to
the desired extent. Though the number and types of BFIs have continued
to grow, there still remains a challenge of enhancing access to finance
and making it inclusive. Similarly, tasks of increasing the presence of
financial institutions to enhance access to finance; reducing interest rates
by lowering the cost of micro-finance institutions in a country like Nepal
where literacy rate is comparatively low; using advanced technology
based instruments;, and making financial system more inclusive by
enhancing public trust towards this also remain daunting challenges.
Likewise, despite contribution of saving and credit cooperative
institutions to the expansion of financial accessibility, lack of regulation
and supervision and institutional governance have added further risk to
the financial stability. Hence, it is imperative to establish second tier
supervisory organization where arrangements have to be made for
carrying out regulation, inspection, and supervision tasks of microfinance institutions.

80

5. Capital Market and Insurance

5.1.

Development and expansion of capital market has been gaining global

importance for its crucial role in consolidating scattered savings and
mobilizing them in productive sectors for the countrys economic
development. Accordingly, initiation of institutional development of
capital market in Nepal began in 1976. It is imperative to make capital
mobilization efforts competent and effective to use it in the productive
sector by providing momentum to the pace of capital market
development. Similarly, development of capital market is essential to
invest in stocks and bonds; safeguard investors interests; regulate and
organize activities of the share market and individuals engaged in the
share market by putting issuance, purchase, sale, distribution, and
exchange of stocks and bonds in order; and thereby mobilize the capital
necessary for economic development of the country.

Primary market
5.2.

In the first eight months of FY 2015/16, capital equivalent to Rs.

12,271.6 million has been mobilized in the primary security market
through 30 organized companies including 9 ordinary share issuers, 20
rights share issuers, 1 mutual investment plan company. Likewise, the
amount against issuance of shares has grown by 37.99 percent in the first
eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16 as compared to the
corresponding period of the previous fiscal year.
Table 5(a): Primary Market Trend
(Rs. in 10 Million)
Fiscal Year
Description
2010/11

2011/12

2012/13 2013/14

2014/15

First Eight
Months
2014/15

2015/16

Capital Mobilization

685.4

295.01

1068.52

726.68

1443.53

889.31

1227.16

Ordinary Share

172.88

129.85

318.74

157.35

697.74

400.62

811.45

Right Share

507.52

45.16

393.52

424.33

230.79

288.69

335.71

Preference Share

Debenture

5.00

120.00

355.00

145.00

290.00

100.00

Citizen Unitary Plan

31.54

32.7

80.00

225

100

80.00

25

34

45

48

30

30

Mutual Fund

Number of Organized Capital

47
Mobilizing Companies
Source: Securities Exchange Board of Nepal

81

5.3.

In FY 2014/15, capital equivalent to Rs. 14,435.3 million was mobilized

in the primary security market through 48 organized companies including
18 ordinary share issuers, 22 rights share issuers, 5 debenture issuers, 3
mutual investment plan companies.

Source: Stock Exchange Board of Nepal

*First Eight Months (2015/16)

Secondary Market
The number of companies listed in Nepal Stock Exchange Limited,
which stood at 233 at the end of Fiscal Year 2014/15 totaled to 230 by
the first eight months of FY 2015/16. Similarly, during the same period
of current fiscal year 2015/16, a total of 13 companies are in the listing
process while 15 listed companies are in merger/acquisition process.
Likewise, during the same period, the total number of listed corporate
development bonds reached 20 with additional development bonds worth
Rs. 1.7 billion of newly listed three companies.
Market Capitalization

5.4.

82

The market capitalization value rose by 41.52 percent to Rs. 1420.91

billion in the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16 against
Rs. 1,004.03 billion during the same period of its previous fiscal year
2014/15. The market capitalization value by the end of FY 2014/15 was
Rs.889.4 billion.

5.6.

Shares transaction rose by 39.04 percent reaching Rs, 70119.0 million

where 137,336,000 units of shares were traded in the first eight months
of the current fiscal year 2015/16 as compared to the corresponding
period of its previous fiscal year 2014/15. During the first eight months
of the FY 2014/15, a total of 121,178,000 units of shares worth Rs.
50431.2 million were traded.

5.7.

The paid-up capital of listed company has grown by 63.35 percent to Rs.
255437.1 million in the first eight months of the current fiscal year
2015/16 in contrast to that of 156571.3 million of the same period of
previous fiscal year 2014/15.
PaidUpValueandTransactionAmount

5.5.

Source: Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd

5.8.

First Eight Months (2015/16)

The NEPSE index stood at 1318.88 points by the end of the first eight
months of FY 2015/16 with an increase of 34.79 percent as compared to
the corresponding period of the previous fiscal year. The index had rested
at 978.44 points in the first eight months of FY 2013/14.

83

201
5/1
6

201
4/1
5

201
3/1
4

201
2/1
3

201
1/1
2

201
0/1
1

200
9/1
0

200
8/0
9

200
7/0
8

200
6/0
7

200
5/0
6

200
4/0
5

NEPSE Index

Source: Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd.

*First Eight Months (2015/16)

Table 5(b): Secondary Market Trend

Fiscal Year
Description

First Eight Months

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

Securities Transaction Amount

666.53

1027.28

2204.88

Number of Securities Transaction

(1000)

26240.39

41878.9

81571.7

Number of Transaction

302364

293489

292366

Market Capitalization

32348.43 36826.21 51449.21

Percentage of Market Capitalization

Transactions
Percentage of Market Capitalization
to GDP

2013/14

7729.85

2014/15

6533.15

214143.56 159717.47

2014/15

2015/16

5043.12

7011.90

129178

137336.54

566389

477278

375192

429180

105716

98940.39

100403

142091.14

2.06

2.79

1.59

7.31

6.60

19.48

23.41

30.24

40

46.57

Paid-up Price of Listed Shares

10023.8

11061.

12648.9

14753.99

21058.86

15657.13

25543.71

Number of Listed Organized

Institutions

209

216

230

233

232

232

230

Type of Securities (Script Traded)

222

230

230

269

271

254

255

NEPSE Index (Points)

362.85

389.74

518.33

1036.11

961.23

978.44

1318.88

Source: Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd

5.9.

Shares transactions rose by 14.39 percent reaching a total of 429, 180 in

the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16 as compared to
the corresponding period of previous fiscal year 2014/15. During the
first eight months of the previous FY 2014/15, a total number of share
transactions had stood at 375,192.

84

Securities Board of Nepal (SEBON)

5.10.

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, the Board has
issued license to 30 organized institutions for capital mobilization by
registering shares equivalent to Rs. 12,271.6 million. Likewise, in the
same period, bonus shares equivalent to Rs.6, 9842.3 million of 55 listed
companies were registered with the Board. Similarly, licenses of 1 Stock
Exchange, 14 Merchant Bankers, 1 Central Depository Company, 45
Depository Members, 1 Credit Rating Company and 50 Share Brokers
have been renewed during the same period.

5.11.

Share transaction system came into operation since 2008. CDs and
Clearing Limited brought majority of listed companies into
dematerialization system in 2012 for central depository and clearing of
shares while secondary security market is in operation since August
18,2015 with full-fledge online transfer and clearing system.

5.12.

The market depth facility that was available only with stockbrokers has
been made online for all investors since January 2, 2016.

5.13.

Arrangement has been made for making the trading window available for
small investors including women, senior citizens, physically challenged
people, and children on the trading floor, create a small investors
complaints hearing unit; and installation of a display board reflecting the
services offered along with time schedules.

5.14.

There has been arrangement for right and bonus shares issued by the
listed companies to be deposited directly in the demat account and cash
dividend disbursed by the organized institutions to be deposited directly
in shareholders bank accounts.

5.15.

Continuity has been given to the implementation of programs specified in

a five-year plan prepared for security market reform program, effective
regulatory provision, and stability and sustainable development of capital
market. Likewise, a Security Market Reform and Development Related
Strategy has been prepared for incorporation in the Financial Sector
Development Strategy Government of Nepal.

85

Nepal Stock Exchange Limited

5.16.

By mid-February of FY 2015/16, the existing Private Network/Internet

transaction system has been extended to Biratnagar, Dharan, Birgunj
Narayangadh, Pokhara, Butwal and Dhangadhi.

5.17.

In the first eight months of FY 2015/16, work plan has been developed
for activating Over the Counter OTC of securities market.

5.18.

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, arrangement
has been made for all investors to view market dept through NEPSE
website.

5.19.

Work schedule for monitoring and supervision has been developed and
implemented with a view to managing risk that are likely to emerge with
increased transaction volume.

Central Depository Service

5.20.

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year, a total of 113
companies have been registered in Centralized Depository Clearing and
Settlement (CDS) and Clearing Limited while such number had stood at
97 in the same period last year. Agreement for the registration of
additional 79 companies has been reached in the first eight months of the
current fiscal year.

5.21.

The number of depositor members has reached 49 by the first eight

months of the current fiscal year against 45 such member that of last
year. Likewise the number of licensed clearing members for providing
clearing and settlements services has reached 49 during the same period.

5.22.

As of mid-February of the current fiscal year, the number of beneficiary

account holders in CDS and Clearing Ltd. has reached 215,052. The
number of such accounts totaled 40,400 in FY 2014/15 while 172,345
new beneficiary accounts have been opened by first eight months of
current fiscal year.

5.23.

The number of dematerialized share has reached 496,298,490 units by

first eight months of current fiscal year from 22,452,915 units in fiscal
year 2014/15.

86

Insurance
5.24

Insurance Committee, established on 14th May 1969, has been carrying

out operations as a regulatory agency by systemizing, regulating,
developing, and controlling the insurance business. Currently, 9
companies have been carrying out life insurance business, 17 companies
in non-life insurance, while 1 insurance company is engaged in
reinsurance totaling 27 insurance companies. According to figures of
ownership structure of insurance companies, three are working as
branches of foreign insurance companies, three on joint investment with
foreign companies, 18 on private ownership, and two on Government
ownership.
Table 5 (c ): Ownership Structure of Insurance Companies
Ownership

Non-Life

Life

Reinsurance

Government

Private

13

18

Foreign

17

27

Joint
Total

Total

Source: Insurance Board

5.25

It is necessary to develop insurance business in compliance with national

need by embracing the globally accepted insurance norms to provide
economic protection to all class of the people against natural and social
risks while embracing the globally accepted insurance norms.

5.26

Rights and interests of the insured are being safeguarded by regulating

the insurance business through development, regularization thereby
making the insurance business competitive and trustworthy in the
delivery of
quality and reliable insurance services to the public.
Similarly, policy and institutional reform works are being carried out in
the insurance sector with a view to make it time relevant considering that
the insurance is indispensible part of life that provides economic and
social protection against natural calamity induced risks. Likewise,
programs are underway aimed at enhancing insurance sectors
contribution to GDP through development and growth of insurance
business with the expansion of insurance services in rural life and the
economy.

87

Source and Utilization

5.27

The total financial source and their utilization of life and non-life
insurance companies operating in the country has increased by 10.76
percent to Rs. 143,375.3 million by mid-March of FY 2015/16 as
compared to that of previous fiscal year. Of this, life insurance
companies share Rs. 114,747.0 million while non-life companies share
Rs. 28,628.3 million. Such amount had reached Rs. 129,444.7 million
last year.

Table 5 (d): Source and Utilization of life and non-life Insurance Companies
(In Rs. 10 Million)
Fiscal Year
Source

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16**

Life

Non-Life

Life

Non-Life

Life

Non-Life

Life

Non-Life

A) Paid Up Capital

332.38

200.41

453.52

287.70

577.75

373.22

577.75

418.40

B) Reserve and Fund

5036.32

865.30

6473.89

1096.62

9398.65

1782.55

10533.52

1913.29

C) Other Liability

204.05

293.12

176.97

323.47

393.40

418.90

363.43

531.14

Total Source

5572.75

1358.83

7104.38

1707.79

10369.80

2574.67

11474.70

2862.83

123.07

75.06

81.67

86.65

196.17

272.05

508.15

283.04

Utilization
A) Bank and Cash
Balance
B) Investment

4,982.91

890.14

6,437.64

1,140.50

9,417.57

1,590.32

10,036.26

1,580.91

C) Fixed Assets

140.44

93.78

142.39

92.87

163.94

107.41

164.79

107.69

D) Other Assets

326.33

299.85

442.68

387.77

592.12

604.89

765.50

891.19

Total Utilization

5572.75

1358.83

7104.38

1707.79

10369.80

2574.67

11474.70

2862.83

Source: Insurance Board

Total Earnings through Insurance Premium

5.28

A total of Rs. 17,656.9 million was earned through life and non-life
Insurance businesses in FY 2010/11. The insurance premium continued
to grow in its subsequent years due to the expansion and development of
insurance business reaching a total earnings of Rs. 36,289.0 million in
FY 2014/15. The premium amount has increased by 19.25 percent in FY
2014/15 as compared to that of its preceding fiscal year. Premiums
including that of life and non-life insurance had reached Rs. 25.74 billion
by the first eight months of the current fiscal year while this is estimated
to reach Rs. 38.60 billion by the end of this fiscal year.

88

Table 5 (e): Total Life and Non-Life Insurance Premiums*

Total Insurance Premium (In Rs. 10 Million)
Fiscal Year
Life

Non-Life

Total

Growth Rate
(In Percentage)

2010/11

1059.3

706.39

1765.69

15.68

2011/12

1416.93

784.43

2201.36

24.67

2012/13

1611.15

816.82

2427.97

10.29

2013/14

2000.53

1042.60

3043.13

25.33

2014/15

2497.33

1131.57

3628.90

19.25

2015/16**

1748.70

825.32

3860.00

6.36

Source: Insurance Board

Chart 5 (e): Total Life and Non-Life Insurance Premiums

(In Rs. 10 Million)

Source: Insurance Board

Chart 5 (f): Growth of Life and Non-Life Insurance Businesses

Source: Insurance Board

Contribution of Insurance Premiums to GDP

5.29

The contribution of insurance premiums to GDP has stood at 1.71

percent in FY 2014/15 against such contribution of 1.57 percent in its
preceding fiscal year. Such contributions were recorded at 1.29 percent,
1.44 percent and 1.45 percent for FY 2010/11, FY 2011/12 and FY
2012/13 respectively. This is estimated to remain close to the figure of
previous fiscal year.

89

Table 5 (f): Contribution of Insurance Premiums to GDP*

Fiscal Year

Total Insurance
Premium
(In Rs. 10 Million)

2010/11

1765.69

GDP
(At Prevailing
Price)
(In Rs. 10 Million)
136690.00

2011/12

2201.36

152730.00

1.44

2012/13

2427.97

167500.00

1.45

2013/14

3043.13

194160.00

1.57

2014/15

3628.90

2120470.00

1.71

2015/16**
3860.00
Source: Insurance Board

224870.00

1.71

Total Insurance Premium

compared to GDP (In
Percentage)
1.29

Chart 5 (g) : Growth Rate of Insurance Business Contribution to GDP (In

Percentage)

Source: Insurance Board

5.30

The investible amount with life and non-life insurers stood at Rs.
43939.8 million for FY 2010/11, Rs. 63145.5 million for FY 2011/12,
Rs. 74560.04 million for FY 2012/13 Rs. 91351.6 million for FY
2013/14, Rs. 112099.3 million for FY 2014/15 while it is estimated to
remain at Rs. 124,880.0 million in the current fiscal year.

Table 5 (g) : Investment made in Life and Non-Life Insurance Business

Investment (In Rs. 10 Million)
Fiscal Year
Life

Non-Life

Total

2010/11

3646.71

747.27

4393.98

2011/12

5450.04

864.51

6314.55

2012/13

6434.31

1021.73

7456.04

2013/14

7912.06

1223.10

9135.16

2014/15

9712.50

1497.43

11209.93

2015/16**

10683.00

1805.00

12488.00

Source: Insurance Board

90

Chart 5 (h) : Investment Made in Life and Non-Life Insurance Business

(In Rs. 10 Million)

Revenue through Insurance Business

5.31

The volume of Institutional and other revenues through insurance

business have continued to grow. Nepal governments revenue earnings
in
FY 2010/11 through to FY 2014/15 have remained at Rs. 1.9
billion, Rs. 2722.3 million, Rs. 3395.0 million, Rs. 4214.5 million and
Rs. 6252.0 million respectively.
Table 5 (h) : Revenue Collected from Insurance Business*
Fiscal Year

Tax Payment (In Rs. 10 Million)

2010/11

190.00

2011/12

272.23

2012/13

339.50

2013/14

421.45

2014/15

625.20

Chart 5 (i) : Revenue Receipt to Nepal Government* (Rs. in million)

91

Insurance Claim
5.32

The claimed amount against non-life insurance business has stood at Rs.
18606.1 million as on mid-March, 2016 and of this, Rs. 9875.8 million (
53.08 percent) has been paid to the insured while 100 percent payment
has been made to the claimants relating to earthquake against life
insurance.

Chart 5 (j) : Non-Life Insurers' Claim for Losses due to Earthquake

Chart 5 (k) : Payment on the Claim of Non-life Insurers

92

Table 5 (i) : Insurance Claim and Insurance Claim Payment

S. No.

Insurer Name

Total Claim Amount

relating to Earthquake
(In Rs. 100 Thousand)

Claim Amount
Released by MidMarch 2016
(In Rs. 100
Thousand)

Total Claim
Amount
Released
Percentage

Nepal Ins. Co. Ltd.

7020.25

6038.72

86.02

2.

The Oriental Ins. Co. Ltd

8476.80

3506.68

42.82

3.

National Ins. Co. Ltd

12464.12

4056.09

32.54

4.

Himalayan General Ins. Co. Ltd

57226.00

33040.00

57.73

5.

United Ins. Co. (Nepal) Ltd

9038.79

3128.35

34.61

6.

Premier Ins. Co. (Nepal) Ltd

17429.00

7676.04

44.04

7.

Everest Ins. Co. Ltd

2641.83

670.13

25.37

8.

Neco Ins. Ltd

6387.00

4776.00

74.13

9.

Sagarmatha Ins. Co. Ltd

16694.00

10664.00

64.00

10.

Prabhu Ins. Co. Ltd

10798.99

3249.41

30.09

11.

NB Ins. Co. Ltd

12.

Prudential Ins. Co. Ltd

4819.36

3051.31

63.54

13.

Shikhar Ins. Co. Ltd

9552.00

8102.00

84.82

14.

Lumbini General Ins. Co. Ltd

2836.04

1968.52

69.45

15.

NLG Ins. Co. Ltd

7719.00

2678.00

34.73

16.

Siddhartha Ins. Ltd

11146.94

5589.33

50.16

17.

National Insurance Co. Ltd

1811.71

563.65

31.11

186061.83

98758

53.08

Total
Source: Insurance Board

Table 5 (j) : Insurance Claim Amount Released by Life Insurance Business

S. No

Insurer Name

Amount Released
(In Rs. 100 Thousand)

Rastriya Beema Sanstha

75.13

National Life Insurance Company Ltd

41.86

Nepal Life Insurance Company Ltd

240.65

Life Insurance Corporation (Nepal) Limited

83.28

Metlife Alico)

324.52

Asian Life Insurance Company Ltd

74.55

Surya Life Insurance Company Ltd

26.02

Gurans Life Insurance Company Ltd

5.13

Prime Life Insurance Company Ltd

42.07

Total

913.21

93

Chart 5 (l) : Insurance Claim Amount Released by Life Insurance Business

Problems and Challenges

5.33

In the background of the need for participation of companies of the real

sector in the stock market for reliable and sustainable development,
making entry of the companies of the real sector into the secondary
market through monetary, fiscal and other policies, and introducing
liberal pricing policy on issuance of stocks by promoting their financial
transparency and good governance has been a daunting challenge.

5.34

Tasks of establishing institutional governance system in listed organized

institutions and stock market operators, developing derivative market,
standardizing outdated listing arrangements for making it time relevant,
making stock brokers more standard, professional and competent,
ensuring volume capital/private equity arrangement, making the credit
rating business more competitive and reviewing of stock markets
transaction costs have remained a challenge.

5.35

It is a challenging task to make Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd. more

competitive with the involvement of either appropriate strategic partner
or through corporate privatization to undergo its structural reform.
Likewise, there has been another challenge to bring changes in the
ownership structure of CDS and Clearing Ltd. for effective operation of
electronic transfer and clearing and settlement works.

5.36

There lies a challenge to enhance the structural and competitive

capacities of secondary market by importing foreign technologies and
capital in various sectors of capital market as that in Banking and
Financial Institutions.

5.37

Preparing legal and structural framework that supports modernization of

insurance initiatives; helping development of agricultural economy by
securing public investment on agriculture through rapid expansion of
crops and livestock insurance; and developing micro-insurance and
providing access of life insurance service to the maximum number of
Nepali people through its expansion are other challenging tasks.
94

6. External Sector
The status of Nepals external sectors indicators except that of trade deficit
remained satisfactory in later years. As balance of payment surplus rely
mainly on labor remittance income and the volume of imports, it remained
high during review period as a result of notable decrease in imports in
contrast to high remittance inflow. Due to increased balance of payment
surplus, foreign exchange reserves registered significant growth enhancing its
capacity to cover imports of goods and services. Though Nepal witnessed
balance of payment surplus in most of the years owing to high remittance
inflow, trade deficit has continued to grow every year.
6.1

To maintain stability of the external sector is one of the prime objectives

of macroeconomic policy. For the stability of this sector in developing
countries like Nepal, where fixed exchange rate system is in practice and
capital account is not completely open, it is necessary to stabilize the
current account and balance of payments. Trade deficit can be minimized
if import substitution is given emphasis by gradually enhancing exports
of goods and services. Benefits from the opportunities of international
trade can only be reaped if infrastructures are built in such a way that
bases for supplies of goods and services of internationally high demand
can be created and capacity of the private sector is enhanced.

6.2

Nepals economic development can only be supported through

international goods, services and labor market if emphasis could be given
on diversification and promotion of exports, enhancing export volume,
building sustainable foundation for employment and foreign currency is
earned through quality enhancement of tourism, education and health
services, import substitution production enhancement, and making
foreign employment highly result oriented. Nepalese external sector also
offers opportunities such as growth in foreign exchange surplus enabling
to cover imports, United States of America offered duty free facility on
Nepalese readymade garments for ten years, trades and services
expansion potential, and using the remittance inflow on capital formation
etc.

Structure and Trend

6.3

Nepals trade deficit in international trade has continued to grow. This

situation emerged as a result of increased import with decreased export
volume. Higher expenditure on the import of petroleum products as
95

compared to the income earned from export of goods in most of the years
and increased volume of imports of agricultural and essential goods
seemed to have made the foundation of export in Nepalese economy
weak thereby making it reliance over imports.
6.4

In
last
five
years, the
average
growth
rate
of
exports
of
tradable
goods
remained
merely at
7.4
percent
whereas that of imports stood at 15.9 percent. During five years period,
the exports to India and other countries has registered growth of 7.2
percent and 7.9 percent respectively while the imports during the same
period expanded with an average of 18.1 percent and 13.5 percent
respectively. Exports of Nepal are focused on some limited goods.
Based on exports of the last year, only 13 items valued over Rs. 1
billion were exported including, sacks, pulses, cardamom, juice, jute
products, GI pipe, polyester yarn, cashmere (pashmina), woolen carpet,
copper wire, iron rod, textiles, zinc sheet and readymade garment.

6.5

In FY 2010/11, the share of export of tradable goods to GDP was 4.7

percent which dropped to 4 percent in FY 2014/15. On the flip side, the
share of import of goods to GDP that was 29 percent to GDP in fiscal
year 2010/11 went up to 36.5 percent in 2014/15. As a result, the ratio of
trade deficit to GDP which was 24.3 percent in fiscal year 2010/11
reached 32.5 percent in FY 2014/15. Similarly, export/import ratio that
stood at 16 percent in 2010/11 slid to 11 percent in FY 2014/15.

6.6

Likewise, Import volume was 6 times higher than that of export in FY

2010/11 while in fiscal year 2014/15, this volume rose to 9 folds. There
has been trade deficit of about Rs. 2 billion a day. This indicates that
export base of Nepal is getting weaker and Nepal has not been able to
gain benefit from international trade. The share of remittance to GDP
96

remained at 18.5 percent in FY 2010/11 which rose to 29.1 percent in

fiscal year 2014/15. According to World Bank Migration and Remittance
Fact Book, Nepal holds the third position among the countries to receive
highest proportion of remittance to GDP. Though Nepals current
position seems to be satisfactory due to the level of foreign exchange
reserve that has boosted its capacity to bear imports costs, it calls for an
appropriate utilization of remittance income.
Box 6 (a): Trade Policy, 2015
Nepal Government has issued commerce policy, 2015 with a long-term vision of
achieving economic prosperity by enhancing commerce sectors contribution to
national economy through export promotion. Objectives of this policy are to; achieve
inclusive and sustainable economic growth through export promotion, enhance
supply related capacity, reduce trade deficit by increasing exports of value added and
competitive goods and services, increase access of goods, services and intellectual
property to the regional and global markets. This policy shall supersede the earlier
Commerce Policy, 2008 and help reduce trade deficit through the utilization of
opportunities provided by world trade system incorporating issues including
developing harmony between Commerce Policy and Nepal Trade Integration
Strategy, enhancing supply related capacity, increasing production and productivity,
protecting and promoting service, trade and intellectual property, supporting and
mainstreaming trade,
making arrangement for monitoring corporate social
responsibility, trade and environment.
As per the institutional provision under this Policy, it has envisaged to constitute
Board of Trade at central level in private sectors participation with a view of
providing assistance in the formulation of policy required for promoting and
facilitating trade , monitoring policy and establishing inter-agency coordination.
Likewise, this has incorporated the task of transforming the exiting Trade and Export
Promotion Center into an autonomous institution naming Trade Promotion Academy
with the arragements of necessary organizational structure and resources. This Policy
consists of a list of possible export items with 26 goods and 7 services.

Gross Foreign Trade

6.7

Due to the closure of Nepals main border with China following the
earthquake coupled with obstructions in other southern border points has
provided tremendous impact on Nepals international trade. As a result,
total international trade fell by 15 percent to Rs. 478.53 billion in the first
eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16 while this had recorded
the growth of 8.5 percent reaching Rs. 562.79 billion during the same
period of previous fiscal year. The share of export to total traded goods
97

was 8.9 percent while that of import was 91.1 percent. The shares of
export and import to total traded goods were 10.1 percent and 89.9
percent respectively during the same period of previous fiscal year.
Goods Export
6.8

The volume of total goods export dropped by 24.9 percent to Rs. 42.73
billion in first eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16 while such
export volume had declined by 6.6 percent to Rs. 56.87 billion in the
corresponding period of previous fiscal year.

6.9

The export to India, china and other countries fell by 34.5 percent, 45.9
and 3.7 percent respectively during review period of current fiscal year
2015/16. On item-wise basis, the exports of goods including zinc sheet,
textiles, GI pipe, juice etc. to India, refined leather, noodles, readymade
garments to China, and pulses, processed leather, leather-made items, tea
to the other countries have declined. Such export to India had declined by
9.9 percent towards while that to other countries had dropped by 0.9
percent but that to China had attained growth of 9.3 in the same period of
previous fiscal year.

Goods Import
6.10

Total Import of goods has decreased by 13.9 percent to Rs. 435.8 billion
in the first eight months of current fiscal year. Such import had grown by
10.5 percent in the same period of previous year. The import volume
dropped by 19.3 percent, 2 percent and 6.1 percent respectively from
India, China and other countries. On item-wise basis, the import of goods
from India including petroleum products, M.S. Billets, chemical
fertilizers, machinery parts has dropped. Similarly, imports of
machineries and their accessories, electric goods, medical equipments,
steel rod and sheets from China and silver, edible oil, crude oil, copper
wire from other countries have also declined.

98

Table 6 (a): Foreign Trade Situation (First Eight Months)

(Percent change)
Description

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Export

14.1

5.0

19.4

-6.6

-24.9

India

14.5

2.0

21.9

-9.9

-34.5

China

12.6

9.3

-45.9

Other Countries

13.5

11.2

14.9

-0.9

-3.7

Import

16.6

22.1

27.0

10.5

-13.9

India

12.0

24.2

28.1

5.1

-19.3

China

14.7

48.6

-2.0

Other Countries

26.3

18.2

30.1

8.7

-6.1

Trade Balance

17.1

25.5

28.2

13.1

-12.5

India

11.5

28.8

29.1

7.4

-17.3

China

14.8

50.1

-0.8

Other Countries

28.9

19.5

33.9

10.7

-6.6

Total Trade

16.3

19.7

26.0

8.5

-15.0

India

12.4

21.0

27.3

3.3

-20.8

China

14.7

47.3

-3.1

Other Countries

24.4

17.3

27.5

7.2

-5.8

Export/Import Ratio

16.4

14.1

13.3

11.2

9.8

India

17.0

14.0

13.3

11.4

9.3

China

3.6

3.6

2.6

1.4

15.4

20.1

17.7

16.2

16.6

0.0

0.0

India

67.1

65.2

66.5

64.2

56.0

China

3.0

2.8

3.3

2.4

32.9

31.8

30.6

32.5

41.7

0.0

0.0

Other Countries

0.0

Share in Total Export (%)

Other Countries

0.0

Share in Total Import (%)

India

64.8

65.9

66.5

63.2

59.3

China

11.7

10.5

14.2

16.1

35.2

22.4

23.0

22.6

24.6

0.0

0.0

Other Countries

0.0

Share in Trade Balance (%)

India

64.3

66.0

66.5

63.1

59.6

China

13.1

11.7

15.5

17.6

35.7

20.9

21.8

21.3

22.8

0.0

0.0

Other Countries

0.0

Share in Total Trade (%)

India

65.1

65.8

66.5

63.3

59.0

China

10.6

9.6

13.1

14.9

99

Description
Other Countries

2011/12

2012/13

34.9

23.6

Export

14.1

Import

85.9

2013/14

2015/16*

23.9

23.6
0.0

0.0

12.4

11.7

10.1

8.9

87.6

88.3

89.9

91.1

0.0

Share of Import and Export in Total Trade

2014/15

26.1

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

6.11

During the first eight months of current fiscal year, the import from India
through the payment of convertible foreign currency has increased by
19.9 percent to Rs. 39.86 billion. Such import had reached 49.79 billion
with the growth of 0.3 percent during the same period of previous fiscal
year. The share of import from India through payment of convertible
foreign currency to total import has stood at 15.4 percent during review
period.

Trade balance
6.12

The total trade deficit has declined by 12.5 percent and got contained at
Rs. 393.07 billion in the review period. Such deficit had increased by
13.1 percent reaching Rs. 449.05 billion during the same period of
previous fiscal year.

6.13

Of the total trade deficit, the trade deficit to India has decreased by 17.3
percent in the review period against its growth of 7.4 in the same period
of previous fiscal year. Likewise, trade deficit to China that had increased
by 50.1 percent last year declined by 0.8 percent during the review
period. The trade deficit that had registered an increment of 10.7 percent
in the first eight months of previous fiscal year has declined by 6.6
percent during the review period of current fiscal year. The fall in export
is higher as compared to that of import resulted in the decline of export to
import ratio to 9.8 percent. Such ratio had stood at 11.2 percent in the
corresponding period of previous fiscal year.

Balance of Payment (BoP) Situation

6.14

By the first eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16, balance of

payment remained in surplus by Rs. 158.18 billion against Rs. 35.07
billion in the corresponding period of previous fiscal year. Current
account that remained in surplus by Rs.11.65 billion during the first eight
months of previous fiscal year has recorded a surplus of Rs.138.55
billion in the review period.

100

6.15

FOB price based trade deficit on goods that had registered growth of 14.0
percent during the review period of the previous fiscal year shrank by
12.1 percent to Rs. 382.69 in the same period of current fiscal year.
Likewise, total services income declined by 8.2 percent to Rs. 86.06
billion during the review period as compared to the corresponding period
of previous fiscal year as a result of high decline in tourism income by 24
percent and other service income by 11.6 percent despite the receipt of
28.3 percent growth in government income. The travel expenditure that
had grown by 35.9 percent in the first eight months of previous fiscal
year dropped by 3.1 percent during the same period of current fiscal year.
Likewise, despite 11.6 percent growth in other service expenditures, the
net service payment fell by 1.6 percent to Rs. 81.87 billion during review
period due to the decline of 3.1 percent in government service
expenditure and 1.6 percent in transportation expenditure. Thus, net
service income remained in surplus by Rs. 4.19 billion in the review
period while such figure had stood at Rs. 10.6 billion in the same period
of previous fiscal year.
Table 6 (b): Remittance Inflows

Description

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Remittance Inflows (Rs. in Billion)

359.6

434.6

543.3

617.3

427.4

Percentage Change

41.8

20.9

25.0

13.6

15.2

Ratio to GDP

23.5

25.6

27.7

29.1

32.1**

Share of Remittance Income in

Current Transfer Income

84.0

87.3

85.6

87.9

85.1

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

*First Eight Months

**Annual Estimate

6.16

Under the transfer income, grants and pensions have increased by 92.6
and 7.9 percent respectively in the review period while such grants had
declined by 24.7 percent with 0.3 percent increase in the pensions during
the same period of previous fiscal year. Likewise, remittance inflow has
increased by 15.2 percent to Rs. 427.37 billion in the review period
against its growth of 4 percent in the same period of the previous fiscal
year. The net transfer income has grown by 19 percent to Rs. 500.6
billion due to the increased volume of remittance inflow. Such income
had increased by 1.3 percent in the corresponding period of previous
fiscal year.

6.17

On the capital account side, the net capital transfer account remained in
surplus by Rs. 9.72 billion in the review period of current fiscal year
against the surplus of Rs. 7.63 billion in the same period of previous
fiscal year. On fiscal account front, s sum of Rs. 2.34 billion has been
101

received as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the review period of

current fiscal year while this figure was Rs. 2.67 billion for the same
period of previous year. In the review period, other investment assets
totaled Rs. 22.10 billion against such total of Rs. 21.34 billion in the
same period of the previous fiscal year. On the other investment
liabilities side, the government credit flow totaled Rs. 24.48 billion
while principle of Rs. 9.48 billion has been repaid in the review period.
Foreign Exchange Reserve
Nepals foreign exchange reserve continued to grow reaching over Rs. 1
trillion. The total foreign exchange reserve that grew by 22.2 percent
from Rs. 824.06 billion in mid-July 2015 to Rs. 1,006.68 billion by midMarch 2016. In US Dollar term, the total reserve rose by 15.2 percent
reaching a total
(In Rs. 100 billions)
of US$ 9.38
billion by midMarch,
2016
against
such
total of US$ 7.2
billion during
the same period
last year.
201
5/1
6

201
4/1
5

201
3/1
4

201
2/1
3

201
1/1
2

20
10/
11

20
09/
10

20
08/
09

20
07/
08

20
06/
07

20
05/
06

20
04/
05

20
03/
04

20
02/
03

Mi
dM
arc
h

6.18

Table 6 (c): Total Foreign Exchange Reserve (In Rs. Billion)

Percent
Change
(Mid-July to Mid
-March)

Description

Mid-July 2014

Mid- March
2015

Mid-July
2015

Mid-March
2016

2071

2072

Nepal Rastra Bank

572.4

593.05

703.06

870.67

3.6

23.8

Bank and Financial Institutions

93.01

112.68

121.00

136.01

21.2

12.4

Total Reserve

665.41

1006.68

6.1

22.2

Nepal Rastra Bank

86.0

705.73
824.06
Share in Total Reserve
84.0
85.3

Bank and Financial Institutions

14.0

16.0

14.7

86.5
13.5

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

6.19

Of the total foreign exchange reserves, the reserve with Nepal Rastra
Bank grew by 23.8 percent reaching a total of Rs. 870.67 billion by midMarch 2016 as compared to that of mid-July, 2015. The reserve with
banks and financial institutions other than NRB grew by 12.4 percent to
102

Rs. 136.01 billon in the review period. The share of Indian currency to
the total reserve stood at 21.2 percent.
Reserve sufficiency indicators
6.20

Based on the imports of the first eight months of fiscal year 2015/16, the
foreign exchange reserve with the banking sector is sufficient to cover
the imports of goods for 18.8 months and that of both goods and services
for 15.8 months while such reserve was able to cover imports of goods
for 11.3 months and that of goods and services for 9.7 months in the
same period of previous fiscal year. The current level of foreign
exchange reserve appears to be sufficient to cover the exports for longer
period than that of the review period of previous fiscal year due to
decreased import volume during review the period of current fiscal year.
As per the projection of the monetary policy of current fiscal year,
foreign exchange reserve had the target to cover imports for least 8
months.

6.21

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, the ratios of
total import and broad money supply to foreign exchange reserve stood
at 131.7 percent and 49.0 percent respectively while such ratios were
93.3 percent and 43.9 percent by mid-July last year.

Foreign Assets and Liabilities

6.22

Nepal Rastra Bank has published International Investment Position: IIP

for the first time this year. This depicts overall foreign assets and
liabilities of the country at specific point in time. By mid-July, 2015
foreign assets of Nepal was equivalent to Rs. 847.66 billion while
liability remained at Rs. 487.32 billion. As a consequence, the position of
net foreign asset and liabilities remained positive by 360.35 billion while
such figure by mid-July had remained positive by Rs. 204.03 billion.

103

Table 6 (d): Status of Foreign Asset and Liability

(By Mid-July, In Rs. 10 Million)
Description
(A) Assets

2013

2014

2015
84766.3

55914.2

68131.5

Direct Investment

Portfolio Investment

Other Investment

8535.1

8756.2

12116.4

Other Equity

249.6

250.3

547.6

Money and Reserve

2202.6

2991.3

4416.9

Loan

5.3

122.9

1012.3

Business Credit and Advance Payment

514.7

162.0

223.4

Other Account Receipt

5562.9

5229.8

5916.1

Other Official Reserve

47379.1

59375.3

72650.0

48009.6

47728.3

48731.6

5211.3

5726.4

6342.7

42798.3

42001.9

42388.9

(B) Liabilities
Direct Investment
Portfolio Investment
Other Investment
Other Equity

0.0

0.0

0.0

Money and Deposit

5611.5

2937.1

3987.0

Loan

34762.5

35678.7

35140.0

Business Credit and Advance Payment

1443.5

2368.6

2291.2

Other Account Payable

2.0

4.2

3.8

Special Drawing Rights

978.8

1013.4

966.8

7904.6

20403.2

36034.7

(C) Net Foreign Asset and Liabilities

Exchange rate
6.23

Nepalese Currency depreciated by 5.7 percent against US dollar between

mid-July, 2015 and mid-March, 2016 while that had appreciated by 4.5
percent against US dollar during the same period of previous fiscal year.
By mid-March, 2015, the exchange rate of USD 1 to Nepalese currency
reached Rs. 107.23 where as exchange rate in mid-July 2015 was Rs.
101.14. Similarly, Nepalese rupee has depreciated by 6.6 percent and
13.2 percent against Euro and Japanese Yen respectively when compared
with that of mid-July, 2015. However, Nepalese rupee has appreciated by
3.2 percent against pound sterling in the review period.

104

20
15
/16
*

20
14
/15

20
13
/14

20
12
/13

20
11
/12

20
10
/11

20
09
/10

20
08
/09

20
07
/08

20
06
/07

*Mid-March

Table 6 (e) : Foreign Exchange

Month End Buying Rate (In NPR)
Foreign
Currency

Appreciation (+)
Depreciation (-)
(in Percent)
(Mid-JulyMid-March)
2015
2016

Mid-July
2013

MidMarch
2014

Mid-July
2014

MidMarch
2015

Mid-July
2015

MidMarch
2016

1 US Dollar

95.00

97.58

95.90

100.45

101.14

107.23

-4.5

-5.7

1 Pound Sterling

143.56

162.81

164.61

148.91

158.01

153.16

10.5

3.2

1 Euro

124.08

136.15

130.56

106.35

111.48

119.41

22.8

-6.6

10 Japanese Yen

9.57

9.51

9.44

8.27

8.18

9.42

14.1

-13.2

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Problems and Challenges

6.24

Since Nepals international trade is extremely concentrated on specific

country, goods and border points on account of country, goods and
customs entry points, the imports and exports are more influenced by
non-economic incidents and recurrences which may further jeopardize
the countrys entire supply situation and industrial management. Hence,
diversifying it on the basis of country, goods and customs entry points
remains a challenge. For this, it is imperative to develop trade
infrastructures and make economic and diplomatic efforts with India,
Bangladesh and China for trade facilitation.

105

6.25

Nepals export trade has been weakening lately.

Though the trade
policy has embraced some trade facilitation strategies, export trade is less
likely to sustain the stability in the external sector due to inadequate trade
infrastructures, lack of industrial environment and failure to enhance
domestic production capacity. Hence, there lies a challenge to increase its
share in the earnings of foreign currency on a regular basis by giving
high priority not only to export trade but also to the services sector.

6.26

The number of outbound Nepalese workers for foreign employment that

directly affects remittance inflow has dropped significantly this year. In
a situation where International Monetary Fund (IMF) has made its
projection that major foreign employment destination countries
including Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Malaysia among
others are likely to achieve low economic growth and they have already
entered into the contract with other countries for receiving foreign
workers. There is a possibility of impact on the demand of labor for
foreign employment thereby impacting the remittance inflow, which is
likely to exert pressure for maintaining remittance-based external
sectors stability.

6.27

Exploring alternative energy sources so as to replace the import of

petroleum products that shares more than 20 percent to the total import to
Nepal and generating electricity through the timely completion of
ongoing hydroelectricity projects together with building electrical
transportation infrastructures remain a challenge. Likewise, increasing
production and productivity of traditional agriculture sector to substitute
imports of agro-products have also remained a challenge.

6.28

Foreign exchange reserve has continued to grow together with growing

surplus in balance of payment. Such reserve has enhanced the capacity
to cover the imports of goods and services on the one hand while foreign
exchange reserve is getting exported to other countries through the
banking sector on the other. There is an opportunity for capital
formation because the volume of foreign exchange reserve has continued
to grow which ultimately has increased the spending capacity of foreign
exchange coupled with fiscal space available to the government.

106

7. Poverty Alleviation and Employment

Poverty Alleviation
7.1

Poverty alleviation is also one of the major liabilities of the government.

Periodic plans based poverty alleviation related activities that are in
operation have been founded on policies and strategies targeted at
reduction of human poverty and exclusionary conditions by ensuring
good governance. As a consequence, by the end of fiscal year 2012/13,
population living below poverty line based on consumption is estimated
to have reduced to 23.8 percent. Though the population living below
poverty line is estimated to have dropped from that fiscal year to this
period, the devastating earthquake that struck the country a year ago and
disruption on supply as a result of boarder obstruction are likely to add
the number of poor to the countrys poor population. Poverty alleviation
targeted activities are being carried out through various ministries,
agencies, development partners, international non-governmental
organization (INGOs), local communities since poverty has been interrelated issue..

7.2

Draft prepared on National Poverty Alleviation Policy in fiscal year

2014/15 has been revised as constitutional provision and goal of
sustainable development shall be issued within fiscal year 2015/16.

7.3

Significant amount of investment has been increased on social sector.

Various employment and income generating activities are being
conducted focusing on the areas and target group of people living below
poverty line. Micro Enterprises Development Program for Poverty
Alleviation that was initiated with a view to increase level of income of
poor families has been extended to other districts.

7.4

Western Upland Poverty Alleviation Project is in operation in eight hilly

western districts including Rukum, Rolpa, Humla, Kalikot, Dailekh,
Jajarkot, Bajhang and Bajura with the objective of conducting poor
targeted programs. Investment plans (to be prepared in the involvement
of poor and implemented on their own) are being implemented in 135
VDCs of those 8 districts with a target to raise the living standards of
Dalits and ultra poor. The project has covered 71.984 households from
among 256.190 households and 431.870 people from among the total
population of 1,384,024 of those 8 districts considered backwarded from
the perspective of human development index.

107

WUPAP
Implemented No. of
VDC

VDC Benefitted
from WUPAP %

Total Benefited
Household

Household
Benefited %

Population
Benefitted

15

39,673

Rolpa

43,757

224,506

103,100

121,406

16.22

51.00

Rukum

41,856

208,567

99,159

109,408

15.07

43.00

20.00

46.51

9,440

23

51,280

Daiekh

48,919

261,770

126,990

134,780

18.91

55.00

1.0

20.00

36.36

10,057

21

58,989

Jajarkot

30,472

171,304

85,537

85,767

12.38

30.00

15.00

50.00

7,146

23

41,819

Kalikot

23,013

136,948

68,833

68,115

9.89

30.00

15.00

50.00

8,161

35

47,686

Humla

9,479

50,858

25,833

25,025

3.67

27.00

22.00

81.48

6,454

68

39,191

Bajura

24,908

134,912

65,806

69,106

9.75

27.00

18.00

66.67

11,721

47

71,720

Bajhang

33,786

195,159

92,794

102,365

14.10

47.00

23.00

48.94

12,375

37

81,512

Total

256,190

1,384,024

668,052

715,972

100.0

310.00

1.00

153.0

49.35

71,984

28

431,870

No. of
Municipalities

Female

Population
Male

Total No. of VDC

6,630

Total

Population
benefited from
WUPAP %

39.22

District

20.00

S. No.

No of Household

Table 7 (a) : National Household and Population Survey

source: Ministry of Cooperative & Poverty Alleviation

7.5

Since, identification of poor people and households for the effective

implementation of poverty alleviation programs is imperative, in the
preliminary phase, 356,418 families poor families from among 1,240,350
household families of 25 districts have been classified into three genres
naming ultra poor, poor and in the verge of poverty on the basis of
poverty measuring indicators. These programs shall be extended slowly
to the rest 50 districts.

108

Progress of Millennium Development Goals

7.6

Nepal has been incorporating millennium development goals which were

committed to achieve by 2015 in its plans and programs of since its tenth
periodic plan and there has been remarkable progress by the end of this
period. The number of people living below poverty line has dropped to
21.6 percent in 2016 AD from 42 percent of 1995 AD. However, poverty
situation is still miserable in dalit and other backwarded communities of
far-western and Karnali regions and in rural communities as compared to
that of urban areas.

7.7

Net enrollment rate in primary school level has reached 96.6 percent
while the literacy rate of 15- 24 age group reached 88.5 percent with
retention rate of 86.8 percent at primary schools whereas gender equity
index has attained same level. Notably increased investment in the
education sector; carry out the sector-wise subject-based program at
school level education with the involvement of development partners;
scholarships; day-snack program; and separate toilets for girl students
seemed to be the reasons for meeting the enrollment target. However,
there still remains a challenge to retain the progress achieved due to the
absence of easy access to school for differently abled children, persistent
high dropout rate, inferior quality of the public schools and earthquake
damaged school buildings and infrastructures. Targets related to gender
equality have been achieved due to gender equity rate reaching 1.09 at
primary level schools and 1.0 percent at secondary level, reduced gap of
literacy rate between women and men of 15-24 age group, presence of
women in administrative sector almost increased by two folds when
compared to that of last ten years and about one-third presence of women
in legislative parliament.

7.8

There has been remarkable progress in child mortality rate, infant

mortality rate and anti- measles vaccines. Maternal/infant mortality rate
that was 108 per 1000 live births in 1990 dropped to 33 in 2014.
Likewise, child mortality rate in 1000 live births in 1990 that had stood at
162 fell significantly to 38 in 2014. Anti-measles vaccine has reached 92
percent. Maternal mortality rate which was 850 per 100 thousand in 1990
has decreased to 258 in 2013. Nepal has been awarded by UN for its
notable progress in reducing maternal mortality rate. Policies
arrangements of free maternity service, travel expense allowance,
motivation to the health workers delivering services in remote districts
and trainings for local health workers, midwives, legalization of abortion
have vital role to achieve progress in maternal health. Maternal mortality
109

rate has dropped as a result of decreased net reproductive rate in contrast

to increased use of family planning contraception together with increased
number of women giving birth in presence of trained health workers and
that of pregnant women to take medical advices and services.
7.9

The rate of HIV infection in men and women of 15-49 age bracket came
down to 0.03 percent in 2013/14 from 0.29 percent of 2000 AD, while
such rate in the age group of 15-24 has dropped by 80 percent. Mortality
rate caused by malaria has reached to zero percent which is in the state of
eradication. The number of families using firewood as household fuel has
decreased to 59 percent in 2015 from 68 percent of 2000 AD. During this
period, LP gas using families have reached 28.7 percent from 7.7
percent. Likewise, forest covered area has reached 44.7 percent while the
protected area covers 23.5 percent of the Nepals total land mass.
Similarly, 83.6 percent households have access to the improved drinking
water while 81 percent of the households have access to sanitation
facility.

7.10

The 13th periodic plan had aimed at reducing the number of people
living below poverty line to 18 percent by 2022 AD by improving the
lifestyle of general public and envisaged to graduate Nepal from the
status of least developed country (LDC) to developing country by this
time. United Nations has set three indicators including Gross National
Income (GNI) per capita, Human Asset Index (HAI) and Economic
Vulnerability Index (EVI.) and their criteria. Required and criteria for
LDCs to graduate to developing countries. LDCs are required to meet at
least 2 among those three indicators for them register in the least of
developing countries. Though Nepal lags behind from the perspective
GNI per capita among those three indicators to graduate it to developing
country, situation of HAI and EVI appears to have remained positive.
Table 7 (b) : Graduation Threshold and Nepal Position in 2016
Indicators

Threshold

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (US$)

1242

(Human Assets Index HAI

>66

Economic Vulnerability Index-EVI

<32

Source: UN-DESA, CDP

110

Status of Nepal
659 (World Bank,
Atlas Method)
752 (CBS)
68.7
26.8

Difference
583
Achieved
Achieved

Sustainable Development Goals

7.11

The sustainable development goals United Nations has brought into

operation from this year have thrown a challenging opportunity for socioeconomic development.
These goals supported by Governments
throughout the world with their commitments have set 17 objectives
aimed at reducing all kinds of poverty and hunger by 2030 A.D. together
with building capacity to combat disaster. A national report has been
prepared by setting necessary indicators for Nepal to achieve those goals
and guidelines prepared based on countrys inland position
contextualizing with sustainable development goals from national
perspective for their implementation. Such goals have already been
internalized in the concept note of 14th periodic plan.

7.12

Rapid urbanization, perpetual growth in remittance income from foreign

employment, increased wage rate in agriculture, increased employment
and wage rate in non-agriculture sector, the increased number of
economically active age group in total population have contributed in
poverty reduction. However, due to impact of devastating earthquake of
April 25 in 2015, the current number of poor population is likely to
increase between 2.5 and 3.5 percentage points.

7.13

The ma jor challenge is the diverse definition and understanding of the

poverty alleviation sector. As per Nepal Living Standards Survey 2011,
based on consumption, a poor was defined whose per capita calorie
consumption is less than 2,220 per day and annual disposable income of
Rs. 19,261 while development partners of Nepal have defined poverty as
a person or individual with income of less than 1.25 US dollar a day.
Likewise, United Nations Development Program has been measuring
poverty on the basis of multidimensional poverty indicators where 10
sub-indicators including 2 each for education and health and 6 for living
standard have been set. Poverty has also been gauzed on the basis of
ability of an individual to feed him/herself for a period of 3, 6 and 9
months. Likewise, it is measured on the basis of opportunity and
accessibility that individual holds to transfer his/her property and skills.
Such bases employed for measuring poverty and programs being
implemented on the same bases have created problems in coordination,
monitoring and measuring poverty. It is necessary to maintain uniformity
on measuring poverty and develop coordination among the agencies
while executing poverty alleviation program.

111

Poverty Alleviation Fund

7.14

Community demand based programs targeting people living below

absolute poverty with the involvement of social inclusion; transparency;
demand-led and direct community based programs are being
implemented in active participation of ultra poor and backward groups.

7.15

As compared to that of FY 2006/7, poverty level has dropped to 33.1

percent from 50.7 percent among the community based program run
households. From this, poverty level is estimated to have dropped by
2.49 percent annually on average while average per capita consumption
has grown up by 124.2 percent.

7.16

A total of Rs. 1,372,361,970 was mobilized to implement 3,063 income

oriented, community infrastructure development and new projects
through community organizations (COs) in FY2014/15. By the end of
first eight months of fiscal year 2015/16, 2,048 such projects have been
implemented in the targeted communities.

Youth and Small Entrepreneurs Self-Employment Fund

7.17

Self-Employment in tandem with vocational training programs are being

run with the objective of achieving rapid development of the country by
making the maximum use of productive labor through the development
of entrepreneurship while bringing changes in the traditional production
system. For this, the Fund aimed at availing collateral-free periodic
concessional loans to educated, and uneducated unemployed youths
through banks and financial institutions and cooperatives.
Easy
collateral-free periodic wholesale loan at the rate of up to Rs. 200,000 per
person has been provided through the Fund. The target group of this
group is mainly the unemployed youths with age bracket from 18-50
years.

7.18

There has been provision to establish coordination with banks, financial

institutions and cooperatives to lend credit for skill oriented selfemployment programs to those skilled unemployed youths to run small
and cottage businesses like one village one production, commercial
farming; poultry farming; agriculture and wildlife and mines and
precious stone, factories; rickshaw and push-cart and plumbing service
operation, repair and maintenance of electronic goods and provide banks,
financial institutions and cooperates wholesale credits and such loan shall

112

be disbursed to target groups against the personal and group guarantee

and projects as collateral.
7.19

Rs. 3,458,700,000 has been invested through 28 banks and 652

cooperative institutions upon the conclusion of primary lending
agreements by mid-April of fiscal year 2015/16. Of this investment,
Rs.779.9 million has been recovered while Rs. 1.850.03 million is still on
investment. More than 60 percent of total investment is on production
sector. A total of 28,624 people have been employed with additional 544
individuals by the first 8 months of current fiscal year.

7.20

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year, self-employment loan
recipients having good credibility records for paying principles together
with interest regularly without missing the deadline are distributed with
sum of Rs. 13,582,028 as interest grants.

Employment
7.21

More than 512 thousand active youths inter into the Nepalese labor
market each year. There is a large gap between demand and supply of
labor. The growth of skilled manpower and creation of employment is
not satisfactory. More than 1,300 youths leave the country every day.
Around 3.48 million foreign employees who left country from formal
and informal means are categorized as 1.5 percent skilled, 23 percent
semi-skilled and 75.5 percent unskilled.

7.22

Earthquake and border obstructions caused labor to lose their jobs which
is why the employment growth rate is estimated to remain below 2.9
percent.

Foreign Employment
7.23

Lack of employment opportunities in Nepalese labor market, low

payment, price hike, Nepalese culture that does not respect every jobs,
increased expectations of youths due to the development in
communication and technology, and high affection of youths towards
foreign employment have contributed to exodus of Nepalese youths to
foreign employment. Earthquake and subsequent border obstruction that
rendered negative impact on the agricultural and industrial sectors
leaving several youths unemployed where foreign employment became
an alternate choice for them.

113

7.24

Officially 110 countries are opened for foreign employment. To prepare

expert and skilled manpower for in-house employment/ self employment
along with entrepreneurship and foreign employment, governmental and
non-governmental sectors are providing youth and job oriented technical
and vocational trainings targeting youth labor force. Twenty one percent
of such labor force is leaving for foreign employment after the receipt of
training.
Table 7(c): Status of Recipient of Skill Development Training
Fiscal Year

Male

Total

2005/06

3432

3633

7065

2006/07

7457

6596

14053

2007/08

9716

6432

16148

2008/09

12702

9039

21741

2009/10

13305

9257

22562

2010/11

12530

9600

22130

2011/12

8045

8507

16552

2012/13

7586

7521

15107

2013/14

8278

9050

17328

2014/15

7750

8129

15879

2015/16*

1286

1854

3140

Total

7.25

Training Received
Female

92087

79618

171705

Source: Entrepreneurship and Skill Development Training Centre

* First eight months

Efforts are being made to make foreign employment well organized,

secured and dignified. Work permits were provided to 331 non-resident
Nepalese
workers
working in
Nepal after
having their
regular
monitoring,
while 252 of
them
had
their permits
renewed by
mid-March
of
the
current
114

fiscal year 2015/16. Likewise, Foreign Employment Management

Information System has been developed for managing the records of
outbound Nepalese workers for foreign employment and for its
implementation, tasks are underway to install system link with Nepal
Rastra Bank and other commercial banks.
7.26

Bilateral labor agreements have been signed with major labor destination
countries namely Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Japan, Israel and
South Korea while reaching an agreement with Saudi-Arabia, Malaysia,
Kuwait, Jordan, and Lebanon is underway. Safer domestic services are in
operation in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, and UAE. Decision on Free
Visa Free Ticket privilege for foreign employment has been executed.
For Oman, there has been mandatory provision for the Oman bound
Nepali workers and the license holder to attend in person and sign the
contract before the Foreign Employment Department. A separate
agreement is in practice between the destination country and Nepal
government regarding the safety of domestic women workers in foreign
countries. The orientation training has become compulsory before
leaving for foreign employment. While going to gulf countries, visa and
contract paper needs to be verified from the Nepalese mission.
Table 7 (d): Country-wise detail of Foreign Employment
(For first eight months of fiscal year 2015/16)
(In number)

S. No.
1

Country

Male

Female

Total

Qatar

85460

1125

86585

Malaysia

41651

1325

42976

Saudi Arab

92091

1255

93346

UAE

29091

5884

34975

Kuwait

6210

539

6749

Bahrain

1806

228

2034

Oman

1607

667

2274

South Korea

2019

100

2119

Lebanon

34

92

126

10

Israel

55

70

125

11

Afghanistan

921

922

12

Japan

2799

93

2892

13

Others

2747

2365

5112

266491

13744

280235

Total

Source: Department of Foreign Employment

7.27

From the fiscal year 2006/7 to fiscal year 2014/15 total number of
3,201,268 Nepalese left the country for foreign employment among them
115

3,065,462 are men and remaining 135,806 are women. The total numbers
of workers left for foreign country in the first eight months of fiscal year
2015/16 is 280,235, among them 13,744 are women and 266,491 are
men.
7.28

Families of 549 dead workers who died during foreign employment were
provided with the economic support while more 97 sick and mutilated workers
got the medical expense by mid-March of fiscal year 2015/16.

Social Security Fund

7.29

Social security fund is established for the economic security of retired life and
for the people who are socially and economically at risk. In the first eight
months of the fiscal year 2015/16 around 2464 organized institutions have
entered in the coverage of social security tax among hem 82 percent are the
government sector and remaining 18 percent are the non-governmental sector.
Working Manual has been prepared for social security programs like, maternity
security, accident insurance, medical insurance and sickness insurance. By the
end of fiscal year 2014/15 total Rs.8,088,200,000 social security revenue was
collected and additional Rs. 1,592,200,000tax revenue was generated by the end
of first eight months of fiscal year 2015/16which figured total social security
fund to Rs. 9,680,400,000.
Table 7 (e) : Amount Collected in Social Security Fund
Fiscal Year

Amount Collected (In Rs. 10 million)

2009/10

54

2010/11

74

2011/12

155

2012/13

148

2013/14
2014/15
Total
2015/16*
Source: Social Security Fund

225.66
152.16
808.82
159.22
*For First Eight Months

116

Targeted Programs for Poverty Alleviation and Employment

Karnali Employment Program
7.30

Karnali Employment Program is implemented in 1 municipality and 129

VDCs of five districts in Karnali zone and 5 VDCs of Bajura district of
Seti zone. Among 69,651 households of those districts, members of
41,229 households are employed. Through Karnali Employment
Program, 2,070 various projects (motor roads, school building,
maintenance of micro-hydro projects, trails, mule tracks, fruits and herbal
farming etc.) have been completed in past nine years period which
created employment equivalent to 2,914,286 working days. In past, 15
working days were guaranteed while it has been increased to 20 working
days now.

Bisheshwor with Poor Program

7.31

Bisshewor with Poor Program is being implemented in 386 working

areas of all 75 districts, through the social mobilization since fiscal year
1999/2000. This program has incorporated 80 thousand households with
7 thousand organized groups. The working areas of this program has
been extended to other 97 VDCs of 39 districts following the revision of
Bisheshwor with Poor Program Implementation Guidelines, 2009, the
program has been expanded to more 97 VDCs in the first eight months of
current fiscal year.

Rural Community Infrastructure Development Program

7.32

This program is in operation in 21 districts which aims at developing

sustainable and productive infrastructures to improve food security status
of poor families thereby enhancing their self-reliance capacity. Rural
road constructions together with livelihood and income generating
activities are being carried out through this program. In the fiscal year
2014/15, 81 kilometers of rural road was constructed while total number
of 188 livelihood and income generating activities were conducted. In the
first 8 months of fiscal year 2015/16, a total length of 16.91 kilometers
rural road has been constructed while 18 income generation raising
activities are being carried out.

Linking Local Initiatives with Local Skills Program

7.33

With knowledge and skill program is in operation in Achham, Dailekh,

Jajarkot and Kalikot districts since 1997. In the first eight months of
current fiscal year facilitation work for the formulation of a five-year
periodic plan has been carried out in 46 VDCs where capacity
enhancement activities were also performed. .Similarly, 100 farmers
117

groups have been facilitated to create business environment for making

them involved in value chain network. Likewise, 3000 families have
been involved in income generating activities thereby increasing their
access to markets. Moreover, 45 Farmers Enterprise schools are
established where 1000 small farmers have been running value chain
based business enterprises.
Border Area Development Program
7.34

This concept was developed to focus development activities in eastern

and mid-Terai region Parsa which is lagging behind from the perspective
of HDI and to conduct intense development activities in border areas
through proportional approach. Through this program, demand base
activities such as development of physical and social infrastructures,
income generation enhancement, and vocational program, empowerment
and awareness raising among others shall be carried out. This program
came under implementation only since 21st January, 2016 due to the
Terai protest.

Nepal Food Security Response Program

7.35 Through this program, activities including grant assistance in the
transport of fertilizers and seeds and researches on agriculture,
allowances for elderly, incapable citizens and widows among others were
carried out under Food for Work Program in 23 remote districts in FY
2014/15. In the first 8 months of fiscal year 2015/16, programs including
building of animal sheds, relief operation and community seed storage
are underway in Ramechap, Solukhumbu and Khotang districts.
Problems and Challenges
7.36

7.37

7.38

It is a challenging task to develop proper mechanism to utilize remittance

earned through foreign employment in productive sector, increase
investment opportunities for remittance, ensure banking channels for
receipt of remittance, create safer environment for outbound foreign
employees from economic perspective.
Inability to utilize economically active population to the maximum
extent, lack of access of all concerned people to vocational education
and employment oriented trainings, weaker business related health and
security situations, unstable and frail industrial relation have remained
problems in domestic employment..
Failure to prepare skilled labor to meet the international labor markets
demand, efforts for curbing fraud being ineffective, social evils and
family disintegration emanated through stress and family confrontation
are glaring problems in foreign employment.
118

7.39

Problems such as social security related programs being conducted

through both government and non-government agencies, failure to
prepare investment plan for it to get utilized in coordinated manner
despite persistent growth in investment fund still prevail.
T7.40 The daunting challenges in the sector of poverty alleviation are: to
operate all poverty alleviation programs in integrated and coordinated
manners, intensify poor targeted programs in poor settlements are areas
by identifying actual poor and measuring poverty, prevent splitting out of
resources from target groups implement plans, policies and annual
budgets for making people living below poverty line self employed and
self reliant by maintain harmony among them.
7.41 Making the work permit procedures easy and simple, fixing the
minimum remuneration in a scientific and realistic manner, , making the
government procedures fully mechanized and utilizing remittance earned
through foreign employment as countrys major source of economic and
social development for making the foreign employment competent,
dignified and secured have been challenging tasks.

119

8. Agriculture, Forestry and Land Reform

Agriculture
8.1

Agriculture sector has been significantly contributing to the Nepalese

economy. Agriculture occupies around one third of GDP while two third
of the population is dependent on agriculture as a profession. Agriculture
sector had contributed 32.12 percent of GDP in fiscal year 2014/15,
which is estimated to drop to 31.69 percent in fiscal year 2015/16. In
current fiscal year 2015/16, annual growth rate of agriculture at base
prices is expected to remain at 1.14 percent. As such, growth rate of
agriculture in the past years has not been satisfactory.

8.2

It is necessary to make agriculture sector competent to take comparative

advantage through its commercialization and diversification. Agriculture
development programs are concentrated on bringing positive changes in
living standard of majority of farmers community through enhanced
production and productivity of agriculture sector. It calls for ensuring
Nepals food security by increasing production and productivity of
paddy, maize, wheat and potato through the use of scientific technology.
Similarly, production of vegetable crops together with that of seasonal
and off-seasonal vegetables is has increased. Increased use of organic
pesticides to make vegetables healthy and free from harmful pesticides is
very much necessary.

Status of food grains production

8.3

The production of food grains (paddy, wheat, maize, millet, barley,

buckwheat) in Nepal is estimated to drop by 6.2 percent to 869.2
thousand MT in current fiscal year 2015/16 which is 574 thousand MT
less than the production of 926.6 thousand metric ton of the previous
fiscal year.

8.4

Preliminary estimate shows that the production of paddy will decline by

10.2 percent in fiscal year 2015/16 totaling 429.9 thousand MT. This
production is 49.0 MT less than the production of 478.8 MT of previous
fiscal year. The low production volume of agriculture is attributable to
weak and late onset of monsoon, untilled lands for failing to cultivate
paddy, disruption in the supply of essential goods including chemical
fertilizers due to border obstruction that also led to fuel shortage
consequently affecting deep irrigation. Area under paddy cultivation has
decreased by 4.4 percent in current fiscal year.

120

8.5

Maize is the second major food grain after rice by its production volume.
In current fiscal year 2015/16, maize production is estimated at 223.1
thousand MT which is 4 percent higher of 86 thousand MT than the
production 214.5 thousand MT of previous fiscal year. Area under this
crop has increased by 1 percent in current fiscal year. Despite decrease in
maize production volume due to stem rot disease in some areas as a
result of high rain fall, total production volume of maize has is increased
owing to expanded area under off-season and spring season maize.

8.6

The production of wheat, which comes in third position in terms of

production quantity, is estimated to fall by 8.3 percent and remain at
181.1 thousand MT in current fiscal year 2015/16. Such production had
stood at around 197.5 thousand MT in previous fiscal year. The decline
in production is attributable to reduced area coverage of wheat crop in
eastern mountain and hilly districts.

8.7

Millet production is estimated to drop by 2 percent in current fiscal year

2015/16 and stand at 302.0 thousand MT from 308.0 thousand MT of
previous fiscal year. The production of millet did not receive significant
growth due to the less practice of using improved seeds and fertilizers
technology.

8.8

Buckwheat, the main food crop of mountain region has been included in
the national statistics since past few years. The production and cultivated
area of this crop, which is cultivated in about 50 districts of the country,
registered growth of 7.1 and 0.2 percents respectively in this fiscal year
as compared to the previous fiscal year 2014/15 Productivity of this crop
has improved by 6.9 percent as well.

8.9

In current fiscal year 2015/16, though area under the barley cultivation
has increased by 0.4 percent, production of this crop is estimated drop by
5.4percent. Inadequacy of winter rain and snowfall are attributable to
such decline. Production of this crop totals only to 35,000 MT.

8.10

Production of total pulses (lentils, black grams, pigeon peas, gram,

soybeans and others) is estimated to drop to 352 thousand MT in current
fiscal year 2015/16 which is 0.3 percent less than that of previous fiscal
year. The area under this crop is estimated to grow by 0.7 percent
reaching 308thousand Ha. Black gram, pigeon peas etc. production has
gained little growth. Similarly, production of soybeans, beans, peas,
pulses has increased than that of previous year.

121

Table 8 (a): Area of Food Crops and their Production Details

(Area: - Hectare, Production: MT, Productivity: KG/Hectare)
Food
Crops

Fiscal Year 2015/16

Area

Production Productivity

Fiscal Year 2014/15

Area

Production Productivity

Fiscal Year 2013/14

Area

Production Productivity

1362908 4299078
(-4.4)
(-10.2)

3154
(-6.1)

1425346
(-4.1)

4788612
(-5.1)

3360
(-1)

1486951
(4.7)

5047047
(12)

3394
(7)

Maize

891583
(1.0)

2231517
(4.0)

2503
(2.9)

882395
(-5)

2145291
(-6)

2431
(-1.1)

928761
(6.3)

2283222
(9.8)

2458
(3.4)

Wheat

753470
(-1.2)

1811889
(-8.3)

2400
(-7.4)

762373
(1.0)

1975625
(4.9)

2591
(3.8)

754474
(-0.7)

1883147
(0.0)

2496
(0.8)

Millet

266799
(-0.5)

302397
(-2.0)

1133
(-1.5)

268050
(-1.2)

308488
(-1.2)

1151
(2.6)

271183
(-1.2)

304105
(-0.5)

1121
(0.7)

Barley

28173
(0.4)

35320
(-5.4)

1254
(-5.9)

28053
(-0.4)

37354
(7.3)

1332
(7.8)

28173
(-2.8)

34824
(-5.8)

1236
(-3.1)

Buckw
heat

10842
(0.2)

11640
(7.1)

1073
(6.9)

10819
(2.9)

10870
(5.2)

1005
(2.2)

10510
(-1.6)

10335
(2.8)

983
(4.4)

Pulse

328738
(0.7)

352406
(-0.3)

1072
(-1)

326400
(-0.7)

353500
(0.3)

1083
(1.0)

328738
(-0.7)

352473
(0.3)

1070
(1.0)

Rice

Source: Ministry of Agriculture Development

Note: Numbers in Brackets denotes growth in percent as compared to that of previous fiscal year

Cash Crop Production Status

8.11

Potato production is estimated to reach at 287.5 thousand MT with

increase
of
1.2
percent in
current
fiscal
year
2015/16.
Likewise,
crop area
is
estimated to increase by 2.9 percent and reach 195 thousand hectare
while productivity is estimated to increase to 14,689 kg/ha. Market price
of potato has continued to rise in recent years due to rise in cost of
production. As some of the Himalayan districts use potatoes as staple
food, the production is not able to suffice the demand.
122

Table 8 (b): The Preliminary Status of Cash Crop Production

(Area: - Hectare, Production: MT, Productivity: KG/Hectare)
Food
Crops
Potato

Vegetables

Fruits

Fiscal Year 2015/16

Area

Production Productivity

Fiscal Year 2014/15

Area

Production Productivity

Fiscal Year 2013/14

Area

Production Productivity

195725
(2.9)

2875088
(1.2)

14689.4
(-1.7)

190228
(-7.5)

2842000
(0.9)

14940
(9.1)

205725
(9.4)

2817512
(2.3)

13696
(-0.1)

250150
(1.9)

3700969
(2.0)

14795
(0.0)

245368
(-3.8)

3629000
(6.1)

14790
(10.2)

254932
(3.5)

3421035
(3.6)

13419
(0.1)

119114
(7.5)

1096774
(10.6)

110802
(1.5)

991978
(22.9)

10622
(21.2)

110086
(8.5)

965044
(2.8)

8766
(-5.2)

9270
(3.5)

Source: Ministry of Agriculture Development

Note: Numbers in Brackets denotes growth in percent as compared to that of previous fiscal year

8.12

Fruit production is projected to reach 1,0.96 thousand MT with growth of

10.6 percent in current fiscal year 2015/16. The fruit cultivated area is
estimated to rise by 7.5 percent and reach 119,114 hectare. Total
production of fruit production is projected to grow as a result of
increased commercial farming of banana with added production of apple
and mango despite decline in area under orange cultivation.

8.13

Vegetable crop production is estimated to rise to 3.7 million MT in

current fiscal year 2015/16 with the increase of 2 percent from 3.62
million MT production of the previous fiscal year. Area coverage under
vegetable crop is estimated to reach 250 thousand hectare. Due to
increased practice of growing off-season vegetables, living standard of
farmers engaged in vegetable farming is believed to have significantly
improved.

8.14

Production of oilseeds (mustard, sunflower etc. ) is estimated to rise by

2.3 percent yielding 199 thousand MT in current fiscal year 2015/16.
Cultivation area under oilseed plant is estimated to rise by 2 percent
reaching 221,615 ha. in current fiscal year 2015/16. Though the
production of sunflower is on the rise, production of mustard fell and as a
result oil seed production has not been able to register significant growth.

8.15

As per the estimates, tobacco crop production will remain at 216.9 MT

with decline of 2.6 percent in current fiscal year 2015/16. Though the
cultivation area has decreased by 2.8 percent, productivity is estimated to
rise by 0.3 percent in current fiscal year.

123

Table 8 (c): Preliminary Status of Industrial Crop Production

(Area: - Hectare, Production: MT, Productivity: KG/Hectare)
Fiscal Year 2015/16

Industrial
Crops

Area

Industrial
Crops
Oilseeds
Tobacco
Sugarcane
Jute
Tea
Cotton
Others
Honey
(Beehive)

Production Productivity

Fiscal Year 2014/15

Area

221615
(2.0)
1675
(-2.8)
67399.2
(1.2)
11450
(0.4)
20165
(4.2)
2031
(5.5)
145
(-35.6)

199010.3
(2.3)
2169.1
(-2.6)
3148764
(2.8)
16668.9
(0.8)
23187
(3.1)
464
(3.1)
144
(-28.7)

898
(0.3)
1295
(0.3)
46718.1
(1.6)
1455.8
(0.4)
1149.9
(-1.1)
228.5
(-2.3)
993.1
(10.6)

217225
(0.4)
1724
(-2.8)
66600
(1.4)
11400
(0.4)
19350
(0.4)
1925
(0.7)
225
(12.5)

232000
(3.1)

3500
(16.7)

15
(12.5)

225000

425000

Production Productivity

Fiscal Year 2013/14

Area

Production Productivity

194536
(5.7)
2227
(4.4)
3063000
(2.2)
16530
(11.0)
22500
(5.2)
450
(4.7)
202
(17.4)

896
(5.3)
1292
(1.7)
45991
(-0.7)
1450
(10.5)
1163
(4.7)
234
(3.9)
898
(4.4)

216400
(0.1)
1773
(-2.8)
65000
(0.8)
11350
(0.4)
19100
(0.2)
1765
(0.9)
175
(00)

18400
(1.1)
2200
(-9.5)
3020000
(3.1)
15750
(1.6)
19610
(2)
375
(2.5)
155
(3.3)

3000

13

213200
3f/

2050
(26)

850
(1.1)
1257
(-6.9)
46461
(2.3)
1388
(1.2)
1027
(1.8)
212
(1.6)
886
(3.3)

512000
3200
6.3
1900
2700
6.4
(20.5)
(18.5)
(-1.6)
(15)
Silk
1673
52
25
45
1600
40
25
Cocoon
(4.6)
(30.0)
(4.4)
(18.4)
Flower
Transaction worth more than 1.06
Transaction worth more than 1
Transaction worth more than 1
Farming
billion
billion
billion
Source: Ministry of Agriculture Development
Note: Numbers in Brackets denotes growth in percent as compared to that of previous fiscal year
Mushroom

8.16

An area under sugarcane production which is a major industrial crop has

expanded by 1.2 percent and reached 67.4 thousand hectare in current
fiscal year 2015/16. Its production is also estimated to reach 314. 8
thousand metric ton with the growth rate of 2.8 percent in current fiscal
year. Growing price together with increased consumption level of sugar
has attracted farmers towards sugarcane cultivation.

8.17

The production of jute crop is estimated to grow by 0.8 percent while

cultivation area and productivity are estimated to expand equally by 0.4
percent in current fiscal year 2015/16. Through its production level
declined as a result inadequate availability of its seeds, there has been
gradual improvement in its production in recent days.

8.18

Among industrial crops like tea, coffee and cotton, coffee production is
estimated to grow by 3.1 percent in current fiscal year 2015/16. In
comparison to previous years, its cultivation area and production have
slightly increased, but productivity has dropped by 2.3 percent. Though
farmers are attracted towards coffee farming for being exported to
overseas, its production is estimated to remain merely at round 2
124

thousand MT. Tea production is likely to rise by 3.1 percent in current

fiscal year. Cotton, which is being cultivated Dang, Banke and Bardia, is
estimated to yield 144 MT from its cultivated area of 145 ha in current
fiscal year.
Table 8 (d): Preliminary Status of Spices Production
(Area: - Hectare, Production: MT, Productivity: KG/Hectare)
Spices

Fiscal Year 2015/16

Producti
Productivit
Area
on
y

Ginger

23855
(-1.6)

263140
(-7.8)

11030.8
(-6.3)

Garlic

7205
(9.)

45390
(-4.4)

6299.8
(-12.3)

Turmer
ic

7915
(8.1)

72425
(3.8)

Chilly

7695
(-4.4)

Carda
mom

12805
(9.9)

Are
a
2425
0
(0.1)

Fiscal Year 2014/15

Producti
Producti
on
vity
285550
(3.4)

11775
(3.3)

6610
(0.6)

47500
(5.5)

7186
(4.8)

9150.3
(-4.0)

7325
(0.2)

69790
(0.1)

9528
(3.2)

40400
(9.8)

5250.2
(14.8)

8050
(0.2)

36810
(3.2)

4573
(3.0)

5540
(3.6)

432.6
(-5.8)

1165
0
(1.3)

5350
(2.4)

459
(1.1)

Are
a
2422
6
(2.1)
6569
(9.9)
7310
(9.2)
8033
(2.4)
1150
1
(13.
2)

Fiscal Year 2013/14

Producti
Productiv
on
ity
276150
(14.3)

11399
(11.9)

45035
(-11.4)

6856
(-1.6)

67631
(-14.8)

9252
(-6.2)

35668
(7.5)

4440
(10.1)

5225
(-9.8)

454
(-7.6)

Source: Ministry of Agriculture Development

Note: Numbers in Brackets denotes growth in percent as compared to that of previous fiscal year

8.19

The cultivation area and production level of spices are likely to fluctuate
in current fiscal year 2015/16. Of the spices, production of garlic and
ginger is estimated to fall by 4.4 percent and 7.8 percent respectively
while that of turmeric and cardamom is likely to register growth by 3.8
percent and 3.6 percent respectively. Similarly, chilly is estimated to
receive its production growth of 9.8 percent this year.

Number of livestock/fowl
8.20

Number of total cattle (cow/ox) in Nepal is estimated to increase by

0.003 percent to 7,241,960 in current fiscal year 2015/16 in comparison
to the previous fiscal year. Of the total cattle (cow/ox), the number of
lactating cow stands at 1,025,953 while that of improved breed cows is
on the rise. Similarly, the number of buffalos is expected to grow by the
number close to that of previous fiscal year and reach around 5,168,047.
As per the estimate, the number of lactating buffaloes will remain around
1,343,819 among the total buffaloes. In current fiscal year, the number of
sheep is expected to remain at 789 thousand while that of goats is likely
to reach 10,256,694. Likewise, the number of sheep is projected to drop
125

by 0.001 percent whereas that of goat is expected to grow by 0.05

percent and pig by 0.5 percent in current fiscal year as compared to that
of last year.
8.21

The number of fowl is expected to reach 52.2 million with 4 percent rise
in current fiscal year. Of this, the number of duck is likely to rise by
0.002 to 390,294. In this estimated number, egg laying chickens is likely
to stand at 841.3 thousand while egg laying ducks among the total
number of ducks are estimated at 180 thousand. The number of yak and
rabbit is expected to reach 71,690 and 26,130 respectively. Likewise, the
number of horses, mules and asses estimated at 52,796. The number of
yaks and horses is estimated to have grown when compared to that of
previous fiscal year.
Table 8 (e) : Number of Animals/Fowls
(In Number)
Fiscal Year

Types of Animals/Fowls

2015/16*
2014/15
2013/14
7241960
7241743
7243916
(0.003)
(0.004)
(-1.17)
Buffaloes
5168047
5167737
5178612
(0.0006)
(0.00007)
(-1.89)
Sheep
789363
789292
789210
(-0.001)
(-0.01)
(-2.51)
Goats
10256694
10251569
10177531
(-0.05)
(-0.006)
(-4.02)
Pigs
1209246
1203230
1190138
(-0.50)
(-0.43)
(-5.60)
Fowl
52203096
50195285
48079406
(-4.00)
(-3.64)
(-4.67)
Ducks
390294
390287
390209
(0.002)
(0.001)
(-3.79)
Milching Cows
1025953
1025947
1024513
(0.0006)
(0.0005)
(0.53)
Milching Buffaloes
1343819
1345164
1345837
(-0.1)
(-0.29)
(-0.75)
Laying Hens
8413240
8412820
83502387
(-0.005)
(0.001)
(2.45)
(Laying Ducks
180599
179880
179447
(0.4)
(0.22)
(2.71)
Yak/Nak/Chauri
71690
71327
70588
(0.52)
(0.51)
(7.48)
Rabbit
26130
26000
25437
(0.5)
(0.49)
(29.61)
Horses/Mules/Asses
52796
52723
52577
(0.14)
(0.13)
(-9.63)
Note: Numbers in Brackets denotes growth in percent as compared to that of previous fiscal year
* Annual Estimation
Source: Annual Report (Various Years), Ministry of Livestock Development
Cattle

126

Status of Domestic Animals/Fowls Production

8.22

Cows and buffaloes (except yaks) are expected to produce 1815 thousand
MT of milk in current fiscal year 2015/16 which is 3.04 percent higher
than that of the previous fiscal year. Of the total milk production, Cows
are expected to contribute 591 thousand MT (32 percent) while buffaloes
are likely to contribute 1,167 thousand MT (68 percent). Despite the
number of buffaloes in recent days has continued to drop, cows milk
production has increased as a result of flourishing improved cow farming
business. As compared to previous year, the total meat production of
Nepal is estimated to increase by 3 percent reaching 309 thousand MT.
Of the total meat production, production of buffalo meat is estimated at
around 174 thousand MT, sheep at 2,659 MT, goat(castrated/noncastrated) at 63,646 MT, pig at 21,161MT, fowls at 48,280 MT while
that of ducks meat is estimated to remain at 237 MT
Table 8 (f): Status of Animals/ Fowls Production
Fiscal Year

Production Type
Milk Production (MT)
(Cow)
(Buffalo)
Total Meat Production (MT)
Buff

2015/16*

2014/15

2013/14

1815548 (3.04)

1724823 (1.46)

1700073 (1.01)

591686 (6.1)

557669 (4.77)

532300 (14.28)

1167153 (-0.02)

1167154 (-0.05)

1167773 (-4.49)

309943 (3.0)

300901 (0.89)

298244 (0.15)

174099 (0.05)

174012 (0.06)

173906 (-1.15)

Sheep

2659 (0.03)

2658 (0.08)

2656 (-2.54)

Goat

63646 (4.5)

60906 (3.14)

59053 (6.25)

Pig

21161 (5.1)

20135 (4.49)

19269 (6.15)

Chicken

48230 (6.1)

45458 (5.39)

43133 (-4.95)

Duck

237 (2.21)

232 (2.20)

227 (4.61)

Egg Production (In 1000 unit)

948431 (3.5)

899501 (3.05)

872918 (-4.75)

Chicken

934674 (5.5)

885947 (3.08)

859515 (-4.87)

Duck

13757 (1.5)

13403 (2.70)

13050 (-0.07)

Wool Production (Kg)

585614 (-0.19)

586848 (-0.17)

587834 (0.14)

Fish (MT)

77670 (18.10)

65770 (14.35)

57515 (2.71)

Note: Numbers in Brackets denotes growth in percent as compared to that of previous fiscal year
*Annual Estimation
Source: Annual Report (Various Years), Ministry of Livestock Development

127

8.23

As compared to the previous fiscal year, total eggs production is

estimated to rise by 3.5 percent in the current fiscal year reaching 948.4
million eggs. Of this total, chicken shares 934.7 million (98.5 percent)
while duck shares 13.7 million units (1.5 percent). Similarly, wool
production from sheep is estimated to reach 585 MT.

Major Factors Affecting Agricultural Production

8.24

Weather: Monsoon, which generally starts from 10th of June and ends
on 23rd of September, started late by 3 days in current fiscal year
2015/16 and remained very weak in the beginning but the trend of
inconsistent, sometime active and sometime weaker, monsoon rainfall
that started by mid-July continued. Despite the monsoon rain that lasted
till the beginning of October and the rainfall in mid October as a
consequence of Indian Ocean influenced weather system, paddy rice
plantation in most of the eastern and mid-terai districts except those of
far western, mid-Western and Western regions was still low. The total
food grain production was affected as a result of less than average
rainfall with its uneven distribution.
Table 8 (g): Supply Status of Inputs for Agriculture Production
Description

Fiscal Year
2011/12
2012/13

2009/10

2010/11

2013/14

2014/15

Chemical Fertilizer (MT)

42178

29604

146584

178461.6

232188

298677

Improved Seeds and Seedlings

(MT)

4337

4393

2964

3669.56

7290

9151

Irrigation (Additional Ha)

30718

35748

47795

32180

19310

18083

Agricultural Loan (Commercial

Banks) (In Rs. 10 million)

1429.1

1419.2

2340.7

3153.1

4027

6516

Source: Economic Surveys of previous years and Nepal Rastra Bank

128

8.25

Improved Technology: Development of improved technologies like;

improved seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, farming techniques and use of
agricultural tools and instruments and trained human resource have
contributed largely to the agriculture production. The recommended
improved maize seed is estimated to have covered 90 percent area.
Likewise productivities of recommended rice varieties including Sabitri,
Bindeshwori, Radha 4, Radha-12 for terai, Khumal-4, Khumal-10,
Khumal-11 for mid-hills, and Chandannath for up-hills have increased by
two folds than that of local varieties. Recommended improved varieties
of rice have covered 90 percent area.

8.26

Natural Disasters: Incidents of Floods, landslides, inundation and river

bank erosion have increased in current fiscal year 2015/16 than those of
previous years. Around 35 thousand Ha of land has been destroyed by
inundation, river banks erosion and sand burial. Likewise, due to low
precipitation, rice, maize and millet could not be cultivated leaving
almost 61 thousand Ha of land barren, and due to inadequate rain about
55 thousand Ha land couldn't be cultivated the rice.
Table 8 (h): Natural Disaster affected Land Area (Ha)
Affected
Food
Crops
Rice

2015
Earthquake,
Drought
55000

2014 Floods and

Landslides

2013 Floods and

Landslides

2012
Drought

23900

13500

110450

2011
Flood
Landslides
859

Maize

5500

1900

95

21801

656

Millet

20

11

3691

Total

60520

25811

13600

135942

1517

Source: Ministry of Agriculture Development

8.27

Chemical Fertilizers: In fiscal year 2014/15, a total of 298,677 MT

chemical fertilizer was sold which is 29 percent higher than the sale of
232,188 MT of the previous fiscal year. In first 8 months of fiscal year
2014/15, such fertilizer totaling 188,000 MT was sold against 135,493
MT during the same period of current fiscal year. Due to disruption in the
supply of chemical fertilizer this year, fertilizer could not be sold in
expected quantity which consequently dented the overall production of
monsoon crops.

8.28

Chemical fertilizer usage rate was about 97 kg per hectare in fiscal year
2014/15 which was 75 kg per hectare for FY 2013/14 and 57 kg per
hectare for 2012/13. Such rise in the usage trend is due to governments
grants in the fertilizer and stable price for last few years.
129

Table 8 (i) : Sales and distribution status of Chemical Fertilizers

(In MT)

Fiscal Year

Name of Fertilizers

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2014/15*

2015/16*

Urea

108553

145622

190163

118093

89192

DAP

65722

81520

101797

58105

42425

Potash

2688

5046

6717

3924

3876

176963

232188

2,98,677

188122

135493

Total

Source: Ministry of Agriculture Development, Agriculture Inputs Supply and Monitoring Division
* First Eight Months

8.29

Irrigation: Due to complex geographical structure and landscapes, only

2.641 million hectares of the total land area is arable, and of this,
irrigable land comprises only 1,766 million hectares. Quantitative and
qualitative feasibility studies on underground water resource have been
conducted in terai/ madhesh, inner-terai and upland valleys. Moreover,
irrigation facility is being made available through shallow tube-wells and
deep tube-wells in dry lands and areas where no other alternative sources
for irrigation are available. By the first eight months of the current fiscal
year 2015/16,, the command area under shallow tube-well irrigation has
reached 779,694 Ha while that of deep tube-well irrigation reached 391,
080 Ha. Similarly, farmers improved canal has been providing irrigation
facility to 198,140 Ha while 5,955 Ha of land has been receiving
irrigation facility from unknown sources. Thus, a total of 1,374,869 Ha
of land have irrigation infrastructures. Irrigation facility has been
extended to additional 18,083 Ha of land in FY 2014/15.

130

Table 8 (j): Additional Irrigation Extension

(Area in Ha)

Types of Irrigation
Total Irrigable Area
Expansion
1) Surface
Irrigation
2) Underground
Irrigation
3) Irrigation based
on New Technology

Fiscal Year
2011/12
2012/13

2009/10

2010/11

2013/14

2014/15

24880

26919

32565

19561

19310

18083

5507

6099

9395

2016

3514

1586

19014

20120

22560

17180

15135

15939

359

600

610

365

661

558

Source: Irrigation Department

8.30

Agriculture Credit: Of the total agriculture credit disbursed in fiscal

year 2013/14, arrears stood at Rs. 50.90 billion. Such arrear stood at Rs.
9.27 billion by the first eight months of its succeeding year which rose by
9.0 percent to the total arrear reaching 5.83 billion in the first eight
months of the current fiscal year.

Table 8 (k): Status of Credit Flow of Banks and Financial Institutions

(Rs. In Million)

Fiscal Year (Eight Months)

Types of Credit

2013/14

Farming Related
6686.9
Services
Tea
3207.9
Animal Husbandry
and Animal
15442.2
Husbandry
Related Services
Forest, Fisheries
and Slaughter
5791.3
Houses
Other Agriculture
and Agro-based
19781.7
Services
Total
50909.8

Changes in First Eight Months

2014/15
2014/15 2015/16 2015/16
2014/15 2014/15 2015/16 (Amount
(Percent) (Amount) (Percent)
)
7817.8

7998.3

9362.2

1130.9

16.9

1363.9

17.1

3324.8

3479.9

3410.5

116.9

3.6

-69.4

-2.0

18348.0 20730.1 24486.3

2905.8

18.8

3756.2

18.1

1724.9

2173.7

-4066.4

-70.2

404.4

22.9

28964.4 31182.2 31566.4

9182.7

46.4

384.2

1.2

60179.8 65159.8 70999.1

9270.0

18.2

5839.3

9.0

1769.3

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Nepal Agriculture Research Council

8.31

In first eight months of fiscal year 2015/16, new varieties of rice such as,
Sugandhit (aromatic) -1, Radha 14 for irrigable land and Radha 13 for
non-irrigable land along with Rampur hybrid maize 4, and Rampur
hybrid maize-6 have been recommended for their cultivation. Moreover,
94,791 grains of pre-basic seeds of potato have been produced along with
131

413 MT foundation seeds in the first 8 months of fiscal year 2015/16. In

fiscal year 2012/13, total of 1,009 MT foundation seeds was produced in
contrast to their production volume of 300 MT and 225 MT for its two
subsequent years.
Table 8 (l): Description of Foundation Seed Production and Introduction of Crop
Varieties
Fiscal Year

Source Seed
Production (MT)

2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16*

669
575
864
789
715
806
912
1009
341
225
413

Introduction of
Crop Varieties
(In number)
4
10
2
9
0
13
7
4
10
-

Introduced Crop Varieties

Rice, Maize, Wheat, Pulses,

Oilseeds, Hill-Crops (Barley,
Millet, Buchwheat), Potato,
Sugarcane, Jute, Vegetables,
Ginger, Dhaincha, Grass
Seeds etc.

*Of the first eight months Source: NARC, Annual Report, 2012

Small Farmer Development Bank Ltd

8.32

Wholesale credits are being disbursed through Small Farmers

Agriculture Cooperatives and micro-finance institutions of similar nature
established and operated by small farmers in rural areas for operating
agriculture and agri-business based micro-finance programs.

8.33

The number of cooperatives extending microfinance services had stood

at 478 by first eight months of FY 2014/15. Such number has rose by 14
percent reaching 544 in the same period of FY 2015/16. The number of
families that have received services from the cooperatives has increased
by 22 percent during the same period of current fiscal year. Similarly, the
number of cooperatives members to join cooperatives has reached 492,
137 benefiting some 2.5 million populations. About 0.55 million people
have been availing the services through such cooperatives including
additional 181 members of small farmer cooperative replication program.

132

Table 8 (m): Small Farmer Cooperative and Status of Wholesale Credit Investment
S.
No.
1

Fiscal Year

Description

Number of Districts
Covered
2
Number of Cooperative Institutions
3
Number of Small
Farmers Group
4
Small Farmers Member
5
Total Local Source (In
Rs. 100 thousand)
6
Approved Credit (In Rs.
100 thousand)
7
Credit Investment (In
Rs. 100 thousand)
8
Loan Recovery (In Rs.
100 thousand)
9
Amount on Investment
(In Rs. 100 thousand)
Source: Small Farmer Bank Ltd.

First Eight Months

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2014/15

2015/16

43

54

55

57

57

57

291

391

428

510

478

544

31968

40991

45738

60334

52551

65235

228418

323384

376957

460590

403666

492173

41033

65273

91208

132466

108889

145629

27550

34332

47461

74834

47427

74876

26738

33091

51355

74834

46545

64936

18751

23526

34019

47529

28467

48353

26762

36327

53662

80967

71740

97550

8.34

Meat production oriented Livestock Credit Program has been in

implementation since FY 2010/11 with a view to replace meat imports by
raising meat production inside the country thereby encouraging small
farmers to raise meat oriented livestock. From fiscal year 2014/15,
arrangement has been made to invest on milk oriented livestock as well.
A total of Rs. 5,121,7 billion credit has been disbursed to 61,592 farmers
through 333 Small Farmer Agriculture Cooperatives of 48 districts in the
first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16. From this, farmers
have been raising a total of 342,605 meat and milk oriented livestock of
which, 236,031 are goats, 45,946 are pigs and 18,489 are buffalo calves.
Likewise, the credit is disbursed for raising 38,758 buffaloes and 3,381
cows. A sum worth more than 8.51 billion from meant and milk products
is estimated to have collected through this credit facility.

8.35

Alternative energy program under "A Bright Home of Small Farmer" has
been implemented. A total of 12,235 families have installed 11,825 unit
of solar electricity sets and 160 sets of biogas plants and 250 sets of
improved stoves by the first eight months of current fiscal year under this
program.

8.36

A total of 1,150 children (youth) aged between 22 years and 30 years of

small farmer members who have completed 12 grade have gained
theoretical and practical training from Israel for engaging them in
133

modern technology based agriculture and livestock business by attracting

educated youths with skills and competency in agriculture profession.
Processes for sending additional 425 such youths to Israel for training is
underway. The first and second phases of youth trainees have already
returned home while those undergoing third phase will be returning
within current fiscal year.
Table 8 (n): Status of Meat-Oriented Livestock Credit Program
Description

Number of Institutions
transacting credit
Number of Farmers
availing credit
Approved Loan (In Rs.
100 thousand)
Credit Investment
Amount (In Rs. 100
thousand)
Number of Livestock
Goats
Pig
Buffalo Calves
Buffalo

2011/12

Fiscal Year
2012/13
2013/14

2014/15

First Eight Months

2014/15
2015/16

186

207

257

313

301

333

17941

25411

38373

53680

47869

61592

14305

23029

38272

61405

57125

82832

11023

16229

27172

42371

36387

51217

87783

122406

198745

295796

260136

342605

64073
11117
5203
7390

90433
14535
6317
11121

143872
24148
10689
20036

206416
39359
16763
31733
1525

184243
33616
14646
26847
784

236031
45946
18489
38758
3381

Source: Small Farmer Bank Ltd.

Cooperative Sector
8.37

Cooperative system is being used as an important means for unifying

dispersed limited resources, skills, technology and capital and using them
for collective business. Cooperatives have been carrying out social and
cultural programs aside from conducting various business concerned
activities to meet their social needs.

8.38

Attraction towards cooperative business has continued to grow due to

important contribution of cooperatives to countrys poverty alleviation
initiatives as individuals or groups get engaged in income and
employment generating activities. There is an increasing trend of
establishing cooperative business in areas including extension of access
to finance through saving and credit cooperative institutions, promotion
of dairy business and livestock raising through agriculture cooperatives,
running consumers shops to enhance access to market, production,
processing, and marketing of high priced agriculture crops like, tea,
134

coffee, cardamom, ginger, vegetables and fruits, honey, sugarcane,

tangerines, medicinal herbs; and health, transportation, housing,
insurance, tourism and communication among others.
8.39

There have been immense possibilities to achieve overall development

and social transformation through socio-economic development of entire
citizens from cooperative business enterprises. Development of
cooperative sector is very much necessary for countrys socio-economic
development since the common needs and aspirations of the cooperative
members and communities can be met by mobilizing limited means and
resources available with them through cooperative approach.
Table 8(o) : Status of Cooperative Institutions
(In Rs Thousand)

Fiscal
Year

No. of
Institut
ions

No. of
Members

Share
Capital

Deposit/Sav
ing
Mobilizatio
n

Loan
Investment

No. of Direct
Employment

2006/07

9720

1259747

1045563

19517517

2414848

12165

2007/08

12646

1843759

8959172

29308434

30024625

15828

2008/09

19724

21383348

8482476

45676944

52660117

31996

2009/10

22646

2963114

20196274

121831359

10545357

37798

2010/11

23301

3141581

20225139

117295228

116835814

38892

2011/12

26501

3842657

27095151

139543971

134383241

39572

2012/13

27914

4104025

28823060

147069663

137084873

52000

2013/14

31177

4555286

61186201

172529350

154631604

54000

2014/15

32663

5100370

63059914

202420535

188078439

57854

2015/16*

33201

5185787

64621404

207922937

184859262

61270

Source: Department of Cooperatives

*First Eight Month Progress of Current Fiscal Year

8.40

The number of primary cooperative institutions has reached 33,201 with

their members number of 5,185,787 by the first eight months of the
current fiscal year 2015/16. Of this, the number of male and female
members has stood at 2,853,838 and 2,331,949 respectively while
numerical ratio between them stood at 55 percent and 45 percent
respectively. Women participation at the leadership level of cooperative
movements has continued to rise and a total of 4,011 cooperatives have
been run fully by women groups by the end of FY 2014/15.

8.41

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, the number
of cooperative institutions has grown by 242 percent, members number
by 312 percent, share capital by 6081 percent, gross saving mobilization
by 965 percent, gross investment by 7555 percent and direct employment
135

by 404 percent as compared to that of fiscal year 2006/07which indicated

that contribution of cooperative sector to countrys economic
development is on the rise.
8.42

In first eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16, number of 61270

individuals have received direct employment from business enterprises
operated by cooperative institutions while more than one million are
estimated to get indirect employment. Similarly, In the first 8 months of
current fiscal year, total share capital of all types of cooperative
institutions has grown to Rs. 64,621,404 thousand; saving mobilization to
Rs. 207,922,937 thousand and credit invest to Rs. 184,859,262 thousand.
Apart from primary institutions, cooperative campaign has various
registered organizations from central to district level, namely, one
National Cooperative Federation Limited, one National Cooperative
Bank Ltd, 20 Central Subject Specific Cooperative Unions, 69 District
Cooperative Unions, and 252 Subject Specific District Cooperative
Unions which are in operation.
Table 8 (p) : Primary Cooperative Institutions*
No. of Member

Share
Direct Employment
Capital Saving/Dep Investmen
(In Rs. osit (In Rs. t (In Rs.
Total
Female
Male
Total
Thousand Thousand) Thousand)
)

Nature of
Business

No. of
Institution

Saving and
Credit

13535

1429935 1348905 2778840 47748908 148938822 137522375 17206

18123

35329

Multipurpose

4209

641993 437365 1079358 11652423 42593920 36690571

5351

6372

11723

Agriculture

9562

403800 361515 765315 2669562

7198529

6406012

3635

3382

7017

Dairy
Consumer
Electricity

1724
1461
445

82523
37000
58291

32312
20519
14218

114835
57519
72509

933406
311346
117640

6115128
372624
78006

574391
737216
135176

496
349
107

1765
497
347

2261
846
454

Vegetable
and Fruits

234

14845

17733

32578

81146

310245

580225

185

170

355

119
173
200

4626
3836
4784

1977
3131
2576

6603
6967
7360

50250
23879
24205

71751
24752
56582

50356
23943
29345

63
43
42

72
92
36

135
135
78

111

3401

2106

5507

13652

7300

15565

28

32

60

Male

Female

Tea
Coffee
Herbs
Bee
Keeping
Communica
tion
Health
Sugarcane
Tangerine

129

9898

3995

13893

115676

40692

34283

226

310

536

117
53
45

6563
1750
1011

5317
772
605

11880
2522
1616

275919
6098
981

119682
18223
6189

108842
14813
6282

322
0
13

559
1
8

881
1
21

Others

1084

149582

78903

228485

596313

1970492

1929867

1024

414

1438

33201

2853838 2331949 5185787 64621404 207922937 184859262 29090

32180

61270

Total

Source: Ministry of Cooperative and Poverty Alleviation

* First eight months 2017/73

136

8.43

Of total 33,088 primary cooperative institutions those are established

with different objectives and being operated in the first 8 months of
current fiscal year 2015/16, saving and credit cooperatives accounts for
13,535 while agriculture and agro-products related cooperatives
accounts for 12,221. Similarly, the number of multipurpose cooperatives
engaged in finance and production sector stands at 4,209 and 1, 461
consumer cooperatives have remained been active in the field of public
distribution sector while cooperatives engaged in other service and
business sectors such as health, electricity, communication,
transportation and tourism among others have slowly been gaining
progress.

8.44

In last seven years, a total of 319 different projects have been operated
under government cooperative partnership where a sum of Rs.
222,153,000 has been provided as grant for the promotion of those
entrepreneurs.

Status of Imports and Exports of Agro-Products

8.45

During the eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16, the export of
food items and animal products has dropped by 25.3 percent to Rs. 9.38
billion and that of tobacco and beverages by 80.7 percent to Rs. 340
million. During the same period of previous fiscal year 2014/15, the
exports those items had stood at Rs. 12.56 billion and 1.8 billion
respectively. Thus such export during the first eight months of the
current fiscal year 2015/16 is estimated to drop by 24.9 percent as
compared to the corresponding period of previous fiscal year. Likewise,
food items and animal products worth Rs. 62.30 billion and tobacco and
beverages equivalent to Rs. 3.10 billion have been imported during the
first eight months of current fiscal year.
Thus, such import during the first eight months of current fiscal year
2015/16 is estimated to fall by 13.9 percent to Rs. 435.8 billion as
compared to that of previous fiscal year. The import of food items and
animal products and that of tobacco and beverages is likely to grow by
5.6 percent and 12.3 percent respectively as compared to the export of
those items of previous fiscal year.

Forestry and Soil Conservation

8.46

It is important to maintain balance between improved livelihood of

deprived groups and contingency approach by creating additional
137

employment opportunities and increasing income through proper

conservation, promotion, and utilization of forest, vegetation, herbs,
buffer zones, bio-diversity and watersheds. It is necessary to protect
environment and achieve economic benefits by increasing forest products
and productivity through sustainable forest management.
8.47

Forest occupies 40.36 percent while shrubs cover 4.38 percent of the
Nepals total land mass. Of the total 982.32 million cubic meter stem
volume, Sal species (Shorea Robusta) occupies 19 percent. Likewise,
total bio-mass remains at 1159.7 million tons, average stem volume
stands at 165 cubic meters and average number of trees stands at 408 per
hectare.
Table 8 (q) : Forest Resource Statistics of Nepal
Forest Area
5.962 Million Ha (40.36 Percent)
Shrub Area
0.648 Million Ha (4.38 Percent)
Total Stem Volume
982.332 Million Cubic Meter
Sal Species in total Stem Volume
19 Percent
Total Bio-Mass
1159.7 Million Ton
Average Stem Volume
165 Cubic Meter Per Hectare
Average Number of Trees
430 Per Hectare
Source: Nepal Forest Resource Report, 2015; Forestry Research and Survey Department

8.48 Encroached forest areas of 638 ha, and 68 ha have been evacuated and
managed by the end of FY 2013/14, and mid-March of current fiscal year
2014/15.
Box 8 (a): Some Forestry Related Statistics
Number of Community Forest
: 18961
Area of Handed-Over Community Forest
: 1,752,193 Ha
Household involved with Community Forest
: 2291890
Number of Leasehold Forest (Poverty)
: 7685
Area of Leasehold Forest
: 44,642 Ha
Number of Leasehold Forest for Industrial Purpose
: 22
Area of Leasehold Forest for Industrial Purpose
: 640 Ha
Number Protected Forest
:8
Area of Protected Forest
: 133,685 Ha
Number of Partnership Forest
: 23
Area of Partnership Forest
: 62,778.57 Ha
Number of Partnership Forest Beneficiary Household
: 580,385
Number of Partnership Forest beneficiary
: 3704707
Number of Religious Forest
: 36
Area of Religious Forest
: 2056 Ha
Number of Private Forest
: 2458
Area of Private Forest
: 2360 Ha

138

8.49

By fiscal year 2014/15, a total of 1,752,193 ha of 18,961 community

forests have been handed over benefiting 2,291,890 households. By midMarch of the current fiscal year 2015/16, the number of community
forest users reached 18,961 with the addition of 133 such users.
Similarly, during the same period of current fiscal year 2015/16, the
number of leasehold forest users has reached 7,685 with 117 additional
users.

8.50

By the end of fiscal year 2014/15, a total of 640 ha of forest land has
been distributed among 22 different industrial academies as leasehold
forest. Similarly, 133,685 Ha of forest area is being conserved and
managed in the form of 8 protected forests in the same fiscal year.

8.51

A total of 62,778 ha of forest land of 12 districts is being conserved and

managed as 23 partnership forests in FY 2014/15 benefiting 3,704,707
people from 580,985 households.

8.52

By the end of FY 2014/15, forest area of 2,056 ha comprising 36

traditional religious temples, maths, monasteries etc., are being
conserved and managed after being handed over as religious forest.
Likewise, by the end of FY 2013/14, a total of 2,360 Ha of forests
belonging to 2,458 individuals, after their registrations as private forests,
are being conserved and managed accordingly.
Table 8(r) : Conservation Area Details

No. of National Park

No. of Wild Animal Conservation
No. of Hunting Conservation
No. of Conservation Area
No. of Mid-Term Community
Forest
Total Area of Conservation Area
Species preserved after developing
the conservation
Area
Area of Mid-Term Community
Forest
No. of Household Involved in MidTerm Community Forest
No. of National Park
No. of Buffer Zone Lease Hold
Forests
Area of Buffer Zone Lease Hold
Forests

10
3
1
6
13

10,853 Sq. Km.

1809.5 Sq. Km.
1325 Sq. Km.
15425.95 Sq. Km
5722.28 Sq. Km.

34420.13 Sq. Km. (23.39 % of Nepal

Total Area)
Elephant, Tiger, Rhino,
Snow Leopard,
Crocodile, Spotted Deer
433
125349.7 Ha
40191 Household
63
257.16 Ha

Source: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, 2015

139

8.53

A total of 34,420 sq km is covered by the conservation area under the

National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act 1972 comprising 10
national parks, 3 wildlife reserves, 1 hunting reserve, and six protected
areas which is 23.39 percent of total land area. Of this, 433 buffer zone
community forests covering 124,350 ha has benefited 40,191 households.
Similarly, 257.16 ha of land is under 63 leasehold forest management.
Species Conservation Plan has been prepared and the number of species
of important, Wildlife population of important, rare and endangered
animals including those of elephant, tiger, rhino, snow leopard, crocodile
and spotted-deer has been gradually rising as these species of wildlife
are being protected as per the plan prepared for their conservation.

8.54

Attraction of both international as well as domestic tourists towards

conservation area is on the rise. The number of tourist visiting
conservation areas increased by 36 percent in fiscal year 2014/15 as
compared to fiscal year 2009/10. Likewise, revenue generated from
conservation area has increased by about 3 folds in the same fiscal year
2014/15 than that of fiscal year 2009/10. Likewise, National Livestock
Garden Center is being established in Suryabinayek of Bhaktapur.
Number of tourists visiting conservation areas that was declining in fiscal
year 2014/15 is calculated at 88,757 in first 8 months of current fiscal
year.
Box 8(b): No. of Major Species of Wild Animals
Tiger
198
Rhino
534
Elephant
105-145
Wild Buffalo
432
Spotted Deer
300-350
Reindeer
2105
Ghariyaal
134
Snow Leopard
300-500
Source: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, 2015

Table 8 (s) : No. of Tourists Visiting Conservation Area and Revenue

Fiscal Year
2015/16*
2014/15
2013/14
2012/13
2011/12
2010/11
2009/10

No. of Visiting Tourists

(Domestic/Foreigner)

Revenue Collected from

Conservation Area (Rs. 000)

88,757
355,524
425,334
390,690
502,092
455,237

145,582
538,710
530,852
471,338
258,526
209,956

311,789
140,383
Source: Annual Report, 2014/15, Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation*Until Mid-March 2016

140

8.55

Identification of Nepal's flora, their management as well as in-situ and

out-locality (translocation) conservation, studies, researches and
documentation works are underway. Under this, 160,000 herbarium
samples of 5,077 plant species have been conserved and regularly
managed at National Herbarium and Botanical Laboratory while
digitization of 5086 herbarium samples and electronic database of 6,000
herbarium samples have been prepared. In addition, mounting of 18.074
herbarium samples have been accomplished subsequent to their labeling.

8.56

Strengthening of laboratories is underway for bio-conservation,

qualitative analysis of herbariums of commercial importance,
Phytosanitary verification as well as utilization of trade support activities.
Analysis, verification and recommendation and of 1972 herbarium
samples species, phytochemical and phermalogical studies on 300 plant
species have been completed in fiscal year 2014/15. Similarly, analyses
of aromatic oil of 15 plant species together with bio-chemical study on
29 plant spices have been carried out. By the end of fiscal year 2014/15,
tissue culture technology of 113 plant species has been developed
whereas in-situ and out-locality conservation is being done for 27
endangered as well as critical species.

Table 8 (t) : Domestic and External Tourist Visiting National Botanical

Garden
Fiscal Year

Domestic

External

Total

2015/16*

171425

1378

172803

6300

2014/15
2013/14
2012/13

194551
273948
263357

2532
1760
3488

197083
277708
266845

6436
3741
3609

2011/12

244569

2270

247840

3334

2010/11

235933

3214

239147

3241

2009/10

221648

2638

224286

3019

Source: National Botanical Garden, Godawari,

8.57

Revenue Collected (In Rs.

Thousand)

Number of Tourist

By Mid-March 2016

In Nepal, 12 botanical gardens have been established in 806.2 ha and

being managed. Revenue generated through both domestic as well as
foreign tourists visiting National Botanical Gardens is on the rise. People
would have appropriate places for recreational activities whereby state
could generate notable revenue if these parks could be managed properly.
141

Table 8 (u): Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Status

Number of sub-watershed areas with prepared action plans

410

Gully Erosion Control

4482

River/ Stream bank erosion control through Bio-Engineering

1675.58 Km

Protection of Water Sources

3346

Conservation of Lakes and Ponds

1727

Protection of agriculture/forest friendly arable lands

Rehabilitation of devastated lands

3279.44 Ha
14249 Ha

Protection of road side slopes through Bio-Engineering

431 Km

Protection of Irrigation Canal

Income Generating Conservation Programs for Deprived
Groups

1556 Km
28587 Household

Source: Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, 2014

8.58

Though proper production and distribution of forest products (timber,

firewood, medicinal herbs etc.) has been made, revenue collection faces
fluctuation due to the number of tourists visiting conservation area.
Revenue collected from forest sector had been doubled in fiscal year
2009/10 in comparison to fiscal year 2012/13 while decrease in revenue
is experienced in fiscal year 2014/15. In first 8 months of current fiscal
year Rs. 258,542,000 revenue has been collected.
Table 8 (v): Revenue from Forest Sector
Fiscal Year

Revenue (In Rs. Thousand)

258542
536100
1182167
1395719
1072801
361497
697296
Source: Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Until Mid-March 2016

2015/16*
2014/15
2013/14
2012/13
2011/12
2010/11
2009/10

Land Reform and Management

8.59

Proper land management is critical towards achieving manifold

objectives inter alia, availing land ownership registration certificates by
registering the land for protecting land ownership as fixed assets of the
people; contributing to sustainable development by ensuring proper
usage of land and its source; promoting reliability and wholesomeness of
information; promoting access of landless farmers to land; making land
related services easily accessible, simple, transparent and qualitative
through adopting the information technology; developing skill human
142

resource required for conducting land survey and land management; and
for contributing to revenue mobilization.
8.60

In fiscal year 2014/15, a total of 1191 freed-bonded laborer

(MuktaKamaiyas) families have been distributed land procurement grants
while 1317 such families are provided house construction grants.
Likewise, 153 families of freed land tillers (Haliya) households have
been distributed grants for land procurement, 143 for house construction
and 166 for house repair during the same period. By the first 8 months of
current fiscal year, of the total 27,570 freed bonded laborer
(MuktaKamaiyas) families, 26,090 such families have been resettled, and
among 19,953 families of freed land tillers have been resettled by
distributing land procurement grants to 293 such families, house
construction grants for 220 and 386 for house repair. Similarly, 1,142
freed land tillers have been provided trainings.

8.61

By the first 8 months of current fiscal year 2015/16, land-use map and
profile of land-use status of 75 districts have been prepared according to
National Land-Use Policy. Land-use map/data of 4 municipalities and
397 VDCs have been prepared. Measurement and mapping works are
being carried out in Jhapa and Siraha by establishing Special Survey
Offices. Measurement, mapping and records restoration works are
underway in Acham, Arghakhachi and Palpa districts.

8.62

In the fiscal year 2014/15, revenue of Rs. 14.1411 billion has been
collected from the land related qualitative service delivery.

8.63

A total of 12 Land Revenue Office and 6 Land Measurement Office

building have been constructed in fiscal year 2014/15. Digital data in 25
measurement offices have been verified. Likewise, measurements of
village Blocks in 2,450 ha of land and re-measurement in 1000 ha of land
have been completed. Likewise, digital data of 35 land revenue offices
has been updated by mid-March of current fiscal year2015/16.

8.64

Digital data that are required for the Land Revenue Offices to convert the
public services to be delivered through these offices into online services
have been prepared while 5 of them have already started delivering
online services.

8.65

Resettlement and skill development programs for landless people,

squatters, freed bonded laborers, and freed land tillers have increased
their access to land thereby providing support to overall poverty
143

reduction initiative and promotion of social justice initiatives. Moreover,

registration charge and other revenue sources have contributed
significantly to countrys revenue mobilization.
Problems and Challenges
8.66

Raising agricultural production and productivity has been a challenging

task owing to inadequate agricultural infrastructures including roads,
electricity, irrigation, fertilizer and improved seeds required for the
development of Agriculture, which is backbone of the economy. Not
only this, absence of special plans and programs for agriculture
production as per soil suitability and the climate, inadequate services of
agricultural technicians, lack of modernization and commercialization of
agriculture, and labor shortage are other major problems.

8.67

Marketing of agricultural produce, maintaining quality and carrying out

the development and expansion works for commercialization of
agriculture system have remained a challenge. In addition, absence of
cold and low-cost storages together with unavailability of prices
acceptable to farmers have led farmers to sell their produce at lower
prices to the middlemen leaving them with no choice but to accept lower
prices when they produce more.

8.68

There lies an extra challenge to retain production and productivity of

agriculture sector in absence of adequate and reliable researches and
studies by reducing negative impacts that production and productivity are
likely to receive from climate change.

8.69

Formation of cooperative organization and institutions, their operations,

and regulation based on accepted norms, values, and principles for nation
building by promoting the cooperatives sector has been a challenging
task. Likewise, expanding production oriented cooperatives than saving
and credit cooperatives, and mobilizing them as an active development
messenger of local economy have also remains a challenge.

8.70

It is a daunting challenge to maintain financial discipline among saving

and credit cooperative institutions, ensuring protection of savings and
investments, and managing production, processing, and other marketing
related activities through increased investment in cooperative business.

8.71

Tasks of developing expertise of personnel engaged in mapping and land

administration sectors for making land administration offices capable,
144

robust, service oriented, and accountable to the people appeared to be

challenging.
8.72

There remains a challenge to bring positive change in entire service

seekers by making the land management related activities prompt,
efficient and, people and technology friendly through the means of
modern technology.

8.73

Tasks of preparing land records, identifying genuine landless people and

those residing in squatters and unorganized settlements, documenting
government lands, remedy of dual land ownership and execution of
limiting land ownership have been challenging.

8.74

Tasks of forest development and management by coordinating and

implementing functions like acquisition of encroached forestland,
maintaining balance among environment, development, and population,
curbing illegal trade of flora and fauna, landslides, uncontrolled
collection of stones, gravels, and sand, sustainable forest management,
maintaining balance between demand and supply of forest products,
managing conflicts between human and wildlife, mitigating the effects of
climate change and developing adaptive capacity to cope with the effects
of such climate change have been glaring challenge.

145

9. Industry, Commerce and Tourism

Industry Sector
9.1

Bringing growth in domestic production is imperative for Nepals

economic prosperity. Neither import substitution nor export promotion is
possible in absence of domestic production growth and trade deficit
cannot be reduced either. Development of Industry sector is very much
necessary to reorient the economy towards the path of prosperity, which
shrank as a result of devastating earthquake and border obstructions.. It is
imperative to give high priority to Nepalese labor, skill and raw material
based domestic investments to promote national level industries for
achieving national economic growth as per the spirit of the Constitution
of Nepal. Likewise, knowledge skill, technology and capital in
possession of non-resident Nepalese can be utilized in national
development efforts thereby making the economy prosperous. Public,
private, and cooperative sectors need to be mobilized to achieve
industrial growth.

9.2

For industrialization of the country, industries that are not in operation

but considered important need to be brought back into operation with
proper ownership and management structure on the one hand, while
creating industrial environment by establishing industrial estate in every
province and developing infrastructure in an organized way for creating
industrial environment is very much necessary on the other.
Table 9 (a): Industries Registered at the Department of Industries

S.
No
.

Scale

No. of
Industries

Percent

Total
Investment
(In Rs.
Million)

Fixed
Capital
(In Rs.
Million)

Working
Capital
(In Rs.
Million)

Employment

Employme
nt Rate

Large

821

13

904678.78

839765.33

64913.41

122765

150

Medium

1453

23

121835.42

81679.70

40637.22

139387

96

Small

4054

64

57696.26

36550.45

21292.71

250007

62

6328

100

1084210.46

957995.48

126843.34

512159

81

Total

Source: Department of Industries

9.3

Investments requires to be made for building industrial infrastructure;

developing cordial labor relations; availing energy; boost industrial
investment; skill development; and utilization of raw materials could be
made to the desired extent for production and export of goods. Such
measure would support economic development by maintaining the

146

balance of trade and supporting overall economic development through

increased employment.
9.4

The industry sector of Nepal got negatively impacted due to disruption in

supply of essential commodities from the beginning of the current fiscal
year leading to shortfall of fuel and industrial raw materials. In order to
avoid such inconvenient situation, it is necessary to establish industry
(producing industrial raw material and readymade goods) that would
maintain both forward and backward linkages within the country itself,
and become self-reliant to some extent. Moreover, mines and petroleum
exploration projects should be accorded high priority by reprioritizing the
recently prioritized programs and projects based on national needs.

9.5

By first eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16, a total of 6,328

industries having fixed capital of over Rs. 30 million have been
registered under Department of Industry. Industries where about Rs.
10.84 billion has been invested is estimated to have provided
employment to 512,159 individuals. The shares of large, medium and
small industries have averaged 13 percent, 23 percent and 64 percent
respectively. These industries appeared to have generated employment to
150, 96 and 62 individuals per industry respectively.
Table 9 (b) : Licensed Industries for Operation
Fiscal
Year

2008/09

No. of Industries

Total Capital
(In Rs. Million)

Fixed Capital
(In Rs. Million)

Working
Capital
(In Rs. Million)

Number of
Employment

301

26,961

22,527

4,916

20,359

39,245
90,416
84,427
119,601
289,308
132,914
42,695

34,353
4,892
77,913
12,502
79,362
5,065
107,983
11,618
276,699
12,609
123,244
9,671
35,190
7,505
*By Mid-March 2016

14,510
13,727
16,960
28,535
21,538
22,581
9,567

2009/10
258
2010/11
242
2011/12
279
2012/13
446
2013/14
371
2014/15
462
2015/16*
219
Source: Department of Industries

9.6

The observation tells that the number of medium and large scale
industries has continued to decline since FY 2008/09 for three
subsequent years. Though the number of registered industries grew
satisfactorily in FY 2011/12, its number declined again in FY 2012/13.
When the country seems heading towards political stability with
consensus built among political parties, there is a growth in registration
of industries with creation of business environment. Political instability
147

and disruption in the supply of essential commodities, however, have

resulted in the decline of their number of registration.
9.7

The amount invested on industry had registered marginal growth

between FY 2008/09 and 2012/13 while this rose by 142 percent in its
subsequent FY 2013/14. However, the investment amount dropped by 54
percent in FY 2014/15 for failing to invest in the same ratio. By midFebruary of the current fiscal year 2015/16, the number of newly
registered industries stood at 219 with a total investment of Rs. 42.69
billion generating employment to 9,567 individuals.
Table 9(c): Licensed Industries for Operation by Types
Total Capital

Fixed
Capital
(In Rs.
Million)

Working
Capital
(In Rs.
Million)

Employment

14140.99

2736.54

32776

Number of
Industries

Percentage

380

Construction

48

42477.03

41569.46

907.58

3223

Energy
Production
Oriented
Mining

267

593807.02

578668.11

15138.91

26802

2585

41

230286.54

171458.24

59298.80

285230

61

4366.91

3846.99

522.02

6399

Service

1750

28

117536.97

77797.21

39785.76

106300

Tourism

1237

19

78976.41

70514.48

8453.74

51429

6328

100

1084210.42

957995.48

126843.35

512159

Types

Agro-based

Total

(In Rs. Million)

16759.52

Source: Department of Industry

9.8

The recent statistics reveals that about 41 percent of the total industries
are productive oriented by their nature until mid-February of current
fiscal year 2014/15. This is followed by service sector industries and
tourism industries. Mines related industries have their nominal presence
while forest related industries account for 6 percent.

148

Foreign Investment
9.9

A total of 3,520 industries from 86 different countries have been

registered by mid-February, 2016 securing approval for foreign
investment of more than Rs. 1.89 Trillion. Through this, a total of
211,843 individuals are estimated to have received employment.
Approval was granted for making foreign investment of Rs. 67.415
Billion last year while only Rs. 6.87 billion has been approved by the
first eight months of the current fiscal year.
Table 9(d): Foreign Investment in Industry
Number of
Projects

FY

(In Rs.
Million)
69533
3776
1149
3297
2651
16898
7530
14988
9377
10736
41046
35027
77404
7958

Total
Working
Capital
(In Rs.
Million)
12771
549
647
824
775
3508
1888
866
1875
1173
10944
5685
3927
2379

Total
Foreign
Investment
(In Rs.
Million)
22591
2765
1636
2606
3186
9813
6255
9100
10053
7138
19819
20107
67415
6870

301370

47811

189354

Total Cost

Total Fixed
Capital

2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16*

844
78
63
116
188
213
231
171
210
226
317
305
369
189

(In Rs.
Million)
83584
4324
1796
4121
3426
20406
9418
13954
11253
11910
51991
40712
81331
10337

Total till Date

3520

348563

Source: Department of Industry

Total
Employment
92647
2154
5559
7358
7389
10709
11108
7848
10902
9035
16569
11732
13078
5755
211843

*By Mid-March 2016

Table 9 (e): Country-wise Foreign Investment

S.
No.
1

Country

Total Foreign
Investment
(In Rs. Million)

Percent

Average Investment Per

Industry (In Rs. Million)

629

80657

43

128

29

25131

13

867

898
284
13
298
147
9
37
14
2358

23312
9186
7942
7096
4061
3315
2888
2320
165908

12
5
4
4
2
2
2
1
88

23
32
611
24
28
368
78
166
70

Number of
Project

India
China
2
(HongKong)
3
China
4
South Korea
5
Iceland
6
America
7
Britain
8
Mauritius
9
Singapore
10
UAE
Total
Source: Department of Industry

149

9.10

By country, India comes first followed by Hong Kong and China from
the perspective of countries making investment in Nepal while the shares
of other countries investments have been nominal. Nepals neighboring
countries of India and China have been the countries to invest in the most
number of projects in Nepal which have invested in 898 and 629 projects
respectively.
Table 9 (f) : Countries with BIPPA Agreement

S.
No.
1

Countries
France

Germany

3
4
5

Britain
Mauritius
Finland

India

Agreement
Date
May 2, 1983
October 20,
1986
March 2,
1993 3,
October
1999
February
3,
2009 21,
October
2011

79

Total Foreign Investment

(In Rs. Millions)
529

96

1256

147
9
10

4061
3315
336

629

80657

970

90154

Number of Projects

Total
Source: Ministry of Industry

9.11

Of the total 86 countries to make their investments in industrial sector,

the Government of Nepal has entered into the Bilateral Investment
Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) with six countries
including France, Germany, UK, Mauritius, Finland and India. These
counties cover 48 percent of the total foreign investment where India
shares the most.
Table 9(g): Details on Industrial Intellectual Property

Description

Till Mid-March 2016 from

Beginning

For Fiscal Year

2014/15

For Fiscal Year

2015/16*

Total

40563
74
117
40754

2080
2
14
2096

1689
0
10
1699

44332
76
141
44549

Trademark
Patent
Design
Total
Source: Department of Industry

9.12

*Of First Eight Months Only

Protecting industrial intellectual property is also necessary for industrial

development. A total of 44,332 trademarks have been registered so far
for products identification. Similarly, 76 index patents that identify the
new production process and monitoring of unauthorized productions
have been issued while 141 new designs have been registered.

150

Current Status of Industrial Estates

9.13

Industrial estate in Nepal began with establishment of Balaju Industrial

Estate in 1963 on the joint effort the Government of Nepal and USAID
to attract the private sector tofor making business investments in the
industry sector. Its objective is to increase investment by integrating
scattered and unorganized capital. Industrial estates are to provide
significant contribution in the promotion and development of industries
by availing the most essential basic infrastructures such as land,
industrial buildings, road, electricity, water, sewerage and other facilities
in an integrated manner for the establishment of industries with greater
emphasis on the countrys economic sector specially for import
substitution, export promotion, mobilization of local skills and resources,
and creation of employment opportunities. Of the total 11 industrial
estates (districts) established including Balaju, Hetauda, Nepalgunj,
Dharan, Pokhara, Butwal, Bhaktapur, Birendranagar,
Gajendra
Narayansingh and Dhankutta, 10 of them are in operation except that of
Dhankutta.

9.14

A total of 5,680 Ropani (625 Acre) of land occupied by 10 operational

industrial estates. Of the total 628 industries established under industrial
estates area, 498 of them are operational. Such industries have employed
13,523 individuals consuming 21,125 KVA of electricity.

Cottage and Small Scale Industries

9.15

The government has been giving emphasis on establishment,

development, and expansion of cottage and small scale industries that
contribute to the economic development by creating self-employment
and employment through entrepreneurship and skill development at
local levels.

9.16

As on the first eight months of the current fiscal year, at total of 8, 188
cottage and small scale industries have been registered under the
Department of Cottage and Small Scale Industries in 27 districts which
are estimated to have generated 50,232 employments. Likewise, under
Cottage and Small Scale Industries Development Committee, a total of
2,808 industries have been registered in 48 districts where 4,611
individuals are estimated to have received employment. So far, a total of
270,988 cottage and small scale industries are registered across the
country under such department and the committee. Similarly microenterprise development programs have generated 7,645 new
151

entrepreneurs and such programs have been extended to 64 districts since

current fiscal year.
Cottage and Small Scale Industries Training Center
9.17

Cottage and Small Scale Industries Training Center has been imparting
training in various headings to entrepreneurs. A total of 1,135 individuals
were provided skill oriented trainings on 18 headings including food
processing, bakery, beautician, mobile phone repair, hand paper
production in FY 2014/15 while 701 persons have been provided such
trainings in the first eight months of the current fiscal year.

Industrial Enterprise Development Council

9.18

Activities like Training of Trainers (ToT), Quality Management,

Feasibility Studies, and Consultancy Services, that are based on demand
of various organizations/institutions engaged in the development of
industrial enterprises, are being carried out in order to make economic
system strong through development of human resources necessary for
entrepreneurial development, business management and research for
industrial development, and for development of industrial enterprises.

9.19

Industrial Enterprise Development Council has imparted trainings on

various headings to a total of 2,743 individuals since FY 2012/13 until
mid-February of current fiscal year. This has provided training to more
than 7,510 individuals since its establishment.

Office of Company Registrar

9.20

A total of 146,647 companies have been registered with Office of

Company Registrar. While looking over the statistics of last three year,
number in the registration fell in FY 2013/14 as compared to that of FY
2012/13 while this number grew in FY 2014/15.
Table 9 (h): Company Registration Status

S. No.
1
2
3

Company

Total till
11/12
1204
103371

Public
Private
Profit Not
413
Distributing
4
Foreign Company
41
Total
105029
Source: Office of Company Registrar

12/13

13/14

14/15

15/16*

Total

37
10550

27
10052

31
12371

32
7903

1331
144247

83

94

200

159

949

18
10688

21
10194

24
12626

16
8110

120
146647

152

Mines and Geology

9.21

Scientific exploration of mines and minerals is imperative for resolving

the current fuel crisis and for the development of mines industries.
Preliminary Reconnaissance Geological Exploration work has been
completed in area of 41,600 sq. km ranging from Mechi zone of Eastern
Development Region to Leaser Himalaya of Far Western Region where
about 500 anomalies have been identified.

9.22

Based on the concept of establishing cement factories in every region to

meet the balanced development approach taken by the government of
Nepal, a total of 1.07 billion MT of limestone including 540 million MT
tested, 110 million MT, semi-tested while 420 million MT of feasible
limestone has been explored at different geological sites Udayapur,
Dhankutta, Sindhuli, Makwanpur, Lalitpur, Dhading, Shyanja,
Arghakhanchi, Surkhet, Dang, Salyan, Baitadi and Palpa districts as a
result of departmental level studies and researches. . A total of 13
cement factories with 8,450 Ton/day capacity have been established and
are in operation while 10 such factories are under construction. Operation
of these factories in full capacity would lead the country towards selfreliance on cement production.

9.23

Natural gas mines of 316.0 million cubic meters have been explored in
Kathmandu valley while that of 180 million MT of magnesite has been
discovered in Dolakha. Similarly Iron ores deposits of about 10 Million
MT are explored in Lalitpur (Fulchoki), Rameschhap (Those) and
Nawalparasi (Dhauwadi); copper mines totaling about 14 million MT
have been explored in Solukhumbu (Wapsa), Makwanpur (Kalitar); 14
million MT of chalk mines in Chitwan, Tanahun and Dadeldhura,
Myagdi, Kaski districts; 5 million MT of coal mines in Dang, Rolpa,
Palpa and Arghakhanchi, marble mines in Lalitpur, Makwanpur and
Kavre districts; and gold, copper, lead and zinc deposits have been
discovered in Rolpa, Baitadi, Darchula, Bajhang, Ilam districts.
Likewise, mines of precious stones such as kainite, tourmaline, quartz
crystals have been found in Jajarkot, Achham, Kalikot, Dailekh,
Sankhuwasabha and Dhading, while dolomite, phosphorite, mica, salt
deposits have been explored in other districts.

9.24

Agreement has been signed with private investors for the establishment
of industries based on 11 mine ores including limestone, iron, copper,
marble, gold, lead and zinc among others. Promotion of industries based
on 15 other mine ores including those of copper, lead, zinc and limestone
153

is in progress. Exploration works on uranium are being carried out in

Makwanpur, Baitadi, and Mustang.
9.25

As per the policy to attract private investors to undertake works from the
exploration of small and medium scale mines giving immediate results
like those of limestone, marble, gemstone (Kyanite, tourmaline, quartz
crystal), coal, quartzite to their production, such investors have been
invited and given away certificates to carry out 104 exploration works
while 91 for research works on such mines including those of iron,
copper, placer gold towards metal ores.

9.26

Second phase of mapping has been initiated following the first phase of
geological survey work on the entire parts of Chure hill and Mahabharat
range and some part of the high mountains. Geo-engineering and geoenvironmental exploration surveys for the organized urban development
and waste management of Kathmandu valley, Pokhara, Butwal,
Bhairahawa, Hetaunda, Dharan, Biratnagar, Surkhet, Nepalgunj,
Janakpur, Dhangadhi, Mahendranagar, and Chitwan have been
completed.

9.27

Seismic stations have been installed to carryout earthquake related

researches on the mountain plateaus and continuous observations are
being carried out, while Information on possible earthquakes in future is
being collected based on analyses of such data. are being collected and
analyzed.

Quality Standard and Measurement

9.28

Industrial products can only gain trust in both domestic and international
markets when their quality is improved. A total of 29 laboratories are in
operation for carrying our quality test. So far, 10 such private
laboratories have been certified as per Nepal Laboratory Standard and
ISO 17025:2005. Similarly, market monitoring, inspection of taxi meters,
monitoring of petrol pumps and verification of weighing and measuring
equipment (weighing scale, balance, etc.) are being carried out on a
regular basis.

Industrial Infrastructure Development Program

9.29

Of the ongoing cement industry projects under this program, that are in
process of operation, 10 of them have been provided priority where
installation of transmission line together with the construction of substation and access road are underway.
154

Special Economic Zone

9.30

Nepal has set a vision to establish Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in 15

different locations with the objectives of inviting foreign investments,
earning foreign currencies, enhancing export trades, increasing
employment and importing advanced technologies and of this, SEZ in
Bhairahawa has been launched on November 18, 2014. Bhairahawa
Special Zone Operation Standard and Guideline, 2014 has been endorsed
and implemented. New Acts relating to SEZ has been tabled in the
parliament. construction work is in progress at Simara SEZ while land
acquisition work for Panchkhal SEZ is underway. Likewise, studies are
being carried out for the further improvements of SEZ by identifying its
overall problems.

Factory at the Central Jail

9.31

Trainings on Textile and power looms were provided to 35 inmates from

FY 2012/13 to FY 2014/15 with a view to make them competent to earn
incomes through capacity development trainings. Such trainings were
provided to a total of 3,262 inmates including 274 females and 2,988
male until FY 2014/15. Through this program, a total of 19,413 meter of
cotton fabrics has been produced and sold by the second trimester of the
current fiscal year.

Commerce and Supplies

9.32

Trade Policy 2015 has been prepared and brought in operation with
objectives of increasing the export of value added competitive goods and
services to the international market by enhancing supplies related
capacity and increasing access of goods and services and intellectual
property to regional and global markets. Nepal Trade Integrated Strategy,
2016 has been forwarded to the Council of Ministers after time relevant
revision on Nepal Trade Integrated Strategy, 2010 for the effective
implementation of trade policy. Draft preparation work on ordinance
relating to safeguards, anti-dumping and countervailing is in final stage.

9.33

In the context of leading the implantation of trade facilitation agreement

that was endorsed through 9th Ministerial level conference on WTO,
Category-ATF Measures under trade facilitation agreement is notified to
WTO after carrying out studies on trade facilitation which has been
forwarded to the legislative parliament for endorsement.

155

9.34

On private firm side, 3,745 new firms are registered while 947 firms are
renewed, 1,722 are revised and 424 are dissolved by the first eight
months of the current fiscal year 2015/16. Likewise, towards partnership
firms, 154 received new registration, 197 renewed, 66 revised, 59
dissolved while on the agency side, 34 of them have been newly
registered and 12 are renewed.

9.35

Out of the total 153,980 firms including 153,152 private firms and 828
partnership firms, digitization work on 71,500 such firms has been
completed in the first eight months of the current fiscal year.

9.36

Under the leprosy control program, 39344.47 quintals of salt has been
supplied to 13 remote and 9 moderate districts under grant support of the
government of Nepal by the first eight months of the current fiscal year.
This program has provided sense of relief to the rural people and helped
control the iodine deficiency induced diseases like goiter, mental
retardation, speech related problems, stunted growth etc. .

BOX 9 (a):
Major Initiatives taken for Export Growth, Trade Facilitation and
Supply Management
Signing of agreement between Nepal and India on 4 Letters of
Engagement at Commerce Secretary level including (1) Simplification
of Modalities for Traffic in-Transit between Nepal and Bangladesh
through Kakarbhitta-Bangladesh Corridor, (2) Operationalisation of
Traffic in-Transit between Vishakhapatnam Port and Nepal
(Amendment in Treaty of Transit), (3) Operationalisation of rail transit
facility through Singhbad for Nepals trade with and through
Bangladesh, (4) Operationalisation of Traffic-in Transit Through Rail
Transport to /from Vishakhapatnam Port(Amendment in Rail Services
Agreement) has been concluded during India visit of Honorable Prime
Minister of Nepal.
MOU on feasibility study to be conducted jointly on Nepal-China
Transit Agreement and Nepal-China Free Trade Agreement has been
signed during Honorable Prime Ministers visit to Peoples Republic of
China. Likewise, signing of Agreement on Transit Transport between
the Government of Nepal and the Government of Peoples Republic of
China and MOU between the Ministry of Commerce of Nepal and the
Ministry of Commerce of Peoples Republic of China on launching the
joint feasibility study of Nepal-China Free Trade Agreement has been
concluded.
156

Sighing of MoU between Nepal and India for the installation of

petroleum pipeline from Raxaul of India to Amlekhgunj of Nepal has
been concluded on August 24, 2015.

Various programs are being implemented for enhancing commercial

production of gingers which is considered as the major exporting crop.
Production of gingers that was just 12 MT/ha has reached 42MT/ha
after the introduction of Ginger Development Program. About 400
farmers, entrepreneurs, and workers from various districts have been
provided trainings together with the machines as well by Trade and
Export Promotion Center for tea packaging, production of hand paper,
Allo processing, Chiraito processing, organic coffee and honey
production and gold and silver jewelries making.

Chyangra Pashmina collective trademark has been registered in 47

countries for the promotion of Nepali cashmere (pashmina). Likewise,
collective trade mark for Nepali coffee has been registered in Norway,
Hong-Kong, Japan, Singapore, Canada, EU and Switzerland.

Construction works on the herbs collection and processing center in

Surkhet are in final stage.

Differences in price and quality have continued to decline as a result of

growing attention between the consumers and the traders due to
extensive market monitoring.

Land acquisition process for the establishment of dry port at

Rasuwagadhi-Kerung border point for trade facilitation is in progress.

Works on the preparation of Export-Import (EI) Code which is required

for getting information and updating records to facilitate trade are
underway.

Works on the preparation of structural framework with detailed design

for the construction of Container Freight Station at Chobhar of
Kathmandu is in progress.
9.37 Nepal Food Corporation aims at supplying food to far-flung districts,
storing food at National Food Security Warehouse and SAARC Food
Security Bank, and implementing food exchange program to bring
changes in food habit among the people through increased food
production at local level. With these objectives, Corporation has supplied
4,767 MT of food to remote districts, procured 19.41 MT of food
produced at the local level in Karnali Zone, stored 10,637 MT of food
grains at the National Food Security Warehouse, and has maintained a
reserve stock of 8,000 MT of food grains in the SAARC Food Security
Bank by the first eight months of the current fiscal year.

157

9.38

Import of petroleum products had increased by 13.86 percent in 2014/15

as compared to its preceding fiscal year 2013/14 while this dropped by
44.77 percent by the first eight months of the current fiscal year as
compared to the previous fiscal year. The reason behind such decline is
the obstructions at border points. The supply has been regular after
border points returned to normalcy.

Tourism
9.39

Following the issuance of Tourism Policy, 2009, the government of

Nepal has put tourism sector on top of its priority considering its crucial
role in economic development and making its effort towards developing
and extending tourism related activities, enhancing quality of service,
increasing foreign currency earnings and improving the living standards
of the people thereby creating employment opportunities.

9.40

Nepal has set a vision 2020 with a target to bring in 2 million tourists and
create employment opportunity to 1 million people by 2020 by
developing Nepal as an attractive, recreational and safe tourist
destination in the world map by preserving and promoting natural,
cultural, biological, as well as man-made heritages of Nepal.

9.41

To meet the targets of tourism sector, Nepal

building infrastructures, creating favorable
enhancing local levels peoples capacity,
potential tourists destinations, enhancing
strengthening air safety.

has set objectives such as

investment environment,
exploring and expanding
airports capacity and

Table 9 (i) : Major Indicator related with Tourism

Major Indicators
Total Number of Tourist Arrival
Length of Stay Per Tourist (Average Day)
Earning from Tourism Sector (000 USD)
Per Tourist Per Day Spending (USD)
Ratio of Foreign Exchange Earning from Tourism Sector to GDP
Number of International Airlines with Regular Flight to Nepal
Source: Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation

158

Achievement
till Mid-Jan
2015
790118

Achievement
till Mid-Jan
2016
538970

12.44

13.1

471769
46.4
2.6

486341
70
2.9

26

26

Source: Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation

9.42

During 2015, though the expenditure per day per tourist is estimated to
remain at US Dollar 70 which is higher by US Dollar 23.6 as compared
to its preceding year, such expenditure per day per tourist has not
increased relatively while looking over the statistics of last ten years.
Despite decline in the number of tourists arrival in 2014, foreign
currency earnings from tourism sector stood at US Dollar 471.76 million
while this rose slightly and reached US Dollar 486.341 million in 2015.

9.43

While observing tourist arrival statistics of last 10 years, this number was
following increasing trend until 2012 while it started to decline
thereafter. The number of tourist arrival in 2015 except that of Indian
tourist arrived via land totaled 538,970 which is 32 percent less than
790,118 tourists of its preceding year. During this period, an average
length of stay of tourists visiting Nepal is estimated at 13.1 days against
12.44 days of previous fiscal year.

9.44

Of the total number of tourists visiting Nepal during 2015 by purpose,

71.6 percent of them came for vacation while 2.2 percent for trekking,
2.8 percent for religious trip, 3.9 percent for trade, 2.8 percent for study
and employment, 1.7 percent for meetings/ conferences, 4 percent for
office visit and 11 percent for other purposes. While analyzing tourist
arrival statistics of last 10 years based on their travel purposes, more than
two third of tourists have been for vacation recreation/travel,
trekking/mountaineering and religious purposes.

9.45

While analyzing the number of tourist arrival by country between the

periods of January 2015 and January 2016, top five countries with largest
number of tourist arrival have been India (14%) followed by China
159

(12%), USA (10%), Sri Lanka (8 %t), and Thailand (6 %). These
tourists appeared to have contributed 48 percent of the total number of
tourist arrival during this period. These figures during the same period
earlier were 17 % for India, 16 % for China, 6 percent for USA, 4.8 %
for Sri Lanka and 4.7 % for United Kingdom.
9.46

Lumbini is regarded as the major tourist destination of Nepal. In 2015,

the total number of tourist visiting Lumbini stood at 748,294 and of this,
488,852 were Nepalese, 130,262 were Indian while 129,180 tourists were
from other countries.

9.47

Nepal Academy of Tourism and Hotel Management (NATHM) was

established in 1972 with the objective of producing basic and skilled
workforce for tourism sectors development which is in operation. This
Academy has been providing vocational and employment oriented
trainings and offering Bachelor in Hotel Management, Tourism and
Tourism Management courses and providing Master Degree program in
Hotel Management. Through this institution, a total of 168 students have
passed out Master of Hospitality Management between FY 2010/11 and
FY 2015/16. The number of graduate students of Bachelor of Hotel
Management in FY 2014/15 stood at 168 while that of Bachelor of
Tourism and Travel Management was 126. In FY 2014/15, a total of 425
individuals received basic, medium and supervisory level trainings. So
far, this Academy has imparted various trainings to 508,140 individuals.

9.48

The total number of skilled workforce produced by conducting tourism

related academic courses and training programs has reached 60,545 with
3,272 skilled workforce produced in FY 2014/15 and 719 added to the
total in FY 2015/16.

9.49

As per the policy to develop Nepal as the best destination in the

expedition sector by making mountaineering expedition organized and
environment friendly, the number of mountaineers and employment
generated through this have been gradually growing since last 10 years.

9.50

The number of mountaineering expedition teams that stood at 320

between January 2014 and January 2015 (2014 AD) reached 380
between January 2015 and January 2016 (2015 AD). The number of
mountaineers grew to 4,003 from 2,500 during the same period, but the
royalty earning has dropped during the same period from Rs. 53,434,000
to Rs. 33,674, 5000. The earthquake and disruption in supply situation
are attributable to such decline in royalty as the length of stay of tourist
160

visiting Nepal for mountain expeditions and trekking that relatively

require more days to generate more royalty came down in this period.
9.51

There were 2 casinos operating in Nepal until mid-February, 2015 while

this number reached 3 by mid-February, 2016. Similarly, 3 mini-casinos
are in operation by mid-February 2016.

9.52

Of the hotel registered in classified by Department of Tourism, the

number of star hotels was 118 in 2014 while such number dropped to 116
in its subsequent year. The degraded quality in those hotels has been the
contributing factor for such decline. The number of tourist standard
hotels except those of star hotels including lodge and resorts reached 960
in year 2015 from 957. The number beds in star hotels reached 9,710
with increase of 156 beds in their previous number while those of tourist
standard hotels, lodge and resorts rose by 615 in their previous number
and reached 27,240.

9.53

In FY 2014/15, the number of registered travel agencies had stood at

2,611 which grew by 175 and reached 2,786 by mid-March, 2016.
Likewise, the number of registered trekking agencies were 1,903 in
FY2014/15 while it increased by 130 and reached 2, 033 by the same
period of FY 2015/16. Similarly, 61 rafting agencies had their
registration in FY 2014/15 which increased by 6 in giving a total of 66 by
mid-March, 2016. Likewise, the number of registered tourist transport
service provider was 59 in FY 2014/15 which rose by 8 reaching 67 by
mid-March, 2016.

9.54

In FY 2014/15, a total 3,335 tour guide licenses were issued while this
number grew to 3,507 by mid-March, 2016. Similarly, 10,436 trekking
guide licenses were issued in FY 2014/15 which grew by 922 reaching a
total of 11,358 in mid-March, 2016. Similarly, 131 river guide licenses
were distributed in FY 2014/15 while this grew by 56 and reached 187.

161

Box 9(b): Major Achievements of Tourism Sector

Immediate Reform Program Implementation Action Plan, 2015 has been
implemented with the objective of attaining sustainable development
through conservation and reconstruction of archaeological, cultural
heritages and tourists destinations, strengthening and expansion of
aviation sector.
Nepal Tourism Strategic Action Plan (2016-2025) has been prepared.
Foundation stone of Pokhara International Airport laid that plays
important role in infrastructure for promotion of Nepal's tourism followed
by formal beginning of construction works. Construction, conservation,
repair and maintenance of earthquake ravaged touristic and archaeological
infrastructures have been carried out through agency-wide coordination
by giving them the top priority. Similarly, promotional and publicity
related activities are being carried out with support of the private sector
to convert negative messages rendered into the favor of the tourism
sector.
Of the target set to complete tasks as per Master Plan, 1978 for the
development of Birth place of Lord Buddha within next four years, tasks
so far completed are: land acquisition in Lumbini project site, preparation
of Master Plan, structural design of Lumbini area, constructions of
international monastic zone, sacred garden, security wall and canal along
the international monastic zone.
Preliminary works are in progress after acquisition of land for Nijgadh
International airport.
Upgradation work at Tribhuwan International Airport is underway with
the installation of most advanced equipments in the grant assistance of
government of Japan with a view modernize and make it well equipped
and facilitated.
Based on the concept of Great Himalayan Trail program, preparation is
underway with high priority for developing high mountain tourism trail
extending from Taplejung to Darchula under the tourism infrastructure
program.
Master Plan preparation work carried out by Broader Janakpur Area
Development Council for cultural and tourism development of Janakpur
area is in final stage
Construction works are underway following the laying of foundation
stone at Gautam Buddha International Airport project formally. Aviation
service agreement together with review negation with Indonesia, South
Africa, UAE, Pakistan, Saudi Arab completed. Airport monitoring and
classification indicators prepared and implemented.
162

Culture
9.55

With a target to contribute to countrys financial incomes by promoting

tourism through conservation and protection of both tangible and
intangible cultural heritages thereby giving nationwide exposure,
sustainable management initiatives are being carried out by conserving
and protecting culture and cultural heritages within the country.

9.56

Annual programs are being conducted through 11 various development

committees under the Ministry for the operation and development of
religious, cultural and historical sites of national importance through their
conservation, protection and sustainable management.

9.57

In FY 2015/16, the government has provided grant assistance to 1,552

various academies and organizations agencies engaged in area of culture
for providing sanctuaries to both tangible and intangible cultural
heritages such as temples, mosques, churches, monasteries,
Gurudwars,and Bihars.

9.58

Collection and lististing of five disciplines of the abstract cultural

heritages of the people near to extinction, marginalized, and deprived
ethnic groups and communities are underway. They are: a) oral
traditions and expressions; b) acts and performing arts; c) social
practices, festivities and celebrations; and d) knowledge and practices
relating to the nature and universe are underway.

Problems and Challenges

9.59

Enhancing domestic production through the production of competitive,

qualitative goods of comparative advantage is a challenge. Similarly,
increasing both domestic and foreign investments in the industry sector at
the desirable level and winning confidence and trust of investors by
developing investment friendly environment is another daunting
challenge.

9.60

The task of countrywide diversification of trade and transit system by

carrying out feasibility studies on Trade and Transit Treaties and
Agreements with potential countries is a challenge. It is a challenging
task to make trade, transit and supply systems smooth and regular by
reducing the impacts of frequent strikes, bandh and border obstructions
on trading and supplies.

163

9.61

There lies a challenge to create tourism friendly environment amid a

situation where both internal and external factors such as natural
calamities, internal obstructions causing hindrance to supply system
consequently giving immediate and long term impacts to the tourism
sector.

9.62

Tasks of meeting the responsibilities by countries as member states of

"Safeguarding of the Abstract Cultural Heritages Convention, 2003" and
reviving cultural heritage related fairs and festivals, acts and
performances, celebrations in traditional manner are equally challenging.

9.63

It is a challenging task to make Nepals aviation sector safer by turning

the hard works put in making air safety standards and conditions result
oriented. Works on construction of airports, installation of modern
RADAR system in compliance with the set target and the concept of
Nepali Sky Safer Sky should be given high importance.

164

10. Housing and Urban Development, Environment and Energy

Housing and Urban Development
10.1

There are altogether 4 million 767 thousand housing structures in Nepal

where 5 million 427 thousand families reside and 85.26 percent of them
live in their own houses while 12.81 percent live in rent. Status of the rest
1.93 percent household is anonymous. Similarly, 67 percent of the
families have access to electricity facility and 47 percent have water
facility while 62 percent of them have toilet facility.

10.2

The urban population is about 17 percent considering the population

living in 58 Municipalities prior to May 2014 to be urban population.
The urban population in Nepal comes close to 25 percent when the
population living in the larger urban area except Kathmandu Valley
combined with those from other urban areas that are yet to receive
municipal status.

10.3

Government of Nepal has declared 72 more municipalities in May, 2014,

61 in December 2014 and 26 in October 2015 and with this, the total
number of municipalities reached 217. The total urban population would
come around 42 percent if the population of all these Municipalities is
considered as urban population.

10.4

The public buildings in the country are estimated at around 150 thousand.
Services and facilities in government buildings have no similarities.
Despite the availability of color code in the public buildings, its effective
implementation is yet to happen. There lacks studies if the existing
buildings are safer from the earthquake and other calamities. Though
policy level decision has been made for constructing unified Government
office buildings to make the public services simple, easy and effectively
available, its implementation has failed.

10.5

For the integrated infrastructure development of Biratnagar, Butwal and

Birgunj Municipalities, 47 Km out of 94 Km of surface canal, 17 Km out
of 87 Km of sewage drainage and 55 percent of the processing plant
works have been completed with the support of Asian Development
Bank. Tender/contract has been called for the construction of the Auto
Village in Butwal.

10.6

For the construction of the integrated drinking water project in 3

Municipalities in Kavre Valley 100 Km of the distribution line, 95
percent of the constructions of the 3 tanks at Thakuri Gaun, Kupsdanda
165

and Devisthan and 25 percent of the construction of water processing

center at Devisthan Panauti works have been completed.
10.7

For the tender/contract of construction, improvement and extension of

the drinking water system of Dharan Municipality drinking water project
work is in progress. Construction of 10.87 Km surface canal in
Siddharthanagar Municipality has been completed while 37 Km of the
total 60 Km of surface canal has been completed in Nepalgunj
Municipality so far. Similarly, 5.09 Km of the 7.7 Km of urban road of
Nepalgunj has been completed by now.

10.8

Of the total 42 Km of the Biratnagar ring road, track opening of 39 Km

has been completed. Construction of regional seminar halls of 400
capacity in Doti and Tikapur and international conference center and
exhibition spot of 1 thousand 50 capacity at Butwal is in progress.

10.9

Pursuant to the integrated check post construction work at major border

points to facilitate the trade between Nepal and India, construction of
such check post in Birgunj is in progress and distribution of the
compensation for the acquired land has been completed and is in the
process of its handover. Protection of the acquired land and other social
infrastructure works has been in progress at Bhairahawa and Nepalgunj.

10.10 As the construction of the well facilitated cities in the mid-hill highway
will contribute largely to the financial transformation of the mid hills, the
formulation of integrated urban development plan is in the process of
completion for the construction of 10 new cities that to be constructed
along this highway.
10.11 Subsequent to the devastating earthquake of April 2015, publication and
distribution of design catalogue have been carried out after preparing the
design of earthquake resistant buildings. For the reconstruction of the
home destroyed completely by the earthquake grant support distribution
working procedure 2015 ,settlement development, urban planning and
building construction related basic construction criterion 2015 (2072) has
been prepared and implemented.
10.12 Clean, beautiful and green city is the symbol of development and
civilization. The policy has been adopted for making all cities green
program to operate as a campaign. Accordingly the infrastructure and
structures works for the development of Pokhara, Dharan and Lalitpur
Sub-metropolitan environment friendly city with adequate greenery are
166

taken forward with priority. Activities like proper management of the

waste, discouragement in the use of plastic bags, parks, city garden,
ponds construction has been operated at the local level. To make the city
waste free and facilitated in cooperation with the local Municipalities in
the urban areas including Kathmandu Valley construction of the basic
level public toilets is on progress.
10.13 According to the Bagmati clean-up campaign for making Bagmati a
sewage- free river, the sewage system joining Gokarna of Kathmandu to
Manohara confluence has come into operation. On the left bank of the
Dhobikhola River up to the Gopikrishna Bridge, laying of the sewage
drainage has been completed while sewage laying on the right bank of
the river is estimated to complete by this mid-July, 2016. The
tender/contract for the laying 6 Km long sewage pipe from Bishnumati
confluence to Mahadev River has been approved following the
agreement.
10.14 With a view to manage urban energy consumption, the government has
made mandatory provision for the commercial and corporate buildings
(including multiplex, star hotel, movie hall) to be built in all
municipalities and in VDCs where buildings are required to have their
blueprints approved and for residential buildings to be constructed in
metropolis and sub-metropolis with plinth area of more than 2,500 sq. ft
in a land area of about 3,250 sq. ft that they must install the solar system
generating either 25 percent of the total energy that every such building
consumes or1,500 watt whichever is higher.
10.15 There is a separate agency for the construction, maintenance/renovation
and operation of the government buildings however it is evident that all
the agencies have been constructing the government office buildings
their own way for this reason it has been difficult to implement the space
standard, color code along with the national building code in the
government buildings and a single agency could not be made accountable
for the government building construction, maintenance/renovation and
operation.
Environment and Climate change
10.16 Nepal is one of vulnerable countries from the perspective of
environmental sensitivity, natural calamity and effect of the climate
change. Because of the Sensitive topographical and geographical position
and weak geological structure, it has to incur heavy loss of lives and
167

properties and environmental problems as a result of anthropogenic

effect and natural disaster. As the result additional challenges have to be
faced to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
10.17 To reduce the huge effects of environment pollution and climate change
caused by increasing industrialization and urbanization on one hand it is
necessary to hugely reduce the emission of the greenhouse gas and on the
other hand appropriate strategy to custom the prevention and reduction of
those effects has to be adhered. At the capacity of the party state of the
Convention on the climate change Nepal has started the different newest
efforts on the climate change sector.
10.18 Of the programs operated under UNFCCC across the world through
Nairobi Action Plan, climate change support program being operated in
Nepal has been selected as one of the best five successful adaptation
practice programs among 170 program countries.
10.19 As per the Environment Protection Act, 4 different projects have been
taken action with imposition of fines for failing to carryout
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and caused to undergo EIA
process.
10.20 Despite governments ban on the use of plastic bags in Kathmandu
Valley, they are still being used. Hence, monitoring task is made
extensive and bags failing to meet the set standard confiscated while
other necessary actions are being taken pursuant to the Environment
Protection Act, 1997.
10.21

Draft of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive 2015 have

been prepared with the objective of unifying the environmental aspect in
the plans and projects to be operated in Nepal maximizing the favorable
impact and making the social economical benefits to be received from the
development proposals sustainable and to make the environmental
impact assessment process easy and transparent.

10.22 Draft of the Low Carbon Economic Development Strategy and Gender
and Climate Change Strategy has been prepared. National Adaptation
Plan (NAP) has been initiated to formulate the national custom plan by
mainstreaming the climate change.
10.23 Grant policy, 2015 has been formulated and forwarded to the Council of
Ministers for approval with a view to increase access of low income rural
households to clean and renewable energy technology even further,
168

reduce energy crisis in urban areas and make grants to be provided to

renewable energy technologies time relevant for the sustainable
development and promotion of renewable energy.
10.24

Agreement has been signed with Civil Bank, NMB Bank and Nepal
Investment Bank to provide easy loan for the installation of household
solar energy system with a view to reduce the current energy crisis in the
urban area. Similarly, the agreement has been reached between 10
industries and solar energy companies for generating 10 megawatt
electricity.

10.25 Under Smoke-Free Bright House Program 12 thousand 6 hundred 53

improved stoves have been distributed in the household of the earthquake
affected districts. Monitoring of the 53 industries and factories in
Dhading, Tanahun, Kaski, Rupandehi, Banke, Makawanpur, Nuwakot
and Kathmandu has been conducted with the objective of controlling and
reducing environmental pollution.
10.26 To make the weather and flood forecast effective, installation of 3 radars
in Surkhet, Palpa and Udaypur is on progress.
Energy Consumption
10.27 Traditional sources of energy still hold majority when it comes to the
necessity and supply of energy. Despite several efforts made towards
using renewable energy, traditional energy consumption rate is still high.
Likewise, though sources of renewable energy mainly hydropower and
solar energy have enormous potentials; energy crisis has continue to
grow for failing to capitalize those resources.
Table 10(a): Energy Consumption Status
Source
Traditional
Firewood
Agricultural Residues
Cow Dung
Commercial
Coal
Petroleum Products
Electricity
Renewable
Total

Fiscal Year 2013/14

(000 toe)
8983
8154
403
426
1958.96
320
1264
374.96
291
11232.96

( In ToE: Tons of Oil Equivalent)

Fiscal Year 2014/15
Fiscal Year 2015/16*
(000 toe)
(000 toe)
9104
8264
408
432
5256.90
465
4294.62
397.28
291.64
14652.54

Source: Ministry of Energy

6069
5509
272
288
4609.77
192
4143.46
274.31
291.86
10970.63

* Of first eight months

169

10.28 In the first eight months of the current fiscal year the total energy
consumption has reached 10,970.63 tons oil equivalent (ToE), while such
consumption during the corresponding period of previous fiscal year was
41 percent higher than this. During the same period of previous fiscal
year, the energy consumption was 7,781 ToE. While looking at the
statistics of the last eight months, the consumption rate of traditional,
commercial and renewable energy stood at 55.33 percent, 42 percent and
2.67 percent respectively. Such ratio in previous fiscal year had remained
at 62.13 percent, 35.87 percent and 1.99 percent respectively. This
observation hints that traditional energy users are slowly attracted
towards using petroleum products which are not produced in Nepal but to
be imported.

Cow Dung 3%

Electricity
10.29 In the fiscal year 2014/15, the total electricity production stood at 829.19
MW while it reached 847.68 MW during the first eight months of the
current fiscal year with the augmentation of 18.49 MW against the
current demand of 1,385 MW. Though about 250 MW is being imported
from India, the wide gap between the energy demand and supply is
attributable to the persistent long hour-load shedding consequently
affecting the life of the people and the overall economy.
10.30 By mid-March 2016, transmission line has reached 3216.86 Km with the
number of electricity users reaching 2,922,041. During the same period,
the electricity distribution line has been extended to 123,977 Km.
10.31 To end the current energy crisis basically within one year, solve
completely by 2 years and guarantee energy security by one decade in a
170

long-term basis, a concept note with action plan 2015 on National Energy
Crisis Reduction and Electricity Development Decade has been
implemented upon approval by the Council of Ministers.
Table 10 (b): Electricity Demand, Consumption, Production and Physical
Structures
Description

Fiscal Year
2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Production (MW)

697.85

705.57

746.00

746.00

829.19

847.68

Transmission Line (Km)

1917.62

1987.36

1987.36

1987.36

2848.86

3216.86

1854275.00

2053259.00

2599152.00

2713804.00

2872015.00

2922041.00

Distribution Line (Km)

89108.86

95815.98

114160.40

116066.64

123827.78

123976.78

Available Energy (GWH)

3389.27

3858.37

4260.45

3092.47

4966.66

3428.90

High Demand (MW)

946.10

1026.00

1094.00

1200.98

1291.10

1385.00

Customer Number

* Of the first eight monthsSource: Ministry of Energy

10.32 River Basin Plan and Hydroelectricity Development Master Plan on

major river basins except that on Bagmati River have been formulated
while study on strategic environmental and social assessment is being
carried out under the grant assistance of World Bank.
10.33 In the fiscal year 2015/16, Nepal Electricity Authority and private sector
hydropower companies are provided with licenses to undertake survey
works on 14 large and small hydroelectricity projects generating
electricity equivalent to 267 MW installed capacity. A total of 14 such
licenses have been granted for generating 316 MW of hydroelectricity 9
transmission survey licenses have been issued.
10.34 In the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, a total of 517
Km of transmission line has been completed including that of 50
transmission line extension projects with transmission capacity of 132
KV and of other voltage levels and that of 82 distribution projects.
10.35 Works including feasibility study on four projects and detail engineering
design of 2 projects shall be completed by this year. Identification of 18
projects, detailed engineering design of 4 projects, feasibility and
environmental studies on 14 small hydroelectricity projects, those on 10
medium and large hydroelectricity projects, geographical and geological
survey and environmental study on 1 water reservoir project,
multipurpose feasibility and environmental studies on 1 are in progress.

171

10.36 Detailed engineering design and environmental study of Budhiganga

hydroelectricity are being carried out. Acquisition of about 90 percent
land for projects infrastructure development work is under process.
10.37 Pancheshwor Development Authority has been formed under
Pancheswhor Multipurpose Project upon agreement reached between
Nepal and India which is now in operation. Updating of projects
Detailed Project Report (DPR) through consultant is in progress. Under
the Saptakoshi multipurpose project, field Investigation work is
underway after forming Nepal-India joint office.
Letter of Intent (LoI) has been issued for the preparation of detailed study
report of Nalsinggad hydroelectricity project after having negotiation
with the consultant selected through selection process. Works such as
construction of projects access road, camp, office building and land
acquisition are in progress while other necessary survey and study works
are being carried out.
10.38 A total of 173 projects including 50 projects on 132 KV and other large
transmission line, Distribution and Customer Service Directorate,
Production Directorate, Engineering Directorate are in operation in
current fiscal year.
Renewable energy
10.39 There has been a policy to develop and extend alternative energy
technology to contribute to maintaining environment balance,
employment generation, and inclusive development by generating
renewable/ alternative energy that would contribute 10 percent to the
total energy consumption and cover 30 percent of the population having
access to electricity within coming 20 years. About 16 percent of the
total population is availing electricity service through renewable energy
sources. Likewise, about 27 percent of the total population are estimated
to have access to clean renewable energy.
10.40 Of the implemented programs in fiscal year 2015/16, a total of 14,351
biogas plants are installed, 1,095 KW of the electricity generated through
micro and small hydro electricity projects, 23,994 solar system are
installed, 61,576 improved stoves/ovens installed, 308 improved water
mills have been installed by the first eight months of the current fiscal
year. From the aforementioned program, rural people have been availing
electricity service, clean fuel for cooking and technology and drinking
172

water among others. Apart from this, There has been significant
improvement in rural peoples education, health and environment
through clean energy.
Table 10 (c) : Alternative Energy Usage Status
Major Programs

Fiscal Year
2012/13 2013/14

2010/11

2011/12

Electricity Generated through Micro and

Small Hydro Electricity Project

2,453

3,258

3,366

Solar Domestic Electric System Installation

57,059

35,627

272

Solar Dryer/Cooker Distribution

Bio-gas Installation
17,907
Improved Water Mill Installation
353
Improved Stove Installation
84,168
Source: Alternative Energy Promotion Center,

2014/15

2015/16*

3,288

3,346

1,095

96,495

87,038

103,161

23,994

202

140

202

30

18,979
971
118,461

17,635
1,256
120,364

31,512
30,078
14,351
341
641
308
140,662 310,281
61,576
*Of First Eight Months

Use of petroleum products

10.41 Consumption of Petroleum Products (POL), which is an important source
of energy, has been growing day by day. However, its supply could not
be made easily available to all. The low supply of petroleum products as
a result of border obstruction since the beginning of the current fiscal
year left a huge impact which is yet get normal. Consumers are still not
receiving petroleum products with ease. Effective management is felt
necessary to make import based petroleum products easily available.
Table 10 (d) : Detail of Average Daily and Monthly Import of Petroleum
Products
Products
Petrol (KL)
Diesel (KL)

Fiscal Year 2014/15

Daily Average
Monthly Average
794.09
23822.83

Fiscal Year 2015/16*

Daily Average
Monthly Average
410.08
12302.50

2553.00

76590.08

1270.80

Kerosene (KL)

55.01

1650.42

23.75

712.58

A.T.F. (KL)

394.82

11644.67

131.94

3958.17

Total Quantity
excluding LPG

3796.92

113708.00

1836.57

55097.25

LPG (MT)
717.42
* Based on Statistics up to March 28, 2016

21522.63

38124.00

365.35
10960.58
Source: Nepal Oil Corporation

10.42 While observing the import of the petroleum products, the import of
petroleum products has dropped in the current fiscal year 2015/16 as
compared to that of previous fiscal year. Import of petroleum products
other than LP Gas seemed to have dropped by almost half in FY 2014/15.
Average daily Import of petroleum products other than LP Gas was
173

recorded at 3796.92 KL and 113,708 KL a month last year while such

import averaged only 1836.57 KL a day and 55097.25 KL a month in the
current fiscal year. Similarly, the average daily import of LP Gas was
717.42 MT and 22522.63 MT a month last year while this fell to 365.35
MT a day and 10960.58 MT a month in average.
Table 10 (e): Consumption details of POL Products
Fiscal
Year

Petrol(KL) Diesel(KL) Petrol(KL) A.T.F.(KL) L.D.O.(KL)

Total
Furnace
Oil
Excluding LPG(MT)
(KL)
LPG
381635
73440

2015/16*

88423

254103

5870

33239

2014/15

283567

901393

18628

139404

1342992

258299

2013/14

251451

811100

19064

123527

1205142

232660

2012/13

221676

716747

24721

115786

258

2450

1081638

207038

2011/12

199749

648513

41808

108908

435

999413

181411

2010/11

187641

655128

49495

101314

227

1415

995220

159286

2009/10

162275

612505

55788

82631

238

2589

916026

141171

2008/09

124169

446468

70089

68935

377

2171

712209

115813

2007/08

100842

302706

155216

68938

306

2919

630927

96837

2006/07

101912

306687

197850

63778

179

4558

674964

93562

2005/06

80989

294329

226637

64335

290

3695

670275

81005

Total
1802694
5949679
Source: Nepal Oil Corporation

865166

970795

1875

9610441
20232
1640522
*Of First Eight Months

10.43 From consumption perspective, Petrol, Diesel, LPG, Kerosene and aviation
fuel occupy major space of petroleum products. Consumption of Petrol,
Diesel, LPG and aviation fuel has been growing every year while that of
Kerosene is just the opposite. LPG is seemed to have been used as an
alternate of Kerosene. In the fiscal year 2014/15, the the share of petrol
accounts for 21.11 percent, Diesel 67.12 percent, Kerosene 1.39 percent and
ATF 10.38 percent to the total consumption of petroleum products other
than LPG. Observing the consumption trend of the first eight months of
current fiscal year 2015/16, petrol shares 23.17 percent, Diesel 66.58
percent, Kerosene 1.55 percent and ATF 8.7 percent to the total
consumption excluding LPG. The consumption growth rate of the LPG
appeared to have remained at 11 to 12 percent for last few years.
10.44 Though the storage capacity of petroleum products has been expanded to
sustain their demand for 30 days from exiting 20 days, considering the
hardship observed in the supply situation of petroleum products this year,
policy decision has been made to expand the storage capacity to sustain their
demand for at least three months and works are in progress in this direction.
Similarly, works are underway toward making supply system of petroleum
products well organized and transparent through development of
infrastructures required for their enhanced quality and smooth supply.
174

10.45 Processes are underway for the construction of petroleum pipeline from
Raxaul, India to Amlekhgunj, Nepal following the signing of ministerial
level MoU between Nepal and India on 24 August 2015. Upon completion
of the project, the supply of petroleum products is expected to be easy on the
one hand while their import cost would comparatively be lower on the other.
Problems and Challenges
10.46 There lies a challenge to implement policy that envisages to develop the
geographically scattered settlements and that are highly vulnerable from the
perspective of natural disaster through well facilitated and safer integrated
settlement development approach. Successful implementation of land-use
policy by maintaining coordination between the federal states and the local
bodies is also challenging task.
10.47 Failure to locate proper construction sites, structures are being built using
modern construction tools and materials in absence of technical supervisors
and design, rampant use of modern designs instead of using traditional arts
and skills, absence of very essential and basic physical infrastructure in
residential areas and failure to provide housing facility with basic services
and amenities to all have remained as major challenges in urban
development and housing sector.
10.48 Tasks of making unorganized ancient cities well equipped with modern
infrastructure and facilities, transforming new cities into more advanced and
developed cities through increased investment and use of modern
technologies, and maintaining coordination among various agencies and
institutions involved in urban development for harmonizing the authority
and programs have remained a daunting challenge.
10.49 Maintaining harmony between climate change and environment friendly
development by making Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) simple
and easy has remained a challenge. Adoption of climate adapted
development system for sustainable development and move the technology
and development in tandem also pose a daunting challenge.
10.50 The demand of petroleum products has continued to grow for failing to
address ever increasing demand of energy through the development of
hydroelectricity and renewable energy, thus making the task of reducing
trade deficit a challenge. Similarly, creating conducive environment for
hydroelectricity development, managing necessary investment, developing
transmission line and enhancing capacities of the government agencies to
enable them to undertake all these tasks, restructuring the institutions
concerned with electricity development and carry out necessary institutional
development works have remained a challenge.

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11. Transport and Communication

Road Transport
11.1

In the fiscal year 2014/15 6 hundred 48 kilometers of earthen road (new

road) construction, 4 hundred 1 kilometers graveled, 6 hundred and 1
kilometers black topped road was upgraded while by the mid-March
2016, 2 hundred 70 kilometers earthen road, 1 hundred 32 kilometers
graveled and 92 kilometers black topped roads have been upgraded.
Similarly, periodic maintenance of 129 kilometer road has been
completed.
Table 11 (a): Status of Road Facility Expansion

S. No.

Particulars

Fiscal Year

Units
2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

New road construction

Km

1180

648

270

Upgraded to gravel road

Km

685

401

132

Upgraded to black top

Km

538

601

92

Road maintenance (regular and periodic)

Km

8200

8908

9200

Periodic Maintenance

Km

400

350

129

Bridge construction

Nos

72

73

24

11.2

Road joining district headquarter

Source: Department of Road

Nos

1 (mugu)
*First Eight Month of 2015/16

By the end of fiscal year 2014/15 total of 27 thousand 4 hundred 96

kilometers of the road comprising of 11 thousand 7 hundred 98
kilometers black topped, 6 thousand 2 hundred 87 kilometers graveled
and 9 thousand 4 hundred 11 kilometers earthen roads had been
constructed while by mid-March of the current fiscal year 2015/16 total
length of road have reached 27 thousand 9 hundred 90 kilometers
comprising of 11 thousand 8 hundred 90 kilometers black topped, 6
thousand 4 hundred 19 graveled and 9 thousand 6 hundred 81 kilometers
earthen roads.
Table 11 (b) : Road Facility extended by Department of Road
(In Km.)
Fiscal Year

S.
No.
1.
2.
3.

Particulars

Till 2013/14

Black Topped
11197
Graveled
6086
Earthen (Fair Weather)
9163
Total
26446
Source : Department of Road

Till 2014/15
11798
6287
9411
27496

176

Till 2014/15*
Share
(Percent)
92
11890
42.48
132
6419
22.94
270
9681
34.58
494
27990
100
*First Eight Months of 2015/16

Addition in 2015/16

Total

11.3

Apart from the departments of road through the programs like rural
reconstruction and rehabilitation program operated at the local level,
Decentralized rural infrastructure and livelihood improvement project,
rural access program, local level roads, bridges and community access
improvement program, Constituency development program, national
rural transportation strengthening program, local transportation
infrastructure regional program and rural community infrastructure
development programs road has been constructed.
Table 11 (c) : Extension of Road Network by Local Bodies
(In Km)
Fiscal Year
Description of Road

Till 2014/15

2015/16*

Earthen (Fair Weather)

38898

153

39051

Graveled Road

12548

13

12561

Black Topped Road

1697

72

1769

Source: Department of Road

Total

*First Eight Months of 2015/16

Transport Vehicles
11.4

From the fiscal year 1989/90 to the end of fiscal year 2014/15 the
number of vehicles throughout the country was 1 million 995 thousand 4
hundred 4 while in the first eight months of the current fiscal year 147
thousand 7 hundred 82 new vehicles were registered and the total number
of vehicles have reached 2 million 143 thousand 1 hundred 86. In the
current fiscal year in comparison to the first eight months of the last
fiscal year vehicle registration have dropped by about 18 percent.

177

Table 11(d) : Number of Registered Transport Vehicles

Fiscal Year
Types
Bus
Minibus/Mini Truck
Crane/Dozer/Excavator/Truck
Car/Jeep/Van
Pickup
Microbus
Tempo
Motorcycle
Tractor/Power Tiller
Others
Total
Source: Department of Road

11.5

1989/90 to
2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

26875.00
11979.00
46860.00
129140.00
12749.00
2478.00
7453.00
1031880.00
73306.00
6275.00
1348995.00

3263.00
1328.00
3332.00
9595.00
5422.00
158.00
57.00
175381.00
9795.00
152.00
208483.00

2776.00
1412.00
2789.00
11372.00
5668.00
178.00
17.00
163945.00
10070.00
116.00
198343.00

2014/15

2015/16*

Total Till
Date

3737.00
2125.00
38776.00
2270.00
1069.00
18058.00
4236.00
1745.00
58962.00
13560.00
10867.00
174534.00
6057.00
3734.00
33630.00
932.00
134.00
3880.00
1541.00
13.00
9081.00
196383.00 123373.00 1690962.00
10524.00
4675.00
108370.00
343.00
47.00
6933.00
239583.00 147782.00 2143186.00
* For First Eight Months

Driving licenses are being distributed in electronic smart card from

Transport management office, Bagmati and there is a program of
distributing electronic smart card gradually from the other offices. The
work on the conversion of the existing number plate of the vehicle into
embossed number plate is in the implementation process.

Civil Aviation
11.6

Processes for acquisition of about 200 acre of additional land and

removal of settlements for the development, extension and upgradation
of Gautam Buddha International Airport are in progress. Construction of
this airport is likely to complete within the stipulated time since works
are in progress as scheduled.

11.7

Of the land owned by Nepal Civil Aviation Authority at Sinamangal in

about 10 acre of land the work has proceed for the selection of the
appropriate investor to construct an international standard well facilitated
five star hotel in the build-own-operate-transfer system.

11.8

The agreement has been reached for the construction of Pokhara

International Airport and foundation stone was laid on 14 April 2016.

11.9

To manage the search and rescue operations of the missing airplane, draft
on the Airplane Search and Rescue Regulation, 2016 has been prepared.
Draft on the Civil aviation Security Regulation, 2016 has been finalized.

178

11.10 Installation of the Radar at Bhattedanda of Lalitpur to make the air

transportation safer and more reliable has been given continuity.
Table 11(e): Civil Aviation Indicators
Major Indicators

By Mid-Jan 2015

By Mid-Jan 2016

Nepalese Airlines with International Flights

International Airlines in Nepal
Country with Bilateral Air Service Agreement
Air Seats on Each Side of the Aisle
Number of Domestic Airlines (Fixed wing +
Rotor wing)
Number of International Airport
Number of All-season Airports
Total Number of Domestic Airports in Operation
Source:Civil Aviation

2
26
36
6500000*

2
26
38
8000000*

17

17

1
20
35

1
22
32

11.11 International flights are being operated by 2 domestic airline companies

and 26 foreign aviation companies in Nepal. In the past one year, the
number of double-row seats has increased by 1.5 million reaching 8
million. Similarly, 17 airline companies are operating flights inside the
country through a total of 32 airports.
Rail Transport
11.12 945 kilometers long East West railroad, 519 kilometers RashuwagadhiKathmandu-Pokhara-Lumbini railroad similarly In accordance with the
objective of connecting the bordering Indian cities with the East West
railroad the rail transportation work has proceeded.
11.13 Feasibility study of the Mechi - Mahakali East - West railroad has
completed and on that basis total of 344 kilometers long railway line
comprising of 108 kilometers long Simara Bardibas, 127 kilometers
long Simara - Tamsaria, 65 kilometers long Tamsaria - Butwal, Simara Birjung link and 44 kilometers long Butwal Lumbini link Detailed
Project Report has been prepared. Out of the aforementioned for the
construction track bed and bridge houses of the 30 kilometers of the 108
kilometers long Simara Bardibas section tender/contract management
has been completed and the construction works have started. 50 percent
of the work in the first phase 18 kilometers long Bathanaha Katahari and
69 kilometers long Jayanagar Janakpur Bijulpura Bardibas under
construction railroad has been completed In the support of Indian
Government.

179

Information and communication

11.14 Programs are being implemented by the agencies that operate post/mail,
telecommunication, publishing, printing and electronic media and film
sector which are the backbone of the communication and technology in
accordance with the National policy related to these fields, commitments
expressed in the international forums, Nepal's related essence and
feelings with the objective of bringing effectiveness in the information
flow by developing and extending the information and communication
sector to the rural areas.
11.15 Report from the working group has been received to transform Radio
Nepal and Nepal Television into public broadcasting institution and is in
the phase of implementation. In accordance with the work on making the
Counter Automation technology friendly the operation of Counter
Automation Support Maintenance is on progress at the post office.
11.16 In the settlements to be reconstructed at the worse earthquake affected 14
districts work has proceeded to construct the telecommunication
infrastructure necessary for the broadband service in the support of the
reconstruction authority by mobilizing the rural telecommunication
development fund. In accordance with the work to deliver the internet
facility through wireless technology in the places where it is difficult to
take the optical fiber working procedure has been prepared to provide the
grants of 50 to 70 percent by every District Development Committee in
cooperation with the local agencies and implementation has started.
Table 11(f) : Number of License for Audio Visual
Fiscal Year
2011/12

2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16*

FM Radio
475
512
567
FM Radio Regular Transmission
328
372
423
Television
49
78
Television Regular Transmission
18
23
24
Cable Television
744
773
827
DTH
1
1
1
Licenses for Downlink
106
84
93
Number of Feature Film Censored#
182
195
222
Number of Commercial Movies Censored#
175
144
132
Foreign Movies Shootings#
66
82
87
Source: Ministry of Information and Communication, *For First Eight Months

Remarks

638
672
No. of
547
558
,,
82
88
,,
25
25
,,
851
853
,,
1
1
,,
133
162
,,
196
128
,,
93
66
,,
93
71
,,
# Counted on every Fiscal Year

11.17 To initiate the laying of the optical fiber on the mid-hilly highway by
utilizing the amount from the rural telecommunication development fund
for the construction of the smart city the optical fiber cable network
180

construction work from Kathmandu to Chiso Bhanjyang of Panchthar has

proceeded.
11.18 6 hundred 72 FM radio have acquired permit up to now and 5 hundred 58
are regularly broadcasting. 88 televisions have acquired broadcasting
permit and 25 are broadcasting.
Postal service
11.19 The postal service is the oldest in the information and communication
sector, used maximum by the general people and has the institutional
network up to far rural areas. Department of Postal Service and the
offices under it has been providing different services like; postage stamp
publishing, postal saving Bank, Money order, Same day Delivery,
Express mail and e-post, Tele-centre apart from mails, curriers.
Table 11 (g) : Numerical Detail of Postal Service
Postal Services

Mountain

Hill

Department of Postal Service

Terai

Total

300

842

1041

3074

Regional Postal Directorate

District Post Office

70

Area Post Office

170

372

Additional Post Offices

492

1541

Post Offices operating the Postal Saving Bank

117

Post Offices with Money Order Services

79

Number of Tele-Centers
Source: Department of Postal Service,

401
*For First Eight Months

Telecommunication service
11.20 As the number of telecommunication service provider and service users
have increased and telecommunication services with new, latest modern
technology are made available the services in this sector are increasing in
quality and quantity. By mid-January total numbers of the telephone
customer have reached 29 million 209 thousand 3 hundred 30 and the
density of the telephone users has reached 110.25 percent.
Table 11(h) : Situation of Telecommunication Service
Type of Services
Total Number of Telephone
Telephone Density
PSTN
Mobile
Limited Mobility
GMPCS

2011/12
16,971,477
63.76
839,710
15,334,413
1,080,405
1,742

2012/13
21,332,278
80.51
850,610
1,79,96,125
1,546,697
1,742

181

2013/14
24,556,572
92.68
829,413
22,052,602
1,672,815
1,742

2014/15
28,105,971
106.08
845,028
26,420,645
838,556
1,742

2015/16*
29,209,330
110.25
846,940
27,516,055
844,593
1,742

Total Internet Subscribers

4,944,479
Internet Density
18.94
ADSL Internet
95,623
GPRS
4,683,921
CDMA 1X, EVDO
188,219
WiMAX
DialUp (PSTN + ISDN)
15,079
Wireless Modem Optical Fibre
46,602
Ethernet
Cable Modem
17,968
VSAT Based Internet
Source: Nepal Telecommunication Authority

6,916,138
26.10
114,534
6,476,136
232,248
2,566
15,380

8,782,936
33.15
128,307
8,341,176
193,317
9,299
-

11,569,294
43.67
134,729
11,088,275
198,556
13,306
10,294

12,293,132
46.64
160,006
11,779,771
199,631
14,345
9,914

56,900

52,132

46,490

18,374
71,989
13
*By the end of Mid-Jan 2016

82,962
13

11.21 The number of land line telephone subscribers has reached 846 thousand,
9 hundred forty while that of mobile phone users are 27 million 516
thousand 55. Mobile service has been extended to all 75 districts
covering 90 percent of Nepals land area. Likewise, the number of
internet subscribers has reached 12 million 293 thousand 1 hundred 32
while its density stood at 46.46 percent. Broadband service has been
extended to 72 districts.
Table 11 (i) : Number of Telephone lines distributed
Service Providers

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

2,078,821

3,277,667

10,903,344

12,981,942

13,870,032

Nepal Telecom Limited

76,329

95,675

508,841

524,768

526,274

United Telecom Limited

2,813,824

3,456,975

11,924,552

12,905,513

13,075,450

Ncell Pvt. Ltd.

5,363

5,385

3,095

2,987

2,987

STM Telecom Sanchar Pvt.

Ltd.

149,708

149,698

150,000

366,463

371,148

Nepal Satellite Telecom Pvt.

576,503

753,254

1,064,998

1,322,556

1,361,697

1,742

1,742

Smart Telecom Pvt Ltd

1,742

Others
5,702,290
Source: Nepal Telecommunication Authority

1,742

1,742

7,740,396

24,556,572

182

28,105,971
29,209,330
*By Mid-December 2015

National Information Commission

11.22 As provisioned in Right to Information Acts, 2007, National Information
Commission holds the responsibility for protection, promotion, and
practices of right to information and it has been playing promotional and
treatment role since its inception. A total of 2 thousand information
officer were appointed during fiscal year 2014/15 while the task of
appointing such officer rose and reached close to 3 thousand during this
period. The number of complaints registered in its inception year had
stood at 12 while such number grew to 777 and 765 of such complaints
have been settled.
Print Media
11.23 Department of Information, Gorakhapatra Corporation, National News
Agency (RSS) and Nepal Press Council under the Ministry of
Information and Communications, have been disseminating information
through the print media.
Department of Information
11.24 The government of Nepal has assigned responsibilities to the Department
of Information for the management of government notices/information,
journalist and newspapers.
Incredible revolution in information
technology has called for a complete change in area of information and
journalism. Programs are being conducted with a focus on materializing
the rights to information in real sense, development of journalism and
dissemination of information on people awareness related activities.
Table 11 (j) : Comparative Detail of Newspapers registered
Types

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16

Daily

426

582

599

622

648

Half Weekly

24

33

34

32

32

Weekly

2213

2536

2594

2657

2714

Fortnightly

408

432

442

451

456

Monthly

1981

2014

2061

2115

2161

Two Monthly

237

337

341

349

356

Quarterly

518

564

578

590

604

Trisemesterly

29

31

31

31

33

Half Yearly

72

78

80

84

82

Annually

83

83

87

88

88

6690

6847

7019

7174

Total
5991
Source: Department of Information

183

Press Council Nepal

11.25 Press Council Nepal is an autonomous body established for the
development of healthy and credible journalism. The Council has
formulated journalists code of conduct pursuant to functions, duties and
power laid out in the Acts which, it has been frequently monitoring.
Likewise, it has formed separate task force for the monitoring the code of
conduct of electronic media journalists and works relating to this are
being carried out.
National News Agency (RSS)
11.26 As per the national policy to make people informed, it has been
facilitating newspaper media, FM Radio, Television and electronic online
media by providing nationwide services persistently through newsline
software from 6 am to 11 am. It has been providing paid news and photo
service by collecting them from renowned international news agencies
including AP, AFP and Xinhua among others through satellite and
Internet.
Gorakhapatra Sansthan
11.27 Gorakhapatra of today, which initiated print media in Nepal while
contributing to the honored growth of Nepali language, is currently
publishing five co-publications. It is in the process of getting established
as the only dailies in the world that is published in greatest number of
language by bringing out multilingual paged -daily newspaper in 30
different languages spoken in Nepal. Similarly, this has set a record in
south Asia as one among the six (6) print Medias to publish daily
newspaper regularly for more than 100 years, which has been a matter of
pride and an asset not only of Nepal but also of entire South Asian
countries.
Nepal Television
11.28 Nepal Television, as a government owned communication media, has
been broadcasting through three channels (national transmission, NTV
Plus and News Channel) round the clock. This has extended its
terrestrial transmission services across the country by establishing
transmission centers in 19 different locations Transmission coverage of
Nepal Television on the basis of population is 72 percent while it is 50
percent on geographical basis. Nepal Television can be viewed across
the country and in 149 different countries of the world through satellite.
184

Radio Nepal
11.29 Transmission of Radio Nepal has covered 87 percent of the total
population and 90% of the total landmass. From the linguistic
perspective, it has been airing news and programs in a total of 21
languages including 8 languages being aired through national
transmission.
Printing Department
11.30 Printing Department has been regularly making publications of Nepal
Gazette that serves as a Nepal governments official journal and works
are underway to make Nepal Gazettes being published since 1951 to
2013 available through web portal.
Motion Picture Sector
11.31 The major policy adopted in the motion picture sector include: conduct
or cause to conduct necessary study research for the development and
promotion of motion pictures; encourage the private sector for
production and release of standard movies; maintain coordination among
entrepreneurs in the sector; promote indigenous story, art, culture,
language, literature of the nation through the movies; award and honor its
creators and performers so as to develop and promote movies; and
develop Nepal as an attractive center for international motion pictures as
well. The government of Nepal has incorporated this sector as service
oriented industry in the Industrial Policy, 2010.
11.32 Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is being carried out for
developing film city in 76 ha. of Dadar Community Forest situated at
Lakuri Danda VDC, Ward No. 8 and 9 of Dolakaha district.
Table (k) : Status of Motion Picture Sector
Fiscal Year
Title
License awarded for Nepali Feature Film Production
(Celluloid, Digital and Video)
License for Video Advertisement
Production
License for Domestic Documentary Production
Recommendation for Nepali Film
Censor

2011/12

2012/13

2012/13

2013/14

2015/16*

142

129

183

143

73

98

50

42

45

29

18

10

12

76

76

99

94

68

185

Recommendation for the registration of movie making

industries

22

23

29

23

10

New Licenses for Movie Exhibition

Licenses renewed for Movie Exhibition

Approval for the registration of movie showing
industries
Recommendations for bringing and taking back
imported movie making instruments by foreign movie
producers on Boards Guarantee
Movie Exhibition License (Hivision/Celluloid)
Recommendations for the censuring of foreign movies
through Central Censure Committee
Recommendation for the imports of movie show
instruments

15

45

38

48

45

59

66

49

11

89

77

114

96

54

16

23

20
7
1

14
5
1

34
15
1

21
5
-

11

Approved Charity Shows

Newly issued Movie Distribution Licenses
Renewal of Movie Distribution Licenses
Recommendation for the exhibition
of Nepali Motion Pictures Abroad
Source: Film Development Board

* Of First Eight Months

Science and Information Technology

11.33 Various programs are being carried out with the objective of providing
contribution to science and technology sector through the enhancement
and promotion of scientific knowledge, providing support to the
governance system through the means of e-governance, utilizing
information technology to the possible extent in social development
initiatives by making its access to rural communities among others.
11.34 Drafting of law to carryout regulatory works on the production,
utilization, storage and supply of atomic products since there has been no
such provision available to carry out regulatory works on such products.
Table 11 (l): Information Related Task Carried Out
S. No.

Tasks

Number

Unit
Agencywise

DNS Registration of Government Agencies

1251

Web and Application Hosting

570

Government Email Provided

102

Internet Provided within Singhadurbar

54

Server Collocations Services

57

E-Gate Pass System within Singhadurbar Provided and Operated

47

Training provided related with Information Technology

2400

Trainee

11.35 Electronic portal www.licenseportal.gov.np has been made online with a

view to provide necessary information through one door system to the
investors to carryout business activities in Nepal. National Portal
186

Operational Guideline and Manual on Government Interoperability

Framework have been prepared for updating services and information to
be provided through national portal. Disaster Recovery Center was
designed with a view to protect government information even during
natural disaster and other emergency periods, whose construction has
been completed.
Problems and Challenges
11.36 Public Procurement Acts implementation in road construction, failure to
delegate power on time, tender/contract related problems, environment
impact assessment, land acquisition, approval for tree removal, regular
maintenance, failure to complete construction projected within specified
time, frequent transfer of employees, quality works have remained as
both challenges and problems.
11.37 To develop postal service into a contemporary and commercial
institution is a challenging task.
11.38 Task of enhancing performance capacity of Printing Department for
carrying out printing works of countrys important papers and documents
with the country itself has remained a challenge.
11.39 Despite numerical growth in telecommunication sector, extending its
services to all district headquarters through the use of optical fiber by
improving its quality is a challenge. Likewise, developing infrastructure
to extend the use of information technology to schools, health posts and
government offices for national development has been a challenge.
11.40 Though Gorakahapatra, Nepal Television and Radio Nepal that stand as a
national icon in media sector with national liability to run / broadcast
news and programs in various languages and dialect, there lies a
challenge for these institutions to play a role of a national transmission
institution competing with private media.
11.41 Tasks of creating environment to use youths skills, knowledge and
talents available within the country, making sustainable and maximum
utilization of natural resources with the broader use of science and
technology have been a daunting challenge.

187

12. Good Governance, General Administration, Peace and Reconstruction

Good Governance
12.1

The government of Nepal has been carrying out a number of programs

for bringing good governance in public administration. The government
approved Immediate Action Plan 2014 and 39 points Concept Paper
relating to Administration Reform and Restructuring have been made
public.
The constitution of Nepal has adopted the strategy of
implementing immediate reform action plan with time table and
performance indicators for their effective implementation by complying
with basic policy guidelines as outlined in the concept paper.

12.2

Programs and activities initiated earlier like Hello Sarkar and grievance
handling; anti-corruption work plan; result based management system in
projects of national pride; various monitoring and evaluation committees
from central to district levels; and code of conduct of employees related
activities are continued with more effectiveness. Works on formulating
Acts for carrying out administrative restructuring as provisioned in the
Constitution are in progress. Policies and programs have been prepared
and executed that are deemed necessary for ensuring effective delivery of
public services at doorsteps by effectively managing the transition
period.

12.3

Citizens Charter with provision of compensation has been put into

practice in Departments and offices thereunder that provide services to
the people on a daily basis and those that come into their direct contacts.
Efforts have been made towards extending the use of information
technology in government offices, inclusion of subject relating to
information technology in the curriculum of Public Service Commission,
making trainings provided through various training providing institutions
time relevant and practical aside from making training arrangements for
all within specific time frames.

12.4

Efforts are being made towards optimum utilization of available skills

and resources by transforming the public administration of Nepal into
federal governance system and making it dignified, trustworthy and
accountable towards the people thereby delivering clean and reliable
quality services. Likewise, initiatives are underway for promoting
transparency, accountability, participation, and indiscrimination/fairness
in political, administrative, economic, social, and ecological activities of
State mechanism. Similarly, attempts are being made towards making
188

the formulation, implementation and evaluation procedures of public

policy more effective through the adoption of result oriented principle
and making all public administrations accountable and service oriented
towards people
12.5

Works, such as providing more clarity to scope of works of political and

administrative sectors by defining the relationship between them in line
with federal structure, ensuring public access to information available
with government entities, ensuring the situation for the receipt of timely
public services in fair and transparent manner by making them more
inclusive, making reward and punishment arrangements based on the
work performance of civil servants, establishing moral conduct principle
in all government entities by enhancing the moral characters of civil
servants, are being carried out.

12.6

Federalism Implementation and Administration Restructuring

Coordination Committe has been formed under the chairmanship of
Honorable Prime Minister and in coordination of high level Federalism
Implementation and Administrative Reconstruction Directive Committee
and the Chief Secretary of Nepal Government with a view to accelerate
federalism and reconstruction related activities in coordinative manner.
Thus formed structures have already started performing their respective
works.

12.7

Regional Administrators and Chief District Officers (CDOs) are

delegated with power to transfer non-gazzetted (Administration,
Miscellaneous and Economic Planning and Statistics Service cadre)
employees. With this power, Regional Administrators may transfer
employees within districts of their respective regions while CDOs may
transfer district level employees within the offices based in their
respective districts. Such power has come into force since January 12,
2016. This arrangement is expected to provide relief to the government
employees from earlier practice of rushing to Kathmandu Authorities for
transfers.

12.8

Applications for all positions of Civil Service Commissions examination

are being accepted online. Policy decision has been issued for
individuals receiving pensions as per the prevailing legal provision if
appointed in position for public benefits and if in-service employees
enjoying dual facilities, to opt within a month for a facility that has
higher value. Besides, if he/she was enjoying dual facilities, he/she shall
189

be issued with the pension authorization paper only after he/she deposits
the excess amount so withdrawn in the consolidated fund.
12.9

A 39 point concept paper action plan has been prepared and implemented
with the inclusion of topics like audible citizens charter in local
languages for making public services simple, transparent, people
friendly, providing a handbook to the citizens regarding the concerns like
what does government do? Listing the documents that are required by
citizens to submit as a proof for availing services on the flipside of the
application form so that they are well informed of documents required
for submission on timely basis. In addition, displaying citizen charters
more related to the people like citizenship certificate, passport, land,
administration, foreign employment, health, education, agriculture at
public places. Conduct one-time public hearing on construction and
development, and works relating to local level public infrastructures for
making the service delivery qualitative and transparent.

12.10 PM of Nepal webpage has been made online portal for disseminating
information between the Prime Minister and Public through the
electronic medium.. For implementation of constitutional provisions,
Immediate Reform Action Plan, 2015 has been endorsed and brought
into implementation by incorporating transition period management,
public service delivery, development management, and post earthquake
reconstruction works.
12.11 Hello Sarkar program has been introduced in regional administration
office of Pokhara from 18th Januarly, 2016 while works are in progress
for the extension of this program to district based regional administration
offices of Dhankuta, Hetaunda, Surkhet and Dipayal. By mid-March,
2016, total number of grievances, suggestions and information received
through Hello Sarkar at regional administration office of Pokhara was
43,944 and of this, 88 percent cases has been settled.
Local Good Governance
12.12 As envisaged by the current constitution of Nepal, governance is
considered as a major strategic tool to establish a social justice based
society by distributing the dividend of democracy among the masses.
Structure, activities, and working style of local entities should be
disciplined and dignified for making the democratic exercises more
organized and institutionalized from the ground level.

190

12.13 Despite absence of peoples representatives in local bodies, Local

Governance and Community Development Program is in operation with
the objective of running local bodies and governance in peoples
maximum participation following decentralization system in people
oriented manner.
12.14 Civil institutions have made watch-dog arrangement to make the local
governance accountable. In this act, third party surveillance of local
entities has been intensified in 66 districts by engaging local civil
organizations, and through the Local Governance and Accountable
Mechanism in 9 (nine) districts with the Local Bodies Accountability
Strengthening Program.
12.15 Activities of Local bodies are being watched by 6,715 ward citizen
forums. Altogether, 741 public hearings have been carried out in the first
eight months of the current fiscal year. New quality measurement
laboratories have been established in 10 districts.
In addition,
laboratories those were non-operational in 11 districts have been brought
into operation by enhancing their capacities.
Public Administration and Service Delivery
Local Administration
12.16 Tasks are being carried out for making the local administration ethical,
capable, strengthened, accountable, and professional for effective service
delivery, enhancing capacity of civil services and making them
competitive, responsible and accountable.
12.17 Between mid-July 2015 and mid-January, 2016 a total of 347 persons
have been arrested on charge of homicide , 47 on charge of robbery, 91
human trafficking, 516 on rapes, 11 on explosives, , 116 on arms and
ammunitions . With a view to make security system reliable and
trustworthy, a total of 978 CCTVs have been installed in different points
and locations including 18 of those in Kathmandu valley Police Head
Quarter premises, 266 under Metropolitan Police Head Quarter
Ranipokhari, 192 in the Eastern Region, 231 in the Central Region, 227
in mid-Western Region, 38 in the Western Region and 6 in far Western
Region. An immediate response team has been deployed on highways to
ensure highway security and relief. Traffic actions has been taken to
7,53,516 persons.

191

12.18 Code of Conduct relating to gender violence has been issued and
implemented for police personnel. Integrated profile on security and
crime control has been prepared in 40 districts, while preparation of such
profiles in the rest of the districts is underway. Internal Security Policy,
2015 has been formulated for making internal security arrangements
more effective. Security arrangement has been made stronger by
mobilizing security forces under Terai-Valley Integrated Security Action
lan, 2015.
12.19 Preparations are underway for the replacement of Disaster Relief Acts
with Disaster Management Act. Disaster Management National Strategy,
2010 is being amended. Operation Manual, 2015 of National Emergency
Operation Center has been prepared and implemented. Preparation of
operation guidelines for the mobilization of foreign grants at times of
huge disasters.
Emergency operations that were being carried out
through 48 centers including those at all regional development offices
and 43 at districts administration offices has now been extended to other
5 district administration offices. Regional warehouses are brought into
operation in eastern and mid western development regions while these
are being constructed in central, western and far western regions.
Warehouse Operation Guidelines, 2015 has been formulated and
executed.
12.20 On narcotic drugs, oral replacement therapy guideline is in
implementation. Construction of a Narcotic Drugs Treatment and
Rehabilitation Center in Pokhara is underway. During this fiscal year, 51
drug abusers have been treated through 3 drugs rehabilitation centers
while 50 rehabilitated drug abusers are provided skill oriented trainings.
During the first eight months of the current fiscal year, 60 awareness
programs against drug abuse have been implemented. In Kathmandu
valley alone, one-day Training of Trainers (ToT) and awareness
programs against drug abuse have been organized for 195 secondary and
higher secondary level teachers and about 1,900 students. Likewise,
2,000 students are provided with orientation while the concerned
treatment and rehabilitation center is provided with sum for using 22
rehabilitated drug abusers in treatment process.
12.21 The total capacity of 74 district based detention and child rehabilitation
centers stands at 10,608. About 86.25 acre land has been procured for
the construction of detention center at Chandi Pokhari, Ward- 3, Bidur
Municipality of Nuwakot district with its occupancy of over 5000
detainees with a view to shifting central jail to this site. To construct
192

open jail as per legal provision, about 8.5 acres land in the ownership of
Banke detention center is being used. Detention center with the
occupancy of 250 inmates at Nawalparasi and Nakkhu is in operation.
12.22 Works are being underway on third country settlements of Bhutanese
refugees. By December 31, 2015, a total of 101,222 Bhutanese refugees
have been resettled in third countries.
Table 12 (a) : Number of Bhutanese Refugees
S.No.
1
2
3

Name of Camp/Age Group

Female
Beldangi
6549
Shanischare
1607
Outside Camp
12
Total
8168
Source: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home Affair

Male
7210
1735
21
8966

Total
13759
3342
33
17134

Table 12 (b) : Number of Bhutanese Refugees Resettled in Third Countries

SN

Country

Female

Male

Total

Australia

2792

2828

5620

Canada

3353

3293

6646

Denmark

446

428

874

Netherland

163

164

327

New Zealand

505

497

1002

Norway

338

228

566

United Kingdom

184

174

358

America

42457

43372

85829

50238

50984

101222

Total
Source: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home Affair

193

12.23 A separate Pigeon Hole Rack has been arranged for keeping property
details of employees where such details are being maintained while files
maintained at central filing system are being exchanged using bar codes.
Table 12(c): Detail of Civil Personnel
S.
No.

2
3
4

Description
Personnel working in Civil
Service
Inside Kathmandu Valley
Outside Kathmandu Valley
Officer
Assistant
Non Class
Seat Roll Registration
Retired Civil Servants
Gratuity

Fiscal Year
2012/13

Fiscal Year
2013/14

Fiscal Year
2014/15

Fiscal Year
2015/16*

79802

79653

80187

83393

19644
59885
16711
41696
21082
1851
1612
101

21550
58252
14501
29115
20317
1555
1824
93

20659
59528
19493
40591
20103
5096
3192
176

21438
61955
21097
43417
18879
2546
1772
132

* of the first eight months

Source: Department of Civil Personnel Records

12.24 Information regarding registration of property details, retirement, transfer

and promotion are being disseminated through SMS. By the first eight
months of current fiscal year, the total number of civil service employees
has reached 83,393 of which 67,581 are male while 15,812 are females.
Human Resource Development
12.25 Currently about 19 training institutions are engaged on enhancing
knowledge, skill, capacity and efficiency of civil service employees.
These institutions are: Nepal Administrative Training Academy;
Employees Training Academy; Local Development Training Academy;
Revenue Administration Training Center; Postal Training Center; Central
Cooperative Training Center; Foreign Affairs Studies Academy; Judicial
Service Training Center; National Judicial Academy; National Health
Training Center; National Center for Education Development;
194

Agriculture Training Directorate; Directorate of Livestock Training and

Extension; 5 Regional Forest Training Centers; and Land Management
Training Center. These institutions have been continuously conducting
training programs in their respective areas.
Table 12(d) : Detail of Training Programs Conducted Through
Nepal Administrative Staff College
Fiscal Year

Target

Program

Progress

No. of Program

No of Trainee

No. of Program

No of Trainee

Regular

50

1095

50

1088

Paid

50

1037

26

699

Total

100

2132

76

1787

2013/14

Regular
Paid

61
92

1435
1823

54
52

1188
1218

2014/15

Total
Regular
Paid

153
74
56

3258
1735
1120

106
56
30

2406
1320
623

2012/13

2015/16*

Total

130

2855

86

1943

Regular

44

1095

30

1059

Paid

160

13

347

Total

52

1255

43

1406

* Of first eight monthsSource: Nepal Administrative Staff College

Table 12 (e) : Detail of Regular Training Programs Conducted Through

Nepal Administrative Staff College
S.
No.

Program

Long Training
(BAT) General
Administration
Long Training
(BAT) Revenue,
Account, Audit and
Parliament
ICT & e-governance
Short Training
Internal Capacity
Enhancement
(a) Scholarship/Training
(b) New Recruitment
Administration

2
A

B
C
D
Total

No. of
Program

Target
No. of
Trainee

Duration
(in days)

No. of
Program

186

1080

172

1080

In
Progress

162

540

149

540

In
Progress

1
3

20
92

30
19

52

12

1
-

(20)

NASC Discussion Series

(100)

Other

1675

21

28

460

1
1

195

Achievement
No. of
Duration
Trainee
(in days)

(11)

(120)

2
2

373

1636

Remarks

B) Paying Program
S. NO.
1
Total

Program
Short
Training

No. of
Program

Target
No. of
Trainee

Duration
(in Days)

No. of
Program

Progress
No. of
Trainee

Duration
(in Days)

60

25

231

35

60

25

231

35

Source: Nepal Administrative Staff College

Remarks

* Of first eight months

Right to Information
12.26 Right to Information Act, 2007 has delegated authority to National
Information Commission for the protection, promotion and practice of
right to information With a view to disseminate information to the
citizens through public entities with ease, progress towards the order
issued by the Commission with respect to the tasks of appointing
information officer as provisioned by the Act, making the details public
automatically in every three months and maintaining a separate records
of information demand has been felt.
12.27 By the end of FY 2014/15, about 2,000 information officers were
appointed while the number of appointed officers has been close to 3,000
by the second trimester of current fiscal year 2015/16. The number of
individual seeking information in FY 2014/15 was 777 and of this, 765
information seekers have received so. The number of complaints and
appeals has reached 620 by the second trimester of the current fiscal year
and of this, 745 initial orders have been issued.
12.28

In FY 2014/15, with regard to the application, complaints, and appeals

that were received for putting Right to Information in practice on
sectoral basis, education sector accounted for 272 such applications,
complaints, and appeals, judiciary sector received 4, local bodies 144,
administration and communication 100, Health 25, infrastructure
development 57, industry and commerce 15, corporation 31 and other
sectors received 129 totaling 777.

196

12.29 The total number of participants at the orientation program organized by

the National Information Commission in 26 districts in FY 2014/15 stood
at 2,737. During the same period, a total of 902 participants attended
interaction program organized in 10 districts. Likewise 3,810 participants
attended interaction program organized at secondary and higher
secondary schools in 25 districts . During FY 2014/15, a total of 696
public entities participated in program organized in 28 districts for
monitoring of such entities.
Peace and Reconstruction
12.30 Local Peace Committees have been constituted and are in operation in all
75 Districts, 136 municipalities, and 2,717 VDCs with the objective of
enabling effective implementation of comprehensive peace accord by
facilitating peace promotion, peace building and conflict transformation
processes while taking Nepal's transition period into serious
consideration. Reconstruction and rehabilitation program is carrying out
programs in two sectors namely, relief and reconstruction. Distribution
of relief, compensation, and financial supports to be provided by the
government of Nepal on special occasions are being done through these
programs in a transparent and judicious manner.
12.31 Of the total 8,916 physical infrastructures damaged during the armed
conflict, construction of 2,901 of them has been completed, while
implementation of other such projects is in progress. Similarly, of the
total 4,368 physical infrastructures including community buildings,
drinking water and irrigation, park, road and school buildings damaged
during the conflict period under reconstruction
through the
Development for Peace program, construction of 184 of them has been
completed by the first eight months of current fiscal year 2015/16.
12.32 In the past, Peace Fund was receiving grants from eight donor agencies
including European Union, United State Agency for International
Development (USAID), Department for International Development
(DFID), Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark and Finland together
with the government of Nepal, while only EU and USAID have
continued their support to the Fund. The Fund has conducted programs/
projects in three phases so far. The first phase (2007-2010) and second
phase (2010-2014) programs/projects have been completed while the
third phase (2014-2017) of programs/projects are in implementation.
During this period, a total of 65 projects were implemented and of this,
60 such projects have been completed while in the third phase, a total of
10 projects including 3 new such projects are in operation. Likewise, 11
projects are in various stages of selection process.
197

Table 12(f) : Status of Relief, Financial Assistance, Reconstruction and

Rehabilitation

SN

Program

Total
Number
of
Conflict
Victims

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

*1st Eight
Months of
FY2015/16

**No. of
Relief
Recipients by
mid-March
2016

Relief to Dependents of
17886
100
174
22
1
14398
Deceased People (Rs. 100,000)
Relief to Dependents of
2
12500
0
0
11302
0
11302
Deceased (Rs. 500,000)
Relief to Dependents of
3
Disappeared People (Rs.
1400
0
0
1162
0
1162
500,000)
Relief to Dependents of
4
Disappeared People (Rs.
1530
42
47
10
0
1530
100,000)
Relief Against the damage of
5
17484
1045
109
95
30
9154
personal properties
Financial Assistance by
6
percentage to Persons turned into
8191
2996
1810
166
5
8191
Physically Challenged
Relief to Abducted Persons (Rs.
7
3142
905
183
7
5
3142
25,000)
8
Livelihood allowance to the Families, Descendants of Martyrs and Injured people of Historical Mass Movement
a) Monthly Allowance to the
9
Martyrs Families of Historical
26
26
26
26
26
Mass Movement
a) Monthly Allowance to the
Injured People during Historical
30
28
28
28
28
30
Mass Movement
b)Scholarship to the Descendants
of Injured in Historical Mass
43
39
41
38
38
43
Movement
Financial Support at Rs. 150,000
per Claimant of Persons killed in
2
1
0
0
59
armed conflict even after CPA.
Livelihood Allowance to
Mutilated Persons having injuries
10 of 51 percent of their body Parts (
744
744
744
744
744
Including First 552, Special 184
and Additional 64)
Financial Assistance of Rs.
60,000 each / Rehabilitation
11
620
620
620
620
589
620
Programs for Orphans losing
both parents
Financial Assistance (Additional
12 Rs. 25,000 each) to the wives of
0
111
38
2
0
651
persons made disappeared.
Reconstruction of Damaged
13
8916
255
209
280
31
2901
Infrastructures
Projects operated under
14
47
32
86
10
184
Development for Peace Program
Special Program for Conflict
15
413
80
493
Affected Area*
Source: Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction * Currently program not in operation** including the figures prior to
FY2012/13
1

198

12.33 Orientation program on Constitution is being conducted in more than 50

districts at over 200 different places through Local Peace Committees.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission By-Laws, 2015 and Investigation
on Disappeared Persons By-Laws, 2015 have been approved by the
Government of Nepal (Council of Ministers) and the tasks of the
Commission are progressing in full swing.
12.34 On the Peace Fund side, agreement with BPKIHS has been signed to run
rehabilitation project for conflict affected people, and projects are now in
operation. Agreement on Project for the Rehabilitation and Reintegration
of Children Affected by the Armed Conflict (CAAC) has been signed
and the project is in operation. Service providing organization selection
process is underway for the operation of socio-psychological counseling
service project in Task Force suggested most conflict affected 10
districts.
Problems and Challenges
12.35 Higher number of projects due to great number of damaged structures,
difficulties in implementation and monitoring as a result of limited
workforce, failure to set timeframe for the reconstruction of
infrastructures damaged during the conflict period, and unstoppable
growth in the emergence of new projects have remained a problem.
12.36. Provision of easy availability and result oriented services as desired by
the public has been a major challenge to the Administration. It is a
challenging task to make public administration accountable by enhancing
responsiveness and moral conduct in the administration.
12.37. Inability to complete the Peace process and management of conflict even
after a long period of signing the comprehensive peace accord has been
full of challenges.
12.38 To investigate on serious human right violation and crime against
humanity that happened during the armed conflict and bring culprits to
justice are other challenging tasks.

199

13. Social Sector

Education
13.1

The contribution of education sector preliminarily estimated to remain at

6.76 percent to GDP in current fiscal year 2015/16 against 6.59 percent
of previous fiscal year. Likewise, the growth rate of this sector is
preliminarily estimated to stand at 6.69 percent in current fiscal year in
contrast to 3.74 percent growth rate of previous fiscal year 2014/15.

13.2

Education policies and programs have been prepared with the objective
of preparing capable, competitive, and ethical human resource dedicated
towards national interest thereby making education more scientific,
technical, adept and employment oriented. Programs are being carried
out with governments increased investment for promoting and
regulating private sectors investment and making private sectors
educational management service oriented.

13.3

Education sectors plans should aim at delivering education service

through the development of educational management and administrative
structures in line with federal structure, completing due tasks to meet
millennium development goal, achieving sustainable development goals
set after 2015 and graduating Nepal from the status of least developed
country to the developing country by 2022.

13.4

Devastating earthquake of April 25, 2015 and its subsequent aftershocks

have rendered colossal damage to the education service delivery. Since,
more than 9 thousand school buildings have received complete damage
directly affecting daily learning of about 1 million children, educational
plans should now focus on the recovery and reconstruction of such
damaged infrastructures thereby enhancing disaster management
capacity.

13.5

The earlier educational plans concentrated on providing equitable access

to basic education and progresses were being made accordingly. Now
such plans should focus primarily on enhancing access to the secondary
and technical education, increasing quality and relevancy of education at
all levels, maintaining good governance through increased internal
capacity, generating capable, skilled, creative and employment oriented
human resource for countrys development by strengthening entire
200

educational system through the adoption of inclusive, fair and

participatory educational system.
School Education
13.6

As per National Census 2011, the gross literacy rate of age group above 6
years is 65.9 percent. The net enrollment rate at primary level has
reached 65.9 percent in academic session 2015/16. The gross intake rate
and net intake rate in grade-one have reached 136.7 percent and 93.9
percent respectively against respective intake rates of 137 percent and 93
percent of previous academic session. Likewise, there has been gradual
improvement in literacy rate as well.

13.7

Under school education, there has been gradual reduction in class

repetition rate. In academic year 2015/16, the repetition rates for students
of grade 1 and grade 8 percent are 13.9 and 3.9 percent respectively
while such rates were 15.2 percent and 4.5 percent respectively for
previous academic year. Preliminary early childhood development
enrollment rate has reached 85 percent in contrast to 77.7 percent of last
academic year.

Table 13 (a): Educational Achievements Based on Educational

Indicators (Percent)
Indicators

Unit

2011/12

1. Enrollment in
Grade 1
New Entrants with
%
54.30
ECED experience
Gross Intake Rate
%
140.70
Net Intake Rate
%
90.70
2. Enrollment (Easily Visible Enrollment Rate)

2012/13

Achievement
2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

55.60

56.90

59.60

62.40

137.70
91.20

141.80
91.60

137.00
93.00

136.70
93.90

ECED/Pre Primary
%
72.90
73.70
76.70
Basic Education
%
123.70
120.10
115.70
Secondary
%
49.40
51.70
50.40
Education
3.
Net Enrollment Rate
Primary Education
%
95.1
95.3
95.6
Basic Education
%
86.6
87.5
86.3
Secondary
Education (9-12)
%
30.6
32.4
33.2
4. Teachers With Required Qualification and Trainings (Community Schools)
Basic Education
%
91.10
91.50
92.50
Secondary
%
90.10
90.70
91.50
Education
5.
Teachers with Required Certification
Basic Education
%
96.90
98.10
Secondary
%
98.00
98.70
Education
6.
Student/Teacher Ratio
(For Community Schools Based on Approved Teacher Positions)

77.70
117.10
51.60

81.00
120.10
57.70

96.2
87.6

96.6
89.4

34.7

37.7

93.70
93.00

95.50
95.30

98.60
98.90

98.80
99.30

201

Basic Education
Ratio
44.0
42.0
41.0
Secondary
Ratio
36.0
31.0
31.0
Education
7. Repetition Rate
Grade 1
%
21.3
19.9
17.5
Grade 8
%
6.0
6.0
4.9
8. Survival Rate by Re-constructive Cohort Method
Grade 5
%
82.8
84.2
85.4
Grade 8
%
67.5
69.6
72.1
9. Coefficient of Internal Efficiency
Basic Education
Ratio
0.66
0.77
0.71
10. Learning Achievements (Average Score of Students in Core Subjects)
Mathematics:6
0
Girl : 60
Boy: 60
Grade 3
%
Nepali: 63
Girl : 64
Boy: 63
Maths:53
Girl : 53
Boy: 54
Nepali:60
Grade 5
%
Girl : 61
Boy: 59
English:54
Girl : 53
Boy: 54
Maths: 43
Girl : 41
Boy: 45
Nepali:49
Grade 8
%
Girl : 49
Boy: 48
Social : 49
Girl : 49
Boy: 50
11. Pass Rate
SLC
%
47.65
41.57
43.92
Higher Secondary
%
38.15
39.94
39.8
(Grade 11)
Higher Secondary
(Grade 12)
%
47.55
43.39
44.29
12. Literacy Rate
Age Group (Above
6 Years)
%
60.9#
65.9
Age Group (Above
15 Years)
%
56.5#
56.5
13. Literacy Gender
Parity index ( 15+
Years) Ratio
Ratio
0.62#
0.62
Source: Ministry of Education/ Central Bureau of Statistics * of first eight months
#NLSS Report (2010/11)

41.0
30.0

40.0
39.0

15.2
4.5

13.9
3.9

86.8
74.6

87.5
76.6

0.73

0.76

47.43

47.26

43.87

44.09

36.37

School Management
13.8

In the direct participation of the stakeholder communities the

responsibility of the school management and operation has been
202

transferred to the local community from fiscal year 2002/03 (2059/60).

By the fiscal year 2013/14 (2070/71) 12 thousands 9 hundreds 86 schools
in the country have been managed by the community. During the fiscal
year 2013/14 (2070/71) alone 2 hundred 32 schools were managed by the
community while the management authority of the school has not be
conferred in the subsequent years.
Pre Primary Education And Child Development Program
13.9

Pursuant to the policy of extending early childhood development centers

based in community and schools by the first eight months of the fiscal
year 2015/16, 30 thousand 4 hundred 48 early childhood development
centers based in community and school are in operation. By the first
eight months of the fiscal year 2015/16, 977 thousands 3 hundreds 65
children are benefitted through early childhood development center.
Table 13 (b): Status of Pre-Primary Education

Fiscal
Year

Added Child
Development
Centers
(No)

Total Child
Development
Centers
(No)

Beneficiary
Children
(No)

2011/12

500

29273

1056430

Early
Childhood
Development
Enrolment
Rate
72.9

2012/13

262

29535

1053054

73.7

55.60

2013/14

500

30035

1047123

76.7

56.90

2014/15

500

30448

1014339

77.7

59.60

2015/16*

30448

977365

81.0

62.40

Source: Department of Education

Experience of Child
Development Center
among Children
Enrolled in Grade 1
54.30

*Of first eight months

Source: Department of Education

203

13.10

In the last academic session 2014/15 (2071), presence of the children

enrolled to the grade 1 attending the early childhood development center
was 59.6 percent while in the current academic year it has increased to
62.4 percent. The rate is observed to be increasing every year.

Scholarship Program
13.11

Under the scholarship program children of the martyr, conflict affected

children, Dalit, highly marginalized and children of the endangered
Janajati/indegineous studying in the school are provided with the
scholarships at different levels of the school education..
Table 13 (c): Scholarship Made Available To School Students
(In Number)
2011/12

2012/13

Fiscal Year
2013/14

Scholarship for all girl students studying in

Grade 1-8 (including Karnali Package 1-10)

2276479

1907469

1686480

1573220

824589

Scholarship for Handicapped Students (1-8)

69944

59098

53903

32258

12876

Scholarship for Handicapped Students (9-10)

6193

4841

4055

3392

1026

86712

106517

77900

77316

19559

1200816
75511

1000741
79587

870888
75386

765957
75721

408796
32096

62

89

99

105

7886

6882

7655

5459

2973

Scholarship

Scholarship for Specific Targeted Groups (22

Ethnics/1-8)
Dalit Scholarship (1-8)
Dalit Scholarship (9-10)
Scholarship for Martyr's Children
Capacity Development and Scholarship for
Kamlari
Scholarship for Conflict Victims

2014/15

2015/16*

8097

7412

6846

5539

262

Remote Scholarship for Student of Mountain

Hostels

407

437

480

477

712

Scholarship for Students of Feeder Hostels

400

399

391

380

441

Scholarship for Students of Model Hostels

222

382

307

431

300

Scholarship for Mountain Boarding School

Hostel Students

140

160

180

170

160

Secondary Education Scholarship

59023

58412

55826

57793

28040

Scholarship for Endangered Ethnic People,

extremely marginalized including Children of
Free Bonded Laborer, Tiller, Cattle Grazers
and Badi (9-10)

32703

9252

8552

10577

1921

76

68

39

45

Scholarship to Target Groups for Science

Students of Higher Secondary School Level
Source: Department of Education

*Of first eight months

204

Educational Human Resource Development Center

13.12

There is one (1) Educational Human Resource Centre at central level, 29

educational training centres and 46 leading resource centres. Moreover,
primary level (1-5) trainings have been conducted through 1 thousand 53
resource centres. Through 29 educational training centres, human
resource development oriented programs like professional training;
headmaster/principal training for the teachers from grade 6 to grade 10
has been conducted on the regular basis.

Teacher Management
13.13

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, teacher
license has been awarded to total of 106 thousand 60 individuals
including 27 thousands 2 hundreds 16 secondary and 78 thousands 8
hundreds 44 lower secondary level. 9 hundreds 17 teachers in primary
level, 2 hundreds 83 teachers in lower secondary level and 3 hundreds 1
teachers in secondary level have been promoted to the upper level under
promotion process. Out of 117 thousand 5 hundred 57 applicants in lower
secondary level and 44 thousand 4 hundred 3 applicants in secondary
level, 1 thousand 8 hundreds 60 teachers in lower secondary level and 1
thousand 3 hundred 26 teachers in secondary level have been appointed
under the open competition exam.

Curriculum and Textbook Development

13.14

The tasks like development, modification and improvement of the school

education curriculum, text books and other educational materials have
been conducting by the curriculum development center. It has been
conducting the programs like workshops, seminar, discussion,
interaction, dissemination related to the effective implementation of the
materials developed, modified and improvised by this center along with
the research works. School sector reform program (SSRP), Capacity
building program for the community schools and education for all child
development programs are also being conducted by this center.

Martyr and Conflict Affected Children Education

13.15

Through the martyr academy established with the aim of providing

school education to the children of the martyr and disappeared, injured
and handicapped during the conflict period 5 martyr memorials
residential/boarding schools are being conducted at different places in the
country. 1 thousand 5 hundreds 59 students are studying in those schools
205

in the academic year 2015/16 (2072). Such number was 1 thousand 4

hundreds 17 in the academic session 2014/15 (2071).
Table 13 (d): Students Studying at Martyrs Memorial Boarding School
(In Number)

Academic Session

School
Sahid Smriti Boarding School, Sunsari
Sahid Smriti Boarding School, Jiri,
Dolakha
Sahid Smriti
Boarding School, Kaski
Sahid Smriti Boarding School, Manpur,
Dang
Sahid Smriti
Boarding School, Rajpur, Doti
Total

2010
239
182
208
244
185
1058

2011
234
200
218
285
169
1106

2012
262
217
228
350
195
1252

2013
300
240
240
400
220
1400

2014
328
205
298
382
204
1417

2015
342
287
259
421
250
1559

Source: Department of Education

Food for Education Program

13.16

Recently the lunch program is being conducted only in 10 districts

(Dailekh, Rukum, Doti, Dandeldhura, Achham, Baitadi, Bajhang, Bajura,
Darchula and Jajarkot). Until fiscal year 2012/13, girl students
motivation program and mother and child health care program was also
being conducted. 145 thousands 3 hundreds 50 students are benefitted by
this program by the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16.
Table 13 (e) Detail of Food for Education Program
Fiscal Year

Achievements (Number of
Students)

Program

2011/12

Day Snacks/Food Program

Girl Student motivation Program
Mother and Child Health Care Program

132000
40197
15497

2012/13

Day Snacks Program

Girl Student motivation Program
Mother and Child Health Care Program

151701
50180
14325

2013/14

Day Snacks Program

141423

2014/15

Day Snacks Program

156000

2015/16*

Day Snacks Program

145350

Source: Ministry of Education

*Of the first eight months

Technical And Vocational Training

13.17

In the fiscal year 2014/15 out of 1 thousand 1 hundred 50 individuals

enrolled for the technical S.L.C. (constituent), total production was 3
hundred 72 while by the first eight months of the current fiscal year
2015/16, the numbers are 9 hundred 59 (enrollment) and 2 hundred 53
206

(Production) respectively. Likewise in the fiscal year 2014/15 out of 1

thousand 5 hundreds 49 students enrolled in the Diploma Certificate
Level (constituent), a total of 5 hundred 5 individuals received the
Diploma Certificate Level training. By the first eight months of the
current fiscal year, such numbers are 1 thousand 2 hundred 2 (Students
enrolled in Diploma certificate level) and 3 hundred 10 (Students
received Diploma Certificate level training). Under the technical and
vocational training for the targeted class and groups scholarships and
other programs have been conducted at the technical S.L.C. level and
Diploma/Certificate level.
(Detailed description in Annex 13.1)
13.18

Programs like Skill Test Assessors training; Skill Test Manager training,
chief trainers training has been conducted through Vocational Education
and Training Enhancement Project with the financial support of World
Bank.
Table 13 (f): Vocational Education and Training
Fiscal Year
Program

Unit
2014/15

2015/16*

Skill Test Assessors Training

Person

1324

1262

Skill Test Manager Training

Person

105

101

Chief Trainer Training

Person

45

25

Trainer and Assistant Trainer Training

Person

672

515

240

Scholarship to Diploma and Technical

SLC studying students

Person

844

1738

Result Based Short Term Training

Person

14335

18558

7490

Voucher Based Short Term Training

Person

4495

9808

4775

Skill Training Acquired through informal

way

Person

6227

7025

8086

Source: Ministry of Education

13.19

2013/14

* Of first eight months

In the fiscal year 2015/16, total of 8 thousands 8 hundreds 69 individuals'

training has been completed including 7 thousands 8 hundreds 39
through the private training institutes and 1 thousand 30 through Council
of Technical Education and Vocational Training.

207

Non-formal Education and Open School

13.20

Government of Nepal has implemented the regular Education program

from the fiscal year 2015/16. to ensure the supplementing the need of the
learning for all by providing Education opportunity through the
alternative schools to the Individuals left illiterate deprived from the
education opportunity and newly literate adults and the children of school
age group who remained out of school.

Table 13 (g) : Details of Operational Programs under Nonformal Education

Program

Unit

Literacy Class

Adult Literacy

2013/14

Class
Number of
Participants
Class
Number of
Participants
Class
class
School
Group
Number
Individuals

Primary Education Extension Program

Informal Primary Education
Lower Secondary Open School
Income Generating Group
Subject-Wise Training
Saving and Credit Training
Establishment of Community Study
Center
Center
Establishment of Informal Education
Sector
and Orientation to Informal Education
Individuals
Branch Heads
Sector
Orientation on Program
Implementation
Individuals
Review and Feedbacks
Sector
Source: InFormal Education Center/Ministry of Education

Fiscal Year
2014/15
-

2015/16*
-

1344866

1409745

12000

12000

240000

240000

248
526
37
5050
30962
10100

248
526
37
5050
30962
10100

346
37
-

212

19

2151

80

80

80

5
160
5

5
160
5

5
160
5
* Of first eight months

13.21

In the fiscal year 2014/15, basic literacy program was conducted

intensively in 17 districts including Jhapa, Morang, Saptari, Siraha,
Mahottari, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa, Rupandehi, Kapilvastu, Dang,
Banke, Nawalparasi, Kailali and Nuwakot. The program was conducted
in the class method in the 17 districts and in other districts; the policy of
making illiterates to literate was adopted through the medium mobilizing
students.

13.22

In the current fiscal year 2015/16, Regular Education programs have

been conducted in all districts of the country. In current fiscal year, there
is a target of making literate to total of 146 thousands 10 individuals. By
the first eight months of the fiscal year 2015/16, a total of 24 districts;
Sindhupalchowk, Lalitpur, Dhading, Chitawan, Syanjha, Mustang,
208

Surkhet, Palpa, Arghakhanchi, Gulmi, Pyuthan, Dang, Nawalparasi,

Rupandehi, Kaski, Tanahun, Lamjung, Panchthar, Nuwakot, Bhaktapur,
Rolpa, Salyan, Darchula and Jajarkot has been declared literate districts.
Likewise, in the current fiscal year, 2 hundred 62 V.D.C.s and 11
municipalities in different districts have also declared literate.
13.23

To provide the school level alternative education opportunity to the

individuals unable to attend school regularly due to various reasons
reading/learning facilities have been provided to the targeted groups
through 37 lower secondary level and 84 secondary level open schools.

Physical Facility Extension

13.24

Under the Physical Facility Extension program, work on construction of

the additional classrooms, maintenance of the schools, improving the
environment of the school surrounding like toilet construction, drinking
water, fencing has been in progress. By the first eight months of the
current fiscal year 3 thousand 7 hundred 48 classrooms were constructed.
Likewise, maintenance of 3 thousands 5 hundreds 46 schools has
completed during first eight months of current fiscal year.
Table 13 (h): School Physical Facility Extension Program Details

Fiscal Year

Class Room (No.)

External Environment (School No.)

Repair
Maintenance
(School No.)

2009/10

6550

4280

4011

2010/11

4967

4881

300

2011/12

6037

4009

486

2012/13

3694

1000

1000

2013/14

5131

2637

636

2014/15

2546

2956

3690

3748

993

3546
* Of first eight months

2015/16*
Source: Ministry of Education

School, Student And Teachers' Detail And Ratio

13.25

In the academic session 2014 (2071), the total number of school units
was 34 thousands 8 hundreds 6 while in the academic session 2015, such
number has reached to 34 thousands 8 hundreds and 37. Geographically,
the proportions of total number of schools in Mountain, Hills,
Kathmandu valley and Terai region are 12.11 percent, 50.43 percent,
6.31 percent and 31.12 percent respectively. Out of 34 thousands 3
hundreds 62 primary level schools, the proportions of such schools in
209

Mountain, Hills, Kathmandu Valley and Terai are 12.17 percent, 50.73
percent, 6.0 percent and 31.1 percent respectively. The number of
schools going through closure or merger in the current fiscal year is 1
hundred 48.
Table 13 (i) : Detail of Distribution of Schools by Geographical Regions
(In Number)
Total
Schools
(Unit)

Primary
Level
(Grade
1-5)

Lower
Secondary
Level
(Grade 6-8)

Basic
Level
(Grade
1-8)

Secondary
Level
(Grade 910)

Higher
Secondary
Level
(Grade 1112)

Secondary
Level (9-12)

Nepal

34837

34362

15091

34537

8968

3656

9263

Mountain

4222

4184

1613

4215

802

320

809

Hill

17571

17432

6911

17519

3937

1628

3988

Kathmandu
Valley

2200

2064

1686

2078

1360

438

1479

Terai

10844

10682

4881

10725

2869

1270

2987

Geographical
Region

Source: Ministry of Education

Grades from 9 to 12 defined as Secondary Level School by School Sector Reform Program.

13.26

In the academic session 2015 (2072) out of 15 thousands 91 lower

secondary level schools, the proportion of such schools in Mountain,
Hills, Kathmandu valley and Terai region is 10.6 percent, 45.7 percent,
11.1 percent and 32.3 percent respectively. Likewise, out of 8 thousands
9 hundreds 68 secondary level schools, the proportion of such schools in
mountain, hills, Kathmandu valley and terai is 9.9 percent, 43.9 percent,
15.1 percent and 31.9 percent respectively. Out of 8 thousands 9
hundreds 68 secondary schools throughout the country, 8 hundreds 2
schools are in mountain, 3 thousands 9 hundreds 37 in hills, 2 thousands
8 hundreds 69 in Terai and 1 thousand 3 hundreds 60 schools are in the
Kathmandu valley alone.

Source: Department of Education

210

13.27

In the academic session 2015 (2072), per school student ratio in primary,
lower secondary and secondary level (9-10) is 124, 123 and 105
respectively. In the academic session 2014 (2071), such ratio was 126,
123 and 102 respectively. In the academic session 2015 (2072), per
school teacher ratio is 6, 4 and 4 and per teacher student ratio is 22, 35
and 24 at primary, lower secondary and secondary level respectively.

Table 13 (j): Ratio of School, Student and Teacher by Level (Academic Year 2015)
Primary
Class (1-5)

Lower
Secondary
Class (6-8)

Basic Class
(1-8)

Secondary
Class (9-10)

Higher
Secondary
Class (11-12)

Secondary
Class (9-12)

Student/School

124

123

177

105

123

150

Teacher/School

Student/Teacher

22

35

25

24

23

23

Ratio

Source: Ministry of Education

13.28

In the academic session 2015 (2072), the students per teacher ratio in the
community school is 25, 42 and 31 at primary, lower secondary and
secondary levels respectively. This ratio was 26, 42 and 30 in the
academic session 2014 (2071) respectively. Likewise, in the academic
session 2014 (2071) students per teacher ratio in all types of schools
(private / government) was 23, 35 and 23 at primary, lower secondary
and secondary levels respectively while such ratio is 22, 35 and 24
respectively in the current session.

13.29

In the current academic session 2015 (2072) students per teacher ratio is
the least i.e., 3 in the mountains of Western Development Region in both
the "community school and private/government school" and such ratio is
highest i.e., 73 in the lower secondary level of the community schools in
the Terai of the Central Development region. Likewise, in the current
academic session 2015 (2072), students per teacher ratio at the secondary
level of the community (government) school is the highest i.e., 63 in the
Terai of Far-Western Development Region and least i.e., 5 only in the
mountains of Western Development Region.
(Detailed description in Annex 13.2)

13.30

In the academic session 2015 (2072), the details of the government,

community and privet level school by development region are as follows.

211

Table 13 (k): Detail of Different Types of Schools by Development Region

Government Run
Development
Region

Primary
Level

Community Run

Private Run

Lower
Lower
Lower
Secondary Primary
Secondar
Seconda Primary
Secondary
Secondar
Secondary
Level
y Level
Level
ry Level Level
Level
Level
y Level

Eastern

5578

1577

795

820

850

469

1070

681

449

Central

6743

2105

1155

951

908

566

2147

1729

1418

Western

5867

1589

974

463

805

478

1261

913

644

Mid-Western

3830

981

487

1066

872

407

585

321

200

Far Western

2669

830

391

861

698

406

451

232

129

Total

24687

7082

3802

4161

4133

2326

5514

3876

2840

Source: Department of Education

13.31

In the academic session 2015 (2072), Central Development Region has

the most number of schools by region at all levels and category. In the
community level Primary schools category, Central Development Region
and Far-Western Development Region has more number of schools than
Western Development Region.

Traditional Schools
13.32

In the academic session 2015 (2072), a total of 9 hundreds 30 traditional

schools like Ashram /Gurukul, Gumba (monastery), vihar and Madarasha
are in operation. Such number was 8 hundreds 95 in the academic session
2014 (2071).
Table 13 (l): Detail of Traditional Schools (In Numbers)

Traditional School

School
Unit

School Level
Primary

Primary

Primary

Primary

Madarsha

765

764

27

14

765

Monasteries and Bihar

82

80

82

Ashram and Gurkul

83

68

23

83

Total

930

912

58

23

930

Source: Department of Education

Teachers Description
13.33

In the current academic session 2015 (2072), there are total of 302
thousands 7 hundred 76 teachers working in all kind of schools including
105 thousands 3 hundreds 83 female teachers and 197 thousands 3
212

hundreds 93 male teachers. In the academic session 2014 (2071), the

total number of teachers in all types of schools were 298 thousands 69.
13.34

In the academic session 2015 (2072), the total number of teachers in

private school is 84 thousands 1 hundred 43 including 37 thousands 1
hundred 35 female teachers and 47 thousands 8 male teachers. In the
academic session 2014 (2071) such number was 82 thousands 1 hundred
31.

13.35

In the current academic session, out of total 64 thousands 4 hundred 63

teachers in the basic level from the private (Institutional) schools; the
number of female teacher exceeds the number of male teacher by 1
thousand 4 hundred 19. There are less than one third (31.21 percent)
female teachers in the community (Government) schools while in the
private schools; there are more than 44 percent female teachers.
Table 13 (m): Detail Of Teachers Engaged In Community And
Institutional School
(In Number)
Community School

Institutional School

Total

Level
Female

Female

Female

Male

Female

Female

Female

Primary Level (1-5)

54522

87451

25856

22390

80378

109841

190219

Lower Secondary Level

(6-8)

7768

29317

7085

9132

14853

38449

53302

Basic Level (1-8)

62290

116768

32941

31522

95231

148290

243521

Secondary Level (9-10)

3438

20896

3596

11761

7034

32657

39691

Higher Secondary Level

(11-12)

2520

12721

598

3725

3118

16446

19564

Secondary Level (9-12)

5958

33617

4194

15486

10152

49103

59255

Total
68248
Source: Department of Education

150385

37135

47008

105383

197393

302776

Source: Department of Education

213

13.36

In the academic session 2015 (2072), the number of females involved in

the teaching profession have increased in all types of the schools in
comparison to the previous academic sessions. However, there is a need
of more improvements. Gender equity index of the total number of
teachers of all types of schools is 0.64 at basic levels while at the primary
and lower secondary level such index is 0.73 and 0.39 respectively.
Likewise, the gender equity index of the total number of all kind of
teachers working at community schools is 0.53 at basic level. But the
data shows that the participation of the female teachers in the
institutional/private schools is satisfactory. As per the gender equity
index, the female participation at the secondary level is very low
comparing to the basic level.
Table 13 (n): Gender-Wise Detail of Teachers by Schools and by
Levels (Basic Level)
Primary (1-5)
Types of School

Female
%

Share and GPI in total

number of teachers (all types
of schools)
Share and GPI in total
number of teachers in
Institutional Schools
Share and GPI in total
number of teachers (all types
of community schools based
on reporting)
Source: Department of Education

Lower Secondary (6-8)

Male
%

GPI

Female
%

42.3

57.7

0.73

27.9

53.6

46.4

1.15

38.4

61.6

0.62

Male
%

Basic (1-8)

GPI

Female
%

Male
%

GPI

72.1

0.39

39.1

60.9

0.64

43.7

56.3

0.78

51.1

48.9

1.05

20.9

79.1

0.26

34.8

65.2

0.53

Table 13 (o): Gender-Wise Detail of Teachers by Schools and by Levels (Secondary

Level)
Secondary (9-10)
Types of School

Female
%

Male
%

GPI

Higher Secondary
(11-12)
Male
Female
GPI
%
%

Secondary (9-12)
Female
%

Male
%

Share and GPI in total

number of teachers (all types
17.7
82.3
0.22
15.9
84.1
0.19
17.1
82.9
of schools)
Share and GPI in total
number of teachers in
23.4
76.6
0.31
13.8
86.2
0.16
21.3
78.7
Institutional Schools
Share and GPI in total
number of teachers (all types
14.1
85.9
0.16
16.5
83.5
0.20
15.1
84.9
of community schools based
on reporting)
Source: Department of Education
Note: GPI in all types of School from Grade 1 to 12 is 0.53 and number of Female Teacher is 34.8 percent.

214

GPI
0.21

0.27

0.18

Students Description
13.37

From the academic session 2011 (2068), the enrollment of the students
from grade 1 to 10 is in declining trend. Flash report 2015 (2072) has
reflected that total of 7 million 66 thousand 7 hundred 12 students
enrolled including 6 millions 127 thousands 8 hundreds 15 students at
basic level and 938 thousands 8 hundred 97 students at secondary level in
the academic session 2015 (2072). In the academic session 2014 (2071),
the total number of students enrolled in class (1-10) was 7 million 71
thousands 2 hundred 53.
Table 13 (p): Enrollment Status of students in School level
2011

2012

2013

4,782,885

4,576,693

4,401,780

4,335,355

4,264,942

Lower Secondary (6-8)

1,812,680

1,823,192

1,828,351

1,835,313

1,862,873

Basic (1-8)

6,595,565

6,399,885

6,230,131

6,170,668

6,127,815

848,569

878,047

896,919

900,585

938,897

7,444,134

7,277,932

7,127,050

7,071,253

7,066,712

Secondary (9-10)
Total (1-10)
Source: Department of Education

2014

(In Number)
2015

Level
Primary (1-5)

Source: Department of Education

13.38

In the academic session 2015 (2072), total number of students studying

in community and institutional schools from class (1-12) is 7 million 510
thousands 3 hundreds 67. In the academic year, 2014 (2071) such
number was 7 million 524 thousands 8 hundreds 50. The ratio of boy/girl
students at higher secondary level (11-12) is 52:48. Therefore, access of
girl students at higher secondary level is evident by the fact that about 48
percent of the students at this level are girls.
215

Table 13 (q): Students Enrollment Status by Levels (Academic Year 2015)

Number of Students
Level

Girl Students

Boy Students

Total

Primary (1-5)

2165386

2099556

4264942

Lower Secondary (6-8)

944816

918057

1862873

Basic (1-8)

3110202

3017613

6127815

Secondary (9-10)

478168

460729

938897

Higher Secondary (11-12)

210564

233091

443655

Secondary (9-12)

688732

693820

1382552

Totals of Grade 1- 10

3588370

3478342

7066712

Totals of Grade 1- 12

3798934

3711433

7510367

Source: Department of Education

13.39

In the academic year 2015 (2072), net enrolment rate of the students at
primary level (5 to 9 years age group) is 96.6 percent, lower secondary
level (10 to 12 years age group) is 77.7 percent and secondary level (13
to 14 years age group) is 57.9 percent. Likewise, gross enrolment rate
(including the age groups apart from the aforementioned as well) at
primary level is 135.4, lower secondary level is 95.4 percent and
secondary level is 75.1 percent. Likewise gender equity index is about
1.03 at each level except grade (11-12). This indicates that there is no
discrimination between boy and girl students in school education while
number of girl students is more than boy students.
Table 11 (r) :Detail on GER and NER
Gross Enrolment Rate
School Level

Net Enrolment Rate

Gender
Equity
Index
(GPI)

Girl
Students

Boy
Students

Total

Girl
Students

Boy Students

Total

Primary (1-5)

140.8

130.2

135.4

96.3

96.9

96.6

1.03

Lower Secondary (6-8)

97.4

93.4

95.4

78.9

76.5

77.7

1.03

Basic (1-8)

124.1

116.3

120.1

89.6

89.2

89.4

1.03

Secondary (9-10)

74.7

75.5

75.1

57.3

58.6

57.9

1.04

Higher Secondary (11-12)

37.6

37.6

37.6

16.9

16.4

16.6

0.90

Secondary (9-12)
56.6
Source: Department of Education

56.8

56.7

37.6

37.8

37.7

1.03

13.40

In the academic year 2014 (2071) the total number of students attending
S.L.C. in regular front was 405 thousand 3 hundred 38 while in academic
year 2015, such number has increased by 12.53 percent and has reached
the total of 456 thousand 1 hundred 36. From this year the Application
216

Memo has been distributed on the last day of exam from every
examination center to correct any errors occurred in the personal details
of the students before the results. Moreover, from the current academic
session, provision of publishing the S.L.C. results in grading system and
authentication provision has been made.
Table 13 (s) : Detail of Students appeared and passed out SLC Examination
(In Number)
Regular
Year

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Appeared

Exempted

Girl

Boy

Total

Girl

Boy

Total

Appeared

215008

204113

419121

33519

43481

77000

Passed

112627

87087

199714

5195

5612

10807

Percent

52.38

42.67

47.65

15.50

12.91

14.04

Appeared

206190

197746

403936

43764

63483

107229

Passed

96454

71481

167935

3821

4497

8318

Percent

46.78

36.15

41.57

8.73

7.08

7.76

Appeared

199846

195087

394933

54500

79126

133626

Passed

98777

74659

173436

6593

7998

14591

Percent

49.43

38.27

43.92

12.10

10.11

10.92

Appeared

202163

203175

405338

54785

81266

136051

Passed

109043

83224

192267

8700

10078

18778

Percent

53.94

40.96

47.43

15.88

12.40

13.80

Appeared

227328

228808

456136

62381

97036

159417

Source: Office of the Controller of Examination

Note:The number of students appeared in technical S.L.C (Regular) has also been added to the number of students
appeared in regular SLC of academic year 2015 and such number may be changed after the publication of
SLC results..

13.41

Since the academic session 2014 (2071), S.L.C. examinations on

technical front has been conducted in 5 genres. In the academic session
2014 (2071) 3 thousands 2 hundreds 88 students of 1 hundred schools
attended the S.L.C. of technical front while in the academic session 2015
(2072) 3 thousands 2 hundreds 55 students of 1 hundred 1 schools have
attended the examinations.
Table 13 (t): Students appeared in Technical SLC
(In Number)
Academic Session 2014
Boy
Girl
Total

Academic Session 2015

Boy
Girl
Total

Computer Engineering

392

269

661

431

262

693

Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Animal Science
Plant Science
Total
Source: Ministry of Education

542
109
263
731
2037

240
32
178
532
1251

782
141
441
1263
3288

549
121
218
663
1982

206
29
184
592
1273

755
150
402
1255
3255

S. No.
1
2
3
4
5

Faculty

217

Higher Secondary Education

13.42

By the academic session 2015 (2072) total of 3 thousands 6 hundreds 69

educational institutions including community, private, ten plus two have
acquired affiliation for higher secondary schools level. In the academic
session 2013 (2070) was 3 thousands 6 hundreds 59. In the academic
session 2013 (2070) none of the educational institutions were awarded
affiliation for higher secondary school level while in the academic
session 2014 (2071) only 63 educational institutions were awarded
affiliation for the higher secondary school level. In the academic session
2015 (2072) only 10 educational institutions were awarded affiliation for
the higher secondary school level. (detailed description in annex 13.3)

Condition Of The Boy /Girl Students In Higher Secondary School

13.43

In the academic session 2015 (2072) the number of students decreased by

9 thousands 9 hundreds 42 i.e., 2.2 percent in comparison to academic
session 2014 (2071) and have reached to the total of 443 thousands 6
hundreds 55. In the academic session 2015 (2072) the number of students
studying in grade 11 and 12 are 243 thousands 6 hundreds 63 and 199
thousands 9 hundreds 92 respectively. In the academic session 2005
(2062) the number of students enrolling in the higher secondary level
(grade 11) was 100 thousands 6 hundreds 99 only. This indicates that in
the duration of 10 years the number of students studying in the higher
secondary level has increased by 142 percent. The statistics shows that
more than 90 percent of the students passing matriculation get enrolled in
the higher secondary level education in recent times.

13.44

In the academic session 2014 (2071), out of total 225 thousands 3

hundreds 73 students attending the annual examinations of grade 11, the
passing students were 106 thousands 5 hundreds 17 (47.26 percent) while
in the academic session 2015 (2072), out of total 373 thousands 4
hundreds 90 examinees, 163 thousands 8 hundreds 47 (43.87 percent)
students have passed. In the academic session 2015 (2072) the passing
percentage of the girl students (47.88) is more than the boys students
(44.62).

13.45

In the academic session 2014 (2071) out of total 228 thousands 2

hundreds 24 students attending annual examinations of grade 12, passing
students were 100 thousands 6 hundred 30 (44.09 percent) while in the
academic session 2015 (2072) out of total 383 thousands 6 hundreds 88
students attending examinations, 139 thousands 5 hundreds 62 (36.37
218

percent) students passed. In the academic session 2015 (2072) in the

grade 12 the passing percentage of girl students is more than the boy
students.
Scholarship In The Higher Technical Education
13.46

Students passing from the licensed Medical colleges under operation in

private resource upon acquiring affiliation from different universities in
the country and the students passing the examinations conducted for the
study under scholarship to be received from foreign countries have been
selected and nominated for the study at no cost/free. In the first eight
months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, 2 hundreds 97 students have
been nominated and sent for the different technical subjects available in
the country.

Table 13 (u): The Number of Students Nominated for Different Levels and
Faculties (In Number)
Fiscal Year
2011/12

Fiscal Year
2012/13

Fiscal Year
2013/14

Fiscal Year
2014/15

Fiscal Year
2015/16*

Country

79
57
4
11
8
13
2
5
179
3

203
54
17
15
6
20
5
17
337
12
1
12

206
36
8
19
4
20
5
22
320
11
-

225
54
8
12
4
19
5
24
351
15
1
-

196
43
18
8
11
21
297
-

Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Abroad
Abroad
Abroad

B.Sc.
Engineering

Abroad

B. Pharma

13

Abroad

44
381

13
333

16
367

Subject
MBBS
BDS
BAMS
BN
BPH
B. Pharma
B.Sc. Forestry
B.Sc. Nursing
Total (A)
MBBS
BDS
PG Medicine

3
Total (B)
Grand Total
182
(A+B) Ministry of Education
Source:

Abroad
297
(Nepal+Abroad)
*Of first Eight Months

Universities
13.47

By the fiscal year 2014/15 the number of colleges under different

universities being operated inside the country and the student studying
there have declined by 22.1 percent in comparison to the preceding fiscal
year and have reached 374 thousands 6 hundreds 47. In the fiscal year
219

2013/14 (2070/71) the number was 480 thousands 8 hundreds 91.

Because of the huge fluctuations in the number of students studying in
Tribhuwan University since the fiscal year 2012/13 (2069/70), the wide
change in the number of students is seen. In the fiscal year 2014/15 the
number of the students studying in Tribhuwan University alone had
decreased by 26.24 percent in comparison to the preceding year.

Source: Ministry of Education

Table 13 (v): Campuses under Different Universities and Student Numbers

University

Campuses
Constituent

Affiliated

Fiscal Year 2013/14

Constituent

Affiliated

Tribhuwan
60
1053
148141
257200
University
Kathmandu
6
15
5635
9074
University
Purbanchal
5
126
887
23554
University
Nepal Sanskrit
14
11
3353
509
University
Pokhara
5
58
1782
23508
University
Lumbini
Boudha
1
5
53
203
University
Agriculture and
Forestry
1
446
Science
University
Far Western
1
2461
University
Mid Western
1
1944
University
BP Koirala
Institute of
1
1435
Health Sciences
National
Academy of
1
465
Medical
Sciences
Patan Academy
of Health
1
241
Sciences
Source: Ministry of Education/ University Grant Commission

220

Fiscal Year 2014/15

Total

Constituent

Affiliated

Total

405341

104188

194802

298990

14709

6157

9695

15852

24441

950

22589

23539

3862

2936

476

3412

25290

1935

23596

25531

256

105

110

215

446

1565

1565

2461

1829

1829

1944

2522

2522

1435

351

351

465

546

546

241

295

295

13.48

By fiscal year 2014/15, 9 universities and 3 recognized universities (B.P.

Koirala Institute of Health Science, National Academy of Medical
Sciences and Patan Academy of Health Science) have been producing
high standard human resources by conducting higher education teaching
learning programs in different subjects.

Table 13 (w) : Student Enrollment and Production Details in Universities

(Fiscal Year 2014/15)
(In Numbers)
Level

Description

Tribhuwan

Kathmandu

Purbanchal

Pokhara

Lumbini
Boudha

Nepal
Sanskrit

Total

Certificate

Enrollment

286

199

--

922

1407

Production

286

413

699

Enrollment

251580

13654

21335

23473

1035

311077

Production

49335

1797

3970

3374

705

59181

Masters

Enrollment

42939

1331

2204

1948

187

252

48861

Production

12153

424

674

515

94

13860

PGD

Enrollment

105

105

Production

39

17

56

M Phil

Enrollment

207

431

101

739

Production

86

34

62

182

Ph. D.

Enrollment

313

132

28

300

782

Production

76

12

17

111

Enrollment

3665

903

4568

Production

207

287

494

Enrollment

298990

15852

23539

25531

215

3412

367539

Production

62182

2284

4644

3951

1516

Bachelor

Others
Total

74583

Agriculture and Forestry Sciences University (Enrollment)

1565

Far Western University (Enrollment)

2522

Mid Western University (Enrollment)

1829

BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (Enrollment)

351

National Academy of Medical Sciences (Enrollment)

546

Patan Academy of Health Sciences (Enrollment)

295

Total Enrollment
Source: Ministry of Education/ University Grant Commission

13.49

374647

Statistics have shown that out of the total students studying in different
universities in the fiscal year 2014/15, almost 80 percent of the total
number of students was studying in Tribhuwan University alone which is
followed by Pokhara University, Purbanchal University and Kathmandu
University respectively. Out of the students studying in the recognized

221

Universities the largest number, 5 hundred 46 students, are studying in

National Academy of Medical Sciences.

Source: Ministry of Education

School Teachers Personal Records

13.50

From the fiscal year 2011/12 to the mid March of the fiscal year 2015/16,
total of 14 thousands 5 hundreds 21 teachers have retired. In the last
fiscal year, the number was 3 thousands 7 hundreds 62 while in the first
eight months of the current fiscal year, the number is 1 thousand 8
hundreds 49.

13.51

Until recently personal and employment description of 85 thousand 4

hundred 48 permanent teachers of community schools have been
updated. In the first eight months of the current fiscal year, 1 thousand 2
hundred 92 teachers' Seat role entry has been done. In the complete
duration of the last fiscal year, the number was 12 thousand 3 hundred
21. In the first eight months of the fiscal year 2015/16, NPR 10 millions
629 thousands 1 hundred 16 has been returned from 78 teachers of
community schools who took more payment working more than the age
of 60 years.
Table 13 (x): Achievement of Last Three Years
Description

Pension Stated

Unit

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Number

3092

3762

1849

Gratuity Stated

Number

111

101

78

Pension Transfer

Number

301

345

260

Number

654

Teachers Seat Role Entry

Source; School Teacher Record Office

222

12321
1292
*Of first eight months

The Loss in the Educational Sector Because of Earthquake

13.52

The total of 22 thousands 4 hundreds 1 classrooms of 9 thousand 3

hundred 53 schools were completely damaged by the earthquake.
Likewise, 14 thousand 24 classrooms has been partially damaged and 18
thousands 9 hundreds 42 classroom has been generally damaged.
Similarly, 3 thousands 7 hundreds 73 schools' toilet, 1 thousands 4
hundred 59 schools' compound wall and 1 thousand 5 hundreds 68
schools' drinking water system has been damaged. 54 teachers and 7
hundreds 20 students have lost their lives due to the devastating
earthquake.

13.53

For the reconstruction of the schools damaged by the earthquake through

the Program Implementation Unit construction of 3 hundreds 2 schools
has started in the worse affected districts. Similarly, agreement have been
reached with 88 different Non Governmental Organizations, welfare
organizations, companies and individuals for the construction of 3
thousands 8 hundreds 67 classrooms of 6 hundred 52 schools and the
work has been started.

Health Sector
13.54

Share of the health sector in the Gross Domestic Product of the current
fiscal year has been estimated to be 1.77 percent. Last year the share of
this sector in the Gross Domestic Product was 1.70 percent. Similarly, in
comparison to the growth rate of 10.49 percent of the health sector in the
last year, health sector is initially estimated to grow by 8.85 percent in
current fiscal year.

13.55

To realize the Government's thought of upgrading Nepal from the list of

the least developed countries to the developing country by 2022 the
services of the health sector has also been received as the main
foundation. Likewise, to ensure the healthy life and health promotion of
all age groups pursuant to the Sustainable Development Goal
government and partner agencies are working being jointly accountable
promoting the multilateral cooperation.

13.56

Mortality rate of child under 5 years of age (in thousands) is 38, infant
mortality rate (in thousands) is 33, newborn infant mortality (in
thousands) is 23, maternal mortality (in 100 thousands live birth) is 190
and total fertility rate is 2.3 in the year 2015 while the number of women
delivering in the support of skilled maternity worker is 55 percent.
(detailed description in annex 13.11)
223

Extension Of The Health Service And Facility

13.57

By the first eight months of the fiscal year 2015/16, there are total of 4
thousand 4 hundreds 96 health institutions including 1 hundred 23
hospitals, 3 thousand 7 hundreds 83 health posts, 3 hundreds 84 Ayurved
hospitals and Pharmacies, 2 hundreds 6 primary health centers. The total
of 87 thousands 5 hundred 44 human resources are working in those
health institutions including 35 thousands 5 hundreds 44 technical and
non-technical employees and about 52 thousands (Women health
volunteers) Women Community Health Workers (NAGAR). From the
fiscal year 2014/15, all the sub health posts have been upgraded to the
health posts.

Table 13 (y): Details of Health Institutions, Beds and Human Resources

Description

Fiscal Year
2010/11

2011/12

/2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

1. Total Health Institutions

4394

4393

4394

4485

4505

4506

a) Hospital

102

105

107

107

116

123

b) Primary Health Post

208

205

204

215

215

216

c) Health Post

1698

2175

2175

2175

3790

3783

d) Ayurvedic Dispensaries

291

293

293

293

384

384

e) Sub- Health Post

2095

1615

1615

1695

2. Hospital Beds

7049

7035

7085

7550

7640

7748

a) Doctors

1798

1654

1654

2154#

2457#

2539

b) Nurses

12681

11756

12550

12250

20346

20423

c) Kabiraj (Traditional Physician)

407

394

394

394

485

485

d) Vaidya

360

360

360

360

451

451

e) Health Assistant (HA, SHA)

8013

8013

8563

11551

11551

11646

52560*

63326

63326

63326

52000**

52000

3. Total Human Resources

f) Women Health Volunteer

Workers (M.C.H.W.)

Source; Ministry of Health and Population

** Phasing out of Sudeni
# Including 350 studying under Scholarship

13.58

*Of First Eight months

By the first eight months of the fiscal year 2015/16, total of 3 millions 54
thousands 46 individuals received out patients services and 533
thousands 7 hundreds 71 individuals received emergency services. In the
same period of the last fiscal year the numbers were 3 millions 566
thousands 3 hundreds 96 and 327 thousands 8 hundreds 1 respectively.
224

Table 13 (z): Health Service Beneficiary Population by Development Regions

By Country/
Development
Region
Nepal/
National

Fiscal Year 2013/14

Admit

OPD

322196

3428584

Fiscal Year 2014/15

Emergency
787076

Admit

OPD

669144

4692146

Fiscal Year 2015/16*

Emergency
988888

Admit

OPD

393661

3054346

Emergency
533771

Eastern

119394

728380

203863

145328

799924

174437

62878

575130

92871

Central

134404

1149919

722563

268352

2176544

438734

128118

1458189

217505
134763

Western

97636

865419

157509

159439

978959

198586

146266

707200

Mid Western

47872

301827

67019

54163

355698

79318

36843

157758

38841

Far Western

32890

293039

86122

41862

381021

97813

19556

156069

49791

Source: HMIS, Department of Health Service

13.59

* Of first eight months

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year outpatient health
services have been delivered 8 millions 905 thousands 5 hundreds 10
times. The number in the same period of the last fiscal year was 10
millions 380 thousands 5 hundred 87.

Table 13 (aa): Details of Outpatient Services by Development Regions

Fiscal Year
2013/14
2014/15
21661849
20242908
4564745
3915544

1.

By Country/
Development Region
Nepal/National
Eastern

2.

Central

8098750

6947996

6610013

2389380

3.

Western

5323302

4695147

4820464

2327718

4.

Mid Western

3341358

3267193

2841078

1384796

5.

Far Western

2398303

2186768

2055809

942257

S. No.

2012/13
24053836
4892123

Source: Department of Health Service

2015/16*
8905510
1861359

* Of first eight months

Major Achievements Of The Health Services

13.60

Diarrhea respiratory disease control, providing nutrition services

especially for the children under the age of five years similarly services
like availability of iron tablets, vitamin A for the pregnant women has
been done. Similarly, Measles/Rubella immunization/vaccination
campaign is being conducted for the children in 75 districts from 9
months to under the age of 15. Likewise, under the extended
immunization/vaccination and Polio vaccination program BCG vaccine,
Tetanus vaccine, Hepatitis B (third dose) is being provided. In the fiscal
year 2014/15, Albendazole Tablets were distributed to the students of
grade 1 to grade 10 of the government and private schools under the
nutrition program.

225

Table 13 (ab) : Detail of Extended Vaccination and National Polio

Vaccination Program (In Number)
S. No.

Indicators

Fiscal Year
2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

1.

BCG Vaccine

623659

404259

571395

259191

2.

DPT, Hepatitis B (Third Dose)

584727

336960

552247

234481

3.

Polio (Third Dose)

584420

335428

550392

229275

4.

Vaccination against Measles

553736

228952

517311

229107

5.

Tetanus Vaccine

303443

187751

522159

210245

6.

Measles-Rubella Vaccine Program

9685099

1093828

7.

Women Receiving Iron Tablet

765000

595000

502240

223526

8.

Registration of Dysentery Patients

1809033

955006

1548851

619692

9.

Zinc and Oral Rehydration Treatment (ORT)

1671610

923119

1315622

509453

10.

Treatment of Respiratory

2827804

1701151

2208652

418327

Source: Department of Health Service

13.61

* Of first eight months

In the eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, BCG vaccine to
259 thousands 1 hundred 91 individuals and DPT, Hepatitis B (third
Dose) to 234 thousands 4 hundred 81 individuals have been provided.
Similarly, Polio (third dose) to 229 thousands 2 hundreds 75 individuals
and Titanus vaccine to 210 thousand 2 hundreds 45 women has been
provided. By the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, 1
million 93 thousands 8 hundred 28 children in 75 districts from the age
of 9 months to under the age of 15 years were provided with the MeaslesRubella vaccine.

Family Planning, Safe Motherhood And Women Health Volunteers

Program
13.62

Under the safe motherhood program, an important part of the

reproductive health services, women are provided with the pregnancy test
prenatal service and prenatal maternity and post natal services. Diagnosis
of the prolepses which is one of the reproductive health's great problem
and free health camps are being organized where general treatment and
the surgery of the cases that couldn't be managed through the ringpessary
has been rendered.

226

Table 13 (ac) : Detail of Reproductive Health Program

Unit
Indicators

Fiscal Years
2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

New Family Planning Service

Users (Contraceptive Users)

Person

599420

623676

668777

301934

New Family Planning Service

Users (Permanent Sterilization)

Person

52181

37107

30728

15762

Regular Family Planning Service Users

Users (Long term Contraceptive Users)

Person

2478000

2514044

2527380

2103510

complex maternity service referred from remote

areas

Person

99

194

57

Free Maternity Services Received

under Safe Motherhood Program

Person

317000

318208

309220

135117

Post-Natal Service (PNC)

Person

55650

387392

416842

205226

Districts

26

56

62

67

Screening for Prolapses, ring pessary placement

and Preparing cost of Operation

Person

48017

950

900

300

Treatment and Surgery on Prolapses

Person

4751

4445

1003

362

Districts with Round the Clock

Emergency Maternity Service

Source: Ministry of Health

* Of the first eight months

13.63

Under the safe motherhood program, an important part of the

reproductive health services, in the first eight months of the current fiscal
year 2015/16 334 thousand 7 hundred 96 individuals including 319
thousands 34 temporary and 15 thousands 7 hundreds 62 permanent
individuals have joined family planning program that affects remarkably
in the change of population. Similarly, women are receiving pregnancy,
maternity and post natal services through 1 thousand 8 hundreds 2
maternity centers.

13.64

Vital/essential maternity services are being rendered twenty four hour

through district level or upper level hospitals in 64 districts. Likewise,
under mother security program in the first eight months of the current
fiscal year 2015/16, free maternity services has been provided to 135
thousands 1 hundred 17 women. In the complete period of the last year,
the number was 309 thousands 2 hundred 20. 27 percent of those having
maternity from health institutions are found to take Post Natal Care
(PNC). During the first eight month of current fiscal year, for the
diagnosis and treatment of the prolepses, 3 hundreds camps were
conducted and 3 hundred 62 surgery was performed.
227

Tuberculosis
13.65

By the programs conducted in the first eight months of the fiscal year
2014/15, testing of the sputum of the probable/suspected tuberculosis
patients and free medical treatment by DOTS technology had been done.
During the period 236 thousands 5 hundreds 45 suspected tuberculosis
patients' sputum was tested. Similarly, 86 thousands 1 hundred 29 follow
up sputum test was done. Likewise, 37 thousand 25 individuals were
registered as the patient of first line of tuberculosis. Establishment and
operation of the hostel for the MDB TB patients was done and TB basic
training was conducted for the medical personnel. Because of the
aforementioned services 78 percent of the new tuberculosis patients have
been registered and 90 percent successful treatment was done.

13.66

In the fiscal year 2015/16, 170 thousands 8 hundreds 99 suspected

patients' sputum was tested. During this period 47 thousands 5 hundreds
44 follow-up sputum test had been performed. Similarly, 2 thousands 3
hundreds individuals have been registered as the first line tuberculosis
patients.

Epidemiology, Malaria And Black Fever (Kaalajar) Control, Natural

Disaster Management Program
13.67

In the fiscal year 2014/15, all the disasters were controlled and managed
in 20 epidemic and disaster affected places. Similarly, for the control of
Elephantitis/Filariasis, Malaria, Black Fever insecticides was sprayed and
the medicated mosquito nets were distributed. Anti Rabies Vaccine was
provided to control the Rabies and ASV vaccine was provided to the
victims of the snake bite. About 16 millions 200 thousands people from
41 districts were made to consume medicine for the control, prevention
and cure of the Fileriasis. Special program was conducted to control the
Dengue virus.

13.68

In the first eight months of the fiscal year 2015/16, ARV vaccine was
provided to about 60 thousand individuals suffered from mad dog and
other animals' bite. Treatment of the 2 thousands patients of snake bite
was done. Microfilerimia follow up survey and post MDA in some
districts have been done in the Fileriasis alleviation campaign operated
districts.

13.69

In the eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, 2 hundred 50

speculated cases of Black Fever has been observed. In last fiscal year, 2
228

hundreds 23 cases of Black Fever had been observed. To cure the

Dengue, a special program to search the habitat of the mosquito and
destroy the larvae was conducted. Similarly, in that period surgery of 1
thousand Hydrocele patients and medication to 13 million individuals for
the alleviation of the Fileriasis was done.
Leprosy
13.70

Test was conducted on 187 thousands 1 hundred 44 patients and

neighborhood household under the leprosy program in the fiscal year
2014/15. Similarly, the transport expenses of NPR 1 thousand per
individual were distributed to 2 thousand 3 hundred 54 leprosy patients.
Dermatology camp was organized 16 times. In the first eight months of
fiscal year 2015/16 , field study in the leprosy affected districts and
management at the local level and household test of the trained patients
and neighbors has been done. During this period 2 thousands 3 hundreds
93 new leprosy patients were identified. 2 thousands 1 hundred 95
patients are in the process of treatment until recently.

National Health Education, Information And Communication Program

13.71

In the fiscal year 2014/15, health related television program

'Jeevanchakra' 52 episodes, 'Aama' 26 episodes and 'Thorai Bhaye
Pugisari' 26 episodes was telecasted from Nepal Television. During the
period, different health messages were broadcasted 4 thousand times
before the news cast.

13.72

In the fiscal year 2014/15 'janaswasthya' radio program 156 episodes,

'Chetanaka sworharu' 26 episodes, 'Aama' 26 episodes and health
messages 2 thousands 7 hundreds times before the news cast was
broadcasted through Radio Nepal. Health messages were broadcasted
through different FM Radios in the districts 323 thousands 8 hundreds 80
times.

13.73

In the fiscal year 2014/15, health related interaction program were

conducted in 3 thousand 4 hundred 48 places making public
participations. School health education program was conducted 13
thousand times. Health messages were broadcasted through private
television 3 thousand 6 hundred 87 times and 7 thousand times through
running of the video in the 'Sajha' bus. Likewise, for the improvement of
the health conditions of the endangered indigenous people 'Raute' and

229

'Chepang' awareness outreach program was conducted at their own

places.
13.74

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, health related
messages have been telecasted 1 thousand 7 hundred times through
Nepal Television. Similarly, awareness message on the communicable
diseases, 2 thousand 3 hundred 33 times, and non-communicable
diseases, 3 thousand 6 hundred 50 times, have been broadcasted through
Radio Nepal. Marking of the picture and the message in the packets of
the tobacco products has been done.

Social Security Program

13.75

In the fiscal year 2014/15, medicines of 25 types from sub health posts,
27 types from health posts, 58 types from the primary health centers and
district hospitals were distributed free. Similarly, the free health services
through the health institutions up to 25 bed district hospitals were
continued. In that period 2 thousands 3 hundreds pharmacies and 1
hundred 6 pharmaceutical companies were inspected. In the first eight
months of the current fiscal year, medicines of 27 types from health posts
and 58 types from primary health centers are distributed free.

13.76

In the fiscal year 2014/15, 25 eye treatment centers were established and
operated through 'Nepal Netrajyoti Sangh'. Surgery of 3 thousand 6
hundred Glaucoma patients was performed for free. Free spectacles were
distributed to 5 thousand individuals above the age of 50 from 19
districts of Far Western and Mid Western region.

13.77

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, eye treatment
centers were established in the 19 districts that didn't have eye treatment
centers. Free spectacles have been distributed to 5 hundred individuals
above the age of fifty. Similarly, treatment was provided to 5 hundred
individuals with low income by the eye hospital. Eye donation camps
have been conducted 36 times. About 17 thousand individuals were
provided extended services. Under the social health security program
health insurance program has started from Kailali district and is in the
process of starting in Baglung and Illam districts.

13.78

In line with the goal of providing the treatment of the heart and kidney
for free through 'Sahid Gangalal National Heart Center', 'Manamohan
Cardio Vascular Center' and 'Teaching Hospital' to save the children
under the age of 15 and the senior citizens above the age of 75 from the
230

heart diseases, services are made available. In the fiscal year 2014/15,
137 thousands 5 hundreds heart patients were examined. Heart treatment
was rendered to 7 hundreds 93 children below 15 years of age and 2
hundreds 59 senior citizens above the age of 75. Similarly, PTMC to 3
hundred 64 heart patients and free valve to 2 hundred 75 heart patients
was distributed. By the first eight months of the current fiscal, year 2
hundred 21 heart patients valve had been distributed for free. In this
period, 2 hundred 97 individuals have been provided with free PTMC
service. Free treatment has been rendered to 4 hundreds 72 children
under the age of 15 and 3 hundreds 55 elders above the age of 75 heart
patients.
Table 13 (ad): Social Security Program Detail
S. No.

Fiscal Year

Indicators

2013/14

2014/15

Medicine Distribution: Sub-Health Post (Type)

25

25

35

27

27

42

58

58

12757302

Medicine Distribution: Health Post (Type)

Medicine Distribution: Primary Health Center
(Type)
Free Health Service to Children, Elderly, Near to
Extinction Tribes, Women Health Volunteers From
Hospitals
Free treatments for ultra poor and poor

9682588

Free treatments for handicapped

5060

Free treatments for elderly people

Free treatment with heart surgery for children under
15 years of age

39388

922

793

472

312

259

355

3
4

8
9

Free treatment with heart surgery for elderly people

above 75 years of age

Distribution of eye glasses at free of cost to people

over 50 years of age
Souce: Department of Health Service
10

5000

2015/16*

* Of first Eight Months

Control Of Aids And Sexual Transmitted Diseases

13.79

In the fiscal year 2014/15, CD4 service was rendered to the HIV infected
through 23 places. ART treatment service was given to 11 thousands 89
individuals through 61 ART centers. Community based CB PMTCT
service has been extended to 16 districts. In that period, nutritious diet
was distributed 4 thousands 2 hundred times to infected taking ARV
medicine and pregnant women affiliated to PMTCT program and
children below 15 years of age on ARV. Medicines were distributed from
1 hundred 13 ARV centers.

231

13.80

In the first eight months of the fiscal year 2015/16, HIV test has been
done with 151 thousands 1 hundred 12 individuals. Similarly, HIV test
has been done to 1 hundred 45 pregnant women. Extensive HIV control
program has been conducted targeting the Migrants and their families at
high risks, MSM (Men that have sex with men)/MSW (Male Sex
Workers)/TG (Transgender Community)/PWID (Person who inject
drugs) and PLHIV (People living with HIV) upon coming into the
service agreement with the Non Governmental Organizations.

Human Resource Development, Study and Research

13.81

In the fiscal year 2014/15, upgrading training was provided to 88 Senior

Auxiliary Health Worker and Auxiliary health workers and 85 senior
mid-wives (ANM) and Assistant mid-wives. Skilled maternity training to
34 nurses and Anesthetic assistant training to 1 hundred 8 individuals
was provided. Likewise, high altitude sickness trainer training to 40
individuals and TABUCS training to 1 hundred individuals was
provided.

13.82

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year, 8 hundred 50 nurses
and 2 hundred 50 doctors were provided with medico legal training and
implant safe abortion service training. 2 thousand 5 hundred health
workers and 1 thousand 5 hundred women health volunteers (Community
health workers) were provided with the basic trainings. Sickle-cell
Anemia test was conducted on 8 hundred samples collected. MDR TB
management training has been provided to 2 hundred 22 health workers.

13.83

In this period 1 hundred 20 health workers were provided with the basic
tooth extraction training. 'Panchakarma', Yoga and statistics related
training was provided to 62 health workers. Refresher Skilled maternity
service training was provided to 33 health workers. Researchers are
being conducted on the free health program, mother protection program,
Dengue, Bird Flu, communicable disease, traditional medicines,
insurance program, non-communicable diseases.

National Public Health Laboratory

13.84

In the fiscal year 2014/15, the purchase work of tools and equipment was
continued for the bacteriology laboratory service in different district and
zone hospitals. Blood transfusion service has been operated in 7 districts.

13.85

By the first eight months of the fiscal year 2015/16 (2071/73) training on
testing dangerous viruses including Ebola was provided to the total of 19
232

individuals including 4 Koreans and 15 Nepali. 24 BSL3 laboratory

service and laboratory in 35 health posts has been operated. Training
related to VCT / STI has been provided to lab technicians and lab
assistants. Laboratory has been extended in 50 health posts for the testing
of the kidney. Transfusion Transmissible Infection screening training has
been provided to 60 health workers. Semi- Automatic Biochemist
machine has come into operation at 20 hospitals.
Ayurvedic Health Service
13.86

In the fiscal year 2014/15 continuing with the treatment and counseling
under Ayurvedic, Yunani and Homeopathic methods with the objective
of capacity building and producing the skilled human resource in the
Ayurved sector rehabilitation service is being conducted through
National Ayurved Training and Research Center in Kirtipur. In the last
fiscal year free Ayurvedic health service was provided to the senior
citizens of 75 districts.

13.87

In the first eight months of the fiscal year 2015/16, different types of
orientation trainings related to Ayurved and modern medicine was
provided to 2 hundred 32 individuals. Free Ayurved camps have been
organized in 75 districts. 'Panchakarma' related service has been extended
by Naradevi Ayurved Hospital. Good Manufacturing Process (GMP) has
been started at Singhadurbar Vaidyakhana development committee to
maintain the quality of the medicine.

Nepal Medical Council

13.88

The council has been carrying out the works like registering the medical
practitioners acquiring degree/diploma in medicine from nationally and
internationally, grants approval to establish new medical/dental colleges
within the country and approving the admission of the students and
determining the minimum qualification. The council is also carrying out
the works like conducting the licensing examinations on the regular
basis, investigation on the different types of complains related to the
health and medical profession and issue temporary license to foreign
medical practitioners based on their qualifications. By 31 December 2015
(16 Poush 2072) total of 17 thousand 2 hundred 65 medical and dental
doctors including 11 thousand 2 hundred 44 male and 6 thousand 91
female have been registered at Nepal Medical Council.

233

Source: Nepal Medical Council

13.89

After it was made mandatory to acquire the Eligibility Certificate from

the council before going to foreign institutions to study MBBS/BDS or
equivalent in 2015 alone (till 2 December), total of 8 hundred 93 students
including 8 hundred medical and 30 dental have been awarded Under
Graduate Eligibility Certificate and 3 hundred 73 individuals were
awarded Post Graduate Eligibility Certificate. The total number of Under
Graduate Eligibility Certificate and Post Graduate Eligibility Certificate
awarded till 2 December 2015 are 7 thousand 1 hundred 99 and 2
thousand 2 hundred 66 respectively.

13.90

By 31 December 2015 (16 Poush 2072), total of 4 thousand 4 hundred 86

specialized doctors of different sectors including 3 thousand 3 hundred 4
male and 1 thousand 1 hundred 82 female have been registered.

Table 13 (ae) : Detail of Medical Specialists Registered with Nepal Medical

Council
(In Number)
S. No.
1

Faculty
General Practice

Male (Nos)
179

Female (Nos)
45

Total (Nos)
224

105

39

144

E.N.T.

Psychiatry

86

28

114

Anaesthesiology

199

76

275

Radiology & Imaging

180

42

222

89

369

Pediatrics

280

Nephrology

14

18

m.D.S.

144

87

231

T.B. & Respiratory

17

22

Community Medicine & Public Health

69

27

96

10

234

11

Pharmacology

34

39

12

Obst&gyne

138

310

448

13

M.S.(general surgery)

401

24

425

14

Orthopaedic

352

356

15

Cardiology

102

108

16

Ophthalmology

116

116

232

17

Internal Medicine

435

38

473

18

Clinical Pathology

74

81

155

19

Dermatology & venerology

92

59

151

24

20

Neurology

21

21

Gastroenterology

28

29

22

Urology

29

30

23

Surgical Oncology

19

19

24

16

34

24

Forensic Medicine

21

25

Microbiology

18

26

Nuclear Medicine

27

Physiology

15

13

28

28

Anatomy

18

25

29

Hepatology

30

Bio chemistry

12

18

31

Radio therapy

32

Geriatric Medicine

33

Endiocrinology

10

12

34

Neurosurgery

20

20

35

Ctvs

36

Pediatrics Surgery

37

Emergency medicine

38

Hepatobilary surgery

39

Plastic surgery

40

Rheumatology

Cardic Surgery

42

Ortho Dontics

13

13

26

43

Conservative Drntistry & endodontics

11

44

Oral and Maxilloracial Surgery

14

Prosthondtics

17

23

46

Pedodontics

47

Periodontics

41

45

Total
Source: Nepal Medical Council

3304

1182
4486
Note: By 31st December 2015

Civil Service Hospital

13.91

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, civil service
hospital has made the services like; emergency service, family
235

medicine, general medicine, maternity and gynecology, dermatology,

pediatric, dentistry service, hematology service, nose, Ear, Throat
disease, Anesthesia, Radiology service, Diagnostic service available.
Likewise, services like; Mental health, Physiotherapy, Family Planning
Service, Cancer diagnosis service, immunization service,
Ophthalmology service, Pharmacy and High dependency unit,
Cardiology service, Day-care service (chemotherapy), Neurology
service, Medical ICU, MRI, Mammography, Fluoroscopy, Digital
Radiography has been rendered by this hospital regularly.
13.92

URS and LASER service of Urology, Blood Irradiator service,

Aphaeresis service and ultraviolet therapy of skin has been operated
from the current fiscal year.
Table 13 (af) : Detail of Services Rendered from Civil Service Hospital
(In Number)
Description

Total Number of Patient

Civil Servant
General Public
Emergency
Indoor
Operation
X-ray
Ultra Sound
Lab Test
Endoscopy
CT Scan
Source: Civil Service Hospital

Fiscal Year
2012/13
2013/14
189184
197977
59235
60173
129949
137804
11313
15055
5160
6832
3673
5196
27138
34664
16898
24561
411824
504480
472
1429
3869
7855

2011/12
144375
45675
98700
6508
3079
2003
18741
10204
268287
23
2398

2014/15
205595
56668
148927
17554
8515
5488
48196
35745
58079
2038
4789

Analysis of the Effect on the Health Sector by the Implementation of the

Health Related Program
13.93

Because of the positive effect of the programs like family planning, safe
motherhood, child health, nutrition, life expectancy at birth has
increased. Likewise, the birth rate has been gradually improving. Life
standard has been improved due to the increase in the purchasing
capacity and decrease in the family expenses by the decline in mother
and child mortality rate.

The Loses Caused by the Earthquake in Eealth Institutions

13.94

Out of total 7 hundred 84 health institutions in the 14 districts worse

affected by the devastating earthquake total of 6 hundred 69 health
institutions including 3 hundred 58 completely damaged and 3 hundred
11 partially damaged institutions. The reconstruction work of the
236

damaged health institutions has been continued by the government and

non-government sector.
Women, Children and Social Welfare
13.95

Programs like minimizing the gender based violence, women

development program, control of human trafficking and smuggling have
been continued from the preceding years for women empowerment.
"Anti Witchcraft Crime and Punishment Act 2015" has come into
implementation. Street children free campaign has been conducted in
Kathmandu Valley in the first phase to make the Kathmandu Valley and
other cities in the country street children free.

Minimizing Gender Based Violence

13.96

To rescue, protect and rehabilitate the victims of the domestic violence 1

hundred 4 community service centers has been operated in the 17
districts; Jumla, Panchthar, Doti, Kanchanpur, Baglung, Sunsari,
Solukhumbu, Nawalparasi, Kavrepalanchowk, Makawanpur, Dang,
Sarlahi, Saptari, Tanahun, Bardiya, Rautahat and Pyuthan. In the fiscal
year 2014/15, 1 thousand 9 hundred 59 individuals victimized by the
domestic violence were provided service while in the first eight months
of the current fiscal year 7 hundred 77 individuals has been provided
services through those centers. The number was 1 thousand 5 hundred 67
and 6 thousand 2 hundred 82 in the fiscal year 2012/13 (2069/70) and
2013/14 (2070/71) respectively.

Women Development
13.97

It is estimated that the size of the disadvantaged women group is 5

million 200 thousand until recently. The number of those women
participating in the women development program implemented until now
is about 1 million. On the basis of the population of the disadvantaged
women this number is approximately 19 percent. The attendance of the
women from the Dalit community in the women development program is
about 16 percent.

13.98

Under the vocational group development program in the fiscal year

2014/15, a total of 21 thousand 5 hundred 9 women have been benefitted
with the capacity of starting up own business at the local level.

237

Table 13 (ag): Major Achievements of Women Development

S. No.

Name of Activities

Unit
2012/13

Fiscal Year
2013/14

2015/16*

Extension
1.

Program Operating Districts

No.

75

75

75

2.

Program Operating VDCs

No.

3,636

3,759

3,140

No.

43

71

180

Program Operating
Municipalities
Institutional Development
5.
Women Groups Formed
3.

6.

No.

6.1

Involved in Group Women

Dalit

6.2

Janajatis

6.3

Others

7.

Women Committees Formed

8.

Women Organizations
Registered
9.
Women Ad-Hoc organization
Resource Mobilization
10.
Womens Group Savings
11.

Total Amount in Investment

Person
Person
(Percent)
Person
(Percent)
Person
(Percent)

132,928
807,976
131,735
(16.30%)
292,615
(36.22%)
383,626
(47.48%)

150,842

172,685

892,474
142,947
(16.0%)
302,125
(33.99%)
447,402
(59.10%)

990,786
154,003
(15.54%)
351,824
(35.51%)
484,959
(48.95%)

No.

15,221

16,612

20,973

No.

1,568

1,622

1,717

No.

200

149

147

Rs. In Thousand

2,270,921

2,612,596

3,712,315

Rs. In Thousand

2,175,168

2,515,525

3,578,119

Source: Ministry of Woman, Childern and Social Welfare

*Of First Eight Months

13.99

By mid March (end of Falgun) of the current fiscal year 2015/16,

pursuant to the modified building code the construction process of 9
buildings of the women and children office has been moved forward. 46
women organizations have been awarded grant to construct the building.

13.100

By the mid-March of the current fiscal year, under the skill for the
vocational group development and vocational development training
three days training to 1 thousand 3 hundred 74 individuals, five days
village level training to 5 hundred individuals, five days district level
training to 1 thousand 7 hundred individuals, seven days district level
training to 1 thousand 5 hundred 40 individuals, fifteen days training to
75 individuals, thirty days training to 72 individuals, and ninety days
district level training to 20 individuals have been provided. Similarly, 4
thousand 6 hundred 43 individuals were made available with the business
establishment expenses grant from NPR 3 thousand 5 hundred to NPR 4
thousand 5 hundred (NPR 7 thousand 5 hundred in 3 earthquake affected
districts). 54 organizations were provided with the grant per organization
from NPR 150 thousand to 250 thousand in accordance with the
238

development investment for the multipurpose program for common

vocational services.
13.101

By the mid - March of the current fiscal year, under the women against
the poverty campaign, coaching training to 2 thousand 6 hundred
individuals and skill and vocational development training to 4 thousand 5
hundred 12 individuals was provided. Business establishment expenses
grant has been made available to 4 thousand 5 hundred 82 individuals.
Inter-organization study visit was done for 1 hundred 5 individuals.

13.102

By the mid-March of the current fiscal year, under the adolescent girls'
multi dynamic development, ten days a life-worth living training was
provided to 4 hundred 50 adolescent girls. 40 centers have been upgraded
as the adolescent girl information and counseling center. Similarly, in
this period skill and vocational development training has been provided
to 4 hundred 50 adolescent girls. Business establishment expenses grant
has been provided to 4 hundred 20 individuals.

13.103

Under Freed 'Kamalari' empowerment free 'Kamalari' group has been

formed under women organization in 42 groups. Coaching to 7 groups
and skill and vocational development training along with the business
establishment expenses grant has been made available to 180 individuals.

13.104

Under the social awareness against 'Chhaupadi' (exclusion during

monthly period of girl) practice, 'training of trainers' training to 20
adolescent girls in Bajhang District and gender sensitive training to 2
hundred 10 individuals from school management committee members,
guardians and teachers was provided. Similarly, training on the effects of
the 'Chhaupadi' practice on the society was provided to 2 hundred 10
traditional witch doctors and guardians.

13.105

Emergency protection service center in 25 districts; Gorkha,

Kavrepalanchowk, Dhading, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Sindhuli,
makawanpur, Okhaldhunga, Dolakha, Ramechhap, Sindhupalchowk,
Nuwkot, Rasuwa, Solukhumbu, Khotang, Chitawan, Lamjung, Kaski,
Tanahun, Syanjha, Gulmi, Palpa, Baglung and Parbat and Socio
psychology counseling centre in 5 districts; Gorkha, Okhaldhunga,
Makwanpur, Kathmandu and Dolkha has been established.

Human Trafficking And Smuggling Control

13.106

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year, 1 thousand 4 hundred
70 women rescued from being trafficking were provided services through
239

rehabilitation houses operated in 8 districts. The number was 3 hundred

27 in the same period and 9 hundred 19 in the complete period of the last
fiscal year.
Table 13 (ah): Service Rendered Through Rehabilitation Center
S. No.

Fiscal Year

Districts

2014/15

2015/16*

1.

Chitwan

90

105

2.

Rupandehi

231

320

3.

Sindhupalchwok

13

27

4.

Kailali

28

46

5.

Parsa

165

336

6.

Banke

114

182

7.

Kathmandu

18

26

8.

Jhapa

244

387

9.

Kolkatta High Commission Office

Total

Source: Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare

16

41

919

1470

*Of first eight months

Children And Adolescents

13.107

To ensure the respectful and meaningful participation of children 22

thousand 4 hundred 57 child clubs are formed and facilitated for the
operation throughout the country. 431 thousand 9 hundred 60 children
are actively affiliated to these child clubs.

13.108

Total of about 16 thousand 4 hundred children including about 7

thousand 9 hundred 89 boys and about 8 thousand 4 hundred 11 girls are
protected in the 5 hundred 77 orphanages / children home operated in 44
different districts for the children who are abandoned and requiring
special care and protection.

13.109

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year, 10 organizations have
been selected to rescue, protect and manage 2 hundred street children in
the Kathmandu Valley and to implement the street children rescue,
protection and management guidelines to move ahead with in
cooperation with the concerned government agencies and
nongovernment organization.

13.110

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year, total of 8 thousand 1
hundred 77 children were distributed with the financial relief including
NPR 5 thousand per person to 6 thousand 3 hundred 75 children and
NPR 4 thousand per person to 1 thousand 8 hundred 2 children from 14
240

districts affected by the earthquake. The number of the children affected

by the earthquake is about 40 thousand 36 according to the latest
statistics received from the aforementioned districts.
13.111

For the overall development and protection of the children and

adolescents early/child marriage prevention and minimizing campaign
has been conducted in different 31 districts having more early/child
marriage. To prevent and control the trafficking and smuggling, children
trafficking and smuggling prevention awareness program has been
conducted in 23 districts bordering with India. With the view of child
protection, family awareness programs in 9 districts of Karnali zone and
other backward areas with less awareness and awareness program in 6
districts having more incidents of child sexual abuses and rape has been
conducted.

13.112

For the rescue, protection, search and family reunion, rehabilitation and
reintegration of the children lost, found and found abandoned, children
search coordination center has been established since 2006 as a part of
the Nepal Police and toll free number 104 has been operated.

13.113

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, total of 3
hundred 36 children including 1 hundred 97 boys and 1 hundred 39 girls
were reunited with the family. Similarly, 77 children are protected at
orphanage /children home during this period.
Table 13 (ai): Details of Missing, Found after Missing and Found
Unattended Children
Fiscal Year (for Eight Months)

Description

2014/15

2015/16

Missing

333

625

Found After Missing

164

210

Found Unattended

208

209

Reunited with Family

88

336

Protected at Orphanage

107

77

13

Escaped from Orphanage

Source: Central Child Welfare Committee

241

Chart 13 (h) : Detail of Lost and Protected Children in the first eight month
of Fiscal Year 2015/16

Source: Central Child Welfare Committee

13.114

In the past years child helpline number 1098 was being operated in
Kathmandu, Makawanpur, Chitawan, Kaski, Morang, Udayapur,
Lamjung, Rupandehi, Banke, Bardiya, Surkhet, Dailekh and Kailali
districts while in the current fiscal year 2015/16, the helpline is being
operated in 11 districts except Bardiya and Dailekh. During this period
total of 2 thousand 4 hundred 41 children including 1 thousand 2 hundred
13 boys and 1 thousand 2 hundred 28 girls in the risky situation were
emergency rescue and relief was made available through the free child
helpline number 1098 operated in aforementioned district and
psychological counseling and family reunion was done. The number in
the fiscal year 2014/15 was total of 4 thousand 69 including 2 thousand 1
hundred 84 boys and 1 thousand 8 hundred 85 girls.

Source: Central Child Welfare Committee

242

13.115

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, total of 5
hundred 77 orphanage/children homes are in operation in different 44
districts in the country. There are 16 thousand 4 hundred children
including 7 thousand 9 hundred 89 boys and 8 thousand 4 hundred 11
girls are taking shelter. In Kathmandu valley alone there are 3 hundred
53 children home are in operation and total of 10 thousand 28 children
are taking shelter.

13.116

According to the central child welfare committee it was assumed that

there are 1 hundred 6 street children under the age of 15 years in 20
different places of the Kathmandu Valley in fiscal year 2014/15. The
number is more than 50 percent of the total persons living in the streets
of Kathmandu valley (assumed the minimum of 1 hundred 84 and
maximum of 2 hundred). Most of the street children are assumed to be
living in Gaushala, Pashupati, Chabahil and Tilganga areas.

Inter Country Child Adoption

13.117

Inter country adopted child management development committee has

been formed pursuant to the Inter country adopted child management
development committee (formation) order, 2010. Through this committee
in the first eight months of the current fiscal year, 2 adopted children has
been provided.

Senior Citizen
13.118

Total of 9 hundred 60 senior citizens including 6 hundred 21 female and

3 hundred 39 male have been receiving free services from the elderly
home at five development regions for the protection of the senior
citizens. 73 senior citizen homes and 72 senior citizens day care center
are in operation in partnership in different places. Social security
allowance of NPR 1 thousand monthly has been made available to the
senior citizens of and above 70 years of age (60 years for the people from
Karnali zone and Dalit community). Efforts have been made for the
effective implementation of the provision of reservation and discount in
transport for the senior citizens.

Physically Challenged Person

13.119

Community based rehabilitation program, one month CBR workers

training, awareness programs through Radio and Television and day
service and residential rehabilitation program has been conducted in
partnership with organizations for the physically challenged person at all
243

districts. Recently physically challenged related helpdesk has come in

operation at all women and children office in the 75 districts.
Rehabilitation and hostel facility for the women with physical
impairment has been managed.
13.120

Listening CD and Cassette to increase the access of the blinds in the

education, rehabilitation and care of the intellectually challenged people,
support in the rehabilitation of the mentally challenged people, support
materials production and distribution support program has been
conducted at all five development regions (CBR, Biratnagar; National
Handicapped Fund, Kathmandu; Green Pasture Hosptal, Kaski;
Handicapped empowerment and communication center, Banke; and
Nepal national Social Welfare organization, Kanchanpur).

13.121

Residential rehabilitation centers are in operation in Central region and

Far-western region for the completely disabled physically challenged
people recently. Identity card has been distributed to the people from
different disability sectors related to the completely disabled, very
disabled, moderately disabled and general disability.
Table 13 (aj): Disability Identity Card Distribution Details

S. NO.

Type of Identity Card

No. of Identity Card Distributed till Fiscal year 2014/15

Female

Male

Total

Red (Complete Disability)

20678

15922

36600

Blue (Sever Disability)

22458

31772

54220

Yellow (Moderate
Disability)

22650

32736

55386

White (Mild Disability)

15880

22592

38472

Unspecified Type

14110

Source: Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare

Source: Ministry of Women Children and Social Welfare

244

Social Welfare (Non Governmental Organization)

13.122

In the eight months of the fiscal year 2015/16, 5 hundred 67 programs of

the Non Governmental Organization and 62 programs of International
Non Governmental Organization has been approved by Social Welfare
Council.

Table 13 (ak) : Social Welfare Council registered institutions and approved

programs

Description

Fiscal Year

Unit

2012/13
Non Governmental
Number
573
Organization
International nonNumber
75
governmental organization
Approved Programs
(a) NGOs
Number
1138
(b) INGOs
75
Approved Amount
(a) NGOs
Rs. in
8735990
(b) INGOs
Thousands
2601753
Source: Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

655

567

567

53

112

254

1312
53

1242
85

11022085
3483846

567
62

1310380
6218108
12291337
24853000
*Of the first eight months

Drinking Water and Sanitation

13.123

It is very essential to have adequate access to the clean and safe drinking
water and sanitation remained on the main basis of healthy human
society and social development. National water plan, 2005 has the target
of making the basic level drinking water service and sanitation facility
available to all the Nepali people by 2017.
Table 13 (al) : Basic Drinking Water and Sanitation Status
Target set by National
Water Project 2005
2012

2017

2027

Achievement
Upto 2015
(Percent)

Basic Drinking Water Service (As percent total beneficiaries)

90.0

100.0

85.0

Basic Sanitation (As percent of total beneficiaries)

90.0

100.0

81.0

Upper-medium level Drinking water l (As percent of total

beneficiaries)

15.0

27.0

50.0

15.3

Indicators

Source: Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

245

13.124

Sanitation movement has been taken ahead as a social movement to

reach the goal of declaring Open Defecation Free Area by 2017. Until
recently 2 thousand 96 VDCs, 86 Municipalities, 34 districts have been
declared Open Defecation Free. In the current fiscal year 3 hundred 22
VDCs, 14 Municipalities, 8 districts have been declared as Open
Defecation Free.

Table 13 (am): Status of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Rural and Small
Town Drinking Water
S.
No.
1

Particular
Drinking Water and Sanitation
Project

1138

Person

1193,481

3350,000

45,000

No.

2239

--

Beneficiary Number

Person

1122,293

--

Drinking Water and Sanitation

Improvement Expansion Project
(Beneficiary Number)

Person

770,463

442,000

No.

99

992

Person

776,300

116,196

No.

Community
Rain Water
Harvesting
Project
4
and
16
Community
School

Community
Rain Water
Harvesting
Project 6 and
20
Community
School

Community Rain
Water Harvesting
Project 1 and 4
Community
School

Completed Schemes under Successive

Projects

Completed Drinking Water Processing

System
Beneficiary Number

Rain Water Harvesting Project

Beneficiary Number (Students and

Person
12839
4000
500
Pilgrims)
Declaration of Open Defecation Free Zone (A total of 2096 VDC, 86 Municipalities and 34 Districts has
been declared as Open Defecation Free Zone)

(a) VDCs
(b) Municipalities
(c) Districts
Source: Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

13.125

2014/15*

1137

Fiscal Year
2012/13
2013/14

No.

Beneficiary Number
2

Unit

No.
No.
No.

5528
77
77

2289

3322

559
114
112
88
* Of First Eight Months

To promote the public toilets in the Open Defecation Free declared areas
post ODF programs are being conducted and the policy of promoting the
toilets in the public places before the declaration of the Open Defecation
Free area in the areas that not been declared has been adopted. In
addition, organizing the complete cleaning/sanitation program in
cooperation and participation with the concerned agencies and
stakeholders and to develop the Open Defecation Free area solo
246

cleaning/sanitation program has been operated. Because of the complete

cleaning/sanitation program improvement in the environment has been
observed by Open Defecation Free reduction in water, land and air
pollution.
13.126

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year 32 tube wells has been
fitted in Rautahat and Dhanusha districts to solve the problem of Arsenic
in the drinking water in Terai districts.

13.127

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year, additional 45

thousand people have benefitted from the drinking water and sanitation
program. Under this program, a total of 2 thousand 7 hundred 66 projects
are in operation.

Melamchi Drinking Water

13.128

Melamchi drinking water project is a comprehensive inter-watershed

drinking water supply project. This project has the objective of solving
the long time drinking water problem of the Kathmandu Valley by
diverting the Melamchi River flowing through Sindhupalchowk district
to Kathmandu Valley. With the objective to meet the demand of the
drinking water of the urban area of Kathmandu Valley the project in the
first phase, the capacity of the project can be increased gradually, is
targeted to bring in 170 million liters of water every day to the
Kathmandu Valley through 26.5 kilometers of tunnel from the headwork
constructed at Ribarma in Sindhupalchowk District's Helambu VDC's
Melamchi river to Sundarijal of Kathmandu District. The target is to
bring in 170 million liters of water from each river, Yangri and Larke,
total of 510 million liters of water in the second and third phase of the
project.

13.129

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year, 1.544 kilometers of the
tunnel construction has been completed. Until now construction of the
total of 14.57 kilometers tunnel in the different sections of the main
tunnel has been completed. The construction of the 2 hundred 4 meters of
diversion tunnel required for construction of head works has also been
completed.

13.130

The construction work of the processing center with the processing

capacity of 85 million liters of water daily is in progress. RCC work of
15 thousand 4 hundred cubic meters has been completed through various
247

units of the water Processing Center. So far, 77.50 percent of the water
processing center has been completed.
Rural Drinking Water And Sanitation
13.131

"Rural drinking water and sanitation program" implemented in the

investment of Government of Nepal in 75 districts of the country with the
objective of making sustainable, reliable and adequate quantity of
drinking water facility available to all the population of the country.
Under this project apart from gravity drinking water, tube well fitting,
rain water harvesting and toilet construction and environment cleaning,
awareness programs and guiding the local agencies to conduct programs
according to the WASH (Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene) concept
has also been done. In the fiscal year 2014/15, 1 thousand 2 hundred 80
successive and gravity drinking water completed, one rain water
harvesting, 2 deep tube well and shallow tube well were installed. About
51 thousand 1 hundred 74 individuals were benefitted from this. The
works on the successive and new drinking water project, rain water
harvesting program, installation of deep tube well and shallow tube well
are underway in fiscal year 2015/16.

Rural Water Resource Management

13.132

In the grant assistance of Government of Nepal and Government of

Finland with the objective of improving the environment condition and
improving life standard of the people by managing the drinking water
and sanitation from the fiscal year 2006/07, works on the water resource
master plan, arsenic reduction, gravity drinking water, irrigation, micro
hydro electricity, Waste management sectors have been carried out in 1
hundred 13 VDCs of 10 districts including Humla, Dailekh, Kailali, Doti,
Achham, Bajura, Bajhang, Darchula, Baitadi and Dadeldhura of Far and
mid western development regions.

13.133

In the fiscal year 2014/15, 1 hundred 52 drinking water system and

sanitation project schemes, 14 multi utility of water schemes, 31 stand
alone drinking water schemes, 22 irrigation schemes and 21 micro hydro
electricity have been completed. In the first eight months of the current
fiscal year 2015/16, survey design estimate has been completed for the
drinking water system and sanitation project scheme, multi utility of
water scheme, stand alone drinking water scheme, household level
livelihood schemes, post construction scheme, micro- hydro electricity
scheme while these schemes are in the process of singing an agreement.
248

Western Nepal Rural Drinking Water and Sanitation

13.134

In the grant assistance of the Government of Nepal and Government of

Finland in 12 districts; Tanahun, Syanjha, Parbat, Baglung, Mustang,
Myagdi, Gulmi, Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Nawalparasi, Pyuthan nad Rolpa
rural drinking water and sanitation program has started from the fiscal
year 2008/09. The main objectives of the program are to increase access
to drinking water and sanitation facility in 6 hilly districts and to reduce
the arsenic contents in other 3 districts of Terai.

13.135

In the fiscal year 2014/15 1 thousand 2 hundred 83 drinking water and

sanitation schemes were completed along with 27 public toilets.
Similarly, support was provided for the toilet construction to the 12
thousand 3 hundred 52 households to declare open defecation free zone.
In the first eight months of the current fiscal year 13 drinking water
projects, 15 public toilet construction and 3 water tank construction have
been completed.

Damage Rendered By Earthquake To Water Supply And Sanitation Sector

13.136

Almost 5 thousand 2 hundred drinking water projects have been fully and
partially damaged due to devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and its
subsequent aftershocks. About 220 thousand private toilets are estimated
to have damaged. As per the preliminary estimate, the damaged rendered
by earthquake is close to Rs. 10.4 billion. The analysis has been made
that the water sources has been drying up. There has not been smooth
supply in the construction materials required for reconstruction and
recovery projects.

Youth and Sports

13.137

National Youth Council has been established to involve youths in nation

building initiative through their overall development. National Youth
Policy, 2015 has been issued by revising National Youth Policy,2009.
Youth vision 2025 has been drafted came into execution.

13.138

Youth utilization program including skill and employment oriented

programs are being carried out in collaboration and partnership of
organizations, institutions involved youth sector by identifying their
needs for their skill and entrepreneurship development. As per Nepal's
commitment to organize 13th South Asian Games, infrastructure
development and upgrading works are in progress.
249

13.139

The damage rendered by devastating earthquake of 25 April and 12 May

to sports related infrastructures is estimated at Rs. 1.79 billion while
such loss for Dashrath Stadium premises alone is calculated at Rs. 1.25
billion.

National Youth Mobilization

13.140

With the objective to increase active participation of youth in the nation

building initiative, National Youth Mobilization program has been in
operation since past years. According to the program to gradually
strengthen the youth information centers established at all districts in this
fiscal year, upgrading of 16 information centers has been completed. The
psychological counseling against the drugs abuse to the youth has started.
Action plan to involve youths in disaster management has been prepared
while training on disaster management has been continued through Nepal
Scout.
Table 13 (an): National Youth Mobilization Program Details
Fiscal Year

S.
No.

1
2
3
4
5

Program

Local Youth Partnership

Program
Youth Experience Sharing
Program operating under
Bilateral Agreement
Material Support Program
for Disabled Youths
Youth Information Center
Operation Program
Upgradation/Strengthening
of Youth Information Center

Youth Training and Support

Program
Youth
Talent
Award
7
Program
Youth
Communication
8
Program
Source: Ministry of Youth and Sports
6

13.141

Unit
2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Number

640

653

715

437

437

Person

99

50

50

98

200

200

84

District

75

75

75

75

75

District

15

10

16

Person

57

661

1003

1040

Person/
Institution

Center/Times

*Of first eight months

National youth mobilization program has positive impacts on different

youth sector. After organizing Local Youth Partnership Program, it has
supported in enhancing youths' skill, capacity and awareness. Useful
information for youth has been disseminated through Youth information
and communication program. Youth talent honor program has
encouraged the youths in exploration, research, entrepreneurship and
250

social services. Skill and employment oriented training and subsequent

support program provided has helped to create employment opportunities
and reduce poverty by enhancing employment, self employment and
entrepreneurship of youths.
Sports Development
13.142

For the development of the sports, constituencies, districts, development

regions, central level running shield tournaments, secondary school level
boys/girls football and cricket tournaments are being organized since past
years. Awareness programs have been conducted in all five development
regions to raise the awareness among the trainers and players against the
anti-doping in sports and to discourage the use of illegal drugs.

13.143

With the intention of making differently abled people healthy by

attracting them towards sports, financial assistance has been provided for
the operation of para and special sports. Talented players, institutions and
medal winning players in international tournaments are being awarded
every year.
Table 13(ao): Sports and Extra-Curricular Activities Details
Fiscal Year

S.
No.
1
a
b
c
2
3
4
5
6

Program
Presidential Running Shield Tournament
District Level
Regional Level
Central Level
Secondary High School Level
Football Tournament
Secondary High School Level Cricket
Tournament
Para-Sports Support Program
National Talent Award on Sports
Anti Doping Awareness Program

Awards to Medal Winning Athletes

in Internal Sports
8
Nepal Scout Building Repair
9
District Based Scout Building
Construction
Source: Ministry of Youth and Sports

13.144

Unit

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

District
Region
Center

68
5
1

68
5
1

70
5
1

74
5
1

56
-

Times

Times

Times
Person

1
3

1
3

1
5

1
9

1
10

Person

32

144

130

120
45

Person

115

Center

Number

7
3 (under
3
construction)
*Of First Eight Months

Sports infrastructure construction and reform, organizing national/

international level tournaments and participation, providing training to
the players on the regular basis and motivation programs are being
conducted. Programs like lifelong allowance, insurance facility and for
treatments of players in accidental cases.
251

Table 13 (ap) :Programs under National Sports Council

Fiscal Year

S.
No.

1
2
3
4

Program
ToT and Refresher Trainings for
players from Sports Academy, Trainers
and other sports related Manpower
Operation of Sports Medicine and
Research Center
International Training, Seminar,
Workshops, Team Interactions
Life-time Allowance for Players

Unit
2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Center

120

1915

1810

1765

260

Center

Person

16

60

200

106

40

Person

Region

Regional Level Tournaments

Conducted
District Level Tournaments Conducted

District

75

75

75

75

75

Special Trainings for National Team

Players on Various Sports

Person

61

200

170

235

170

Person

15

20

16

25

Number

46

45

50

57

60

Institution

15

15

10

Times

15

10

Sports

10

10

11

Number

Person

58

77

30

30

96

Number

33

Number

74

54

45

282

358

Number

20

10

Number

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Players Medical Treatments and

Medical Support in Accidental Cases
Grants Awarded to National Sports
Federation for conducting sports
activities
Supporting the organizers on
Indigenous, Traditional sports
Organization of International
Tournaments and Participation
Mountaineering Sports Competition
Organized
Reconstruction and Maintenance of
Physical infrastructure of Stadiums
Cash Prize Distributed for Motivating
Players
Construction and Maintenance of
Covered Halls
Construction of Sports Ground

Construction and Upgrading of Cricket

17
Grounds
Constructions of Various Sport
18
Academies (Ongoing)
Source: National Sports Council

*Of first eight months

Major Achievements In The Sports Sector In The Current Fiscal Year

13.145

In the 12th South Asian Games organized in India, Nepal bagged 3 gold,
23 Silver and 34 bronze medals and has stood at 6th position. After the
Nepal national football team won the gold medal in the 6th South Asian
Games in Bangladesh, Dhaka in 1993 it had no remarkable achievement
while after 23 years in 2016 12th South Asian Games the team was
successful in winning Gold medal. Similarly, in January 2016 reputed
Bangabandhu Cup organized by Bangladesh, Nepal defeated Bahrain in
finals and has bagged gold medal and has relieved the long draught of
medals in the Nepal's sports history.
252

13.146

In 1st South Asian Games 1983, Nepal had bagged 3 bronze medals in
swimming and was unable to win any medals for long until 8th South
Asian Games in Kathmandu 1999 with 1 gold medal and after a long gap
Nepal again bagged total of 4 medals including 1 silver and 3 bronze in
12th South Asian Games.
Table 13 (aq) : 12th SAG Games Medal Table

S.N

Country

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total Medals

India

188

90

30

308

Sri Lanka

25

63

98

186

Pakistan

12

37

57

106

Afghanistan

19

35

Bangladesh

15

56

75

Nepal

23

34

60

Maldives

Bhutan
Total

15

16

239

240

310

789

Source: Ministry of Youth and Sports

13.147

Nepal Cricket team was in division 3 till 2010 while in 2014 it played
T20 world cup remaining in the division 3 in 2014 and in 2015 it was
able to reach division 1 and competed for the world cup qualifiers in
Bangladesh. Recently Nepal defeated Namibia in both 2 matches
organized in Nepal for the World cricket league selection.

Impact Analysis On The Sports Sector Through The Operation Of Sports

Related Programs
13.148

President running shield and school level cricket and football

tournaments operation have supported in search and development of the
sports talents at local level. Para and special sports programs have been
able to support the differently able people to realize their sporting desires
and to demonstrate their talents. The awareness program against the use
of the doping in the sports have provided information and raised the
awareness among the players regarding anti-doping.

13.149

The cash prizes awarded to the players bagging medals in the

international sport competitions has encouraged the players to be
dedicated to the sports. The annual grant amount provided to Nepal Scout
has been supporting for the operation and development of scouting
related activities.
253

13.150

Construction and development of sports related infrastructures have

provided support for the operation of sport activities. Trainings, coaching
programs related to sports have been supporting the players to develop
the skills and capacity. The financial assistance being awarded to the
various national sport unions/federations has supported the development
and extension of the related sports. Likewise, it has helped to organize
and participate in various national and international level tournaments.

13.151

Programs like Players' insurance, players' treatment, emergency accident

support and lifelong allocation of the allowance provision have helped to
encourage players' dedication towards sports. Cash prizes and
recognition to the players achieving winning medals in the national and
international sport tournaments have motivated them towards sports.

Social Development Works From Local Bodies

13.152

Social development programs are being conducted with a view to ensure

the social security related management of the senior citizens of the
society, single women, Dalits, endangered indigenous caste and
differently abled citizens and to facilitate their livelihood.

Vital Registration Program

13.153

Different programs are being organized to raise awareness related to the

vital event like birth, death registration. The work of MIS design for the
Data migration of the vital event and Social Security Software existing in
the market and entry of description of the beneficiaries receiving the
social security from the Karnali zone in the MIS is in progress after the
agreement reached with MIS Firm. Likewise, the draft of the amendment
of the Birth, death and other Vital Event Registration Act, 1976 has been
prepared in order to simplify the solutions of the different problems
related to the vital events.

254

Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

13.154

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year, vital events of 16
VDCs and 24 Municipalities of 9 districts have been registered through
online. By the end of previous fiscal year 2014/15, Birth and death
registration account for 876 thousand 1 hundred 93 and 114 thousand 3
hundred 52 respectively.
Table 13 (ar) : Vital Statistics Registration Details

Vital Event
Registration

Description

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16 (Mid-March)

Female

258089

385536

488802

421503

15518

Male

297857

429485

540879

456090

18289

Total

559440

822429

1029681

866193

33807

Female

34097

43045

48270

47707

1994

Male

85396

69823

74087

66645

8382

Total

120394

113368

121849

114352

10376

Marriage Registration

178196

208211

137316

224826

9942

Divorce Registration

407

557

1104

1355

26

Migration Registration

90558

81946

94613

121429

6329

Persons Migrated in

152812

137499

141871

173454

10232

Persons Migrated out

171560

158901

167034

193560

12062

Total Number of Migrants

324889

296251

308981

196170

22294

Birth
Registration

Death
Registration

Source: Ministry of Federal Affair and Local Development

Note: Total number may vary data due to unsegreated data made available on birth and death registrations of males
and females

255

Social Security (Senior Citizen, Differently Abled People, Endangered

People and Single Women Security Provision)
13.155

As directed by the Social Security Program Working Procedure, the

monthly allowances are distributed at different specified rates to the total
of 2 million 265 thousand 5 hundred 35 individuals including 1 million
49 thousand 8 hundred 19 senior citizens, 660 thousand 1 hundred 28
widows and single women above the age of 60, 23 thousand 3 hundred
46 endangered people, 30 thousand 9 hundred 12 completely disabled, 31
thousand 4 hundred 8 partially disabled and 469 thousand 9 hundred 22
children under the age of five from the Karnali zone and Dalit family.

13.156

From the current fiscal year, the new provision has been made available
of distributing Rs. 5 hundred per month as treatment expenses to the
senior citizens above age of 70 falling under any targeted group besides
their regular monthly allowance. 905 thousand 7 hundred 25 senior
citizens have been benefitted from this provision.
Table 13 (as): Social Security Allowance Distribution
(In Numbers)
Monthly
Rate
(Rs.)

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

500

663693

655737

688930

792379

Senior Citizen (Dalits)

500

170825

244646

234634

230085

Senior Citizen (Karnali)

500

29626

28797

27855

27355

Single Women above 60 Years

500

361350

341106

231352

172842

Widows below 60 Years

500

219933

313613

417201

487286

Fully Disabled Persons

1000

22138

25492

27203

30912

Partially Disabled Persons

300

6774

6863

6375

31408

Endangered People

1000

18825

19223

20308

23346

Target Group
Senior Citizen

Children

200
Grand Total

Fiscal Year

551916

537118

506718

469922

2045080

2172595

2160576

2265535

Senior Citizens above 70 years (Treatment Allowance Rs. 500)

Source: Ministry of Federal Affair and Local Development

13.157

905725
*First eight months

The details of the Social Security allowance recipients of 26 districts

have been registered in the Social Security and Vital Statistics
Management Information System (MIS) with the initiation of delegation
of authority for this purpose. The use of this system has supported to
allocate realistic budget and delegate authority thereby reducing expense
burden to the government.
256

Table 13 (at) : Progress in Social Allowance Distribution

Effect of MIS on Distribution of Social Allowances (Of 26 Districts)
S.No.

Number of DDC Service Beneficiary

Obtained Number from MIS

836446

709719

Reduced in Total Number (%)

15.15

Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

Golden Thousand Days and Multi - Sector Nutrition

13.158

With the objective of improving habit and concept relating to nutrition of

reproductive aged women and children below two years in the active
participation of community for nutrition, "Golden Thousand Days
Project" has been brought into implementation since July 2012 in 25
percent (292 VDC) of 15 districts including Okhaldhunga, Khotang,
Udayapur, Saptari, Sunsari, Siraha, Sindhuli, Ramechhap, Dhanusha,
Mahottari, Makawanpur, Bara, Parsha, Rautahat, and Sarlahi. This
project shall remain in implementation until 30 June 2017. Likewise,
"Multi sector nutrition program" has been implemented in 28 districts.
The program had started in 6 districts since fiscal year 2013/14.

Environment Management
Environment Friendly Local Governance Program
13.159

From the fiscal year 2014/15, in 33 municipalities and 60 VDCs of the 12

districts in the Koshi and Gandaki Watershed areas of Nepal environment
friendly local governance program had begun. In the fiscal year 2015/16,
program has been extended to additional 2 districts benefiting a total of
54 municipalities and 60 VDCs of Saptari, Siraha, Udayapur, Dhanusha,
Sharlahi, Rautahat, Sindhuli, Kavrepalanchowk, Chitawan, Nawalparasi,
Gorkha, Lamjung, Tanahun, Kaski districts.

13.160

In the fiscal year 2014/15, 99 ponds conservation, 7 hundred 43 solar

street light installation, 3 hundred 20 household solar light installation,
56 park construction, 21 park conservation, 44 public toilet construction,
1 thousand 1 hundred 88 toilets (household) construction, 71 thousands 7
hundreds 59 plantation (Public land and Road corridors), 46 nursery
construction, 57 river and landslides control program and 5 memorial
garden construction have been completed. In the first eight months of the

257

current fiscal year, local bodies are being involved for the operation of
about 1 thousand 3 hundred different activities.
Inclusive Development
13.161

Different programs are being implemented from the preceding years with
a view of achieving inclusive development by bringing marginalized and
backward groups into the main stream of development. As development
of the women is indispensible for the overall development of the state the
policy to include the women friendly and gender equality oriented
equitable programs in all the plans and programs has been adopted.

13.162

Under the inclusive development "Endangered Indigenous/tribes

Upliftment and Chepang Development Program", "Excluded, Deprived
and Dalit upliftment program", "Backward Community Upliftment
Development Program, Remote and special Zone Development
Program", Buddhist Doctrine Promotion and Monastery Development
Program" and "Badi Community Upliftment Development Program" are
in operation. These programs are expected to provide support for making
economic development inclusive through development of marginalized
and backward groups and zones.

13.163

By the end of FY 2014/15, a total of 6 hundred 39 students have been

awarded scholarship in higher education under "Excluded, Deprived and
Dalit Upliftment Development Program. Civil service preparation classes
for 2 hundred 50 individuals and employment oriented training for 2
hundred individuals were conducted while 15 drinking water and toilets
were constructed through the same program. Similarly, in the first eight
months of the current fiscal year, 6 hundred 33 individuals received
higher education scholarship. Likewise, Civil service preparation classes
for 80 individuals and employment oriented training for 1 hundred 50
individuals have been conducted with the construction of 1 hundred 60
toilets. Similarly, 10 awareness programs have been conducted.

13.164

By mid-March, 2016, civil service preparation class, vocational

education scholarship distribution for backward community, awareness
programs against dowry and witchcraft practices has been conducted
Under"Backward Community Upliftment Development Program", which
is being implemented in 26 districts.

13.165

Under the "Remote and Special Zone Development Program"

implemented in total of 22 districts that came after 1991 AD, 16
258

suspension bridges and 51 kilometers of horse trail were constructed in

the fiscal year 2014/15. Similarly, in the same year, 29 irrigation
projects, 21 drinking water projects, 11 electrification projects and 21
different community infrastructure projects (school building, library,
embankment, modern mills, herbal development etc.) were completed. In
the first eight months of the current fiscal year, under this program, the
construction of 5 suspension bridges and 39 kilometers of horse trail
have been completed. Similarly, during this period, 2 irrigation projects,
2 drinking water projects, 4 electrification projects and 3 other
community infrastructure projects have been completed.
13.166

In the fiscal year 2014/15, capacity building training to 1 hundred 46

individuals, 75 toilets construction, 10 drinking water tap fitting and wire
distribution for the electrification at 80 household under "Badi
Community Upliftment Development" have been completed. In the first
eight months of the current fiscal year 2015/16, 67 toilet construction, 2
drinking water tap fitting, civil service preparation classes to 9
individuals and awareness seminar on the health and hygiene to 33
individuals have been completed and conducted.

13.167

By the end of fiscal year 2014/15, Solar distribution to 14 Monasteries,

Buddhist Doctrine study for one time and 'Dharma Deshana religious
sermon for one time were conducted under "Buddhist Doctrine
promotion and monastery development program". Buddhist philosophy
study for one time, 'Dharma Deshana' religious sermon program, solar
distribution and monastery management training program to 14
Monasteries have been completed during first eight months of the current
fiscal year 2015/16.

13.168

In the first eight months of the current fiscal year, monitoring program of
the racial discrimination and untouchability related incidents werw
conducted for 15 times. Similarly, racial discrimination and touchability
(crime and punishment) act, 2011 (2068) has been broadly publicized
through electronic media in 7 districts. Similarly, health/relief program
for the Dalit community people 30 times, Interaction and advocacy
program in 10 districts and racial certificate distribution through mobile
camp in one district have been completed. In the fiscal year 2014/15,
account management training, Dalit journalist empowerment program
and racial certificate distribution program through mobile camp have
been completed.

259

13.169

In the fiscal year 2014/15, organizing of seminar on the gender inclusion

and equality of Muslim community, situation study of the religious
traditional heritage, program related to the study of the situation and
effectiveness of Madarasha education were conducted while in the first
eight months of the current fiscal year, the training on the gender
inclusion and equality of the Muslim women and service entry
orientation have been completed.

Local Governance And Community Development

13.170

Local Governance and Community Development Program, implemented

in all DDCs, municipalities and VDCs, has been implemented through
local bodies, community and nongovernmental organizations. This
program aims at contributing to poverty reduction through local good
governance and community development.

13.171

By the first eight months of the current fiscal year, the ward civil forum
has been formed at every wards of each VDCs and municipalities and
these forums have been involved in the process of formulating,
prioritizing, implementing and monitoring plans and programs to make
participatory development efforts more meaningful in local governance
system through the direct involvement of the citizens of all levels and
classes.
Table 13 (au): Status of Social Mobilization
Total/
Number
31586

Particulars
Ward Civil Forum
VDCs

28927

Municipalities

2659

Official associated with Ward Citizen Forum

785683

Citizen Awareness Center (Targeted to Community living under poverty line)

Social Mobilizors at VDCs and Municipalities (through NGOs- No. )
Reflect Classes being Conducted

6826
4600
150432

Trainings/Orientation on various subjects to members of Ward Civil Forum (No.)

4556

Ward Civil Forum Involved in Public Delivery Services

4543

NGOs Selection and Mobilization for Social Mobilization

510

Citizen Awareness Center associated with other institutions with increased access to resources

404

Public Hearing

524

Quality Test Laboratory Establishment

Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

260

33

Problems and challenges

13.172

Inability to develop the infrastructure pursuant to the set minimum

standards in the community schools, the lack of required posts in all
lower secondary and secondary level, inability to involve the children of
the deprived community in educational activities by bringing them to
school, persistence of the lack of financial and human resources in the
extension and development of technical education in the school
education, inability to make the schools fitted with information
technically and inability of extending the access to meet the increasing
demand of the technical education and training are the major problems of
the education sector.

13.173

Accessibility extension, improvement in the quality, use of information

and technology, construction of infrastructure and capacity building are
the major challenges of the education sector.

13.174

Making all levels of education relatively inclusive, expanding early

childhood development program, creating child friendly environment in
school, enhancing the internal efficiency of the education and managing
adequate resources and materials to make the basic and secondary level
education free and mandatory have remained as major challenges.

13.175

Enhancing the quality of the community schools by narrowing gap

inherent in educational management and achievements between
community and institutional schools and restricting dropout rate and
declining trends of students at higher level education have remained as
challenges.

13.176

There lie the challenges in adjusting teachers in the community schools

on the basis of number of students, ensuring adequate availability of
teachers' posts as stipulated in the Education Act and Regulation and
making timely institutional reform in educational administrative
structure.

13.177

Enhancing the quality of education at all levels and organizing education

related statistics management system to make it trustworthy and reliable
from central/ district to local level schools have remained as challenges.

13.178

Despite the regular effort of the government, deficiency in nutrition is

still prevalent in almost half of the children under the age of 5 and
women of reproductive age. Likewise, obesity has continued to grow in
the urban areas. Similarly, climate change, increased food insecurity,
261

epidemic and natural disaster and emergence of infectious diseases are

the major factors causing problems in human health.
13.179

The private sector's investment couldn't be increased in health sector to

make it effective for the benefit of general mass. Similarly, lack of
adequate coordination between institutions generating human resource
and those utilizing human resource in health sector has also remained a
problem.

13.180

Increasing access of health insurance program to all citizens across the

country by making all the health institutions competent at the local level
has remained as major challenge.

13.181

The expectation of women, children, senior citizens, differently abled

people and socially deprived classes from minority, sex and gender
perspectives has been increasing day by day. Therefore, it has remained
as major challenge to meet their expectations.

13.182

As there is no direct line agency of the Ministry of Youth and Sport at

the local level, there exists problem in monitoring of local level
implemented programs. Inability to provide adequate resource for the
construction, repair and maintenance of infrastructure for the
development of the sports sector has become a problem. Similarly, sport
sector in Nepal has not been able to utilize adequately the modern
technology developed in the world.

13.183

As the issues of youths are related to various ministries, there remain

challenges to set integrated program, formulate programs in addressing
and utilizing youths and making them self-employed and entrepreneurs.
Similarly, it is a challenge to make arrangements for their spontaneous
mobilization in disaster management by motivating them for the
volunteer works. It is also challenging to address specific common
problems and expectations of all age groups.

13.184

It has remained a challenge to operate the scattered social security

programs in an integrated manner.

262

14. Public Enterprises

14.1

Objectives behind establishment of Public Enterprises (PEs) have been to

make easy availability of essential goods and services to consumers at
fair prices; building basic structures and infrastructure for sustainable
development; generating inspiration for vibrant economy; and promoting
social justice through contribution to economic growth and the people's
welfare.

14.2

Following the adoption of liberal economic policy in Nepal and

subsequent formulation of law thirty (30) Public Enterprises (PEs) have
been privatized as per the government policy of their gradual
privatization for reducing government investment in PEs. Despite the
disinvestment policy of the Government of Nepal that targets gradual
privatization of PEs, there is a challenge of effective privatization amid
the necessity of providing essential services to the people while operating
the businesses in profit.

14.3

There are 37 PEs operating under full or partial ownership of

Government. The net operating income of these 37 PEs has reached Rs.
270,484.70 millions in fiscal year 2014/15. This amount is higher by
5.06 percent as compared to that of previous fiscal year. The net
operating income of these enterprises in fiscal year 2013/14 was Rs.
257,817.30 million. Such growth in net operating income indicates that
financial working skill of PEs has improved.

14.4

Among 37 PEs operating by fiscal year 2014/15, twenty (20) of them

were operating in net profit while 14 at net loss. Details of Nepal
Engineering Consultancy Service Center Ltd. and National Construction
Company Nepal Ltd could not be received because of the staff
retirements. However, data availability of Janakpur Cigarette Factory
has been limited due to employees retirement. PEs, that had recorded net
profit of Rs. 505.03 million in fiscal year 2013/14 earned net profit of Rs.
33,922.7million in fiscal year 2014/15. Net profit recorded significant
growth during this period as compared to preceding fiscal year mainly
due the fact that Nepal Oil Corporation that was operating in loss in
previous fiscal years remained in profit with about Rs, 15 billion in FY
2014/15 and Nepal Telecommunication Company Ltd., Rastriya Banijya
Bank and Agricutlure Development Bank also earned notable profits
during this period.

263

14.5

By fiscal year 2014/15, Governments total share investment in 37 PEs

totaled Rs. 126,160.03 million while total loan investment during the
same period amounted to Rs. 129,961.8.million. By FY 2013/14, share
investments of the government in PEs stood at Rs. 115,814.5 million and
loan investment Rs. 111,681.7 million. Thus, the share investment and
loan investment of the Nepal government in FY 2014/15 remained higher
by 8.93 percent and 16.37 percent respectively as compared to previous
fiscal year.

14.6

The total shareholders fund of Public Enterprises (PEs) totaled Rs.

173,379.3 million by fiscal year 2014/15. In the previous fiscal year,
such shareholders fund stood at Rs. 105,989.5million. As compared to
fiscal year 2013/14, shareholders fund of enterprises has increased by
63.58 percent in its succeeding year.

14.7

The net fixed assets of Public Enterprises that totaled Rs. 126,270.03
million in 2013/14 went up to Rs. 244,138.8 million in its subsequent
year. Auditing of lands and buildings PEs own are yet to be carried out,
which has made the task of assessing the actual value of these assets.
Hence, this has prompted the necessity of PEs to get their accounts of
such assets audited.

14.8

Dividend to Government of Nepal from PEs that totaled Rs. 6,618.7

million in fiscal year 2013/14 dropped slightly to Rs. 6,458.4 million in
fiscal year 2014/15 and this is calculated at 5.12 percent of the share
investment of Rs. 126, 160.3 million. In this period, GoN has received
dividend from Nepal Telecom Company Ltd., Industrial Estate
Management Ltd. and National Housing Company Ltd.

14.9

The unfunded liability of PEs has been growing every year due to various
facility entitlements to PE employees upon their retirement such as
gratuity, pension, medical treatment, insurance, payment against
accumulated leave etc. Such unfunded liability of PEs that totaled Rs.
27,019.1 million in fiscal year 2013/14 decreased by 4.49 percent to Rs.
25806.8 million in its subsequent fiscal year 2014/15. Long-term
liabilities of the PEs is on declining trend with rise in the trend of PEs
towards establishing funds to meet their respective long-term liabilities,
the amount of unfunded liability is still quite large. Hence, there is a
need to establish a separate fund to meet such impending liabilities.

14.10 Net accumulated loss of 37 PEs stood at Rs. 26,922.7 million by fiscal
year 2013/14 while net accumulated profit remained at Rs.13220.03 by
264

fiscal year 2014/15. Enterprises with accumulated loss of over Rs. one
(1) billion totaled ten (10) including Nepal Electricity Authority Rs.
25.20 billion, Nepal Oil Corporation Rs. 17.80 billion, Rastriya Banijya
Bank Rs. 6.25 billion, Nepal Orind Magnesite Pvt Ltd Rs. 4.15 billion,
Udaypur Cement Factory Ltd Rs. 3.71 billion, Nepal Airlines
Corporation Rs. 1.88 billion, Nepal Drugs Ltd. Rs. 1.19 billion, Nepal
Television Rs. 1.15 billion, Food Corporation Rs. 1.10 billion and
National Trading Ltd Rs. 1.09 billion. PEs with accumulated profit of
over Rs. one (1) billion totaled five (5) including Nepal Telecom
Company Ltd Rs. 65.99 billion, Nepal Civil Aviation Authority Rs. 5.67
billion, Rastriya Bima Sansthan Rs. 3.37 billion, NIDC Development
Bank Ltd Rs. 1.67 billion and Agriculture Development Bank Ltd Rs.
1.50 billion.
Contribution of PEs to Revenue and GDP
14.11 PEs net operating income contributed 12.75 percent to revised GDP of
Rs. 2120.00 billion in FY 2014/15. Of the total PEs, trade sector shared
most with 7.12 percent to GDP while social sector has the least
contribution to this with only 0.07 percent.
14.12 The share of dividend that Government of Nepal received from PEs is
1.59 percent of its total revenue collection of Rs.405.87 billion in fiscal
year 2014/15. The return i.e. dividend of 5.12 percent received by
Government of Nepal in proportion to share investment has been lower
than the prevailing interest rate. However, PEs role in income tax, value
added tax and non-tax revenue mobilization seemed to be significant.
14.13 In fiscal year 2014/15, the government had lent Rs. 17.37 billion to PEs
which was 3.37 percent of total government expenditure of Rs. 515.71
billion of the same fiscal year while 14.88 percent was the share of
governments lending to its total capital expenditure for the same fiscal
year.

265

Chart 14 (a) : Sector-wise Net Profit Status of Public Enterprises

Sector-wise Analysis of Public Enterprises

Industries Sector
14.14 Of the seven PEs operating under industries sector, the operating income
of these PEs has stood at Rs. 6, 628.0 million in FY 2014/15 which is
higher by 7.79 percent compared to its previous fiscal year. Janakpur
Cigarette Factory Ltd. remained closed after providing retirement to its
employees, Nepal Orind Magnesite Pvt. Ltd. failed to run its operation
while Nepal Drugs Limited has limited production. Dairy Development
Corporation and Hetauda Cement Factory Limited have been able to
raise their operating income by 9.72 percent and 14.60 percent
respectively.
14.15 In fiscal year 2014/15, net loss of PEs under this sector fell by 21.40
percent to Rs. 608.9 million as compared to its previous year. Total
accumulated loss of this sector stood at Rs. 10616.4million by fiscal year
2014/15. The net fixed assets of PEs under the industries sector has
depreciated by 6 million to Rs. 3,270.06 million from Rs. 3,666.6 million
of fiscal year 2013/14.
266

14.16 The Outstanding debt of PEs operating in the industries sector has
reached Rs. 645.03 million in fiscal year 2014/15 with an increase of Rs.
597.6 million to that of fiscal year 2013/14. Among the PEs to borrow
large amount are Janakpur Cigarette Factory Ltd with Rs. 2.39 billion,
Udaypur Cement Factory Limited with Rs. 2.21 billion, and Nepal Orind
Magnesite Pvt. Ltd. with Rs 760 million. Likewise, shareholders fund
has remained negative by Rs. 4,784.1 million with negative growth of
Rs. 714.2million as compared to that of previous fiscal year.
14.17 Among the total 7 PEs under Industries Sector, Dairy Development
Corporation and Hetauda Cement Factory Ltd have their accounts
audited up to fiscal year 2014/15 while the rest 5 of them are yet to have
their accounts audited only timely basis. A total of 2,252 individuals are
employed in PEs under this sector whereas total annual administrative
expenditures stood at Rs. 626.5 million and unfunded liability for
employees retirement amounted Rs. 2,365.1 million. By fiscal year
2014/15, Government of Nepal has not been able to receive any dividend
on its share investment of Rs. 5,425.6 million in PEs under this sector.
Trade Sector
14.18 A total of six (6) PEs are operating under the trade sector including
Agriculture Inputs Company Ltd, National Seeds Company Ltd, National
Trading Limited, Nepal Food Corporation, Nepal Oil Corporation Ltd,
and The Timber Corporation of Nepal Ltd. PEs under this sector earned
operating income of Rs. 150,930.4 million with net income of Rs.
15,098.5 million in fiscal year 2014/15. Operating income of PEs
amounted to Rs. 145,959.7 million and their net loss stood at Rs. 8,590.3
million in preceding fiscal year. Similarly, net loss of Nepal Oil
Corporation that totaled Rs. 8.30 billion in FY 2013/14 earned profit of
Rs.15.04 billion in its subsequent fiscal year 2014/15 which rendered
positive impact to the profit/loss account of overall trade sector. In this
fiscal year, despite sharp decline in the price of crude oil in international
market, prices of petroleum products in domestic market were not
adjusted in line with such decreased oil prices international market thus
leading to rise of net profit volume of Nepal Oil Corporation.
14.19 The total outstanding debt of PEs operating in trade sector which stood at
Rs. 34,696.0 million in fiscal year 2013/14 fell sharply to Rs. 13,555.8
million in fiscal year 2014/15. By fiscal year 2014/15, Nepal Oil
Corporation has borrowed Rs. 20.28 billion from Employees Provident
267

Fund and Citizen Investment Trust on the guarantee of the Government

of Nepal which has already been repaid.
14.20 The net fixed asset of PEs under this sector totaled Rs. 1,980.7 million by
fiscal year 2014/15. Agriculture Inputs Company Ltd. holds the top
position in terms of the size of its net assets worth Rs.813.4 million.
Overall shareholders' fund of PEs operating under this sector has
negative balance of Rs. 13,760.7 million which is due to Nepal Oil
Corporations negative shareholders fund of Rs. 14685.6 million.
14.21 Among six (6) PEs of this sector, only three of them have conducted their
final audit up to FY 2014/15, while Nepal Food Corporation and
National Trading Limited have completed their audits up to fiscal year
2012/13 and National Seed Company Limited up to 2013/14. The
number of personnel employed in PEs of this sector totaled 1,678 with
administrative expenses of Rs. 1,698.2 million and unfunded liability
amounting to Rs. 935.5 million by the fiscal year 2014/15. Though the
government of Nepal by fiscal year 2014/15 has made loan investment of
Rs. 13,555.8 million and share investment of Rs. 1,608.5 million in PEs
of this sector, dividend receipt appeared to be nil.
Services Sector
14.22 Among Seven (7) PEs (Nepal Civil Aviation Authority, Nepal Airlines
Corporation, Industrial Estate Management Ltd, Nepal Transit and
Warehousing
Co. Ltd, National Productivity and Economic
Development Center Ltd, National Construction Company Nepal Ltd and
Nepal Engineering Consultancy Service Center Ltd.) operating under the
services sector in the past, National Construction Company Nepal Ltd
and Nepal Engineering Consultancy Service Center Ltd as have not
carried out any transactions after employees of these PEs were paid off
with retirement benefits. The operating income of PEs under this sector
totaled Rs. 12315.0 million in fiscal year 2013/14 whereas such income
rose by 3.9 percent in fiscal year 2014/15 reaching Rs. 12,796.4 million.
Nepal Airlines Corporation and Nepal Civil Aviation Authority have
earned the largest operating income of Rs. 7,888.8 million and Rs.
4,161.7 million respectively in the same fiscal year.
14.23 Net profit of PEs under this sector that totaled Rs. 1,344.8 million in
fiscal year 2013/14 has gone up to Rs. 1,430.1million in fiscal year
2014/15. Nepal Civil Aviation Authority, Nepal Airlines Corporation,
Industrial Estate Management Ltd., and Nepal Transit and Warehousing
268

Co. Ltd. have earned net profits while National Productivity and
Economic Development Center Limited is operating in net loss in FY
2014/15. However, Nepal Engineering Consultancy Service Center
Limited and National Construction Company Nepal Ltd seemed to have
no transactions.
14.24 The net fixed assets of PEs under the service sector totaled Rs. 23,211.2
million and Shareholders fund of PEs under this sector stood at Rs.
26467.6 million by fiscal year 2014/15. By this period, the debt liability
of the service sector reached Rs. 2,988.8 million. Of such debts, Nepal
Civil Aviation Authority shares Rs. 2,293.3 million, Nepal Airlines
Corporation Rs. 561.4 million and that of Nepal Transit and
Warehousing Co. Ltd. is Rs. 122.5 million. The unfunded liability of
PEs under this sector reached to Rs. 661.6 million by fiscal year 2014/15.
Of this, Nepal Airlines Corporation has the highest share of Rs.
649.1million. In this fiscal year, a credit of Rs. 10 billion has been
disbursed to Nepal Airlines Corporation from Employees Provident Fund
against the guarantee of GoN for purchase of two narrow body airbus
aircrafts which have already been imported.
14.25 By fiscal year 2014/15, the Government of Nepal has made share
investment of Rs. 17,943.2 million and loan investment of Rs. 2,988.8
million in PEs under this sector. The Nepal government has received
dividend only from Industrial Estate Management Ltd. in FY 2014/15. Of
the PEs under this sector, Industrial Estate Management Limited and
Nepal Transit and Warehousing Management Company Limited have
their accounts audited until FY 2014/15 while Nepal Airlines
Corporation and Nepal Civil Aviation Authority have conducted so until
2013/14 but National Productivity and Economic Development Center
Limited has its accounts audited only up to FY 2008/09.The number of
employees of PEs working under this sector until FY 2014/15 stands at
2426 with total administrative expenses of Rs. 2,301.9 million.
Social Sector
14.26 This sector comprises a total of 5 (five) PEs including Cultural
Corporation, Gorkhapatra Corporation, Janak Education Materials Center
Ltd, Nepal Television and National Housing Company Ltd. The net loss
of PEs of this sector that had stood only at Rs.200 thousand in FY
2013/14 rose sharply to Rs. 120.5million in fiscal year 2014/15. The net
loss of overall social sector happened to rise due to the fact that
Gorakhapatra Corporation that had registered net profit of Rs. 150.7
million in FY 2013/14 could earn net profit of only Rs. 434 thousand in
269

FY 2014/15 and at the same time , Nepal Television that had net profit of
Rs. 248 thousand in 2013/14 bore net loss of Rs. 823 thousand in its
subsequent fiscal year.
14.27 The net operating income of PEs of this sector stood at Rs 1430.8 million
and net fixed asset at Rs. 1113.2 million in fiscal year 2014/15 which
were Rs. 1074.5 million and Rs. 879.6 million respectively in preceding
fiscal year. Despite Nepal governments share investment of Rs. 2852.0
million and loan investment of Rs. 1007.5 million in this sector by FY
2014/15, so far, it has received dividend of only Rs. 1.1 million from
National Housing Company Limited.
14.28 Shareholders fund of PEs of the service sector totaled Rs. 3530.5 million
by fiscal year 2014/15. Nepal Television is the only among the PEs in
this sector to have its account audited up to FY 2014/15 while other four
(4) PEs are found to have failed to complete their audits within the
stipulated time-frame. A total of 1,463 employees are working until FY
2014/15 and the unfunded liability of PEs amounted to Rs. 474.5 million
by the end of fiscal year 2014/15 wherein Gorkhapatra Corporation has
the largest share of Rs. 300 million.
Public Utilities Sector
14.29 Public Utilities Sector comprises three (3) PEs including Nepal Telecom
Company Ltd, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) and Nepal Water
Supply Corporation. The net operating income of these PEs that
amounted to Rs. 64,175.2 million in FY 2013/14 increased by Rs. 5827.7
million to Rs. 70002.9 million in FY 2014/15. Nepal Telecom has earned
the highest operating income of Rs. 39290.1 million. The net fixed assets
of PEs in this sector stood at Rs. 211,757.9 million while total
shareholders fund remained positive by Rs. 105691.3 million by the end
of fiscal year 2014/15.
14.30 In FY 2014/15, net profit of PEs of the public utilities sector totaled Rs.
9,572.6 million. Nepal Telecom Ltd. earned the highest net profit of
Rs. 14,556.3 million in FY 2014/15 while Nepal Electricity Authority is
among the PEs under this sector to lose the most with net loss of Rs.
4961.9 million. Nepal Drinking Water Supply Corporation witnessed a
net loss of Rs. 21.8 million in FY 2014/15. However, PEs under the
utilities s sector earned overall net profit of Rs. 9,572.6 million after
their overall profit/ loss adjustments. Despite writing off accumulated
loss totaling Rs. 27,530 million of Nepal Electricity Authority in fiscal
year 2010/11, its accumulated reached Rs. 25.20 billion succeeding in
270

last four years while its due amount remained close to Rs. 10 billion
during the same period.
14.31 Government of Nepal has made total share investment of Rs.74306.3
million and loan investment of Rs. 103,420.8 million in PEs under this
sector in FY 2014/15. GoN has received dividend of Rs. 6450.3 million
only from Nepal Telecom in FY 2014/15. Total debt liability of PEs in
this sector has reached Rs. 103,420.8 million in FY 2014/15 from
Rs.85,367.0 million of its preceding fiscal year 2013/14. NEA has the
highest debt liability of Rs. 98,156.5 million.
14.32 The number of employees working at PEs under the public utilities sector
totaled 14,329 in 2014/15 where NEA has the greatest number of
employees totaling 8,434. The total administrative expenses of PEs
under this sector stood at Rs. 10,035.1 million while unfunded liability
those PEs of this sector reached Rs. 20,497.3 million by FY 2014/15, in
which NEA shares Rs. 18,195.8million, Nepal Telecom Rs. 1,855.1
million while the share of Nepal Water Supply Corporation stands at Rs.
446.4 million.
Financial Sector
14.33 Nine PEs (Agriculture Development Bank Ltd., Rastriya Beema
Sansthan, NIDC Development Bank Ltd., Rastriya Banijya Bank Ltd.,
Deposit and Credit Guarantee Corporation Ltd. Nepal Housing Finance
Ltd., Nepal Stock Exchange Ltd., Citizen Investment Trust and
Hydroelectricity Investment and Development Company Ltd.) are
operating under the financial sector. The total operating income of this
sector in FY 2014/15 stood at Rs.28,696.1 million, which is higher by
3.28 percent than that of previous fiscal year. Eight of these PEs except
Rastriya Bima Sansthan of this sector have earned net profit in FY
2014/15. The net profit of PEs in this sector that stood at Rs. 6,368.7
million in FY 2013/14 went up to Rs.8,550.7million in FY2014/15. PEs
of this sector which earned profit of above Rs. 1 billion in FY 2014/15
are Rastriya Banijya Bank with Rs.4,643.9 million, Agriculture
Development Bank Ltd. with Rs. 4,321.2 million.
14.34 In fiscal year 2013/14, the net fixed asset of PEs of this sector stood at
Rs. 2, 805.3 million and shareholders fund of all PEs in this sector has
remained positive with Rs.56,234.7 million. GoN has made a total share
investment of Rs.24,024.7 million and loan investment of Rs. 2538.5
million in PEs under financial sector by FY 2014/15. During this period,
Deposit and Credit Guarantee Corporation Ltd., has made share
investment of additional Rs. of 1 billion to boost its capital. Nepal
271

government has not received any dividend from its investment in PEs
under this sector in FY 2014/15. The loan/investment of PEs under this
sector stood at RS. 225,692.1million in FY 2013/14 while such
investment grew to Rs. 269,590.6 million in its succeeding fiscal year.
The trust of general public to this sector has increased due to the
availability of provision to guarantee amounts deposited to certain extent
by small depositors.
14.35 Among the PEs in this sector, Rastriya Beema Sansthan have its account
audited till FY 2009/10, while Agriculture Development Bank and
Citizen Investment Trust have conducted audit up to FY 2012/13 and the
rest of the PEs have completed their audit up to FY 2014/15. A total of
5,714 employees are working in PEs under the financial sector of which
Rastriya Banijya Bank and Agriculture Development Bank and have the
highest number of employees with 2,672 and 2584 respectively. The total
annual administrative expenditure of PEs in this sector stood at Rs.
7,699.0 million. The liabilities of Rastriya Banija Bank amounted to
Rs.6, 580.7 million with unfunded liability of Rs.847.0 billion and
potential liabilities of Rs.5,733.7 million. Likewise, unfunded liabilities
of Nepal Stock Exchange stood at Rs. 6.6 million while the total liability
of Deposit and Credit Guarantee Corporation stood at Rs.
300,019.2million including unfunded liability of Rs. 19.2 million and
impending liability of Rs300 billion. PEs other than these under this
sector have no unfunded liabilities.
Problems and Challenges
14.36 The government of Nepal has adopted disinvestment policy to effectively
operate PEs that are considered vital for delivering services and facilities
to the general public and to privatize PEs in areas where private sectors
are found more competent and aggressive. Liberal policy seems to have
failed to produce desired results. Hence, task of achieving objectives of
the liberal policy remains a challenge.
14.37 Public Enterprises operating under the full and partial ownership of the
Government of Nepal totaling 37 are formed under five (5) different
Acts. As there are different Acts relating to formation of PEs, their
objectives are also different. Situation exists where PEs have to move
forward through the delicate borderline of meeting their social
responsibilities on the one hand while making themselves commercially
viable on the other. Likewise, there is no uniformity on the management
side especially on
appointment of organization chiefs, working
procedures, and monitoring and evaluation processes. Difficulties are
272

being faced on effective implementation of varied management

provisions incorporated in public enterprises while maintaining clarity of
their inherent objectives.
14.38 Plethora of reports with suggestions that were furnished by various
Committees; Study Task Forces; and Commissions formed from time to
time with objectives of making PEs competent to achieve their targets by
operating them on business principles have just been limited to
formalities. Problems are getting worse than solved due to failure in
putting such recommendations into practice. A Public Enterprise
Directive Board was formed lately in line with Public Enterprises
Directive Board (Formation and Operation), Directives, 2011. This
Board seemed to have not carried out coordination, monitoring, and
evaluation works at the desired level, but limited to recommending
appointments of executive chiefs. Our efforts on improvement are more
complex since the Board that was formed to bring effectiveness in PEs
itself is in the necessity of a study on its own effectiveness.
14.39 PEs have to face competition in the process of accomplishing their
responsibilities in a market oriented economy by embracing universally
accepted market principle including professionalism, modernity and
consumers interest among others. Those entrepreneurs are able to
sustain in the market, who are strong, firm, and competent are able to
earn profit by delivering desired goods and services to consumers/service
seekers by adopting universally accepted market principles. The size of
accumulated loss and unfunded liabilities of PEs have continued to grow
as a result of weakening professional and managerial capacities and
efficiencies as demanded by the market oriented economy. Governments
huge investments could not yield desired result owing to the failure of
PEs to exploit their assets, human resource and capacities to their full
extent. Task of building value based PEs so as to deliver effective
services by maintaining clarity in their objectives and working guidelines
seems to be complex.
14.40 There lacks a clear cut business work-plans in all PEs. Likewise, factors
like failure to utilize means and resources including manpower, inability
to adopt modern technology, absence of improved quality of goods and
services, persistent rise in unproductive expenses among others have
caused PEs to face multifaceted problems. Activities of active
Employees Trade Unions in PEs are also found to have not remained
creative as expected. Addressing these basic aspects in order to make
PEs result oriented seems to be lacking.
273

15. Post-Earthquake Reconstruction and New Building

15.1

The devastating earthquake of April 25, 2015 and subsequent aftershocks

have resulted in huge loss of human lives, physical infrastructure, and
natural resources. The death toll from such devastating tremble is
estimated to have reached 8,969 while 22,302 people sustained injuries
with about 300 accounted as still missing. About 17,000 large livestock
(quadrupeds) and some 40,000 small ones got perished in the earthquake.
Likewise, 779,582 homes have been completely destroyed, while
302,774 homes have been partially damaged. Of the quake affected 31
districts, 14 districts bore the full brunt while 17 received partial impact.
Damages rendered by the quake are estimated at around Rs. 706 billion.
Of this, property damage is calculated at Rs. 517 billion while production
damage is estimated at Rs. 189 billion.
Table 15 (a): Damage from Earthquake
No. of
Households

Population 2011/12

Female Causalities

Male Casualties

Unidentified

Total Casualties

Female Injured

Male Injured

Total Injured

Complete

Partial

Complete

Partial

Property DamagePublic

Development Region

Property
DamageGovernment

Eastern

1231505

5811555

28

32

60

214

238

452

345

1654

37957

62705

Central

1964045

9656985

4768

3662

8433

9831

10736

20537

1922

1263

633330

151885

Western

1066362

4926765

241

223

464

647

593

1240

415

693

105386

80159

Mid
Western

695419

354668

16

25

41

159

222

4188

Total

5427302

26494504

5037

3919

8959

10709

11593

22302

2687

3776

776895

298998

Source: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home Affair

15.2

Because of the earthquake, great numbers of physical infrastructures

especially private and government buildings, cultural heritages, schools,
health institution buildings, rural roads, bridges, drinking water, power
houses and sports infrastructures received heavy damages. Likewise,
natural resources, agricultural lands, and tourists trekking routes have
also suffered massive damages.

15.3

The effect of earthquake is likely to drive 2.5 percent to 3.5 percent of

Nepalese population back to poverty adding 700,000 people more to the
countrys total poor population. Likewise, multidimensional poverty is
estimated to receive penetrating impact due to obstructions in drinking
water and sanitation services, school and health amenities, and increased
food security.
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15.4

GDP that was expected to grow by 3.04 percent in FY 2014/15 got

contained at 2.32 percent due to shrinkage brought to the economy by the
devastating earthquake. GDP in current fiscal year 2015/16 is estimated
to stagnate at 0.77 percent owing to devastating earthquake and
obstructions in supplies thereby affecting entire sectors of the economy.

15.5

Damages caused by the devastating earthquake are estimated at Rs. 706.5

billion. Of this, social sector accounts for 57.8 percent followed by the
productive sector 25.2 percent, infrastructure sector 9.5 percent, and
other cross cutting sectors by 7.5 percent. Likewise, private sector is
estimated to have suffered loss/damage of Rs. 540 billion (76.0 percent)
followed by the government sector Rs. 166.1 billion (24.0 percent).
Table 15 (b): Damaged Caused by Earthquake (Sector-wise Detail)
Sector
Social Sector
Resident and Human Settlement
Health
Education
Cultural Heritage
Productive Sector
Agriculture
Irrigation
Commerce
Industry
Tourism
Finance
Infrastructure Sector
Electricity
Communication
Community Infrastructure
Transportation
Water and Sewerage
Cross Cutting
Law and Order
Natural Disaster Risk Reduction
Forestry and Environment
Total

Damage
35502.8
30363.2
642.2
2806.4
1691.0
5807.4
1640.5
38.3
901.5
839.4
1886.3
501.5
5246.0
1780.7
361.0
334.9
1718.8
1050.6
5187.2
1875.7
15.5
3296.0
51743.4

Source:Government of Nepal

275

Loss
5359.7
4690.8
112.2
325.4
231.3
12004.6
1196.2
793.8
1087.7
6237.9
2689.0
1432.3
343.5
508.5
493.0
87.3
106.1
106.1
18902.7

(In Rs. 10 Million)

Total
40862.5
35054.0
754.4
3131.8
1922.3
17812.0
2836.7
38.3
1695.3
1927.1
8124.2
3190.5
6678.3
2124.2
869.5
334.9
2211.8
1137.9
5293.3
1875.7
15.5
3402.1
70646.1

15.6

Low economic growth, high demand, and expansionary budget, hindered

supply situation, and administrative weaknesses resulting from the
earthquake and obstruction in supplies may exert additional inflationary
pressure in current fiscal year. Augmented flow of financial resources
from both the private and the government sectors for reconstruction
wroks will exert consumer inflationary pressure. As greater demand will
be created for construction materials and human resource, nonagriculture and services sectors also may face higher price inflation.
Besides, there is a possibility of inflationary pressure on agricultural
produces due to adverse effect of weather on the agriculture sector. Cost
push inflation is expected due to possible price rise of goods and services
resulting from escalation in labor wages due to shortage of labors created
by surge in demand for human resource in the construction sector.

15.7

Balance of Payment is estimated to be adversely impacted as imports

will grow on the face of inability of domestic production towards
meeting the escalated demand for construction materials (steel, fitting
accessories, cement, bricks, and timber etc.) required for reconstruction
works.

15.8

As per the preliminary estimate of the damage caused by the earthquake,

reconstruction and recovery could cost Rs. 669.5 billion. Of this, share
of the social sector will be the highest amounting to Rs. 407 billion (60.9
percent) followed by the productive sector Rs. 115.6 billion (17.3
percent), infrastructure sector Rs. 74.3 billion (11.1 percent) and other
cross cutting sectors requires Rs. 71.9 percent (10.7 percent). The reason
for the housing sector to absorb highest share (49 percent) for
reconstruction and new constructions is colossal damages rendered by
the earthquake to private, government and school buildings.

276

Table 15 (c) : Resources for Reconstruction and Recovery

Sector

Amount Required
Social Sector
40774.7
Housing
32776.2
Health
1469.0
Nutrition
503.6
Education
3970.6
Cultural Heritage
2055.3
Productive Sector
11561.8
Agriculture
1556.1
Irrigation
46.7
Commerce
2005.1
Industry
735.7
Tourism
3871.0
Finance
3347.2
Infrastructure Sector
7426.6
Electricity
1858.6
Communication
493.9
Community Infrastructure
445.0
Transportation
2818.5
Water and Sewerage
1810.6
Cross Cutting
7187.3
Law and Order
1844.2
Natural Disaster Risk Reduction
820.4
Forestry and Environment
2519.7
Employment and Living Standard
1254.7
Social Security
639.8
Gender and Social Inclusion
108.6
Total
66950.5
Source: PDNA Report, National Planning Commission

15.9

(In Rs. 10 Million)

Share (Percent)
60.9
49.0
2.2
0.8
5.9
3.1
17.3
2.3
0.1
3.0
1.1
5.8
5.0
11.1
2.8
0.7
0.7
4.2
2.7
10.7
2.8
1.2
3.8
1.9
1.0
0.2
100

National Reconstruction Authority has developed institutional structure

and implementation procedures including policy arrangement, rules and
277

guidelines. Based on this, it has initiated Grant Agreements in Dolakha

district on 13th March, 2016 Of the 14 quake affected districts, survey
works in 11 districts outside Kathmandu valley is in final stage.
Grant Agreement and Reconstruction of Private Homes
15.10 Decision had been taken
prior to the formation
of National
Reconstruction Authority to distribute Rs. 200 thousand in three
installments to earthquake victims for the rebuilding their homes.
Installment provision has been revised with a view to ease such
rebuilding works. Distribution of grants was initiated from Singati
resource center of Dolakha District with enrollment of 641 homeowners
of Lamidanda and Laduk VDCs by signing grant agreements and
availing grant amounts through their individual bank accounts. So far,
such agreements have been concluded with more than 6 thousand
homeowners, while signing of agreements is continuing. Enrollment list
of 300,961 homeowners from the selected 383 VDCs for agreements has
also been published. Reconstruction works of private homes are in
progress in Dolakha, Ramechhap, Okhaldhunga, Sindhupalchowk and
Gorakha following the initiation for signing of second phase of an
agreements on April 13, 2016.
15.11 By 2 May 2016, lists have been published for signing grant agreements
in line with the decision and work plans of District Coordination
Committees and Sub-Committees of worst affected 11 districts.
15.12 Works undertaken in 79 VDCs of Rasuwa, Dhading, Makwanpur and
Kavre Districts are in final stages. List of homeowners of the remaining
VDCs and Municipalities to receive grants will be published subsequent
to the receipt of additional detailed survey report and data analysis.
Name lists approved by the Authority after completion of survey shall be
forwarded to the concerned districts for signing grant agreements. In
forthcoming days, such agreement shall be extended to VDCs by VDCs.
Table 15 (d): List of Homeowners Entitled to Receive Grant
SN.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

District

Homeowners (Number)

Okhaldhunga
Sidhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchwok
Kavre
Nuwakot

15005
21114
30519
49751
35308
40264
38235

278

8
9
10
11

Rasuwa
Dhading
Makwanpur
Gorkha
Total

5417
23440
7412
34496
300961

Source: National Reconstruction Authority

5.13

A total of 17 earthquake resilient home models have been designed for

rebuilding homes. In addition, there is also a provision for building
earthquake resistant homes in consonance with local needs and
geography. .Likewise, arrangements have been made to provide
checklists for standards to abide by while constructing earthquake
resilient homes. Similarly, as per revised working guidelines, grants may
be provided in cases where homes are constructed by adopting
earthquake resilient technology, and if found appropriate upon inspection
by technicians.

Detailed Household Surveys

5.14

By 2 May 2016, the housing reconstruction data collection process has

completed detailed surveys in earthquake affected 548 VDCs. About
1600 Engineers have been deployed for surveys in worst hit areas.
Survey has been completed for 2,574 homeowners of eight Wards of
Bungmati and Khokana of Karyavinayak Municipality. Questionnaires
have been improvised with a view to complete survey in prompt and
efficient manner in Kathmandu Valley.
Box 15 (a) : Household Survey

About 1600 Engineers deployed for household survey

Survey completed in most of the worst hit areas of 11 districts
Survey completed in eight wards of Karyabinayak Municipality of
Lalitpur
Homeworks are underway for making the survey works prompt and
efficient

Expenditure Authorization
5.15

As per the structure constituted by National Reconstruction Authority

(NRA), ministries have been issued with expenditure authorization for
Rs. 19.72 billion including Rs. 13.50 billion in recurrent and 6.22 billion
279

in capital expenditures. Of the released fund, a sum of Rs. 14 billion is

meant for disbursement of grants to those homeowners in VDCs and
Municipalities whose names have been published.
Foreign Grants
5.16

Development partners, at the donor conference held last year, had

committed to provide credits and grants of about Rs. 400 billion for
reconstruction works. Of this commitment, agreements and
understandings have been reached for the receipt of grants equivalent to
Rs. 50 billion from China and Rs. 25 billion from India. Similarly,
including this amount, understandings and agreements have been reached
with various donor agencies and friendly nations for the receipt of about
Rs. 188 billion as loans and grants while consultations are underway for
receipt of amounts so committed. Likewise, the process for reaching an
agreement with India for the receipt of additional Rs. 75 billion as
concessional loan assistance is in final stage. After receipt of this
amount it is estimated to reach about 64 percent of the commitments.

Central Project Implementation Units (CPIU)

5.17

Central Project Implementation Unit have been established in four

different Ministries by conferring the department level authority and
work responsibilities for leading the reconstruction and resettlement
works. Central Project Implementation Unit under the Ministry of Urban
Development has initiated reconstruction of settlements, residential and
government building works. Works are being carried out through CPIU
based at the Ministry of Culture and Civil Aviation for rebuilding of
historical, cultural and archaeological heritages, while CPIU based at the
Ministry of Education is carrying out rebuilding works of school and
educational buildings. Likewise, CPIU based at the Ministry of Federal
Affairs and Local Development is actively engaged in reconstruction
works of damaged local infrastructures and distribution of grants for
building private homes. Reconstruction and resettlement works are being
carried out through other Ministries including Ministries of Health and
Agriculture as well. As per the target of the Ministry of Urban
Development to recruit about 2,600 Engineers, 1346 of them have been
working at concerned VDCs and Municipalities after receiving trainings.
Ministry of Urban Development has been making necessary preparations
so as to appoint all Engineers and Assistant Engineers and imparting
them with Training of Trainers trainings.
280

Reconstruction of Archaeological and Cultural Heritages

5.18

Necessary processes for the reconstruction of heritages of historical and

archaeological importance are in progress. Design selection process for
reconstruction of Dharahara is underway. Likewise, process for
receiving deposits at Rastriya Banijya Banks account for its
reconstruction is ongoing. The campaign I will construct my Dharara
has begun to lead the task of reerecting Dharahara which is regarded as
countrys common landmark and asset.
Tender process for 40
archaeological projects is in progress. Likewise, reconstruction of other
historical and cultural heritages including Ranipokhari has also begun.

Reconstruction of Health and Education Buildings

5.19

Reconstruction of earthquake damaged educational institutions has begun

in various districts. Tender has been invited for the construction of 3
school buildings in Kavre district and 5 in Lalitpur district. So far,
agreements have been reached to construct 600 school buildings while
reconstruction works have been initiated under the support of
government and partner organizations. Likewise, there has been
understanding with the partner organization to rebuild health institutions
at an investment of Rs. 7 billion.

Policy and Institutional Arrangements

5.20

Reconstruction works are being carried out in line with Reconstruction

and Resettlement Policy, 2016, while six working guidelines have been
developed to make the reconstruction efforts simple and easy. Likewise,
clarity is brought in the institutional structure and implementation
procedures of NRA by forming structures from the Central level all the
way through district level down to the village level.
Village
Development Committees and Municipalities have been made more
accountable to carry out as per the Agreements.
Box 15 (b): Policy Arrangement

Housing Grant Distribution Guidelines

Environment Impact Assessment Guidelines
Land Acquisition Guidelines
Land Registration Guidelines
Public Procurement Guidelines
Non-Government Organization Mobilization Guidelines
281

Reconstruction Community Committee and Volunteer Mobilization

15.21 Work procedures for formation of Reconstruction Community
Committees at each settlement and village of earthquake affected areas
are being prepared with a view to increase the involvement of local
people and their ownership of reconstruction efforts.
Likewise,
homeworks are being done for making arrangement of temporary shelters
to the people living under the makeshift tents, permanent structures to the
people living at temporary shelters and shared buildings save them from
risk in earthquake worst hit areas. Volunteers are mobilized to make
these efforts effective while necessary guidelines are being developed
accordingly.
Five-Year Plan
15.22

A Five-Year Plan and Post Disaster Recovery Framework-PDRF has

been prepared and made public. This plan has set the time-frame and cost
required for reconstruction activities in upcoming years. On the other
hand, this framework has remained as a major foundation for
international support mobilization in reconstruction initiatives. Since
five-year plan has been formulated on the basis of Post Disaster Need
Assessment (PDNA), this will provide critical support for fiscal
mobilization together with program identification and their prioritization
in coming years. As per this five-year plan, about Rs. 8.32 billion is
estimated for the post-quake reconstruction and new building works.

282

ANNEXES

List of Tables
1.
Economic Activity
Table 1.1: Gross Value Added by Industrial Division (at current prices)
Table 1.2: Gross Value Added by Industrial Division (at2000/01 prices)
Table 1.3: Gross Output by Industrial Division (at current prices)
Table 1.4: Annual Growth Rate of GDP by Economic Activities (at constant prices)
Table 1.5: Composition of GDP by ISIC Division (at current prices)
Table 1.6: GDP, GDP Growth Rate, Deflators and Composition
Table 1.7: GDP by Expenditure Category (at current prices)
Table 1.8: GDP by Expenditure Category (at 2000/01 prices)
Table 1.9: Intermediate Consumption by Industrial Division (at current prices)
Table 1.10: Gross Disposable Income and Saving (at current prices)
Table 1.11: Gross Domestic Product Deflator by Industry Division
Table 1.12: Summary of Macroeconomic Indicators
2.
Public Finance
Table 2.1: Public Income and Expenditure
Table 2.2 : Tax Revenue
Table 2.3 : Non-Tax Revenue
Table 2.4 : Functional and Service Description (Current Expenditure)
Table 2.5 : Functional and Service Description (Capital Expenditure)
Table 2.6 : Principal Repayment, Loan and Share Investment in Public Enterprises
Table 2.7: Foreign Aid Commitment by Sources
Table 2.8: Foreign Aid Disbursement by Source
Table 2.9: Functional and Service Description of Foreign Grants Received
Table 2.10: Functional and Service Description of Foreign Loan received
Table 2.11: Foreign Loan and Debt Servicing
Table 2.12: Ownership Pattern of Government Bonds and Treasury Bills
3.
Price and Supply
Table 3.1: Overall Urban Consumers' Price Index
Table 3.2 (a): National Urban Consumers' Price Index by Commodities Group
Table 3.2 (b): National Urban Consumers' Price Index by Commodities Group (First
Eight Months)
Table 3.2 (c): Urban Consumers' Price Index by Commodities Group, Kathmandu
Table 3.2 (d): Urban Consumers' Price Index by Commodities Group, Terai
Table 3.2 (e): Urban Consumers' Price Index by Commodities Group, Hill
Table 3.3(a): National Wholesale Price Index, Annual
Table 3.3 (b): National Wholesale Price Index (First Eight Months)
Table 3.3 (c): National Wholesale Price Index (Annual Average)
Table 3.4(a): National Salary and Wage Rate Index, Annual

Page
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

Table 3.4(b): National Salary and Wage Rate Index, first Eight Months
Table 3.4(c): National Salary and Wage Rate Index (Annual Average)
Table 3.5: Average Retail Price of Some Major Commodities
Table 3.6 (a): Price Situation of Petroleum Products in FY 2014/15
Table 3.6 (b): Price Situation of Some Petroleum Products (Kathmandu valley)
Table 3.7 Supply Situation of Some Petroleum Products
4.
Money and Banking
Table 4.1 Monetary Survey
Table 4.2 (a): Factors Affecting Money Supply
Table 4.2 (b): Factors Affecting Money Supply (Annual change in percent)
Table 4.3: Sources and Uses of Banks and Financial Institutions
Table 4.4: Sources and Uses of Fund of Commercial Banks
Table 4.5: Sectoral Outstanding Loan of Commercial Banks
Table 4.6(a): Sources and Uses of Fund of Development Banks ("B"- Class FIs)
Table 4.6 (b): Sources and Uses of Fund of Development Banks ("B"- Class FIs)
Table 4.7: Sources and Uses of Fund of Finance Companies ("C"- Class FIs)
Table 4.8: Sources and Uses of Fund of Micro-Finance Development Banks (including
Grameen Bikas Banks)
Table 4.9: Sources and Uses of Fund of Cooperatives Approval from NRB
Table 4.10: Sources and Uses of Fund of Employees Provident Fund
Table 4.11: Sources and Uses of Fund of Citizen Investment Trust
5.
Capital Market
Table 5.1 Status of Primary Market Trend
Table 5.2 Status of Secondary Market Trend
6.
External Sector
Table 6.1: Direction of Foreign Trade
Table 6.2: Commodity Trade by SITC Group
Table 6.3(a):Export of Major Commodities to India
Table 6.3(b):Export of Major Commodities of China
Table 6.3(c): Export of Major Commodities to Other Countries
Table 6.4 (a): Import of Selected Commodities from India
Table 6.4 (b): Import of Selected Commodities from China
Table 6.4(c): Import of Selected Commodities from Other Countries
Table 6.5: Income and Expenditure of Convertible Foreign Exchange
Table 6.6: Gross Foreign Assets of Banking System
Table 6.7: Balance of Payments Summary
7.
Poverty Alleviation and Employment
Table 7.1: Status of Foreign Employment by Country
8.
Agriculture, Industry and Tourism
Table 8.1: Area, Production and Yield of Principal Food Crops
Table 8.2: Area, Production and Yield of Principal Cash Crops

ii

34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
65

Table 8.3: Other Crops Production

Table 8.4: Livestock Production
Table 8.5: Quantity index of Agriculture Commodities
Table 8.6: Use of Chemical Fertilizer, Improved Seeds and Insecticides
Table 8.7: Extension of Additional Irrigation Facilities
9.
Industry Sector
Table 9.1: Number of Registered Cottage and Small Scale Industries and Fixed Capital
Investment
Table 9.2: Detail on in Industrial Area
Table 9.3: Tourists Arrival and Length of Stay
Table 9.4:Tourists Arrival by Purpose of Visit
Table 9.5: Tourist Arrivals by Major Countries
Table 9.6: Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism
Table 9.7: Number of Hotels and Hotel Beds
Table 9.8: Mountaineering Expedition Teams
Table 9.9: Hotel Management and Tourism Training
10. Urban Development
Table 10.1: Status of Energy Consumption
Table 10.2: Status of Electricity Generation and Consumption
Table 10.3: Consumption of Petroleum Products
11. Transport and Communication
Table 11.1: Extension of Road Facilities
Table: 11.2(a): Number of Vehicles Registered
Table 11.2 (b): Vehicles Registration
13. Social Sector
Table 13.1: Technical and Vocational Education Programs
Table 13.2: Ratio of Student Per Teacher (Academic Year 2015)
Table 13.3 : Region-Wise Detail of Affiliated Higher Secondary Schools
Table 13.4 (a) : Numeric Detail of Teachers Training at the Basic levels (Academic
Year 2015)
Table 13.4 (b) : Numeric Detail of Teachers Training at the Secondary Levels
(Academic Year 2015)
Table 13.5: Number of Teachers
Table 13.6 : Number of Schools and Students
Table 13.7 (a) : Region-Wise distribution of Primary (1-5) Schools, Students and
Teachers Under Public, Community and Private Sector
Table 13.7 (b) : Region-Wise Distribution of Lower Secondary (6-8) Schools, Students
and Teachers Under Public, Community and Private Sector
Table 13.7 (c): Region-Wise Distribution of Secondary (9-10) Schools, Students and
Teachers Under Public, Community and Private Sector
Table 13.8 : Number of Students appeared and Passed in SLC
Table 13.9 : Number of Students Enrolled in Higher Level of Education

iii

66
66
67
68
68

69
70
71
72
73
74
75
75
76
77
78
79
80
80
81
82
83
84
85
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92

Table 13.10 : Number of Graduate Students in TU

Table 13.11: Major Health Indicators and Achievements
Table 13.12 : District-Wise Statistics of Child Care Homes and benefited Children's
Table 13.13 : Details of benefited Senior Citizens from Elderly Home in FY 2014/15
Table 13.14 : Extension of Drinking Water and Sewerage Facilities
14. Public Enterprises and Privatization
Table 14.1: Financial Performance of Public Enterprises

iv

93
94
95
96
97
98

Table 1.1 : Gross Value Added by Industrial Division

(At Current Price)
Rs. Ten Million
Industries
Agriculture and forestry
Fishing
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, gas and water
Construction
Wholesale and retail trade
Hotels and restaurants
Transport, storage and communications
Financial intermediation
Real estate, renting and business activities
Public administration and defence
Education
Health and social work
Other community, social and personal service activities
Gross value added
Financial intermediation services indirectly measured ( FISIM)
Gross value added at basic prices
Taxes less subsidies on products
Gross domestic product at producers price

2006/07
22353.6
328.7
341.7
5217.2
1484.1
4509.9
9264.8
1004.3
6955.5
2846.7
7079.1
1222.7
4093.9
856.8
2177.4
69736.4
2150.5
67585.9
5196.8
72782.7

2007/08
24332.3
386.8
437.5
5718.5
1521.9
5413.4
10530.6
1150.3
7681.8
3353.9
7363.6
1435.2
4872.2
1096.3
2650.0
77944.2
2418.5
75525.7
6040.1
81565.8

2008/09
2009/10
30547.7 39151.9
407.6
423.6
508.4
592.6
6544.7
7092.4
1462.9
1524.4
6374.1
7728.9
12412.1 16106.7
1394.3
1734.7
9261.8
9530.4
3910.0
4608.3
8162.5
9374.7
1855.6
2169.5
6264.2
6138.4
1374.4
1538.2
3408.9
4142.3
93889.0 111857.1
2936.2
3515.6
90952.8 108341.5
7874.4 10935.8
98827.2 119277.4

Fiscal Year
2010/11 2011/12
47327.0 50046.5
487.9
581.9
695.6
816.6
8053.1
9116.4
1600.2
1751.8
8935.6
9853.9
17930.6 19816.4
2105.7
2530.7
10583.4 12235.4
5011.1
5852.9
10623.6 12321.3
2483.0
3054.7
6773.9
8179.7
1708.7
2043.1
4694.7
5546.1
129014.2 143747.4
4166.0
4999.2
124848.2 138748.2
11847.2 13986.2
136695.4 152734.4

P = Preliminary, R = Revised
Note : Nepal Standards Industrial Classification (NSIC) Major Division 16 & 17 estimates are included in Major Division 15.
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

2012/13
52786.9
664.6
956.9
10031.2
2055.3
10948.8
22987.2
2988.6
14073.5
6218.3
13915.7
3223.6
9156.6
2232.7
5802.6
158042.6
5520.5
152522.1
16979.0
169501.1

2013/14

2014/15R

2015/16P

58595.1

61423.9

65146.9

865.9

932.8

1048.7

1100.3

1187.5

1225.6

11299.5

11898.1

11556.6

2136.2

2162.0

2121.5

12636.4

13928.9

14377.1

27157.3

28867.6

29712.6

3530.9

4047.9

4348.6

15576.5

16497.6

17591.6

7936.3

9140.6

10356.2

15298.4

16694.7

19132.5

4432.4

5142.1

5439.7

11525.4

12936.3

14115.1

2772.5

3340.7

3699.5

7354.1

8001.8

8996.0

182217.3

196202.6

208868.2

6343.5

7261.6

8140.7

175873.8

188941.0

200727.5

20580.2

23106.0

24141.6

196454.0

212047.0

224869.1

Table 1.2 : Gross Value Added by Industrial Division

(At 2000/01 Prices)
Rs. in ten million
Fiscal Year

Industries
2006/07 2007/08 2008/09
Agriculture and forestry

2009/10

18195.8 19251.4 19825.7 20219.6

2010/11

2011/12 2012/13

21127.1 22095.0 22331.0

2013/14

2014/15R

2015/16P

23344.8

23509.5

23776.5

Fishing

283.8

304.5

320.7

332.1

351.6

378.1

388.3

407.4

436.2

487.5

Mining and Quarrying

238.3

251.3

253.1

258.5

263.7

277.0

282.5

315.9

323.3

302.2

Manufacturing

3989.1

3954.5

3913.2

4029.1

4192.3

4344.5

4505.9

4788.8

4806.8

4332.9

Electricity gas and water

1306.5

1320.4

1275.0

1298.9

1356.4

1469.0

1473.1

1521.3

1536.6

1511.1

Construction

3145.3

3304.3

3337.1

3543.0

3712.6

3720.7

3811.9

4158.0

4276.6

4106.4

Wholesale and retail trade

6429.2

6696.2

7048.1

7523.7

7629.8

7896.7

8469.3

9391.8

9590.1

9482.1

827.8

885.1

905.6

964.6

1024.4

1100.0

1160.5

1239.1

1280.4

1218.3

Hotels and restaurants

Transport, storage and communications

4409.4

4822.6

5158.5

5465.7

5750.4

6216.0

6691.5

7042.0

7480.7

7671.5

Financial intermediation

2210.3

2414.2

2463.2

2532.7

2616.3

2707.1

2682.5

2781.8

2862.6

2957.2

Real estate, renting and business activities

4124.0

4554.4

4642.1

4781.8

4889.4

5034.6

5296.1

5488.9

5531.3

5737.3

926.2

931.9

1001.2

1040.5

1080.6

1120.3

1182.2

1241.8

1309.1

1384.8

3073.8

3271.6

3623.3

3863.8

3979.9

4201.9

4450.5

4664.6

4839.2

5162.7

688.8

747.4

819.1

858.1

901.2

959.1

1002.1

1047.2

1157.1

1259.5

Other community, social and personal service activities 1664.3

1820.4

2052.0

2296.6

2459.9

2616.3

2741.6

2872.2

2997.8

3165.6

Public Administration and defence

Education
Health and social work

Agriculture

18479.6 19555.9 20146.4 20551.7

21478.6 22473.0 22719.3

23752.2

23945.7

24264.0

Non Agriculture

33033.1 34974.4 36491.4 38457.0

39856.9 41663.1 43749.6

46553.5

47991.5

48291.6

Total GVA including FISIM

51512.7 54530.3 56637.7 59008.6

61335.5 64136.2 66469.0

72555.6

Financial intermediation indirectly measured

GDP at basic prices
Taxes less subsidies on products
Gross domestic product at producers price
P = Preliminary, R = Revised
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

2147.6

2304.3

2372.5

2432.7

49365.1 52226.0 54265.2 56575.9

3838.8

4225.7

4745.5

5277.0

53203.8 56451.7 59010.7 61852.9

70305.7

71937.2

2691.9

2883.0

2952.4

3036.5

58753.4 61463.7 63777.1

67422.7

68984.8

69519.1

2582.1

5216.0

2672.5

6018.3

6552.8

7006.6

6898.4

63969.4 67027.9 69795.4

5564.3

73975.4

75991.5

76417.5

Table 1.3 : Gross Output by Industrial Division

(at current prices)
Rs. In ten million
Industries
Agriculture and forestry

2006/07

Fiscal Year
2010/11
2011/12

2012/13

70213.24 78286.7538 82005.8357 86680.2995

32940.10

40998.70

51487.10

62330.28

66574.67

437.30

458.30

474.56

546.58

651.90

2014/15R

2015/16P

970.1 1045.08873 1174.95146

429.60

550.80

639.70

746.10

875.10

1026.40

1206.89 1388.93536 1498.99063 1541.92021

20410.70

23340.80

25286.89

28900.39

32749.98

36008.08 40566.7008 42675.7636 41114.2574

2510.60

2641.80

2627.30

2947.77

3149.23

3491.92

4095.13 4446.52108 4667.39728 5051.76526

9174.60

11163.90

13127.80

15872.77

18261.44

19934.90

22032.08

11032.51

12540.20

14875.90

19303.57

21490.67

23750.18

27546.17 32540.3046 34589.2667 35365.5902

Construction

Hotels and restaurants

3242.23

3753.63

4531.10

5604.14

6837.61

8263.37

12179.90

13312.52

15924.50

16402.37

18270.60

20986.98

Financial intermediation

3689.70

4390.74

5111.00

5999.46

7139.52

8668.76

10057.50

10788.72

12129.30

13958.10

15720.33

18050.08

Public Administration and defence

1652.40

1922.40

2403.00

2887.90

3307.00

3992.80

Education

5332.80

6326.30

8088.90

8249.48

9274.07

10950.19

Real estate, renting and business activities

744.60

2013/14

18649.60

Electricity gas and water

Transport, storage and communications

2009/10

379.00

Mining and Quarrying

Wholesale and retail trade

2008/09

29938.50

Fishing

Manufacturing

2007/08

25586.445 28060.7941 28616.6936

9508.02 10894.3358 12040.7206 13032.9326

23756.89 26013.7892 27467.6999
9711.37 11066.6636
20142.92
4073.21

12682.952

29535.743
14009.949

21979.296 24254.7551 26930.2971

5124.5

6024.5

6439.6

12138.35 14378.7108 15808.0265 17034.9112

Health and social work

1265.20

1535.70

1900.90

2186.27

2472.68

2895.50

3116.87 3741.09977 4375.43504

Other community, social and personal service activities

3095.90

3745.30

4727.80

5862.87

6647.32

7837.17

8294.74 10683.1606 11270.8434 12720.5618

Gross output at basic prices

112630.04 126460.11 150885.00 177269.36 205222.82 229824.82 252588.56 287667.316 308468.069 324083.547

Note : NSIC Division 16 & 17 are included in the Division 15.

P = Preliminary, R = Revised
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

4834.0747

Table 1.4 : Annual Growth Rate of GDP by Economic Activities

(at constant prices)
In percentage
Industries

2006/07 2007/08 2008/09

2009/10

Fiscal Year
2010/11 2011/12

2012/13

2013/14 2014/15R 2015/16P

Agriculture and forestry

0.94

5.80

2.98

1.99

4.49

4.58

1.07

4.54

0.71

1.14

Fishing

3.01

7.29

5.31

3.55

5.88

7.53

2.71

4.90

7.09

11.76

Mining and Quarrying

1.48

5.46

0.72

2.14

2.01

5.03

1.98

11.85

2.34

-6.54

Manufacturing
Electricity gas and water
Construction
Wholesale and retail trade
Hotels and restaurants
Transport, storage and communications

2.55

-0.87

-1.05

2.96

4.05

3.63

3.72

6.28

0.37

-9.86

13.00

1.06

-3.44

1.87

4.43

8.30

0.28

3.27

1.01

-1.66

2.49

5.06

0.99

6.17

4.79

0.22

2.45

9.08

2.85

-3.98

-5.59

4.15

5.25

6.75

1.41

3.50

7.25

10.89

2.11

-1.13

3.46

6.92

2.31

6.52

6.20

7.38

5.50

6.77

3.33

-4.85

4.98

9.37

6.97

5.95

5.21

8.10

7.65

5.24

6.23

2.55

Financial intermediation

11.39

9.23

2.03

2.82

3.30

3.47

-0.91

3.70

2.91

3.30

Real estate, renting and business activities

11.76

10.44

1.93

3.01

2.25

2.97

5.19

3.64

0.77

3.72

Public Administration and defence

1.35

0.62

7.43

3.93

3.85

3.67

5.53

5.04

5.42

5.78

Education

7.33

6.44

10.75

6.64

3.01

5.58

5.92

4.81

3.74

6.69

Health and social work

6.46

8.51

9.59

4.77

5.02

6.43

4.48

4.50

10.49

8.85

19.45

9.38

12.72

11.92

7.11

6.36

4.79

4.77

4.37

5.60

Agriculture

0.97

5.82

3.02

2.01

4.51

4.63

1.10

4.55

0.81

1.33

Non Agriculture

4.36

5.88

4.34

5.39

3.64

4.53

5.01

6.41

3.09

0.63

Other community, social and personal service activities

Total Gross Value Added including FISIM

Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)
GDP at basic prices
Tax less subsidies on products
GDP at producers' prices
P = Preliminary, R = Revised
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

3.12

5.86

3.86

4.19

3.94

4.57

3.64

5.77

2.32

0.86

12.41

7.30

2.96

2.54

6.14

3.50

0.72

7.10

2.41

2.85

2.75

5.80

3.90

4.26

3.85

4.61

3.76

5.72

2.32

0.77

12.74

10.08

12.30

11.20

-1.16

6.68

8.16

8.88

6.93

-1.54

3.41

6.10

4.53

4.82

3.42

4.78

4.13

5.99

2.73

0.56

Table 1.5 : Composition of GDP by ISIC Division

(at current prices)
In percentage
Fiscal Year
Industries

Agriculture and forestry

2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13 2013/14 2014/15R 2015/16P

32.05

31.22

32.54

35.00

36.68

34.82

33.40

32.16

31.31

31.19

Fishing

0.47

0.50

0.43

0.38

0.38

0.40

0.42

0.48

0.48

0.50

Mining and Quarrying

0.49

0.56

0.54

0.53

0.54

0.57

0.61

0.60

0.61

0.59

Manufacturing

7.48

7.34

6.97

6.34

6.24

6.34

6.35

6.20

6.06

5.53

Electricity gas and water

2.13

1.95

1.56

1.36

1.24

1.22

1.30

1.17

1.10

1.02

Construction

6.47

6.95

6.79

6.91

6.93

6.86

6.93

6.93

7.10

6.88

13.29

13.51

13.22

14.40

13.90

13.79

14.54

14.90

14.71

14.23

Hotels and restaurants

1.44

1.48

1.49

1.55

1.63

1.76

1.89

1.94

2.06

2.08

Transport, storage and communications

9.97

9.86

9.86

8.52

8.20

8.51

8.90

8.55

8.41

8.42

Financial intermediation

4.08

4.30

4.16

4.12

3.88

4.07

3.93

4.36

4.66

4.96

10.15

9.45

8.69

8.38

8.23

8.57

8.81

8.40

8.51

9.16

Public Administration and defence

1.75

1.84

1.98

1.94

1.92

2.13

2.04

2.43

2.62

2.60

Education

5.87

6.25

6.67

5.49

5.25

5.69

5.79

6.33

6.59

6.76

Health and social work

1.23

1.41

1.46

1.38

1.32

1.42

1.41

1.52

1.70

1.77

Other community, social and personal service activities

3.12

3.40

3.63

3.70

3.64

3.86

3.67

4.04

4.08

4.31

Wholesale and retail trade

Real estate, renting and business activities

P = Preliminary, R = Revised
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Table 1.6 : GDP, GDP Growth Rate, Deflators and Composition (by Broad Industry Group)
Rs. In ten million
Descripiton
GDP at basic prices (current)
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiory Sector
GDP at basic price (constant)
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiory Sector
Annual GDP (constant price) Growth Rate
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiory Sector
Implicit GDP Deflator
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiory Sector
Composition of GDP (in percentage)
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiory Sector
P = Preliminary, R = Revised
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Fiscal Year
2006/07

2009/10

2010/11

67585.9
23024.0
11211.2
35501.2
49365.1
18717.9
8440.9
24353.9
2.8
1.0
4.0
4.5
135.4
123.0
132.8
145.8

2007/08
75525.7
25156.6
12653.8
40133.8
52226.0
19807.2
8579.2
26143.8
5.8
5.8
1.6
7.3
142.9
127.0
147.5
153.5

2008/09
90952.8
31463.7
14381.6
48043.6
54265.2
20399.5
8525.3
27713.0
3.9
3.0
-0.6
6.0
165.8
154.2
168.7
173.4

108341.5
40168.1
16345.7
55343.3
56575.9
20810.2
8871.0
29327.5
4.3
2.0
4.1
5.8
189.6
193.0
184.3
188.7

124848.2
48510.5
18588.9
61914.8
58753.4
21742.4
9261.3
30331.9
3.8
4.5
4.4
3.4
210.3
223.1
200.7
204.1

2011/12
138748.2
51445.0
20722.1
71580.3
61463.7
22750.0
9534.2
31852.0
4.6
4.6
2.9
5.0
224.1
226.1
217.3
224.7

33.0
16.1
50.9

32.3
16.2
51.5

33.5
15.3
51.2

35.9
14.6
49.5

37.6
14.4
48.0

35.8
14.4
49.8

2012/13

2013/14

152522.1 175873.8
54408.4 60561.3
23035.3 26072.1
80598.9 95583.8
63777.1 67422.7
23001.8 24068.1
9790.9 10468.1
33676.3 35769.4
3.8
5.7
1.1
4.6
2.7
6.9
5.7
6.2
237.8
259.2
236.5
251.6
235.3
249.1
239.3
267.2
34.4
14.6
51.0

2014/15R

2015/16P

188941.0
63544.2
27989.0
104669.5
68984.8
24269.0
10620.0
37048.2
2.3
0.8
1.5
3.6
272.7
261.8
263.5
282.5

200727.5
67421.2
28055.3
113391.8
69519.1
24566.2
9950.5
38038.9
0.8
1.2
-6.3
2.7
287.9
274.4
281.9
298.1

33.2

32.4

32.3

14.3

14.3

13.4

52.5

53.3

54.3

Table 1.7 : GDP by Expenditure Category

(at current prices)
Rs. in ten million
Expenditure
Gross Domestic Product at producers price
Total consumption
Government consumption
Collective Consumption
Individual Consumption consumption
Private consumption
Food
Non-food
services
Nonprofit institutions
Actual final consumption expenditure of household
Gross capital formation
Gross fixed capital formation
Government
Private
Change in stock *
Net exports of goods and services
Imports
Goods
Services
Exports
Goods
Services

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

72782.7 81565.8 98827.2

65637.4 73547.0 89504.2
6694.9
8066.3 10652.7
4373.9
5499.6
6983.8
2321.0
2566.7
3668.9
57691.1 64108.5 77276.2
34037.7 38503.7 48455.2
16557.3 17999.9 20323.2
7096.0
7604.9
8497.8
1251.5
1372.1
1575.3
61263.5 68047.4 82520.4
20877.9 24727.2 31302.9
15333.7 17844.6 21103.9
2464.5
3299.3
4427.8
12869.2 14545.3 16676.1
5544.2
6882.6 10199.0
-13732.6 -16708.4 -21979.9
23089.3 27129.1 34253.6
19043.7 21796.3 27922.8
4045.6
5332.8
6330.8
9356.7 10420.7 12273.7
6148.8
6197.1
6990.7
3207.9
4223.6
5283.0

R = Revised
*Since Change in stock is derived residually; statistical discrepancy /error is also included
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

2009/10

Fiscal Year
2010/11
2011/12

119277.4
105618.5
11918.9
7747.3
4171.6
91699.3
57499.1
24116.4
10083.9
2000.2
97871.2
45648.9
26488.8
5366.5
21122.3
19160.2
-31990.0
43419.8
36669.3
6750.6
11429.8
6317.8
5112.1

136695.4
117603.0
13091.7
8607.2
4484.5
102212.6
65078.6
25672.2
11461.8
2298.7
108995.8
51926.8
29273.0
6380.6
22892.4
22653.8
-32834.5
45005.9
38837.1
6168.7
12171.4
6870.2
5301.3

152734.4
135953.9
16437.0
10957.0
5480.0
116786.1
75415.6
28528.8
12841.8
2730.7
124996.9
52688.9
31718.5
7155.5
24562.9
20970.4
-35908.4
51294.8
45465.3
5829.5
15386.3
8151.2
7235.2

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15R

2015/16P

196454.0

196454.0

212047.0

224869.1

173031.2

173031.2

193404.6

213052.0

20191.5

20191.5

23253.2

24614.6

14205.2

14205.2

17632.4

19247.8

5986.3

5986.3

5620.8

5366.8

149337.5

149337.5

166296.2

184371.5

97613.2

97613.2

110069.4

122930.7

35684.5

35684.5

38986.9

43163.7

16039.9

16039.9

17239.9

18277.1

3502.2

3502.2

3855.2

4065.9

158826.0

158826.0

175772.2

193804.1

80875.8

80875.8

82230.3

76355.6

46201.3

46201.3

58834.5

56245.8

9497.9

9497.9

11025.4

13277.4

36703.4

36703.4

47809.1

42968.3

34674.4

34674.4

23395.8

20109.9

-57453.1

-57453.1

-63587.9

-64538.5

80055.2

80055.2

88344.4

88504.9

69637.3

69637.3

76177.3

75952.9

10417.9

10417.9

12167.1

12552.0

18118.0
8599.0
9519.1

22602.2

24756.5

23966.4

10096.1

9827.6

7991.3

12506.1

14928.8

15975.2

Table 1.8 : GDP by Expenditure Category

(at 2000/2001 Prices)
Rs. in ten mllion
Expenditure
Gross Domestic Product at producers price
Total consumption
Government consumption

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

Fiscal Year
2010/11
2011/12

2012/13

53203.8
48565.7
5071.9

56451.7
49284.9
5237.8

59010.7
52291.0
5746.2

61852.9
55267.6
5822.0

63969.4
56313.8
6585.2

67027.9 69795.42
65264.6
73975.4
7634.3
69487.5

3313.6
1758.3
42541.9

3571.1
1666.7
43076.3

3767.1
1979.1
45546.8

3784.3
2037.7
48298.4

4329.5
2255.7
48524.9

5089.1
2545.2
56327.5

7828.3

Food
Non-food
Services
Nonprofit institutions
Actual final consumption expenditure of households

25099.7
12209.5
5232.7
951.9
45252.1

25135.1
12549.9
5391.4
970.7
45713.8

27114.5
12920.1
5512.2
998.0
48523.9

27889.3
14219.6
6189.5
1147.3
51483.3

27520.2
14361.4
6643.3
1203.6
51984.3

Gross capital formation

Gross fixed capital formation

12732.7
10694.0

16503.5
10892.2

17920.5
10945.9

24091.9
12764.7

1718.8
8975.2
2038.6

2013.8
8878.3
5611.3

2215.2
8730.7
6974.6

-8094.5
15852.3

-9336.7
17150.9

13074.7
2777.6
7757.8
5098.1
2659.7

Collective consumption
Individual consumption
Private consumption

Government
Private
Change in stock
Net exports of goods and services
Imports
Goods
Services
Exports
Goods
Services
R = Revised
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

2013/14

2014/15R

2015/16P

73975.4

75991.5

76417.5

69487.5

71833.0

71070.2

7828.3

8408.9

7951.9

5507.4

6376.3

6218.1

5507.4

2320.9

2032.6

1733.8

2320.9

60301.4

62024.4

61642.1

30639.9
17471.3
8216.3
1302.7
60175.5

60301.4

33151.7

34098.9

33888.8

33151.7

18457.1

18984.5

18867.5

18457.1

8692.6

8940.9

8885.8

8692.6

1357.8

1399.7

1476.2

1357.8

63980.1

65456.7

64852.1

24155.4
12672.3

18927.3
11976.5

63980.1

28707.5

30965.3

33651.4

28707.5

15531.0

18570.6

16290.2

2420.5
10344.2
11327.3

2762.2
9910.1
11483.1

2701.8
9274.6
6950.8

15531.0

3192.8

3480.1

3845.5

3192.8

12338.2

15090.6

12444.8

12338.2

13176.5

12394.7

17361.2

-11200.7
19317.5

-17506.7
24776.2

-16499.8
23615.6

-17163.9
24416.1

13176.5

-24219.6

-26806.9

-28304.2

-24219.6

33721.9

36954.9

38171.1

13779.5
3371.4
7814.2

15747.2
3570.3
8116.8

20924.2
3852.0
7269.5

20378.0
3237.7
7115.8

21641.3
2774.8
7252.2

33721.9

29333.6

31865.4

32757.6

4647.0
3167.2

4623.1
3493.7

3848.9
3420.6

3847.7
3268.2

3808.3
3443.9

29333.6

4388.4

5089.6

5413.5

8001.0

9502.4

10148.0

9866.9

3822.9
4178.2

4234.4
5268.0

3903.2
6244.8

2977.0
6889.9

Table 1.9 : Intermediate Consumption by Industrial Division

(at current prices)
Rs. in ten million
Fiscal Year
Industries
Agriculture and forestry

2006/07 2007/08 2008/09

8607.8 10451.0

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15R 2015/16P

12335.2

15003.3

16528.2

17426.4

19691.6

20582.0

21533.4

Fishing

50.3

50.5

50.7

50.9

58.7

70.0

80.0

104.2

112.3

126.2

Mining and Quarrying

87.9

113.3

131.3

153.5

179.5

209.8

250.0

288.6

311.5

316.4

13432.4 14692.2 16796.1

18194.5

20847.3

23633.6

25976.8

29267.2

30777.7

29557.7

Manufacturing

7584.9

2009/10

Electricity gas and water

1026.5

1119.9

1164.4

1423.4

1549.1

1740.1

2039.8

2310.3

2505.4

2930.2

Construction

4664.7

5750.5

6753.7

8143.9

9325.8

10081.0

11083.3

12950.1

14131.9

14239.5

Wholesale and retail trade

1767.7

2009.6

2463.9

3196.9

3560.0

3933.8

4559.0

5383.0

5721.6

5653.0

Hotels and restaurants

2237.9

2603.4

3136.7

3869.4

4731.9

5732.7

6519.4

7363.4

7992.8

8684.4

Transport, storage and communications

5224.4

5630.7

6662.8

6871.9

7687.2

8751.6

9683.3

10437.3

10970.1

11944.1

843.0

1036.9

1201.0

1391.1

2128.4

2815.9

3493.0

3130.4

3542.3

3653.7

2978.4

3425.2

3966.8

4583.4

5096.7

5728.7

6227.2

6680.9

7560.1

7797.8

429.7

487.2

547.4

718.4

824.0

938.1

849.6

692.1

882.4

999.9

1238.9

1454.1

1824.7

2111.1

2500.2

2770.5

2981.8

2853.4

2871.7

2919.8

Health and social work

408.4

439.4

526.5

648.1

763.9

852.4

884.2

968.6

1034.7

1134.6

Other community, social and personal service activities

918.5

1095.3

1318.9

1720.5

1952.6

2291.0

2492.1

3329.0

3269.0

3724.6

Intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices

42893.6 48515.9 56996.0 65412.2
########
P = Preliminary, R = Revised
Note : NSIC Division 16 & 17 are included in the Division 15.
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

76208.6

86077.4

94545.9 105450.0 112265.5

115215.3

Financial intermediation
Real estate, renting and business activities
Public administration and defence
Education

Table 1.10 : Gross Disposable Income and Saving

(at current prices)
Rs. in ten million
Fiscal Year
Particulars

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

36583.90

42876.30

50594.00

42876.30

50594.00

64452.25

91339.26

80058.61

86607.03

91339.26

71.20

86.20

59.30

86.20

11914.53

14070.27

140.94

129.39

144.70

140.94

Taxes less subsidies on products

7874.40

10935.80

12199.70

10935.80

11847.18

13986.19

24141.65

20580.15

23106.04

24141.65

Operating surplus/ mixed income

54297.70

65469.60

74089.90

65379.10

74186.88

74211.84

109247.27

Gross domestic product at producers' price

98827.20 119367.90 136943.00 119277.40 136695.41 152734.36

Compensation of employees
Taxes less subsidies on production

Primary income, net

Gross national income (GNI)
Current transfers, net
Gross National disposable income (GNDI)
Final consumption expenditure

1175.00

911.70

754.90

911.70

754.94

1229.14

100002.10 120279.60 137697.90 120189.10 137450.35 153963.50

24948.70

28264.80

30785.90

28264.80

30785.87

42277.21

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15R

2015/16P

95685.81 102189.24 109247.27

224869.11 196453.96 212047.01 224869.11

4396.24

3275.17

3424.25

4396.24

229265.35 199729.13 215471.26 229265.35

80357.17

63150.03

70995.65

80357.17

124950.80 148544.40 168483.80 148453.90 168236.22 196240.71

309622.52 262879.16 286466.91 309622.52

89504.20 105618.50 125142.10 105618.50 117603.03 135953.88

213051.97 173031.22 193404.62 213051.97

Gross domestic saving

9323.00

13749.40

11800.80

13658.90

19092.37

16780.47

11817.14

23422.74

18642.39

11817.14

Gross national saving

35446.60

42925.90

43341.70

42835.40

50633.18

60286.82

96570.55

89847.94

93062.29

96570.55

Gross capital formation

31302.90

45739.50

44532.20

45648.90

51926.82

52688.90

76355.63

80875.79

82230.31

76355.63

4143.70

-2813.50

-1190.60

-2813.50

-1293.64

7597.92

20214.93

8972.15

10831.98

20214.93

Lending/Borrowing (Resource gap) (+/-)

R = Revised
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Table 1.11 :Gross Domestic Product Deflator by Industry Division

Fiscal Year
Industries
Agriculture and forestry

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14 2014/15R 2015/16P

1.157

1.229

1.264

1.541

1.936

2.240

2.265

2.51

2.61

2.74

Fishing

1.13

1.16

1.27

1.27

1.28

1.39

1.54

2.13

2.14

2.15

Mining and quarrying

1.33

1.43

1.74

2.01

2.29

2.64

2.95

3.48

3.67

4.06

Manufacturing

1.23

1.31

1.45

1.67

1.76

1.92

2.10

2.36

2.48

2.67

Electricty gas and water

1.14

1.14

1.15

1.15

1.17

1.18

1.19

1.40

1.41

1.40

Construction

1.33

1.43

1.64

1.91

2.18

2.41

2.65

3.04

3.26

3.50

Whole-sale and retail trade

1.32

1.44

1.57

1.76

2.14

2.35

2.51

2.89

3.01

3.13

Hotels and restaurants

1.17

1.21

1.30

1.54

1.80

2.06

2.30

2.85

3.16

3.57

Transport, storage and communications

1.46

1.58

1.59

1.80

1.74

1.84

1.97

2.21

2.21

2.29

Financial intermediation

1.11

1.29

1.39

1.59

1.82

1.92

2.16

2.85

3.19

3.50

Real estate, renting and business activities

1.63

1.72

1.62

1.76

1.96

2.17

2.45

2.79

3.02

3.33

Public Administration and defence

1.20

1.32

1.54

1.85

2.09

2.30

2.73

3.57

3.93

3.93

Education

1.22

1.33

1.49

1.73

1.59

1.70

1.95

2.47

2.67

2.73

Health and social work

1.21

1.24

1.47

1.68

1.79

1.90

2.13

2.65

2.89

2.94

Other community, social and personal service activities

1.21

1.31

1.46

1.66

1.80

1.91

2.12

2.56

2.67

2.84

Implicit GDP deflator

R = Revised
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

1.26

1.35

1.43

1.66

1.90

2.10

2.24

2.59

2.73

2.88

Table 1.12 : Summary of Macroeconomic Indicators

Fiscal Year
Description

2006/07 2007/08 2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15R

2015/16P

Percapita GDP (NRs)

27524.9 30170.7 38172.0 45435.0

51593.9

56879.7

62283.0

71225.2

75854.5

79369.8

Percapita GNI (NRs)

27806.0 30464.6 38626.0 45782.0

51878.8

57337.4

62763.5

72412.6

77079.4

80921.5

Percapita GNDI (NRs)

32684.2 37226.9 48262.0 56549.0

63498.5

73081.9

81051.5

95307.9

102476.4

109284.4

Percapita GDP at constant price

20120.6 20881.1 22793.0 23561.0

24144.4

24961.8

25646.0

26820.1

27184.0

26972.3

Percapita GNI at constant price

20539.6 21313.3 23301.0 24152.0

24664.1

25582.4

26396.8

27939.3

28261.0

28110.1

Percapita GNDI at constant price

24143.0 26044.2 29114.0 29831.0

30188.3

32607.1

34088.3

36773.1

37572.7

37962.7

Annual Change in nominal percapita GDP (%)

8.8

9.6

19.5

19.0

13.6

10.2

9.1

14.4

6.5

4.6

Annual change in real percapita GDP(%)

1.1

3.8

3.1

3.4

2.5

3.4

2.7

4.6

1.4

-0.8

Percapita GDP (USD)

390.5

464.0

497.0

610.0

713.9

702.0

708.1

725.2

762.4

751.6

Percapita GNI in (USD)

394.5

468.6

502.0

614.0

717.8

707.7

713.5

737.3

774.7

766.3

Percapita GNDI (USD)

463.7

572.6

628.0

759.0

878.6

902.0

921.5

970.4

1030.0

1034.9

Gross domestic saving as percentage of GDP

9.8

9.8

9.4

11.5

14.0

11.0

10.6

11.9

8.8

5.3

Gross national saving as percentage of GDP

28.6

33.2

35.9

35.9

37.0

39.5

40.7

45.7

43.9

42.9

Exports of goods and services as percentage of GDP

12.9

12.8

12.4

9.6

8.9

10.1

10.7

11.5

11.7

10.7

Imports of goods and services as percentage of GDP

31.7

33.3

34.7

36.4

32.9

33.6

37.5

40.8

41.7

39.4

Resource Gap as percentage of GDP (+/-)

-0.1

2.9

4.2

-2.4

-0.9

5.0

3.4

4.6

5.1

9.0

Gross Fixed Capital Formation as percentage of GDP

P = Preliminary, R = Revised
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

21.1

21.9

21.4

22.2

21.4

20.8

22.6

23.5

27.7

25.0

Table 2.1: Public Income and Expenditure

(Rs in '000)

Heading

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Actual

Atual

Actual

Actual

Estimate

Revenue and Grants

287,796,801

333,172,151

396,315,164

448,331,205

585,941,507

Renenue

244,374,099

296,021,153

356,620,779

405,866,514

475,012,100

Taxes

211,722,611

259,214,937

312,441,263

355,955,770

427,011,000

Non Tax Revenue

32,651,488

36,806,217

44,179,516

49,910,744

48,001,100

Difference
Grants

2,612,420

1,921,192

5,734,220

6,090,462

40,810,282

35,229,805

33,960,165

36,374,229

110,929,407

40,810,281

35,229,805

33,960,165

36,374,229

110,929,407

Expenditure

294,850,724

302,053,897

370,226,473

428,251,114

693,143,617

Recurrent

Grants

243,460,007

247,455,472

303,531,746

339,407,600

484,266,375

Compensation of employees

65,965,530

66,046,004

84,356,671

88,543,139

104,246,160

Use of goods and services

23,751,004

23,285,326

29,950,338

31,823,730

78,746,417

interest, Services an d Bank Corr

15,160,827

13,736,699

12,037,868

9,263,198

21,442,871

Subsidies

4,640,459

4,227,337

1,145,530

1,018,731

2,599,252

Grants

103,679,916

102,489,890

134,941,040

157,690,886

207,045,336

Social Security

30,140,281

37,544,252

40,802,391

50,757,816

69,246,810

Other Expenditure

121,990

125,963

297,907

310,100

939,529

51,390,717

54,598,425

66,694,727

88,843,514

208,877,242

Capital Expenditure

51,390,717

54,598,425

66,694,727

88,843,514

1,208,877,242

7,053,923

31,118,253

-26,088,691

20,080,091

107,202,110

-3,371,967

24,816,477

23,140,738

38,425,807

-58,639,437

11,876,688

11,796,792

12,927,909

26,257,386

48,911,740

12,063,693

12,552,099

13,497,720

28,338,968

50,911,740

Capital

Budget Surplus (-)/Deficit (+)

Financing
Net Internal Loan
Internal Loan
Less Internal Loan Refund
Net Investment
Domestic Share Investments

187,005

755,307

569,811

2,081,582

2,000,000

12,093,805

8,901,813

9,451,003

10,510,427

11,946,790

12,093,805

5,356,545

9,412,265

8,524,012

11,946,790

3,545,268

38,738

1,986,415

2,449,355

2,220,635

-4,407,730

-3,404,413

-72,601,347

Foreign Share Investments

External - Net Borrowing
External Amortizations

13,532,427

14,190,079

16,724,637

17,027,868

22,363,357

Less External Borrowing

11,083,072

11,969,444

21,132,367

20,432,281

94,964,704

-29,791,815

1,897,237

5,169,556

5,062,407

-46,896,620

Domestic Amortization

6,626,836

20,940,092

25,152,451

47,429,985

41,103,380

Less Domestic Borrowing

36,418,651

19,042,855

19,982,895

42,367,578

88,000,000

3,681,956

6,301,776

-2,947,953

-18,345,716

-48,562,673

Domestic Net Borrowing

Under(+)/Over(-)

Note: Government of Nepal has started to record its revenue and expenses using Government Financial Statistic
(GFS) 2001 since the fiscal year 2011/12. The Data of previous Fiscal Years may therefore differ
Source: Financial Comptroller General Office

Table 2.2: Tax Revenue

Fiscal Year

Revenue Heading
11100
11110
11120
11130
11200
11210
11300
11310
11340
11400
11410
11420
11440
11450
11500
11510
11520
11560
11600
11610
11620

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains

Payable by individual and sole traders
Payable by entrerprizes and corporations
Taxes on investment and other income
Taxes on payroll and workforce
Social Security Taxes on payroll
Taxes on property
Recurrent taxes on immovable property
Taxes on financial and capital transactions
Taxes on Goods and Services
VAT
Excise
Taxes on specific services
Taxes on use of goods and on permission to use goods
Taxes on international trade and transactions
Customs and other import duties
Taxes on exports
Other taxes on international trade and transactions
Other taxes
Registration Fee
Ownership Certificate Charge
Grand Total

Rs. in Ten Million

First Eight Months

2011/12
5,130.30

2012/13
6,418.67

2013/14
7561.36

2014/15
8616.56

2015/16*
10564.88

2014/15
2444.62

2015/16
4922.93

1,229.28

1,554.15

1943.40

2255.78

2689.91

1025.3

1474.91

3,049.44

3,706.72

4542.30

5203.37

6396.5

978.21

2579.49

851.58

1,157.80

1075.66

1157.41

1478.47

441.11

868.53

155.50

188.06

244.99

292.58

342.58

148.81

181.59

155.50

188.06

244.99

292.58

342.58

148.81

181.59

358.84

534.02

667.11

939.94

1204.41

362.87

0.29

2.94

0.37

2.85

2.19

3.31

0.88

0.29

355.90

533.64

664.26

937.75

1201.1

361.99

11,056.10

12,927.05

15771.84

18002.52

21976.44

10614.21

7,093.04

8,341.84

10110.46

11252.18

14089.17

6473.5

6403.56

3,001.61

3,623.47

4541.26

5353.82

6581.2

3294.66

3403.38

10674.01

49.02

65.53

87.35

103.19

147.71

60.73

78.68

912.43

896.21

1032.77

1293.33

1158.36

785.32

788.39

4,339.06

5,693.18

6798.05

7484.13

8329.18

4815.71

4153.67

4,090.59

5,432.79

6412.54

7052.67

7858.25

4540.34

3919.28

86.15

43.91

106.65

31.46

84.63

21.09

12.79

162.32

216.48

278.86

400.00

386.3

254.28

221.6

132.38

160.52

200.77

259.84

283.61

129.2

139.15

52.67

62.34

87.22

118.50

146.05

47.17

63.41

79.71

98.18

113.55

141.34

137.56

82.03

75.74

21,172.18

25,921.49

31244.13

35595.57

42701.1

18515.42

20071.64

* Estimated
Note: Government of Nepal has started to record its revenue and expenses using Government Financial Statistic
(GFS) 2001 since the fiscal year 2011/12. The Data of previous Fiscal Years may therefore differ

Table 2.3: Non Tax Revenue

Revenue Heading
14100
14110
14120
14150
14200
14210
14220
14300
14310
14400
14410
14500
14510
14520
14530

Rs. in ten Million

First Eight Months

Fiscal Year
2011/12

Property Income
1765.24
Interest
175.02
Dividends
942.97
Rent and Royalty
647.25
Sale of Goods and Services
691.316
Sale of Goods
460.436
Administrative Fees
230.88
Penalties, Fines and Forfeiture
31.56
Penalties, Fines and Forfieture
31.56
Voluntary Transfers other than Grants
0.08
Voluntary Transfers other than Grants
0.08
Miscellaneous Revenue
776.92
Administrative Fee - Immigration and Tourism
548.19
Other Revenue
228.01
Capital Revenue
0.72
Total
3265.116

2012/13
1760.84

2013/14
2067.52

2014/15
2270.87

2015/16*
2158.52

2014/15
491.92

2015/16
848.11

52.79

165.55

193.00

117.68

0.32

71.57

1084.37

1299.21

1373.17

1312.70

20.02

222.64

623.69

602.75

704.70

728.14

471.58

553.90

1124.70

1164.53

1223.06

1304.49

496.93

849.15

537.41

629.79

729.52

732.54

174.68

517.94

587.29

534.75

493.54

571.95

322.25

331.21

33.82

45.28

125.43

51.45

26.33

38.99

33.82

45.28

125.43

51.45

26.33

0.51

0.24

0.50

0.14

0.36

0.22

0.51

0.24

0.50

0.14

0.36

0.22

760.7

1140.39

1371.21

1285.51

688.05

852.36

676.42

1052.79

1243.48

1171.41

614.22

791.28

83.23

87.06

127.33

113.53

73.59

60.85

1.09

0.54

0.40

0.57

0.24

0.23

3680.62

4417.95

4991.07

4800.11

1703.59

2588.83

* Estimated
Note: Government of Nepal has started to record its revenue and expenses using Government Financial Statistic
(GFS) 2001 since the fiscal year 2011/12. The Data of previous Fiscal Years may therefore differ
Source: Financial Comptroller General Office

Table 2.4: Functional and Service Description (Current Expenditure)

Rs. in ten million

S.N.

Fiscal Year

Particulars
2011/12

1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

General Public Services

Executive and legislative organs,
financial, fiscal affairs
Foreign economic aid
General services
R&D General public services
General public services n.e.c.
Public debt transaction
Transfers of a general character
between levels of government
Defence
Military defence
Civil defence
Defence n.e.c.
Public Order and Sefety
Police services
Fire-protection services
Law courts
Prisons
Public order and sefety n.e.c.
Economic Affiars
General economic, commercial and
labour affairs
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and
hunting
Fuel and energy
Mining, manufacturing and construction
Transport
Communication
Other industries
R&D Economic affairs
Economic affairs n.e.c.
Environmental Protection
Waste management
Waste water management
Protection of biodiversity and landscape

2012/13

2013/14

First Eight Months

2014/15

2015/16*

2014/15

2015/16

5455.04

6052.36

6268.55

13777.07

14991.78

3357.61

5731.70

2667.17

3745.88

3720.41

8882.29

9564.59

2055.61

3116.19

0.00
174.61

0.00
162.44

0.00
188.06

0.00
1189.61

0.34
1364.99

88.89
0.00

0.00
873.60

0.00
37.16

0.00
38.42

1.86
39.62

1.68
354.94

1.39
613.14

1.19
24.41

0.92
251.53

1233.00

1073.35

867.27

1850.76

1623.37

483.92

420.33

1343.10

1032.27

1451.33

1497.79

1823.96

703.59

2077.98

1847.69

2577.82

2581.73

2932.34

1740.86

2077.91

1846.72

2577.49

2576.33

2926.25

1740.85

2084.81

0.00
0.07

0.00
0.96

0.00
0.33

4.70
0.70

5.81
0.28

0.00
0.01

0.00
0.18

3607.53

3483.20

3985.41

2945.24

3150.03

2625.54

2045.96

2167.43

1969.95

3173.17

2040.61

2245.93

2131.27

1602.91

0.41

0.44

0.53

0.58

0.69

0.28

0.98

174.93

180.72

266.24

324.60

372.47

152.36

195.86

82.79

86.53

100.27

55.23

1069.12

64.27

69.70

1200.49

1262.39

462.69

492.93

430.67

286.39

175.10

3473.68

3596.49

5068.08

6059.93

10183.19

2775.08

3195.43

71.11

670.52

721.17

815.76

956.07

929.58

427.44

479.57

1604.51

1718.38

2549.91

3234.33

3680.89

1543.23

1863.95

171.75

175.12

335.27

413.09

587.44

121.20

104.36

5.16

4.61

6.19

6.39

8.65

4.18

5.25

623.63

580.05

810.74

691.49

691.85

390.72

299.04

267.16

241.95

314.76

346.44

366.92

192.10

247.27

91.40

121.56

181.74

258.57

316.76

89.88

107.94

37.63

32.08

50.57

143.99

3589.22

4.96

85.28

1.93

1.57

3.13

9.56

11.88

1.38

2.77

46.51

29.16

152.14

382.55

397.64

126.05

179.34

0.54

1.56

8.71

4.85

6.18

8.47

0.56

0.32

0.33

1.85

13.83

10.14

4.79

4.88

0.02

0.61

2.63

1.53

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.13

Environmental protection n.e.c.

45.62
6
Housing and Community Ammnities 323.41
6.1 Housing development
24.54
6.2 Community development
6.21
6.3 Water supply
261.84
6.4 Housing and community amenities n.e.c.
30.82
7
Health
1949.54
7.1 Medical products, appliances and equipment49.92
7.2 Out-patient services
226.32
7.3 Hospital services
636.88
7.4 Public health services
875.22
7.5 R&D Health
161.21
8
Recreation, Cultural and Religion
186.42
81.85
8.1 Recreational and sporting services
8.2 Cultural services
85.61
8.3 Broadcasting and publishing services
18.95
9
Education
6191.42
9.1 Pre-primary and primary education
2085.57
1034.69
9.2 Secondary education
9.3 Educaiton not definable by level
1973.36
9.4 Subsidiary services to education
1087.89
9.5 Educaiton n.e.c.
9.92
10
Social Protection
1034.47
72.44
10.1 Family and children
10.2 Social exculsion n.e.c.
861.62
10.3 R&D Social protection
10.75
10.4 Social protection n.e.c.
89.67
Total 24346.00
* Estimated

26.66

138.95

362.35

379.32

112.79

173.90

230.65

604.64

322.18

497.33

198.81

108.24

16.29

110.68

45.96

33.45

5.5

118.70

208.94

9.60

0.00

69.77

136.53

0.00

4.90

174.52

465.94

124.77

143.37

143.16

64.61

30.24

28.02

8.94

8.49

9.68

5.28

1891.83

2336.20

3309.01

3792

1263.20

1710.02

59.16

47.80

251.75

189.92

509.00

598.42

65.85

57.84

624.35

859.47

1046.59

46.84

1185.53

20.84

503.25

23.03

785.45

7.22

778.21

1010.65

1225.77

1501.24

562.32

699.72

178.35

228.36

480.82

485.97

108.75

159.79

225.59

360.64

339.38

401.04

151.46

251.50

65.52

118.25

147.77

185.14

68.46

132.05

143.09

221.31

165.32

188.63

70.62

100.67

27.27

12.39

6229.07

7769.93

8586.01

4743.28

5054.73

2181.34

2540.06

2942.30

3129.46

1676.55

1937.02

1081.73

1296.79

1540.70

1501.29

876.38

968.90

1697.99

2168.91

2418.70

3123.5

1300.13

888.98

1239.56

1676.13

1511.26

1885.67

863.81

1201.68

28.45

88.04

173.05

207.47

26.42

58.14

1159.50

1229.77

1592.00

2233.84

749.06

1035.00

16.99

26.29

18.79

14.72

33.81

113.28

337.19

12.65

49.67

1046.81

1063.46

1299.46

1675.07

666.69

888.17

26.21

6.50

10.82

17.39

5.85

5.01

71.76

125.99

168.45

204.19

63.87

92.14

24745.54

30353.17

39895.12

48426.58

17730.96

21396.92

Note: Government of Nepal has started to record its revenue and expenses using Government Financial Statistic
(GFS) 2001 since the fiscal year 2011/12. The Data of previous Fiscal Years may therefore differ
Source: Financial Comptroller General Office

Table 2.5: Functional and Service Description (Capital Expenditure)

Rs. in ten million
S.N.
Particulars
1
General Public Services
Executive and legislative organs, financial,
1.1 fiscal affairs
1.2
1.3 General services
1.4 R&D General public services
1.5 General public services n.e.c.
1.6 Public debt transaction
Transfers of a general character between levels
1.7 of government
2
Defence
2.1 Military defence
2.2 Civil defence
2.3 Defence n.e.c.
Public Order and Sefety
3.1 Police services
3.2 Fire-protection services
3.3 Law courts
3.4 Prisons
3.5 Public order and sefety n.e.c.
4
Economic Affiars
General economic, commercial and labour
4.1 affairs
4.2 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
4.3 Fuel and energy
4.4 Mining, manufacturing and construction
4.5 Transport
4.6 Communication
4.7 Other industries
4.8 R&D Economic affairs
4.9 Economic affairs n.e.c.
5
Environmental Protection
5.1 Waste management
5.2 Waste water management
5.3 Protection of biodiversity and landscape
5.4 R&D Environmental protection
5.5 Environmental protection n.e.c.
6
Housing and Community Ammnities
6.1 Housing development
6.2 Community development
6.3 Water supply
6.4 Housing and community amenities n.e.c.
7
Health
7.1 Medical products, appliances and equipment
7.2 Out-patient services
7.3 Hospital services
7.4 Public health services
7.5 R&D Health
8
Recreation, Cultural and Religion
8.1 Recreational and sporting services
8.2 Cultural services
8.3 Broadcasting and publishing services
9
Education
9.1 Pre-primary and primary education
9.2 Educaiton not definable by level
9.3 Subsidiary services to education
9.4 Educaiton n.e.c.
10
Social Protection
10.1 Family and children
10.2 Social exculsion n.e.c.
10.3 R&D Social protection
10.4 Social protection n.e.c.
3

Total

2011/12
125.44

Fiscal Year
2012/13
2013/14
209.63
4684.58

2014/15
6710.75

First Eight Months

2015/16* 2014/15 2015/16
9403.82 4060.71
102.17

84.40
0.00
18.91
0.00
22.03
0.00

169.32
0.00
9.53
0.00
30.69
0.00

2135.04
0.00
11.53
0.37
22.38
2515.25

2992.58
0.00
135.91
0.01
90.18
3454.49

4953.35
20.00
194.71
0.04
80.74
4110.34

1201.13
0.00
33.43
0.01
20.74
2791.56

55.30
0.00
23.32
0.04
7.08
0.00

0.10
187.77
174.42
0.00
13.35
319.04
139.15
0.02
44.84
12.12
122.90
3387.92

0.09
242.23
230.40
0.00
11.84
293.09
119.60
0.00
40.29
8.91
124.29
3629.10

0.01
658.80
520.58
132.43
5.79
511.42
226.08
0.03
81.39
11.86
192.05
5986.82

37.57
554.13
295.78
255.18
3.17
501.63
92.14
0.02
103.17
15.15
291.15
10959.90

44.64
816.97
327.01
487.22
2.74
772.75
366.71
0.02
112.06
17.06
276.90
18742.63

13.84
142.47
141.77
0.00
0.70
184.45
90.11
0.02
20.39
5.69
68.24
3341.66

60.22
0.34
0.11
110.05
37.18
0.01
16.17
4.68
52.01
1940.89

30.67
1056.22
18.23
0.83
2184.76
25.74
70.41
0.03
1.02
45.21
5.54
6.93
0.00
0.00
32.74
678.45
113.01
0.66
290.10
274.69
337.47
4.12
4.22
25.04
294.09
10.01
20.19
4.99
12.24
2.96
13.88
0.09
8.03
4.26
1.51
23.69
0.00
0.00
0.29
23.40
5139.07

25.62
1167.01
22.44
148.02
2179.49
28.92
53.67
3.64
0.29
32.94
3.43
5.00
0.14
0.00
24.38
708.51
94.04
0.00
362.46
252.00
295.34
29.72
4.46
30.81
224.83
5.51
15.60
0.08
10.55
4.97
13.91
0.22
8.89
3.45
1.35
19.50
0.00
0.00
0.28
19.22
5459.84

43.50
1496.37
1486.19
136.58
2643.79
51.73
99.50
11.80
17.36
105.08
53.94
4.78
0.18
12.00
34.18
822.82
167.59
0.00
587.99
67.23
315.64
30.40
13.72
39.78
204.51
27.24
30.59
0.25
17.86

283.38
2162.46
3309.16
261.63
4423.94
79.13
379.12
26.97
34.11
696.58
263.16
193.61
0.22
80.50
159.10
1912.06
285.77
130.80
1401.27
94.22
467.64
43.45
44.58
46.75
317.67
15.18
58.78
0.61
28.44
29.74
17.39
0.16
8.25
5.46
3.52
36.02
4.05
6.12
1.78
24.07
21914.88

638.38
3001.22
4539.27
256.23
5535.03
89.70
720.76
3923.41
38.63
1118.13
593.54
123.77
0.00
200.70
200.12
2201.45
356.94
185.67
1516.18
142.66
341.84
41.02
40.66
42.63
201.93
15.60
72.57
0.25
45.71
26.61

102.31
803.74
917.24
84.46
1364.22
21.37
29.44
2.13
16.75
107.68
2.01
91.01
0.00
0.00
14.66
512.84
105.43
0.00
391.34
16.07
132.89
22.31
4.35
12.56
92.61
1.06
9.53
0.09
5.57
3.87
3.61
0.05
1.71
1.39
0.46
7.33
0.00
2.60
0.51
4.22
8503.17

139.71
637.47
17.15
47.16
1050.82
15.20
31.03
2.14
0.21
31.46
1.73
8.67
0.00
0.44
20.62
362.96
51.37
5.65
275.09
30.85
93.66
7.10
0.71
5.28
79.47
1.10
13.48
0.05
7.99
5.44
3.13
0.00
2.17
0.91
0.05
9.90
0.00
0.55
0.07
9.28
2728.37

12.64
0.15
10.28
1.88
0.33
23.65
2.56
1.14
1.93
18.02
13152.05

0.12
12.70
1.98
2.08
33.18
0.48
3.38
1.57
27.75
33520.22

* Estimated
Note: Government of Nepal has started to record its revenue and expenses using Government Financial Statistic
(GFS) 2001 since the fiscal year 2011/12. The Data of previous Fiscal Years may therefore differ
Source: Financial Comptroller General Office

16.43

Table 2.6 : Principal Repayment, Loan and Share Investment in Public Enterprises
Rs. in ten million
Code
Heading
No.
31111 Internal Loan to Corporations
31211 Share Investments- Corporations
32111 External Amortization
32211 Domestic Amortization
* Estimated
Source: Financial Comptroller General Office

Fiscal Year
2011/12
1206.37
1209.38
2415.75
1353.24
662.68
2015.92

2012/13
813.00
880.18
1693.18
1419.01
2094.01
3513.02

2013/14
1360.32
934.55
2294.87
1672.46
2515.25
4187.71

First Eight Months

2014/15
2015/16* 2014/15
25905.09 1096.07
952.72
1608.59
282.89
239.06
27513.68 1378.96
1191.78
1704.18 2183.50
949.00
4742.99 4100.20
2627.81
6447.17 6283.70
3576.81

2015/16
730.72
188.59
919.31
947.75
2226.69
3174.44

Table 2.7 : Foreign Aid Commitment by Sources

Source
1. Bilateral
Grant
Loan
2. Multilateral
Grant
Loan
3. Total
Grant
Loan
* Estimated
Source M mInistry of Finance

2006/07
1770.61
1770.61
0.00
1931.68
1315.41
616.27
3702.29
3086.02
616.27

2007/08
1310.64
562.09
748.55
3607.98
3544.33
63.65
4918.62
4106.42
812.20

2008/09
2719.65
2365.50
354.15
2077.88
1944.08
133.80
4797.52
4309.57
487.95

2009/10
3690.00
3690.00
0.00
5970.90
3335.78
2635.12
9660.90
7025.78
2635.12

Fiscal Year
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13 2013/14
3182.00
5291.30
3851.99 5527.20
3146.00
2330.99 4868.50
2482.00
700.00
2145.30
1521.00
658.70
7427.67
4526.57
7663.69 7817.20
3991.38
2687.68
3059.11 2423.30
1838.89
4604.58 5393.90
3436.29
10609.67
9817.87 11515.68 13344.50
5833.68
5390.10 7291.80
6473.38
4136.29
3984.19
6125.58

Table 2.8 : Foreign Aid Disbursement by Sources

Rs. In Ten Million
Fiscal Year

Headings
2007/08

1. Bilateral
Grant
Loan
2. Multilateral
Grant
Loan
3. Total
Grant
Loan

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

1,020.77

2008/09
933.31

2,290.15

2,585.04

3,208.77

2600.97

2940.72

2195.31

957.56

872.02

1,835.09

2,173.80

2,883.33

2343.52

2616.67

1852.55

63.21

61.29

455.06

411.24

325.44

257.45

324.05

342.76

1,909.29

2,701.86

2,686.79

3,214.73

1,980.57

2118.96

3079.74

4195.39

1,074.51

1,766.26

2,019.51

2,418.41

1,197.70

1179.46

1603.91

1976.59

834.78

935.60

667.28

796.32

782.87

939.49

1475.83

2218.80

2,930.06

3,635.17

4,976.94

5,799.78

5,189.34

4719.92

6020.46

6390.70

2,032.07
897.99

2,638.28
996.89

3,854.60
1,122.34

4,592.22
1,207.56

4,081.03
1,108.31

3522.98
1196.94

4220.58
1799.88

3829.14
2561.56

Source: Financial Comptroller General Office

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2014/15 2015/16*
17836.90 10409.55
8034.00 5933.85
9802.90
4475.7
4745.03 9040.87
1126.31 1572.57
3618.72
7468.3
22581.93 19450.42
9160.31 7506.42
13421.62
11944

Rs. In Ten Million

First Eight Month
2013/14 2014/15 2015/16
4274.29 15895.24 7260.29
3901.49 5851.34 4990.59
372.80 10043.90
2269.7
2760.40 8069.25 8358.97
1095.40 5499.83 1195.17
1665.00 2569.42
7163.8
7034.70 23964.49 15619.26
4996.89 11351.17 6185.76
2037.80 12613.32
9433.5

Table 2.9: Functional and Service Description of Foreign Grants Received

Rs. in ten million

S.N.
1

Fiscal Year

Particulars

2010/11

General Public Services

Executive and legislative organs, financial,
1.1 fiscal affairs
1.2 Foreign economic aid

360.37

397.67

664.36

117.25

347.46

304.07

235.19

467.65

107.38

273.25

2015/16
135.55
114.58

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

18.67

51.37

194.51

5.59

28.89

19.17

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

General public services n.e.c.

1.7 Public debt transaction

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

37.63

111.12

2.20

4.28

347.38

195.00

0.07

0.00

0.00

0.00

Transfers of a general character between

1.8 levels of government
Defence
2.1 Military defence
2.2 Civil defence
2.3 Foreign military aid
2.4 R&D Defence
Defence n.e.c.
Public Order and Sefety
3.1 Police services
3.2 Fire-protection services
3.3 Law courts
3.4 Prisons
3.5 R&D Public order and safety
Public order and sefety n.e.c.
Economic Affiars
General economic, commercial and labour
4.1 affairs
4.2 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
4.3 Fuel and energy
4.4 Mining, manufacturing and construction
4.5 Transport
4.6 Communication
4.7 Other industries
4.8 R&D Economic affairs
4.9 Economic affairs n.e.c.
Environmental Protection
5.1 Waste management
5.2 Waste water management
5.3 Pollution abatement
Protection of biodiversity and landscape
R&D Environmental protection

Environmental protection n.e.c.

Housing and Community Ammnities
6.1 Housing development
6.2 Community development
6.3 Water supply
6.4 Street lighting
6.5 R&D Housing and community amenities
Housing and community amenities n.e.c.
Health
7.1 Medical products, appliances and equipment
7.2 Out-patient services
7.3 Hospital services
7.4 Public health services
7.5 R&D Health
7.6 Health n.e.c.
Recreation, Cultural and Religion
8.1 Recreational and sporting services
8.2 Cultural services
8.3 Broadcasting and publishing services
8.4 Religious and other community services
8.5 R&D Recreation, culture and religion
8.6 Recreation, culture and religion n.e.c.
6.6

2014/15

21.75

5.6

2013/14

0.00

5.4
5.5

2015/16*

14.17

3.6

279.12

2014/15

1.00

2.5

380.28

300.94

First Eight Months

2013/14

0.00

1.6

375.38

589.45

2012/13

General services
1.4 Basic research
1.5 R&D General public services
1.3

723.76

2011/12

Education
9.1 Pre-primary and primary education
9.2 Secondary education

0.00

1.80
28.88

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

19.22

17.46

28.88

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

19.22

0.00

17.46

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

96.30

261.00

230.25

209.82

130.29

362.78

144.58

0.00

0.78

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

219.78

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

4.47

3.05

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

91.83

257.95

230.25

209.82

130.29

143.00

144.58

0.00

0.78

1843.27

1140.11

1073.16

1542.04

1670.78

6981.84

355.81

456.94

380.47

183.12

377.06

737.60

57.61

164.17

517.21

270.11

254.46

221.90

248.29

270.56

481.81

447.78

772.87

164.41

146.96

219.84

180.20

215.79

312.49

294.49

475.37

27.48

90.40

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.74

0.00

884.32

441.51

329.19

553.03

519.22

1041.47

102.45

43.38

59.33

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.79

9.34

6.26

0.29

8.63

1.10

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

14.46

316.97

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

3.17

10.81

8.42

3629.55

3.56

2.67

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.75

0.00

0.00

0.00

29.82

4.05

1.83

46.62

94.74

287.17

22.73

42.88

50.08

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

158.47
157.50
3.58

0.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.98

4.25

58.97

4.28

4.25

4.03

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.75

2.81

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

29.82

4.03

1.09

42.83

90.49

228.21

18.45

38.63

46.04

278.64

291.28

205.11

218.01

152.34

427.56

55.56

43.87

17.62

0.00

10.48

8.89

16.16

17.69

66.62

10.12

18.67

19.70

235.27

0.00

0.00

0.18

8.15

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

128.78

102.40

61.99

138.48

110.00

118.35

26.20

25.20

9.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

149.86

178.40

134.23

63.37

4.95

7.32

19.24

0.00

0.00

559.50

570.02

568.28

503.72

403.74

774.19

193.08

152.73

17.16

35.35

45.12

25.90

56.09

32.58

26.95

27.35

3.86

0.00

190.69

155.48

148.01

92.20

450.21

14.93

16.00

1.95

22.18

36.14

52.05

25.27

22.54

19.94

14.03

0.61

273.83

301.60

325.02

290.14

229.59

158.23

126.32

112.22

13.22

37.45

31.68

17.29

24.07

26.83

115.87

4.55

6.62

1.38

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.81

1.24

4.45

12.37

11.48

24.58

0.92

4.68

4.69

0.48

0.25

0.02

0.46

0.53

1.20

0.27

0.21

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.33

0.99

4.43

11.91

10.95

23.38

0.65

4.47

4.69

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1032.60

1223.60

1137.28

1285.43

890.26

1328.45

820.35

353.24

525.92

33.56

18.41

26.46

37.70

3.12

2.73

32.31

4.65

2.60

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

9.5

965.49

1119.45

947.83

973.53

835.39

1238.62

701.65

337.68

518.40

9.6

34.80

88.28

126.23

210.91

12.41

33.67

89.21

6.10

4.39

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

9.3
9.4

Tertiary education

Educaiton not definable by level

Subsidiary services to education
9.7 R&D education
Educaiton n.e.c.
10
Social Protection
10.1 Sickness and disability
10.2 Old age
10.3 Survivors
9.8

Family and children

10.5 Umemployment
10.6 Housing
10.4

Social exculsion n.e.c.

10.8 R&D Social protection
10.9 Social protection n.e.c.

10.7

Total

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

11.22

29.65

82.58

16.00

18.46

26.36

6.72

0.53

26.40

0.28

1.69

22.98

60.40

213.12

1.22

28.47

25.12

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

173.36

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

45.59

0.00

0.69

27.34

14.37

0.00

0.00

0.00

20.95

0.00

0.05

15.55

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.43

1.35

2.32

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

5.45

0.28

1.20

6.08

12.49

39.76

0.53

1.13

10.75

4592.10

4081.03

3522.98

4220.58

3829.16

11092.94

1711.50

1430.28

1157.38

* Estimated
Note: Government of Nepal has started to record its revenue and expenses using Government Financial Statistic
(GFS) 2001 since the fiscal year 2011/12. The Data of previous Fiscal Years may therefore differ
Source: Financial Comptroller General Office

0.00

Table 2.10: Functional and Service Description of Foreign Loan Received

Rs. in ten million

S.N.

Particulars

2010/11

General Public Services

Executive and legislative organs,

2011/12

Fiscal Year
2012/13 2013/14
5.69

23.97

158.26

2.81

5.01

41.47

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

100.82

93.42

3.62

1.1 financial, fiscal affairs

100.82

89.92

0.00

1.2 Foreign economic aid

1.3 General services

0.00
0.00

0.00
3.50

0.00
2.42

1.4 Basic research

1.5 R&D General public services

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
1.19

0.00

1.6 General public services n.e.c.

0.00

1.7 Public debt transaction

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.8
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
5.1
5.2
5.3

Transfers of a general character between

levels of government
Defence
Military defence
Civil defence
Foreign military aid
R&D Defence
Defence n.e.c.
Public Order and Sefety
Police services
Fire-protection services
Law courts
Prisons
R&D Public order and safety
Public order and sefety n.e.c.
Economic Affiars
General economic, commercial and
labour affairs
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
Fuel and energy
Mining, manufacturing and construction
Transport
Communication
Other industries
R&D Economic affairs
Economic affairs n.e.c.
Environmental Protection
Waste management
Waste water management
Pollution abatement

5.4 Protection of biodiversity and landscape

5.5 R&D Environmental protection
5.6 Environmental protection n.e.c.

Housing and Community Ammnities

First Eight Months

2014/15 2015/16* 2013/14
2014/15
2015/16

0.00

0.00

16.00

2.81

0.22

0.00

5.69
0.00

6.13

29.23

0.00

4.79

8.79

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

17.84

13.03

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

100.00

0.00

0.00

26.82

113.21
0.00

236.90

272.80

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

113.21
0.00

236.90

272.80

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

5.86

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

843.14

766.46

893.10

1266.08

3197.04

7199.35

325.37

375.56

365.37

185.92

201.87

139.45

66.97

71.06
90.31

207.37

50.58

0.00

0.00

145.84

211.12

72.25

106.25

76.64

175.32

370.57

525.37

63.05

74.04

505.02

501.03

423.19

376.90

1722.98

2622.46

0.00

100.00

0.00

0.00

53.31

40.34

0.00

95.63

6.46

17.18

16.71

58.50

108.60

185.62

688.60

1346.37

116.40

100.89

148.82

0.00

0.00

0.00

446.31
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

195.97

157.62

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

2218.00

0.00

0.00

1.03

0.00

0.00

8.50

16.08

33.00

32.02

0.00

16.50

14.41

27.51

26.94

88.07

569.29

887.38

63.99

183.14

364.76

0.00

12.00

79.47

72.57
0.00

155.42

509.20

0.00

0.00

222.46

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

150.00

0.00

0.00

87.22

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

91.80

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

23.03

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
27.51

0.00
14.94

0.00
8.60

10.00

59.85

175.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

62.57

204.02

203.18

63.99

95.92

50.51

111.67

80.60

108.19

238.48

585.62

652.92

11.25

35.47

81.66

6.1 Housing development

0.00

0.00

0.00

127.01

0.00

0.00

57.62

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.33
0.00

10.13

6.2 Community development

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

6.3 Water supply

90.19

45.40

90.00

525.91

11.25

35.47

24.04

0.00

0.00

0.00

238.15
0.00

575.49

6.4 Street lighting

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

21.48

35.20

18.19

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

67.64

72.39

98.14

71.36

204.68

0.00

6.89

80.67

0.00

3.70

42.56

12.39

30.00

0.00

0.00

22.00

0.00

15.31
2.78

41.16

42.29

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

7.3 Hospital services

15.91

7.4 Public health services

R&D Housing and community amenities

6.5
6.6 Housing and community amenities n.e.c.

Health
Medical products, appliances and

7.1 equipment
7.2 Out-patient services

14.68

0.02

9.17

0.00

1.63

0.00

0.00

33.64

12.85

13.28

0.00

5.26

58.67

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

49.80
0.00

174.68

7.5 R&D Health

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

7.6 Health n.e.c.

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
43.22

0.00
56.18

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

112.97

190.28

16.91

51.45

49.39

0.00

0.00

0.00

29.74
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

9.4 Tertiary education

9.5 Educaiton not definable by level

0.00
43.22

0.00
56.18

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

24.29

0.00

0.00

16.40

0.00

0.00

9.6 Subsidiary services to education

0.00

0.00

0.00

9.7 R&D education

9.8 Educaiton n.e.c.

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

13.42

12.22

5.82

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00

8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
9
9.1
9.2

Recreation, Cultural and Religion

Recreational and sporting services
Cultural services
Broadcasting and publishing services
Religious and other community services
R&D Recreation, culture and religion
Recreation, culture and religion n.e.c.
Education
Pre-primary and primary education
Secondary education

9.3

10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9

0.00

0.00

0.02
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.51

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

5.43

112.97

190.28

0.00

51.45

49.39

22.41

135.49

0.07

4.71

10.68

0.00

2.76
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

2.76
0.00

22.41

135.49

0.07

4.71

10.68

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

13.42

12.22

5.81

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Total 1207.42

1108.21

1196.94

1799.88

4952.88

9496.47

427.29

736.02

913.33

Social Protection
Sickness and disability
Old age
Survivors
Family and children
Umemployment
Housing
Social exculsion n.e.c.
R&D Social protection
Social protection n.e.c.

* Estimated
Note: Government of Nepal has started to record its revenue and expenses using Government Financial Statistic
(GFS) 2001 since the fiscal year 2011/12. The Data of previous Fiscal Years may therefore differ
Source: Financial Comptroller General Office

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Table 2.11 : Foreign Loan and Debt Servicing

S. No.

Heading

2006/07 2007/08 2008/09

Direct
1
Outstanding Upto Last Year
23396.86 21662.89 24996.54
Increase/Decrease due to
Exchange Rate Fluctution
2
0.00
3263.20
2943.11
3
Borrowing
1185.68
857.39
776.42
4
Repayments
753.88
786.94
1012.03
5
Interest Payments
205.57
214.53
237.37
6
Net Outstanding
21662.89 24996.54 27704.04
Indirect
1
Outstanding Upto Last Year
0.00
0.00
0.00
2
Borrowing
0.00
0.00
0.00
3
Repayments
0.00
0.00
0.00
4
Interest Payments
0.00
0.00
0.00
5
Net Outstanding
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Foreign Loan
1
Outstanding Upto Last Year
21231.09 21662.89 24996.54
Increase/Decrease due to
Exchange Rate Fluctution
2
3263.20
2943.11
3
Borrowing
1185.68
857.39
776.42
4
Repayments
753.88
786.94
1012.03
5
Interest Payments
205.57
214.53
237.37
6
Net Outstanding
21662.89 24996.54 27704.04
Note : Outstanding may differ due to exchange rate fluctuation.
Source: Financial Comptroller General Office.

Fiscal Year
2009/10 2010/11 2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

Rs. In Ten Milllion

First Eight Month
2014/15 2015/16

27704.04

25624.33

25955.18

30928.71

33344.15

34681.91

34681.91

34326.18

-1730.81
725.40
1074.30
245.81
25624.23

67.74
1384.92
1221.81
232.19
25955.18

4756.69
1570.08
1353.24
283.08
30928.71

2176.50
1657.95
1419.01
300.32
33344.15

896.98
2113.24
1672.46
336.52
34681.91

-1577.97
2926.42
1704.18
303.61
34326.18

-2442.70
1421.18
949.00
174.96
32711.39

2104.23
2448.45
947.75
171.94
37931.11

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

27704.04

25624.33

25955.18

30928.71

33344.15

34681.91

34681.91

34326.18

-1730.81
725.40
1074.30
245.81
25624.33

67.74
1384.92
1121.81
232.19
25955.18

4756.69
1570.08
1353.24
283.08
30928.71

2176.50
1657.95
1419.01
300.32
33344.15

896.98
2113.24
1672.46
336.52
34681.91

-1577.97
2926.42
1704.18
303.61
34326.18

-2442.70
1421.18
949.00
174.96
32711.39

2104.23
2448.45
947.75
171.94
37931.11

Table 2.12 : Ownership Pattern of Government Bonds and Treasury Bills

Rs. In Ten Million
S.
No.

Description

Fiscal Year
2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

First Eight Month

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16

1296.89
12149.14
200.78
13646.81

2204.89
11336.03
105.89
13646.81

1796.89
10072.92
116.00
11985.81

1772.44
11054.42
335.55
13162.41

2146.89
11374.39
125.53
13646.81

2146.89
10266.77
83.15
12496.81

1601.99
8945.80
958.12
11505.91

31.92
2573.87
1336.26
666.98
239.13
185.75
1.47
125.72
5161.09

0.00
2300.68
1271.66
719.09
157.91
166.91
0.31
94.53
4711.09

0.00
3563.39
710.67
836.86
534.17
50.71
0.31
10.89
5707.00

38.32
2639.06
1541.45
741.98
240.38
252.16
9.24
139.36
5601.94

31.92
2809.47
1529.64
827.95
212.01
185.75
1.47
112.89
5711.09

0.00
2206.18
1222.90
676.07
157.91
153.20
0.31
94.53
4511.09

0.00
3335.39
952.35
836.86
50.71
148.37
0.31
8.02
5332.00

1.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1491.63
165.16
1658.65

2.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1491.63
164.89
1658.65

1.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1471.63
94.70
1568.00

1.84
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1491.63
165.19
1658.65

2.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1491.63
164.89
1658.65

0.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1110.72
147.06
1258.65

50.76
20.91
13.53
71.67
0.00
0.00
487.11

30.60
250.01
21.50
302.12

1 Treasury Bills
a

Nepal Rastra Bank

920.93

1376.88

1757.90

2254.86

3047.74

2817.89

2507.29

Commercial Banks

5164.58

5861.15

6496.63

6105.48

6810.95

8646.11

10204.92

Others
Sub-Total

211.52

206.50

248.77

291.17

345.68

570.07

450.20

6297.03

7444.53

8503.30

8651.51

10204.37

12034.07

13162.41

2 Development Bonds
a

Nepal Rastra Bank

151.86

151.86

29.65

30.23

30.91

34.82

38.20

Commercial Banks

627.10

628.03

701.67

1073.67

1472.87

1932.22

2678.06

Financial Institutions

413.18

463.65

660.81

784.24

898.29

1227.97

Provident Fund

263.51

405.64

496.54

636.52

653.91

653.91

Govt. Business Enterprise

1.25

1.25

9.10

0.00

188.33

188.33

240.38

Private Business Enterprise

28.95

34.25

218.98

0.00

52.68

262.16

262.16

Individuals

214.30

59.45

10.75

56.86

0.00

9.66

9.66

Non-profit Organizations

95.77

173.59

46.05

366.33

254.96

42.88

139.36

1795.92

1917.71

2173.54

2947.85

3551.94

4351.94

4149.80

26.60

27.95

44.72

7.69

0.00

0.76

1.50

Sub-Total

781.98

3 National Savings Certificate

a

Nepal Rastra Bank

Commercial Banks

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Financial Institutions

20.75

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

National Insurance Company

32.07

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Provident Fund

12.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Govt. Business Enterprise

23.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Private Business Enterprise

12.90

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Individuals

19.56

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

1002.06

1471.63

Non-profit Organizations

240.80

123.74

66.98

14.00

0.00

65.18

94.88

Sub-Total

387.68

151.69

111.69

21.69

0.00

1068.00

1568.01

1.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1471.63
94.64
1568.00

0.00

4 Public Saving Card

a

Nepal Rastra Bank (Secondary Market)

Private Sector (Individual)

Forign Employment Bond

Sub-Total

5.53

6.27

56.27

115.51

263.50

313.55

275.33

241.12

162.36

132.83

245.16

327.85

248.79

149.36

136.97

77.26
5.89
324.27

126.54
25.14
13.53
165.20

50.76
254.86
21.50
327.12

249.11
103.19
1.60
353.91

186.40
61.98
8.53
256.91

0.00
487.11

0.00
487.11

0.00
487.11

0.00
1334.55

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.40

0.74

1.60

167.89

139.10

301.44

443.36

512.69

463.65

413.90

5 Special Bonds.
a. Five years special bonds (N.R.BK)
b

IMF Promisory Note (N.R.BK)

CB PASS 20 years Special Bond and
c. others

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

475.58

447.22

480.04

480.04

520.00

487.11

487.11

0.00
1334.55

346.98

277.35

33.94

22.96

16.97

15.80

15.76

0.00

1 Nepal Rastra Bank

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

2 Commercial Banks.

94.46

94.46

15.76

15.76

15.76

15.76

15.76

3 Employee's Provident Fund

147.35

147.35

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

4 Individuals

105.17
822.56

35.54
724.57

18.18
513.98

7.20
503.00

1.21
536.97

0.04
502.91

0.00
502.87

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1334.55

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
487.11

2906.22
14723.02
4405.48
22034.72

2820.40
13636.70
4211.75
20668.86

Sub-Total

0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
487.11
0.00

487.11

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
487.11

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1334.55

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
487.11

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
487.11

2336.90
13636.31
4192.48
20165.68

2548.66
13693.48
4931.23
21173.37

3701.60
14183.86
4722.55
22608.01

2686.89
12472.95
4079.01
19238.86

2120.57
12281.19
4484.03
18885.78

6 Total
a

Nepal Rastra Bank

1580.50

2010.19

2368.58

2888.33

3862.15

3654.13

3309.43

Commercial Banks

5886.14

6583.64

7214.06

7194.91

8299.58

10594.09

12898.74

c. Others
Grand Total

2004.44

1783.78

2021.31

2484.17

2644.25

4172.36

5190.96

9471.08

10377.60

11603.95

12567.41

14805.97

18420.57

21399.13

Note : Including CB pass 20 years special bonds and forest compensation special Bonds.
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Table 3.1 : Overall Urban Consumers' Price Index (Nepal)

(Base Year 2014/15 = 100)

2008/09 2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Mid August

59.2

65.2

71.4

76.8

85.9

92.69

99.64

106.52

Mid September

60.1

65.6

71.3

77.3

86.0

92.85

99.87

107.05

Mid October

60.4

65.7

71.4

77.8

85.9

93.17

100.16

108.37

Mid November

60.1

65.6

71.1

77.1

85.2

93.67

100.37

110.85

Mid December

58.7

64.8

70.9

76.3

84.2

92.83

99.38

110.88

Mid January

58.2

64.4

71.7

76.5

84.1

92.23

98.58

110.46

Mid February

58.9

65.3

71.9

77.0

84.8

92.22

98.66

109.80

Mid March

59.3

65.2

72.1

77.1

85.0

92.55

99.04

109.20

Mid April

59.7

65.5

72.4

77.9

85.2

93.30

99.68

Mid May

61.2

66.7

72.9

79.3

86.2

94.60

101.30

Mid June

61.5

66.6

72.3

79.5

86.1

94.22

101.18

Mid July

61.3

66.8

73.2

81.6

87.9

95.01

102.21

59.9

65.6

71.9

77.8

85.5

93.30

100.00

Annual

Annual Growth
12.6
(Percentage)
* Provisional
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank.

9.6

9.6

8.3

9.9

9.10

7.20

Table 3.2 (a): National Urban Consumers' Price Index by Commodities Group (Average)
(Base Year 2014/15 = 100)
Commodities and Groups
Overall Index
Food and Beverage

Weights (%)
100.00
43.91

2008/09
59.9
52.4

2009/10
65.6
60.4

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

71.9
69.3

77.8
74.6

85.5
81.7

93.3
91.2

First Eight Month Average

2014/15 2015/16* % change
100.0
99.5
109.1
9.7
100.0
99.3
110.5
11.3

2014/15

Cereals Grains & their products

11.33

59.3

65.3

74.4

74.6

81.4

90.4

100.0

98.6

108.6

10.1

Legume Varieties

1.84

61.9

78.0

72.1

72.1

81.1

85.0

100.0

96.5

132.9

37.8

Vegetables

5.52

36.6

44.1

59.6

74.0

78.3

94.3

100.0

105.4

111.9

6.2

Meat & Fish

6.75

49.1

59.4

64.6

69.4

79.4

93.9

100.0

98.6

109.2

10.7

Milk Products and Egg

5.24

52.3

58.5

67.0

76.2

82.7

88.6

100.0

98.1

109.4

11.5

Ghee and Oil

2.95

77.6

74.0

75.9

86.9

98.8

99.7

100.0

99.6

123.0

23.4

Fruits

2.08

43.3

52.1

62.3

72.8

77.4

87.9

100.0

96.3

104.9

9.0

Sugar & Sweets

1.74

48.2

70.0

83.7

91.4

103.9

100.0

100.0

100.5

105.0

4.4

Spices

1.21

55.4

70.6

86.9

79.0

83.0

90.9

100.0

99.7

112.3

12.7

Soft Drinks

1.24

61.9

73.5

81.1

84.7

94.1

96.4

100.0

99.8

104.0

4.2

Hard Drinks

0.68

52.9

59.3

63.1

66.0

71.3

83.3

100.0

99.9

111.5

11.6
7.3

Tobacco Products

0.41

41.6

46.8

53.1

58.9

67.0

79.6

100.0

99.9

107.2

Restaurant & Hotel

2.92

46.9

56.4

65.2

72.9

81.6

90.2

100.0

99.3

107.9

8.7

Non-Food and Services

56.09

67.2

70.4

74.3

80.9

89.1

95.1

100.0

99.6

108.1

8.6

Clothing & Footwear

7.19

52.2

56.1

63.6

73.0

81.9

91.0

100.0

99.6

112.6

13.0

Housing & Utilities

20.3

72.0

74.3

79.8

84.7

93.7

98.5

100.0

99.9

111.2

11.3

Furnishing & Household Equipment

4.3

58.7

62.4

65.9

74.7

84.7

92.4

100.0

99.6

105.2

5.6

Health

3.47

73.5

76.0

79.1

82.7

88.3

94.8

100.0

99.9

101.7

1.8

Transport

5.34

69.7

66.4

73.1

84.5

93.7

98.7

100.0

101.2

102.8

1.6

Communication

2.82

123.6

123.6

110.5

101.5

99.4

99.9

100.0

99.9

104.9

5.0

Recreation and Culture

2.46

72.2

77.5

75.7

81.5

88.3

94.1

100.0

99.9

103.6

3.7

Education

7.41

60.9

67.8

71.5

78.5

88.0

94.7

100.0

97.1

109.2

12.4

Miscellaneous Goods & Services

2.81

62.7

67.4

71.4

78.4

86.3

92.6

100.0

99.8

102.5

2.7

* Provisional
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank.

Table 3.2 (b): National Urban Consumers' Price Index by Commodities Group (First Eight Months)
(Base Year 2014/15 = 100)
Commodities and Groups
Overall Index
Food and Beverage
Cereals Grains & their products
Legume Varieties
Vegetables
Meat & Fish
Milk Products and Egg
Ghee and Oil
Fruits
Sugar & Sweets
Spices
Soft Drinks
Hard Drinks
Tobacco Products
Restaurant & Hotel
Non-Food and Services
Clothing & Footwear
Housing & Utilities
Furnishing & Household Equipment
Health
Transport
Communication
Recreation and Culture
Education
Miscellaneous Goods & Services
* Provisional
** Point to Point Change (Mid March)
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank.

Weights
(%)
100.00
43.91
11.33
1.84
5.52
6.75
5.24
2.95
2.08
1.74
1.21
1.24
0.68
0.41
2.92
56.09
7.19
20.30
4.3
3.47
5.34
2.82
2.46
7.41
2.81

2008/09

2008/09

Mid July Mid March

61.3
65.2
56.5
59.6
60.0
67.1
63.6
79.4
52.3
35.3
56.1
63.3
53.9
56.6
72.6
75.0
48.4
48.1
56.1
82.3
56.1
70.5
64.5
72.7
50.4
57.9
38.0
44.4
49.3
57.2
65.8
70.3
51.0
55.7
69.6
76.0
57.6
61.5
72.4
75.5
66.2
66.5
123.0
123.4
70.8
77.3
62.6
66.5
59.8
67.1

2009/10

2010/11

2010/11

2011/12

Mid July
66.8
62.7
68.9
71.6
47.5
62.8
64.1
72.1
51.2
66.8
80.3
72.0
55.8
41.8
57.4
70.6
55.1
77.5
61.9
74.7
66.2
123.0
75.2
70.0
65.7

Mid March
72.1
69.9
76.1
72.9
61.2
68.2
62.5
77.4
64.2
88.0
86.1
79.2
59.2
52.0
66.2
74.1
63.3
80.9
66.0
77.7
74.0
110.6
75.8
69.7
70.7

Mid July
73.2
70.3
73.0
65.7
69.0
66.1
72.9
78.4
64.8
83.1
79.9
77.5
58.2
48.8
65.7
76.0
64.7
80.6
67.8
77.9
78.3
103.0
74.7
79.8
71.5

Mid March
77.1
72.9
74.3
71.7
64.3
72.2
73.5
87.6
70.5
93.2
75.7
84.0
64.6
56.6
73.7
81.1
73.0
85.9
74.9
82.7
86.6
101.6
82.5
75.9
77.7

2011/12
Mid July
81.6
78.7
76.1
72.3
94.9
73.9
80.5
93.7
74.3
94.6
74.9
83.2
65.3
57.5
74.1
84.5
74.4
89.8
76.7
84.2
89.8
99.0
81.1
89.9
77.5

2012/13

2012/13

2013/14

Mid March
85.0
81.1
83.8
80.7
70.4
84.5
78.8
99.8
74.1
104.4
79.8
94.0
67.5
63.1
82.8
88.6
81.4
94.3
84.5
88.0
93.9
99.5
87.6
85.4
86.1

Mid July
87.9
85.3
85.0
78.0
91.7
85.4
85.0
96.9
80.3
99.6
84.2
89.3
71.6
63.2
82.4
90.6
81.8
95.5
85.6
89.6
95.3
99.8
87.1
96.9
84.0

Mid March
92.6
89.9
93.6
86.2
80.1
95.9
84.1
100.1
84.6
100.8
88.2
96.2
82.7
79.0
90.6
94.9
91.4
99.1
92.4
96.0
98.4
99.6
94.2
92.1
91.7

2013/14

2014/15

Mid July Mid March

95.0
99.0
94.7
98.4
91.1
100.9
82.6
100.6
111.1
84.0
99.0
105.4
94.3
98.2
97.2
99.7
100.8
93.3
98.7
100.7
88.5
98.8
92.4
100.3
85.5
100.1
78.0
100.1
89.1
100.9
95.4
99.6
88.8
100.5
99.0
99.9
90.6
100.6
94.5
100.1
99.3
98.9
99.6
99.9
92.0
100.1
102.2
97.1
89.1
99.3

2014/15
2015/16
Percent Change**
Mid July Mid March 2014/15 2015/16
102.2
109.2
7.0
10.2
103.5
108.5
9.5
10.3
102.7
110.2
7.8
9.2
112.4
132.5
16.7
31.6
101.7
89.7
4.8
6.8
105.2
112.2
9.9
6.5
105.7
109.8
16.7
11.9
101.0
118.4
-0.4
18.8
108.7
101.9
10.3
9.2
98.9
107.4
-0.1
6.7
102.4
115.2
12.0
16.6
100.5
105.0
4.3
4.7
100.2
114.6
21.0
14.5
100.3
108.0
26.7
7.9
101.6
110.8
11.3
9.9
101.2
109.7
4.9
10.2
100.9
115.9
10.0
15.3
100.4
113.1
0.8
13.1
100.8
107.5
8.9
6.8
100.3
102.5
4.3
2.5
97.3
102.3
0.5
3.4
100.4
105.6
0.3
5.7
100.2
104.8
6.2
4.8
109.1
109.2
5.4
12.4
99.5
107.4
8.3
8.1

Table 3.2 (c): Urban Consumers' Price Index by Commodities Group, Kathmandu (First Eight Months)
(Base Year 2014/15 = 100)
Commodities and Groups
Overall Index
Food and Beverage
Cereals Grains & their products
Legume Varieties
Vegetables
Meat & Fish
Milk Products and Egg
Ghee and Oil
Fruits
Sugar & Sweets
Spices
Soft Drinks
Hard Drinks
Tobacco Products
Restaurant & Hotel
Non-Food and Services
Clothing & Footwear
Housing & Utilities
Furnishing & Household Equipment
Health
Transport
Communication
Recreation and Culture
Education
Miscellaneous Goods & Services
* Provisional
** Point to Point Change (Mid March)
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank.

2009/10
Mid March
63.75624354
56.4
63.5
86.0
28.7
64.7
58.7
74.7
44.4
52.7
64.6
83.9
68.9
50.8
57.8
71.5
59.1
72.2
61.1
68.3
87.0
119.5
64.5
71.6
68.4

2010/11
Mid March
72.6
68.3
72.3
72.5
58.5
69.0
63.2
80.0
56.4
86.3
85.7
78.4
62.3
54.2
66.8
77.0
66.8
77.8
68.8
76.3
85.9
107.5
74.5
78.2
73.1

2011/12
Mid March
76.7
70.6
72.0
73.1
58.2
72.3
74.7
89.4
60.8
89.6
71.6
82.6
68.5
56.9
73.3
83.0
74.7
80.1
75.8
80.3
98.9
100.2
83.7
83.4
80.3

2012/13
Mid March
85.0
79.3
81.6
81.2
65.2
83.9
79.6
101.0
64.3
100.0
80.4
95.2
74.7
68.0
80.8
90.7
84.2
91.6
87.1
84.9
107.6
99.2
88.1
86.9
90.5

2013/14
Mid March
92.4
88.9
92.1
87.6
76.2
97.4
83.8
99.6
80.9
98.6
87.3
96.8
82.1
87.0
88.8
95.6
92.8
96.5
93.2
94.6
102.4
98.7
95.7
92.7
93.1

2014/15
2015/16
Mid March
Mid March*
98.9
111.5
98.0
112.1
100.9
111.2
100.7
137.4
84.7
99.8
104.5
115.0
97.9
109.2
99.1
130.0
90.3
118.2
100.9
110.1
97.7
114.8
100.4
104.3
100.1
111.5
100.0
107.4
100.2
113.8
99.5
111.0
100.4
113.1
100.1
117.0
100.3
107.0
99.8
103.9
98.8
100.6
100.0
103.6
100.1
104.8
96.7
109.4
99.3
106.0

Percent Change**
2014/15
2015/16
7.1
12.7
10.3
14.4
9.6
10.2
15.0
36.4
11.1
17.9
7.2
10.1
16.9
11.5
-0.5
31.2
11.5
30.9
2.4
9.1
11.9
17.6
3.6
3.9
21.8
11.4
14.9
7.4
12.8
13.5
4.1
11.6
8.2
12.6
3.7
17.0
7.6
6.6
5.5
4.1
-3.5
1.8
1.3
3.6
4.5
4.8
4.3
13.1
6.6
6.8

Table 3.2 (d): Urban Consumers' Price Index by Commodities Group, Terai (First Eight Months)
(Base Year 2014/15 = 100)
Commodities and Groups
Overall Index
Food and Beverage
Cereals Grains & their products
Legume Varieties
Vegetables
Meat & Fish
Milk Products and Egg
Ghee and Oil
Fruits
Sugar & Sweets
Spices
Soft Drinks
Hard Drinks
Tobacco Products
Restaurant & Hotel
Non-Food and Services
Clothing & Footwear
Housing & Utilities
Furnishing & Household Equipment
Health
Transport
Communication
Recreation and Culture
Education
Miscellaneous Goods & Services
* Provisional
** Point to Point Change (Mid March)
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank.

2009/10
Mid March
66.5
61.3
68.7
76.5
41.2
63.2
55.2
75.9
47.7
98.2
74.3
66.1
53.9
42.0
55.6
70.6
55.6
80.4
61.2
79.3
57.2
122.3
85.1
65.1
67.3

2010/11
Mid March
71.7
69.6
77.2
72.8
60.9
67.6
59.4
76.1
67.8
85.8
87.3
79.2
56.8
53.7
65.2
73.2
62.7
84.6
66.7
80.5
67.7
107.9
72.9
66.2
70.9

2011/12
Mid March
76.7
72.3
73.6
69.8
65.5
71.1
70.2
87.7
74.7
92.1
77.9
83.3
60.8
59.4
71.2
80.2
71.5
92.0
76.1
83.7
79.5
102.1
79.0
71.4
77.8

2012/13
Mid March
84.5
80.3
83.4
79.8
69.8
85.1
75.3
100.0
78.9
103.8
79.3
92.6
62.2
64.4
79.3
87.9
79.5
99.1
85.7
90.0
86.0
99.8
85.6
83.6
85.9

2013/14
Mid March
92.6
89.2
94.4
85.8
78.8
95.2
81.1
101.1
86.4
99.6
90.0
94.1
84.6
76.1
89.1
95.1
90.8
102.8
92.3
97.3
96.2
100.2
93.5
92.1
90.5

Percentage Change**
2014/15
2015/16
Mid March
Mid March*
2014/15
2015/16
99.0
107.5
6.9
8.6
98.1
106.3
10.0
8.4
101.0
110.9
7.0
9.8
101.0
131.2
17.7
29.9
82.0
80.4
4.1
-2.0
106.1
110.9
11.5
4.5
98.4
110.9
21.2
12.7
99.9
119.4
-1.2
19.5
94.2
95.9
9.0
1.8
100.4
106.3
0.8
5.8
99.3
112.5
10.3
13.3
100.4
106.0
6.6
5.6
100.0
113.3
18.3
13.3
100.0
109.8
31.5
9.8
101.3
106.9
13.7
5.5
99.6
108.4
4.7
8.9
100.5
115.1
10.7
14.5
99.9
110.6
-2.8
10.7
100.6
106.5
9.0
5.8
100.1
101.5
2.9
1.4
98.8
102.2
2.7
3.5
99.9
106.4
-0.2
6.5
100.0
103.8
7.0
3.7
97.3
109.3
5.6
12.3
99.3
106.1
9.8
6.9

Table 3.2 (e): Urban Consumers' Price Index by Commodities Group, Hill (First Eight Months)
(Base Year 2014/15 = 100)
Percent Change**

2009/10
Mid March

2010/11
Mid March

2011/12
Mid March

2012/13
Mid March

2013/14
Mid March

2014/15
Mid March

2015/16
Mid March*

2014/15

2015/16

Overall Index

64.7

72.2

78.3

85.9

92.7

99.3

109.6

7.1

10.4

Food and Beverage

60.8

72.4

76.6

84.7

91.9

98.9

108.9

7.6

10.1

Cereals Grains & their products

69.2

79.1

78.3

87.5

94.3

100.7

108.5

6.8

7.7

Legume Varieties

76.6

73.9

73.1

81.8

85.3

100.0

130.5

17.2

30.5

Vegetables

34.9

64.2

69.6

77.4

86.7

85.8

98.2

-1.1

14.5

Meat & Fish

62.1

68.5

74.0

84.6

95.6

105.5

111.9

10.4

6.1

Milk Products and Egg

56.3

67.0

77.3

83.5

89.3

97.9

109.4

9.6

11.8

Ghee and Oil

73.6

76.2

85.2

97.7

98.9

99.7

109.9

0.9

10.2

Fruits

53.3

67.7

75.8

78.8

85.3

94.9

97.2

11.1

2.5

Sugar & Sweets

104.8

94.2

99.8

111.1

105.5

100.9

106.3

-4.4

5.4

Spices

71.4

84.2

76.6

79.6

85.9

98.7

119.4

15.0

21.0

Soft Drinks

71.7

80.0

86.7

95.0

99.1

100.1

104.4

1.0

4.3

Hard Drinks

53.1

59.5

66.7

68.4

80.2

100.2

116.9

24.9

16.8

Tobacco Products

41.4

46.8

52.1

55.7

75.0

100.3

106.2

33.7

5.9

Restaurant & Hotel

59.3

67.1

78.8

91.6

95.4

101.0

113.4

5.9

12.3

Commodities and Groups

Non-Food and Services

68.4

72.0

80.1

87.1

93.6

99.6

110.3

6.4

10.7

Clothing & Footwear

52.1

60.4

73.5

81.4

90.7

100.7

119.9

11.1

19.1

Housing & Utilities

73.6

78.5

83.5

89.9

96.1

99.7

111.2

3.7

11.5

Furnishing & Household Equipment

62.5

61.9

71.9

79.4

91.5

101.0

110.1

10.3

9.0

Health

78.3

74.7

83.6

88.4

95.5

100.3

103.3

4.9

3.0

Transport

61.7

71.6

85.0

92.0

97.4

99.3

104.8

1.9

5.6

Communication

130.4

119.3

102.5

99.5

99.9

99.7

106.2

-0.1

6.5

82.1

82.5

87.2

90.6

93.7

100.3

107.1

7.0

6.8

63.3
65.2

66.1

74.9

86.7

91.3

97.3

108.7

6.6

11.7

67.5

74.6

81.4

92.1

99.5

111.4

8.0

12.0

Recreation and Culture

Education
Miscellaneous Goods & Services
* Provisional
** Point to Point Change (Mid March)
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank.

Table 3.3 (a) :National Wholesale Price Index, Annual

(Base Year 1999/00=100)
Fiscal Year
Month
2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

July /August

122.1

133.5

142.4

160.0

177.9

201.4

218.4

230.70

257.9

273.2

293.5

309.2

August/September

123.1

134.8

147.1

163.5

180.3

203.0

219.6

235.20

259.1

278.8

299.2

314.5

September/October

123.4

135.0

149.0

164.3

179.6

206.1

222.5

236.00

260.1

279.7

299.8

317.6

October/November

122.6

136.4

150.5

161.3

176.1

208.7

224.1

235.30

258.5

281.8

300.8

322.1

November/December

119.0

134.3

146.3

155.2

170.9

203.2

226.0

235.70

255.2

278.8

297.2

320.7

December/January

119.7

129.5

143.0

150.8

172.9

200.6

226.4

233.70

255.0

277.7

292.8

315.2

January/February

121.0

128.9

145.1

151.3

174.0

198.7

222.2

232.60

254.6

275.1

290.2

310.2

February/March

123.2

130.8

146.7

156.4

175.6

197.0

221.4

235.40

256.6

277.9

293.1

309.1

March/April

123.7

133.1

143.2

156.6

178.1

197.6

220.3

234.80

254.5

277.4

292.0

April/May

125.2

136.9

145.4

160.1

184.9

200.4

221.9

239.70

259.2

282.8

297.1

May/June

126.5

138.2

146.0

164.9

193.0

205.2

223.4

244.00

260.4

284.2

299.5

June/July

129.9

139.9

151.8

171.8

198.0

211.8

227.2

251.00

267.9

288.9

304.4

Annual

123.3

134.3

146.4

159.7

180.1

202.8

222.8

237.00

258.3

279.7

296.6

7.3

8.9

9.0

9.1

12.8

12.6

9.9

6.37

9.0

8.3

6.1

Annual Growth (Percentage)

* Provisional
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Table 3.3 (b): National Wholesale Price Index (First Eight Months)
(Base Year 1999/00 = 100)
Commodities and Groups

Weights
(%)

2009/10

2010/11

2010/11

2011/12

2011/12

2012/13

2012/13

2013/14

2013/14

2014/15

2014/15

2015/16

Mid July

Mid March

Mid July

Mid March

Mid July

Mid March

Mid July

Mid March

Mid July

Mid March

Mid July

Mid March

Percent Change**
2014/15

2015/16

100.00

211.8

221.40

227.20

235.40

251.00

256.60

267.90

277.88

288.88

293.03

304.40

309.14

5.45

5.50

49.59

233.9

241.10

244.30

245.30

271.60

275.50

297.10

306.75

323.36

332.66

354.51

362.85

8.45

9.08

Foodgrains

16.59

207.5

219.30

202.30

206.20

205.80

225.50

234.70

253.69

248.82

271.72

274.90

276.98

7.11

1.94

Cash Crops

6.09

241.8

221.80

251.40

243.70

340.30

323.80

349.10

333.86

369.07

376.70

349.74

390.01

12.83

3.53
47.27

Overall Index
Agricultural Commodities

3.77

289.4

281.20

248.20

271.50

278.20

293.70

292.50

293.91

305.63

330.96

418.28

487.40

12.61

11.18

195.1

202.00

241.00

229.90

275.60

249.10

286.60

249.23

300.84

293.72

366.28

321.21

17.85

9.36

1.95

245.4

281.10

258.10

226.50

216.30

234.10

282.80

310.11

314.31

321.18

330.14

387.36

3.57

20.61

10.02

293.1

309.70

309.20

322.00

342.90

359.50

385.20

446.51

452.52

453.14

456.81

483.34

1.48

6.66

20.37

184.2

198.00

205.30

216.90

221.00

224.40

227.10

239.57

245.48

253.99

256.18

269.92

6.02

6.27

Food-Related Products

6.12

180.0

180.60

189.70

206.40

211.30

219.50

222.70

230.94

236.88

234.65

235.92

241.76

1.60

3.03

Beverages and Tobacco

5.69

182.8

211.10

220.20

231.70

235.60

237.00

241.20

260.85

269.26

290.61

291.88

315.96

11.41

8.72

Construction Materials

4.50

237.7

241.20

246.30

257.20

263.10

260.30

262.40

280.29

284.75

290.37

293.33

299.94

3.60

3.30
12.02

Pulses
Fruits and Vegetables
Spices
Livestock Production
Domestic Manufactured Commodities

4.07

133.2

158.10

162.50

167.30

168.40

174.60

175.00

177.73

181.71

191.60

195.56

214.62

7.80

30.03

194.1

204.90

213.70

231.60

237.20

247.00

247.30

256.18

261.40

254.06

254.37

247.07

-0.83

-2.75

Petroleum Products and Coal

5.40

347.4

372.30

398.60

458.60

490.00

529.70

529.70

557.59

574.20

492.18

492.93

429.13

-11.73

-12.81

Chemical Fertilizers and Chemical Goods

2.46

187.3

197.90

204.20

206.90

206.90

228.10

228.10

232.63

232.63

250.92

250.92

252.82

7.86

0.76

Transport Vehicles and Machinery Goods

6.97

164.5

175.80

180.30

188.20

188.40

188.50

188.50

186.09

188.63

190.05

190.08

202.91

2.13

6.77

Electric and Electronic Goods

1.87

100.5

98.70

99.10

110.80

110.80

110.80

110.80

124.57

124.57

124.32

124.94

124.94

-0.20

0.50

Drugs and Medicine

2.73

131.5

137.20

137.40

141.70

146.10

146.10

146.10

139.42

147.66

153.99

153.99

155.55

10.45

1.01

Textile-Related Products

3.10

134.2

136.50

141.80

170.60

170.50

171.30

171.30

177.03

177.03

191.79

191.79

196.81

8.34

2.61

7.45

184.3

193.00

200.70

204.70

202.80

206.20

207.10

220.15

223.72

238.30

238.22

239.72

8.30

0.59

Others
Imported Commodities

Others
* Provisional
** Point to Point Change (Mid March)
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank

Table 3.3 (c): National Wholesale Price Index (Annual Average)

(Base Year 1999/00 = 100)
Commodities and Groups
Overall Index

Weights (%) 2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

Percent Change
2013/14

2014/15
6.1

100.00

159.7

180.1

202.8

222.8

237.0

258.3

279.7

296.6

8.3

49.59

159.1

181.3

222.7

246.7

252.8

279.6

311.1

338.7

11.3

8.8

Foodgrains

16.59

148.9

161.5

189.3

214.0

203.7

222.7

244.5

266.9

9.8

9.2

Cash Crops

6.09

191.8

199.6

275.4

245.4

279.7

351.3

353.4

393.0

0.6

11.2

Pulses

3.77

186.1

226.6

278.6

275.6

266.1

299.7

291.6

343.4

-2.7

17.8

Agricultural Commodities

11.18

146.7

166.7

182.4

225.4

251.3

253.3

285.7

321.8

12.8

12.7

1.95

129.2

143.9

198.0

273.4

229.7

237.1

307.5

307.2

29.7

-0.1

10.02

165.9

209.6

274.5

309.3

318.7

360.3

432.1

447.5

19.9

3.6

20.37

148.7

164.9

179.0

195.2

213.9

224.9

238.4

251.7

6.0

5.6

Food-Related Products

6.12

138.0

153.8

173.1

183.0

202.7

219.8

230.5

235.5

4.9

2.2

Beverages and Tobacco

5.69

143.3

160.0

181.5

207.4

231.4

238.4

258.9

284.3

8.6

9.8

Construction Materials

4.50

196.1

217.9

226.6

238.3

250.9

261.7

276.3

288.6

5.6

4.5

Others

4.07

120.2

129.9

131.8

148.8

165.3

173.1

179.6

189.8

3.7

5.7

30.03

168.0

188.4

186.2

202.1

226.6

245.6

255.9

257.7

4.2

0.7

Fruits and Vegetables

Spices
Livestock Production
Domestic Manufactured Commodities

Imported Commodities
Petroleum Products and Coal

5.40

298.9

330.0

314.2

364.0

441.2

523.6

557.9

522.3

6.5

-6.4

Chemical Fertilizers and Chemical Goods

2.46

194.6

209.9

189.1

198.3

206.7

223.0

232.4

246.5

4.2

6.1

Transport Vehicles and Machinery Goods

6.97

138.1

165.4

163.0

172.4

185.9

188.4

188.2

190.8

-0.1

1.4

Electric and Electronic Goods

1.87

95.2

100.1

97.0

99.9

111.2

110.8

120.3

124.3

8.6

3.3

Drugs and Medicine

2.73

116.2

123.0

132.2

134.4

138.1

146.1

144.0

154.1

-1.4

7.0

Textile-Related Products

3.10

108.1

125.0

128.8

135.7

167.3

171.3

176.5

187.4

3.1

6.2

Others

7.45

154.6

173.0

180.1

192.0

202.1

206.4

216.5

233.0

4.9

7.6

Source : Nepal Rastra Bank

Table 3.4 (a) : National Salary and Wage Rate Index, Annual
(Base Year 2004/05=100)
Month
July /August
August/September
September/October
October/November
November/December
December/January
January/February
February/March
March/April
April/May
May/June
June/July
Annual
Annual Growth (Percentage)
* Provisional
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank

2007/08
122.8
123.3
123.5
123.5
123.3
124.8
124.7
125.1
125.4
125.5
127.6
132.6
125.2
9.7

2008/09
132.8
134.6
134.7
135.8
141.3
144.0
145.3
149.2
150.8
152.0
155.0
157.0
144.4
15.3

2009/10
162.3
162.6
164.5
165.9
165.9
169.5
169.5
169.6
171.7
171.7
175.7
181.8
169.2
17.2

2010/11
185.4
187.9
190.2
190.6
190.6
190.6
197.5
202.0
214.3
214.3
216.6
216.6
199.7
18.0

Fiscal Year
2011/12
241.9
245.3
247.0
247.0
249.7
251.7
256.9
257.7
259.9
262.8
262.8
270.4
254.4
27.4

2012/13
271.4
273.7
274.3
275.8
275.8
277.5
277.5
277.7
279.0
281.3
282.1
287.7
277.8
9.2

2013/14
296.3
305.3
305.3
305.3
308.2
323.7
324.5
324.5
324.5
324.5
324.5
324.9
316.0
13.7

2014/15
2015/16*
333.7
354.0
333.9
355.2
334.0
360.9
334.0
361.0
340.1
361.5
346.5
362.0
346.5
362.0
346.5
362.3
347.5
347.9
348.9
350.5
342.5
8.4

Table 3.4 (b) : National Salary and Wage Rate Index, first Eight Months
(Base Year 2004/05 = 100)
Commodities and Groups

Weights
(%)
100.00
26.97
2.82
1.14
0.55
4.01
10.55
7.90
73.03
39.49
20.49
19.00
25.25
6.31
6.31
6.31
6.32
8.29
2.76
1.38
1.38
2.76
1.38
1.38
2.77
1.38
1.39

Overall Index
Salary Index
Civil Service
Public Corporations
Bank & Financial Institutions
Army & Police Forces
Education
Private Organizations
Wage Rate Index
Agricultural Labourer
Male
Female
Industrial Labourer
Highly Skilled
Skilled
Semi Skilled
Unskilled
Construction Labourer
Mason
Skilled
Unskilled
Carpenter
Skilled
Unskilled
Worker
Male
Female
* Provisional
** Point to Point Change (Mid March)
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank

2010/11
Mid March
202.0
157.0
199.3
164.1
204.1
180.2
174.5
102.5
218.6
251.9
258.8
244.4
176.5
174.3
171.4
171.5
188.9
187.9
177.8
176.0
179.5
170.3
168.5
172.1
215.7
217.6
213.8

2010/11
Mid July
216.6
157.0
199.3
164.1
204.1
180.2
174.5
102.5
238.6
279.8
280.5
279.0
182.4
179.5
178.3
176.9
194.9
213.7
201.8
197.3
206.3
189.9
185.7
194.2
249.3
251.6
247.0

2011/12
Mid March
257.7
187.3
236.5
210.0
290.6
227.9
207.8
111.3
283.7
320.1
321.0
319.2
237.1
222.4
232.6
236.7
256.6
251.9
238.2
227.6
248.7
229.5
218.4
240.7
288.0
293.0
283.0

2011/12
Mid July
270.4
187.3
236.5
210.0
290.6
227.9
207.8
111.3
301.1
345.4
344.8
346.2
243.1
229.8
237.2
242.3
263.1
266.8
245.5
235.5
255.4
245.5
236.2
254.9
309.2
312.7
305.7

2012/13
Mid March
277.7
187.3
236.5
210.0
290.6
227.9
207.8
111.3
311.0
360.2
353.6
367.2
248.3
233.3
241.5
247.7
270.7
267.8
248.4
239.7
257.1
243.6
235.1
252.2
311.3
314.5
308.1

2012/13
2013/14
Mid July Mid March
287.7
324.5
187.3
236.8
236.5
310.6
210.0
268.0
290.6
429.1
227.9
306.5
207.8
271.2
111.3
111.3
324.8
356.9
380.5
400.1
366.7
384.4
395.3
417.0
255.1
309.8
241.3
289.0
251.8
306.8
249.3
307.0
278.1
336.2
271.9
294.5
250.3
272.7
243.4
263.1
257.1
282.3
244.3
257.1
236.4
247.8
252.2
266.3
321.0
353.4
325.9
357.2
316.2
349.7

2013/14
2014/15
Mid July Mid March
346.5
324.9
254.7
236.9
310.6
340.7
268.9
288.1
429.1
447.5
306.5
332.4
271.2
295.8
111.3
111.3
357.4
380.4
431.8
400.1
384.4
430.5
417.0
433.3
318.2
309.8
289.0
301.9
306.8
314.5
307.0
315.9
336.2
340.4
325.0
299.3
278.4
302.8
267.5
293.7
289.4
311.9
262.0
285.9
253.3
279.1
270.7
292.6
357.4
386.0
359.9
396.4
375.8
355.0

Percent Change**
2014/15
2015/16
Mid July
Mid March* 2014/15 2015/16
350.5
362.3
6.8
4.6
254.7
256.7
7.6
0.8
340.7
340.7
9.7
0.0
288.1
290.1
7.5
0.7
447.5
457.7
4.3
2.3
332.4
332.4
8.5
0.0
295.8
300.2
9.1
1.5
111.3
111.3
0.0
0.0
6.6
5.5
385.8
401.2
441.0
456.1
7.9
5.6
439.1
449.4
12.0
4.4
443.1
463.4
3.9
6.9
318.2
329.6
2.7
3.6
302.1
321.7
4.5
6.6
314.5
326.9
2.5
3.9
315.9
322.1
2.9
2.0
340.5
347.5
1.2
2.1
329.0
358.1
10.4
10.2
305.4
333.5
11.0
10.1
295.2
320.1
11.6
9.0
315.6
346.9
10.5
11.2
288.5
319.1
11.2
11.6
280.3
313.8
12.6
12.4
296.7
324.4
9.9
10.9
392.8
421.4
9.2
9.2
402.8
428.1
11.0
8.0
382.9
414.8
7.5
10.4

Table 3.4(c) : National Salary and Wage Rate Index (Annual Average)
(Base Year 2004/05 = 100)
S.N. Groups/Sub-groups

Weight %

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

Percent Change
20113/14 2014/15

Overall Index

100.00

125.2

144.4

169.2

199.7

254.40

277.8

316.0

342.5

13.7

Salary Index

26.97

118.2

130.6

157.0

157.0

187.30

187.3

234.8

254.6

25.4

8.4

1.1 Civil Service

2.82

135.8

161.2

199.3

199.3

236.50

236.5

309.6

340.7

30.9

10.0

1.2 Public Corporations

1.14

121.2

138.4

164.1

164.1

208.60

210.0

263.4

287.3

25.4

9.1

1.3 Bank & Financial Institutions

0.55

170.5

186.0

204.1

204.1

290.60

290.6

446.2

43.7

6.8

1.4 Army & Police Forces

4.01

121.8

146.9

180.2

180.2

227.90

227.9

332.4

33.8

9.0

1.5 Education

10.55

122.8

134.5

174.5

174.5

207.80

207.8

268.1

295.8

29.0

10.3

1.6 Private Organizations

2 Wage Rate Index

7.90

99.8

101.2

102.5

102.5

111.30

111.3

111.3

111.3

0.0

0.0

73.03

127.8

149.4

173.8

215.5

279.20

311.2

345.9

374.9

11.1

8.4

2.1 Agricultural Labourer

39.49

126.7

155.9

187.3

247.8

320.00

360.6

392.4

422.7

8.7

7.7

Male

20.49

125.1

155.6

190.3

251.8

322.40

354.4

377.8

416.1

6.6

10.1

Female

19.00

128.6

156.3

184.0

243.4

317.40

367.2

408.1

429.8

11.0

5.3

25.25

131.8

142.8

158.3

173.3

225.00

248.2

317.4

18.1

8.3

6.31

122.4

131.4

144.8

169.5

214.00

233.8

272.6

300.4

16.6

10.2

Skilled

6.31

129.3

140.1

155.1

168.6

220.40

242.2

290.0

314.3

19.7

8.4

Semi Skilled

6.31

133.5

145.6

161.5

169.5

221.80

246.9

290.1

315.8

17.5

8.9

Unskilled

6.32

142.2

154.2

171.7

185.6

243.70

269.8

319.7

339.3

18.5

6.1

8.29

120.2

138.6

156.6

189.9

250.30

268.1

285.9

322.9

6.6

12.9

2.76

119.3

134.4

151.3

179.2

235.30

248.8

264.1

300.9

6.1

13.9

Skilled

1.38

118.2

132.2

149.9

177.0

226.10

240.5

255.7

291.1

6.3

13.8

Unskilled

1.38

120.4

136.6

152.8

181.3

244.50

257.1

272.6

310.8

6.0

14.0

Carpenter

2.76

114.9

130.1

144.6

169.8

227.50

243.5

252.6

284.3

3.7

12.6

Skilled

1.38

114.7

126.7

141.4

167.0

217.70

234.9

244.2

276.7

3.9

13.3

Unskilled

1.38

115.1

133.4

147.7

172.0

237.20

252.2

291.9

3.5

11.8

Worker

2.77

126.5

151.3

173.8

220.0

288.10

311.8

383.3

9.2

12.5

Male

1.38

124.2

149.7

171.6

221.7

292.20

315.2

392.5

9.6

13.6

Female

1.39

128.8

152.9

176.0

219.5

283.90

308.4

374.1

8.8

11.4

2.2 Industrial Labourer

Highly Skilled

2.3 Construction Labourer

Mason

Source : Nepal Rastra Bank

417.6
304.9

293.1

261.0
340.7
345.6
335.8

8.4

Table 3.5 : Average Retail Price of Some Major Commodities

Rs. Per. Kg.
Mustard Oil Rs. Per. Ltr.
Commodities

Unit

2013/14
Terai
Hill
Aug/Sep Mar/Apr Aug/Sep Mar/Apr

2014/15*
2015/16*
National
Hill
Terai
National
Hill
Terai
Aug/Sep Mar/Apr Aug/Sep Mar/Apr Aug/Sep Mar/Apr Aug/Sep Mar/Apr Aug/Sep Mar/Apr Aug/Sep Mar/Apr

National
Aug/Sep Mar/Apr

Rice Coarse

Per.Kg

38.3

41.1

49.5

37.3

43.9

39.2

30.5

46.1

24.2

27.9

27.4

37.0

45.6

48.1

39.0

34.9

42.3

41.5

Wheat Flour

Per.Kg

43.6

45.2

34.0

37.3

38.8

41.2

31.9

49.6

22.8

32.8

27.4

41.2

47.3

53.5

38.0

41.0

42.6

47.3

Black Gram

Per.Kg

115.9

125.0

115.5

103.3

115.7

114.1

89.8

142.3

65.4

105.2

77.6

123.7

167.3

193.3

171.3

227.2

169.3

210.3

Per.Kg

131.4

133.2

131.8

133.0

131.6

133.1

69.1

137.1

55.6

115.2

62.4

126.2

175.3

187.5

194.7

256.4

185.0

222.0

Per.Kg

171.8

165.3

174.8

168.8

173.3

167.0

116.3

179.3

110.0

146.2

113.1

162.7

177.7

220.7

170.7

204.4

174.2

212.6

Ghee (Purified)

Per. Lt.

635.8

687.5

770.0

775.0

702.9

731.3

293.8

655.0

480.0

492.0

386.9

573.5

728.3

740.0

777.3

799.7

752.8

769.8

Mutton

Per. Kg

568.6

628.6

520.0

555.0

544.3

591.8

356.3

609.4

390.0

500.0

373.1

554.7

658.3

673.3

640.0

659.0

649.2

666.2

Per.Kg

34.4

32.0

31.0

23.3

32.7

27.6

28.3

37.3

27.4

15.6

27.8

26.4

39.5

37.7

28.3

22.2

33.9

30.0

Per.Kg

61.5

42.0

68.8

36.3

65.1

39.1

38.3

73.3

35.0

37.4

36.7

55.3

74.0

45.7

83.3

34.7

78.7

40.2

169.6

129.5

117.0

97.1

128.0

80.3

122.5

88.7

134.7

97.7

133.3

53.3

134.0

75.5

Rahar
Mustard Oil

Potato
Dried Onion

159.1
131.6
180.0
127.5
Ginger
Per.Kg
* Provisional
Source : Department of Agriculture, Marketing Development Division

Table 3.6 (a) : Price Situation of Petroleum Products in FY 2015/16

(Wholesale price )
Places

Petrol

Diesel

Kerosene

ATF (Duty paid)

L.P. Gas

F.O.

S.N.
Depo of Corporation/ Customs point

Rs. Per Kilo Litre Rs. Per Kilo Litre Rs. Per Kilo Litre Rs. Per Kilo Litre Rs. Per Kilo Litre Rs. Per Kilo Litre

Biratnagar

93841.57

71090.71

71088.02

109000.00

Birgunj

93841.57

71090.71

71088.02

Amlekhgunj

93841.57

71090.71

71088.02

Kathmandu

95288.45

72547.92

72543.13

109000.00

Pokhara

94806.15

72062.18

72058.10

109000.00

Bhairahawa

93841.57

71090.71

71088.02

109000.00

Nepalgunj

93841.57

71090.71

71088.02

109000.00

Surkhet

95288.45

72547.92

72543.13

109000.00

Dang

94806.15

72062.18

72058.10

10 Dhangadi

93841.57

71090.71

71088.02

11 Dipayal

95288.45

72547.92

72543.13

12 Charali

93841.57

71090.71

71088.02

13 Mahendranagar, Janakpur

93841.57

71090.71

71088.02

57393.69

59844.77

109000.00

14 Manthali
15 Barauni

80380.11

16 Haldiya

75435.66

17 Mathura
Average Retail Price in Kathandu
Valley (Rs. As per litre)

76261.87

Source: Nepal Oil Corporation

Table 3.6 (b) : Price Situation of Some Petroleum Products (Kathmandu Valley)@
Price in Rs.
2006/07 2007/08

13

2008/09

15

Items

Unit

2005/06

Petrol

Litre

67.009

67.259

100.00

77.5014

Diesel

Litre

46.009

53.15

70.00

Kerosene

Litre

39.009

47.65

65.00

Kerosene (Subsidized)

Litre

Aircraft Turbine Fuel

Litre

2009/10

16

68 100.0012

2013/14

19

2010/11

2011/12

80.0

97.0

120.0

123.00

134.5

109.0

99.0

55.0015

61.0

68.5

89.0

99.00

105.5

86.5

75.0

55.0015

61.0

68.5

89.0

99.00

105.5

86.5

75.0

109.0

55.009

2013/14

70.0015

2012/13

18

2015/16**

75.0

90.0

109.0

120.00

143.0

133.0

Light Diesel Oil

Kilo Litre 45515.75 46889.46 61585.89 53,456.4

59,488.0

70,830.5

89,029.7

95402.58

Furnace Oil

Kilo Litre 46080.78 43667.82 72935.72 50,525.3

60,449.5

71,994.8

96,050.7

82847.78

64941.0

50612.27 49389.78 69215.82 63,281.52 71,315.1

76,606.4

99,644.0 86808.85*

79856.6

L. P. Gas

M. Ton

@ Prices of Kathmandu Valley only

13

Since May 2008

18

Since 20 March 2014

15

Since March 2009

19

Since 14 March 2014

16

Since 14 March 2009

* Barauni Price

Source: Nepal Oil Corporation.

** Mid-March (Latest Price)

80380.1

Table 3.7 : Supply Situation of Some Petroleum Products

Fiscal Year

Unit

First Eight Months

Product

Petrol

2006/07

2007/08

98,435

101,624

128,372

162,276

188082

202467

223087

251451

283567

168187

180027

489,219

612,504

652764

653560

721203

811100

901393

503257

549324

346

41609

24065

19064

18628

13573

12140

6883

2172

1530.83**

Kilo Litre

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

Diesel

Kilo Litre

299,419

303,214

Kerosene

Kilo Litre

192,576

152,166

77,799

55,782

43399

Light Diesel Oil

Kilo Litre

180

308

380

317

228

Furnace Oil

Kilo Litre

4,624

2,940

2,188

2,589

Air Turbine Fuel Kilo Litre

63,650

68,534

74,306

82,631

93,562

96,837

115,813

141,171

752,446

725,623

L.P. Gas

M.Ton

Total
Source: Nepal Oil Corportation
** in Metric Ton

888,077

1,057,270

1434
99990
159286
1,145,183

2011/12

440
109904
181446
1,189,426

2012/13

260
2456
115896
207038
1,294,005

2013/14

123527
232660
1,439,974

2014/15

139404
258299
1,601,291

2013/14

86922
151210
918,041

2014/15

2015/16
117789

304
92769
165975
1,000,539

37158
101392
609,602

Table 4.1 : Monetary Survey

Rs. in ten million

First Eight Months

Mid July

Sn Description

2006

2007

2008

2009

2012*!

2013*!

2014*!

2015*!

1 Net Foreign Assets

13943.91

13943.9

13190.9

17145.6

22456.2 21652.50 22126.60

38377.20

46823.80

59922.00

74728.74

2 Net Domestic Assets

20798.25

20738.5

26360.9

32392.2

40595.9 60446.20 70077.80

74719.70

84713.80

96674.70 113051.41

43727.0

55567.6 79659.80 91257.60

2006

3 Domestic Credit

30206.99 32268.38

36055.8

4 Domestic Credit#

31311.65

32268.4

37658.2

7056.80

7097.1

7834.4

7056.80

7097.1

0.00

0.0

1712.19

5 Net Claims on Government

a. Claims on Government

6 Claims on Govt. Enterprises

a.Financial

Claims on Private sector #

9 Net-Non Monetary Liabilites
Net-Non Monetary Liabilites#

2014/15*!

58018.33

63535.48

2015/16*!
93079.42

87734.73 105823.18

116239.25

99454.70 116586.60 128961.00 152734.56 120210.24 139829.70

161206.22

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

8708.0

10486.8 13652.30 16343.90

16288.20

16778.80

11729.50

12721.14

8933.10

7120.25

5026.96

8146.6

9102.6

10486.8 13652.30 16343.90

312.3

394.6

0.0

636.9

682.8

731.7

1266.10

180.8

171.3

446.09

456.1

511.5

16525.50

16797.30

16547.20

16102.45

17167.83

15222.93

14635.78

0.00

0.00

237.30

18.50

4817.70

3381.31

8234.73

8102.68

9608.82

646.8

847.30

1177.40

1206.00

1270.60

2149.10

1336.15

1297.10

1301.23

1295.74

167.0

137.6

259.70

542.70

199.00

131.70

1107.40

326.07

132.26

267.45

341.40

564.6

509.2

587.60

634.80

1007.10

1138.90

1041.70

1010.08

1164.85

1033.78

954.34

598.5

1305.20

1234.50

958.60

1282.79

1891.66

2025.82

1586.62

97302.60 115082.50 137394.49 108088.38 129382.40

153296.90

5.93

177.4

190.9

303.9

1004.00

977.90

21432.13

24357.0

27347.7

33983.4

43835.4 63855.00 72732.20

80982.60

22536.70

24357.0

28950.1

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

9408.73

11529.9

9694.9

11334.8

14971.7 19213.60 21179.80

24735.00

31872.80

32286.30

39683.15

32475.51

34006.52

44966.97

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

113097.00 131537.60 156596.70 187780.15 145753.06 169358.67

209318.67

7 Claims on Non-Financial Govt.Enter

8 Claims on Private Sector

2013/14*!

0.00

b. Non Financial

0.00

2011*!

0.00

b. Govt. Deposits

12076.3

2010*!

10513.39

11529.9 107612.4

10 Broad Money, M2 (11+12)

34742.16

34682.4

39551.8

11 Narrow Money, M1

344.2

14971.7
49537.7

0.00

0.00

0.00

63052.1 82098.70 92204.30

11438.86

11306.1

12688.8

15434.4

19645.9 21209.70 22307.50

26437.30 30159.00

35483.00

42474.46

33446.52

37960.66

50989.22

a. Currency

7792.63

7778.0

8355.3

10017.5

12575.8 13928.10 14193.10

17049.20

19587.40

22753.70

27008.04

22618.98

25481.88

31162.11

b. Demand Deposits

3646.23

3528.0

4333.4

5416.9

9388.10

10571.60

12729.30

15466.42

10827.54

12478.78

19827.11

23303.30

23376.3

26863.0

34103.3

86659.70 101378.60 121113.70 145305.69 112306.54 131398.01

158329.45

12 Time and Saving Deposits

* Provisional

7070.1

7281.60

8114.30

43406.2 60889.00 69896.90

! Inclduing development banks and finance companies since mid-July 2010.

# Adjusting loan write-off of Rs 11.05 billion in the series of Mid-July 2006 and loan write-off of Rs 2869.3 million (Rs 821.7 million principal
and Rs 2047.6 million interest) as at mid Oct-2006 by Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rs 13.2 billion (Rs 4055.2 million principal and Rs 9099.3 million interest) by RBB as at mid Dec-2006
// Included consolidated Balance sheet of ADB/N
++ Including Margin Deposits
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Table 4.2 (a) : Factors Affecting Money Supply

Rs.in ten million

Sn Description
1
2
3
4
5

7
8
9
10
11

Net Foreign Assets@

Net Domestic Assets@
Domestic Credit
Domestic Credit#
Net Claims on Government
a. Claims on Government
b. Govt. Deposits
Claims on Govt. Enterprises
a.Financial
b. Non Financial
Claims on Non-Financial Govt.Enter
Claims on Private Sector
Claims on Private Sector #
Net-Non Monetary Liabilites@
Net-Non Monetary Liabilites#
Broad Money, M2 (11+12)
Narrow Money, M1

Changes Over Previous Year

2005/06
2559.76
2138.40
2182.95
3287.61
667.35
667.35
0.00
-217.6
-7.0
-210.5
2.7
1730.4
2835.1
44.5
1149.2
4698.2
1418.3

2006/07
590.42
4278.99
3787.43
5389.81
737.30
1049.56
312.25
45.9
-9.5
55.4
13.6
2990.7
4593.1
-491.6
1110.8
4869.4
1382.7

2007/08 2008/09
2967.47 4475.84
7018.43 9038.56
7671.17 11840.58
0.00
873.60 1778.81
955.99 1384.17
82.39 -394.64
48.9
-84.8
-4.3
-29.4
53.2
-55.4
113.0
294.6
6635.7
9852.0
0.0
652.7
2802.0
0.0
9985.9 13514.4
2745.6
4211.5

2009/10
-311.00
12055.20
13002.60
0.00
2987.30
2987.30
.
642.20
331.00
311.10
-19.90
9685.60
0.00
947.50
.
11744.10
2624.30

2010/11
408.97
9624.36
11362.67
0.00
2691.64
2691.64
0.00
12.97
-37.06
50.03
-219.15
8877.21
0.00
1738.31
0.00
10033.34
1025.42

2011/12
13162.66
7735.56
8446.66
0.00
-55.73
181.55
237.28
277.27
-95.03
372.30
-25.22
8250.34
0.00
711.10
0.00
20898.22
4135.44

First Eight Months

2012/13
6893.96
11613.44
17117.48
0.00
490.60
271.79
-218.83
133.10
4.14
128.97
173.73
16320.02
0.00
5504.04
0.00
18507.40
3788.40

2013/14
12712.71
12346.38
12374.39
0.00
-5049.40
-250.11
4799.24
-80.20
17.02
-97.18
-275.95
17779.85
0.00
28.01
0.00
25059.09
5324.00

2014/15
14503.60
16679.84
21304.07
0.00
-1477.81
-446.58
1031.23
145.65
177.31
-31.66
324.20
22312.03
0.00
4624.23
0.00
31183.44
6991.46

2013/14
10281.37
3934.06
3623.61
0.00
-7845.73
370.55
8216.28
26.45
0.52
25.93
657.11
10785.77
0.00
-310.45
0.00
14215.43
3287.50

2014/15
3507.14
9254.82
8399.21
0.00
-7078.70
-1326.10
5752.60
110.74
118.69
-7.95
1067.23
14299.94
0.00
-855.61
0.00
12761.95
2477.66

2015/16*
15818.30
5720.21
8471.66
0.00
-7694.18
-1466.67
6227.51
-40.41
15.33
-55.73
303.83
15902.42
0.00
2751.45
0.00
21538.52
8514.76

a. Currency
914.2 577.3 1662.2
2558.3 10181.10 265.02 2856.02 2538.25 3166.32 4254.30 3031.56 2728.14 4154.07
b. Demand Deposits
504.1 805.4 1083.4
1653.2
1061.30 760.41 1279.42 1250.19 2157.67 2737.16 255.94 -250.49 4360.69
12 Time and Saving Deposits
3279.9 3486.7 7240.3
9302.9
9119.80 9007.90 16762.79 14718.95 19735.10 24191.98 10927.93 10284.29 13023.76
13 Exchange Valuation gian(+)/Loss(-)
609.9 -1343.4 987.1
834.8
-789.20
65.08 3088.00 1552.63 385.46 303.17 913.16 106.38 2532.37
* Provisional
@ Adjustment of exchange valuation gain/loss
# Adjusting credit write-off of Rs 11.05 billion in the series of Mid-July 2006 and credit write-off of Rs 2869.3 million (Rs 821.7 million principal
and Rs 2047.6 million interest) as at mid Oct-2006 by Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rs 13.2 billion (Rs 4055.2 million principal and Rs 9099.3 million interest)
by RBB as at mid Dec-2006
++ Including Margin Deposits
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Table 4.2 (b) : Factors Affecting Money Supply

(Annual change in percent)

Sn
1
2
3
4
5

Heads

Fiscal Year

First Eight Months

2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2013/14* 2014/15* 2015/16*
5.3
23.8
4.2
22.5
26.1
-1.6
1.90
59.50
18.0
27.2
24.2
22.0
5.9
21.2
10.3
11.1
20.6
26.6
27.9
22.8
16.00
11.00
15.6
14.6
17.3
4.6
9.6
5.1
13.8
7.8
11.7
21.3
27.1
17.2
14.60
9.30
17.2
10.6
16.2
3.1
6.4
5.5
16.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11.3
10.4
10.4
11.2
20.4
26.9
19.70
-0.30
3.0
-30.1
-10.4
-46.8
-49.9
-60.5
9.9
10.4
14.8
11.7
15.2
26.9
19.70
1.10
1.6
-1.5
-2.7
2.2
-8.0
-9.1
0.0
26.4
0.0
0.0
-92.2 26010.0
43.9 44529.0
244.8
184.2
18.7
-11.3
12.1
7.2
-11.6
23.0
1.50
32.20
11.7
69.1
12.2
2.1
9.3
-3.0
-4.6
1.1
-2.5
-17.6
82.8 -14.30 -42.70
3.2
12.9
119.2
0.4
79.8
4.7
125.3
-32.1
-5.3
10.4
-9.8
6.9
8.50
58.40
12.8
-8.5
-3.0
2.3
-0.8
-5.5
85.3
7.6
59.2
96.9
54.5 -23.10
-2.30
16.4
22.4
33.8
64.1
111.3
23.7
14.2
8.8
12.3
24.3
29.0
14.2
13.90
11.30
20.2
18.3
19.4
11.1
12.4
11.6
14.4
18.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
21.5
0.5
-4.3
6.7
24.7
1.7
9.90
3.40
22.2
7.8
13.3
-1.0
-2.5
6.9
13.1
9.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.3
15.6
14.0
25.2
27.3
16.4
19.1
19.9
10.8
8.1
11.5
14.1
12.30
22.70
6.6
14.2
12.2
21.6
27.3
14.4
17.7
19.7
10.9
7.0
20.0
11.0
5.20
18.60
8.8
13.3
7.4
19.9
25.5
13.0
1.90
20.10
14.9
16.2
18.7
15.5
12.0
15.4
2.2
16.0
22.8
25.0
30.5
7.6
11.40
15.90
13.4
20.4
21.5
2.4
-2.0
28.2
9.2
16.4
14.9
27.0
27.3
17.0
19.5
20.0
10.8
8.5
9.0
15.5
14.80
24.00

Net Foreign Assets@

Net Domestic Assets@
Domestic Credit
Domestic Credit#
Net Claims on Government
a. Claims on Government
b. Govt. Deposits
6 Claims on Govt. Enterprises
a.Financial
b. Non Financial
7 Claims on Non-Financial Govt.Enter
8 Claims on Private Sector
Claims on Private Sector#
9 Net-Non Monetary Liabilites@
Net-Non Monetary-Liabilites#
10 Broad Money, M2 (11+12)
11 Narrow Money, M1
a. Currency
b. Demand Deposits
12 Time and Saving Deposits
* Provisional
@ Adjustment of exchange valuation gain/loss
# Adjusting credit write-off of Rs 11.05 billion in the series of Mid-July 2006 and credit write-off of Rs 2869.3 million (Rs 821.7 million principal
and Rs 2047.6 million interest) as at mid Oct-2006 by Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rs 13.2 billion (Rs 4055.2 million principal and Rs 9099.3 million interest)
by RBB as at mid Dec-2006
++ Including Margin Deposits
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Table 4.3: Sources and Uses of Banks and Financial Institutions&

2012
S.No. Details
Mid July
1
Total Deposits
101182.29
2
Current
9490.03
3
Savings and call
39716.86
4
Fixed
36822.35
5
Call
14472.99
6
Margin
680.07
7
Borrwoing from Nepal Rastra Bank
47.33
8
Foregin Liabilities
250.79
9
Other Liabilites
15403.89
10 Assets=Liabilites
116884.31
11 Liquid Funds
20118.88
12 Cash in Hand
3072.28
13 Balance with Rastra Bank
11002.43
14 Foregin Currency in Hand
68.81
15 Balance Held Abroad
5975.37
16 Loans and Advances
96765.42
17 Claims on Governemnt
13703.16
18 Claims on Governemtn Corporations
1123.26
Fianncial
116.20
Nonfiancial
1007.06
19 Claims on Non-government Fiancial Enterprises
1059.22
20 Claims on Private Sector
80530.75
21 Foreign Bills Purcahsed and Discounted
349.04
22 Credit Deposit Ratio (in percent)#
82.10
&
Including A Class Bank, B & C class Financial Institution
Provisional
*
Source Nepal Rastra Bank

2013
Mid July
118809.02
11369.30
46948.52
42099.46
17476.06
915.69
275.76
295.43
18456.84
137837.05
23051.62
3487.21
11772.98
85.21
7706.22
114785.44
15225.60
1244.16
108.35
1135.81
1232.95
96843.91
238.82
83.80

2014
Mid July
140676.95
12968.92
58970.59
45294.19
22338.14
1105.11
193.30
0.41
19145.31
160015.97
28682.63
4112.99
15621.40
78.87
8869.38
131333.34
14215.77
1138.30
99.66
1038.63
956.99
114669.92
352.36
83.30

2015*
Mid July
168882.99
15929.00
71247.12
50920.11
29571.74
1215.02
326.15
0.00
20391.65
189600.78
35337.29
4729.20
19223.92
133.69
11250.48
154263.49
14249.79
1092.27
85.29
1006.98
1281.19
136924.91
715.34
82.90

Rs. in ten Million

First Eight Month
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16*
130355.59 151339.07 183062.43
11300.13
12898.16
16576.58
54180.63
64530.58
80809.73
43937.43
48242.98
52109.82
19742.13
24447.42
32061.79
1195.26
1219.93
1504.51
130.22
227.54
236.75
311.53
0.00
0.00
18878.65
19645.66
16858.45
149675.98 171212.26 200157.63
23745.00
25619.01
31164.96
3171.77
3855.78
4875.47
10591.33
11023.27
13203.16
96.43
155.84
126.83
9885.48
10584.11
12959.49
125930.98 145593.25 168992.67
14800.77
13023.14
13002.31
1270.62
1118.94
1051.86
108.87
88.26
100.62
1161.74
1030.68
951.24
1890.06
2024.22
1585.02
107651.91 128899.02 152839.28
317.62
527.93
514.20
85.25
87.60
85.20

Table 4.4 : Sources and Uses of Fund of Commercial Banks

Purpose
1 Total Deposits

2004
23257.63

2005

2006

2007$

2008

Mid July
2009
2010

25046.5

28997.6

33445.3

42152.4

55067.7

62060.9

2011

2012

68023.0

86169.0

2013
101557.8

2014

Rs. in ten million

First Eight Months
2012/13 2013/14 2015/16*

2015

119647.9

145274.9 111221.4 130100.4 157032.3

2 Demand Deposits

3303.87

3412.0

3571.6

4269.2

5412.4

6949.0

7915.0

7820.4

9113.5

10731.0

12254.5

15044.3

10679.3

12261.1

15551.0

3 Savings Deposits

11410.63

13001.4

15171.1

17463.4

21140.6

25987.2

33575.5

23069.3

30471.2

35880.5

45076.9

55935.1

41498.1

50621.2

64102.6

8326.82

8413.7

10006.8

11403.2

15236.4

21685.5

20066.2

36619.6

45926.3

54057.5

61243.4

73115.4

57878.0

66029.0

75896.4

216.31

219.4

248.1

309.5

362.9

446.0

504.2

513.7

658.0

888.8

1073.1

1180.1

1166.0

1189.1

1482.3

6 Borrowings from Nepal Rastra Bank

47.79

172.4

32.9

187.1

66.1

0.0

396.5

524.7

47.3

218.8

193.3

326.2

130.2

227.5

233.0

7 Foreign Liabilities

52.14

2.8

0.8

162.8

191.2

167.1

193.3

186.8

217.6

295.4

0.4

0.0

311.5

0.0

0.0

8 Net Other Sources

4504.44

5887.4

7908.9

6733.3

7515.7

9094.6

9991.9

11728.5

10959.1

13210.6

13553.5

13885.5

12957.6

13095.9

10203.1

4 Fixed Deposits
5 Margin Deposits

9 Sources = Uses

27862.00

31109.0

36940.1

40528.5

49925.3

64329.3

72642.6

80463.0

97393.0

115282.6

133395.1

10 Liquid Funds

5038.46

5022.28

6181.73

6493.03

7901.05 12265.89

13086.3

13151.9

18618.3

21472.3

26702.5

32785.9

21991.6

23548.8

11 Cash in Hand

428.38

477.3

605.4

736.0

1265.2

1501.6

1686.4

1994.6

2576.2

2929.3

3394.2

3938.3

2572.7

3174.1

4058.1

12 Balance with Nepal Rastra Bank

2486.71

2103.0

2396.2

2318.4

2489.9

4685.9

5139.3

5427.8

10013.8

10735.6

14348.1

17494.0

9402.1

9675.4

11237.0

28348.5

43.51

37.5

39.9

45.4

35.9

82.3

43.7

50.0

62.9

80.1

70.0

125.2

90.9

141.7

118.1

2079.86

2404.5

3140.2

3393.3

4110.1

5996.1

6216.9

5679.5

5965.4

7727.4

8890.1

11228.4

9925.8

10557.6

12935.3

22823.49 26086.73 30758.39 34035.49 42024.26 52063.46

13 Foreign Currency in Hand

14 Balance held Abroad
15 Loans & Advances

159486.5 124620.7 143423.8 167468.4

59556.3

67311.1

78774.8

93810.3

106692.7

16 Claims on Government

4379.63

4855.1

5886.2

6585.0

7210.0

7194.9

8299.6

10594.1

12898.7

14723.0

13636.7

13636.3

14183.9

12473.0

12281.2

17 Claims on Govt. Enterprises

1469.07

1799.4

538.1

616.1

687.4

625.9

726.6

833.5

1092.5

1215.8

1104.4

1062.7

1226.7

1068.8

1010.9

0.0

171.4

187.0

300.7

595.3

1598.3

1284.9

1098.4

1000.4

914.0

1104.8

1835.0

2268.7

1467.8

19327.0

24036.2

26536.1

33678.1

43491.3

48857.8

54425.2

63336.1

76632.7

90685.2

110181.5

18 Claims on Non-Governmental Financial Inst.

19 Claims on Private Sector

16869.28

20 Claims on Private Sector%

21 Foreign Bills Purchase & Discounted
22 Credit-to-Deposits Ratio (%)#
*

Provisional,

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank.

126700.6 102629.1 119875.1 139119.9

85065.9 103536.7 123845.8

19327.0

24036.2

28138.4

35280.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

105.51

105.3

126.4

111.3

148.0

156.1

74.1

173.5

349.0

238.4

352.4

715.3

317.6

527.9

514.2

79.30

84.8

85.8

82.1

82.6

81.5

82.6

83.4

76.4

77.9

77.8

77.8

79.5

82.5

80.8

Table 4.5 : Sectoral Outstanding Loan of Commercial Banks+

Sector
Agriculture **
Mines
Production
Construction
Metal, Productions, Machinery & Electrical Tools &
Fittings
Transportation, Equipment Production and Fittings
Communication and Public Services
Wholesalers & Retailers
Finance, Insurance and Fixed Assets
Service Industries
Consumable
Local Government
Others
Total
+ Sectoral Classification as per new formats
* Provisional
** Including ADB/N since Mid July 2006
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank.

Fiscal Year
2005/06
457.20
47.77
5647.50
1342.80

2006/07
1388.20
131.50
6237.00
1977.00

2007/08
1388.00
195.50
7488.98
3236.88

2008/09
1337.63
170.94
8787.80
4486.70

2009/10

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

1429.09 1419.20 2340.70 3153.10 4027.00
201.98
220.50
235.90
348.70
325.50
9471.37 11518.60 14397.20 17666.20 20742.80
4956.80 5159.10 6131.20 7171.30 8874.10

Rs. in ten million

First Eight Months
2014/15
2013/14
5070.62 3718.76
306.41
382.38
23972.28 20126.88
11517.57 8251.38

2014/15
4736.74
342.14
23891.47
10826.68

2015/16
5439.95
306.23
26257.45
12352.12

159.09
291.90
506.94
653.46
587.78
641.90
840.20 1004.40 1092.90
1240.22 1139.96
1243.61
1453.65
265.87
324.30
434.02
697.77 1054.64 1201.40 1278.40 1266.60 1548.90
1437.72 1438.32
1363.96
1716.73
1169.45 1313.00 1612.90 1843.28 2227.60 1981.20 2517.50 3015.20 3141.10
4128.95 3028.26
3769.44
5374.69
3510.33 4563.60 5573.20 6880.83 8858.41 10921.20 12924.90 16158.80 20541.50 25625.25 18988.13 24515.35 28696.20
1002.40 1391.80 2491.35 3888.27 5409.33 5793.40 6218.50 6608.00 7281.40
8922.03 6807.80
7965.55 10145.88
1416.30 1836.70 2116.33 2335.78 2960.54 3650.50 4581.10 5685.50 6863.00
8843.80 6331.01
8278.90
9478.45
584.80
812.00
943.71 1471.62 2269.49 2236.00 2704.70 3348.40 3936.60
4303.57 3414.09
4128.67
4580.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
197.24
308.77
110.70
127.20
117.60
109.60
162.18
109.57
146.82
153.55
2054.30 2917.30 4665.60 7426.48 7197.39 7769.60 7956.30 10165.20 11616.50 14783.68 10263.73 14100.97 16763.34
17657.81 23184.30 30653.41 40177.80 46933.18 52623.10 62253.70 75709.10 90100.90 110314.29 84000.28 105310.30 122718.73

Table 4.6 : Sources and Uses of Fund of Development Banks ("B"- Class FIs)
Mid-July
2006@

Description

2003 2004
2002
2005
Liabilities
214.30
346.40
284.70
367.40
279.50
Capital Funds
2467.70 2880.20 2942.70
3395.80
879.10
Deposits
593.20
588.90
596.00
511.80
163.40
Borrowing
509.00
885.50
966.80
1506.60
70.10
Other Liabilities
11.50
Profit and Loss A/c
3784.20 4701.00 4790.20
5781.60
1403.60
Assets = Liabilities
Assets
362.90
414.90
405.40
456.30
238.50
Liquid Funds
279.20
237.90
231.20
199.10
68.50
Investment
2755.50 3102.70 3190.50
2989.40
865.90
Loans and Advances
386.60
945.50
963.10
2136.80
101.50
Other Assets
129.20
Profit and Loss A/c
* Provisional
** First six months
@ Excluding ADB/N form 2006
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

2007

2008

2009

406.00 655.11 1084.40 1521.10 1981.00

1537.00 2574.99 4893.60 7744.90 8738.00
223.19 253.26 395.70
424.10
604.00
166.61 565.34 499.40
956.04 1126.00
-66.98 -61.83
40.30
226.18
121.00
2265.82 3986.87 6913.40 10872.32 12570.00

40.3
58.3
7.2
91.4
461.2
57.3

30.2
12.8
42.4
17.8
-46.5
15.6

373.13 996.78 1594.30

153.66 332.47 504.40
1537.38 2367.05 4307.80
126.07 217.18 410.20
75.58
73.39
96.70

163.6
38.0
52.5
134.1
-79.1

4.8
2.6
19.0
30.9
38.6

Table 4.6 (a): Sources and Uses of Fund of Development Banks ("B"- Class FIs)
Rs. Ten Million
2012
Mid July

S. No.

Details

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Total Deposits
Current
Savings
Fixed
Call
Margin
Borrwoing from Nepal Rastra Bank
Foregin Liabilities
Other Liabilites
Assets=Liabilites
Liquid Funds and Bank Balance
Cash in Hand
Balance with Rastra Bank
Foregin Currency in Hand
Balance Held Abroad
Loans and Advances
Claims on Governemnt
Claims on Governemtn Corporations
Fianncial
Nonfiancial
Claims on Non-government Fiancial
Claims on Private Sector
Foreign Bills Purcahsed and
Credit Deposit Ratio (in percent)#

19
20
21
22

* Provisional
Source Nepal Rastra Bank

12212.80
325.09
6076.73
3717.84
2075.34
17.79
0.00
33.21
3008.62
15254.62
985.03
360.85
599.10
3.71
21.38
14269.59
450.72
28.17
0.00
28.17
3457.63
10333.07
0.00
113.20

2013
Mid July
15522.49
308.37
8294.56
4502.83
2391.38
25.34
57.00
0.00
3192.94
18772.43
1183.04
478.71
677.32
5.09
21.93
17589.38
290.96
24.23
0.00
24.23
4116.10
13157.64
0.45
111.40

2014
Mid July
20032.89
422.83
10835.75
5539.51
3204.05
30.75
0.00
0.00
3765.24
23798.14
1464.17
612.57
822.14
8.84
20.61
22333.97
274.43
27.37
0.00
27.37
5051.45
16980.71
0.00
110.10

# Claims on Government not included

2015*
Mid July
23072.53
553.94
12064.08
6221.27
4199.70
33.54
0.00
0.00
4154.98
27227.51
1868.33
689.41
1148.38
8.45
22.09
25359.18
308.78
19.59
0.00
19.59
5404.17
19626.63
0.00
108.60

2010

Rs. In ten million

Mid-Jan Percent Change
2011* 2009/10 2010/11**

First Eight Month

2013/14
2014/15 2015/16*
17655.68 19839.26 24246.53
333.16
398.31 755.80
9601.67 10634.08 12950.08
5168.51 5591.08 6409.05
2524.53 3186.29 4110.91
27.80
29.50
20.69
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3827.86 4342.53 4205.90
21483.54 24181.79 28452.43
1279.99 1463.41 2039.31
502.49
578.45 705.90
750.71
844.31 1288.05
5.48
14.14
8.71
21.31
26.52
36.65
20203.54 22718.38 26413.12
311.27
263.94 348.48
25.30
32.85
20.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
25.30
32.85
20.05
4611.15 4533.86 4914.01
15255.82 17887.73 21130.58
0.00
0.00
0.00
112.67
112.67 107.50

2627.80
695.90
6568.00
960.42
20.20

2755.00
714.00
7816.00
1257.00
28.00

Table 4.7 (b): Sources and Uses of Finance Companies

Rs. Ten Million
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

19
20
21
22
*
#
Source

Details

2012
Mid July

Total Deposits
7539.89
Current
448.52
Savings
3415.89
Fixed
3606.61
Call
64.58
Margin
4.29
Borrwoing from Nepal Rastra Bank
0.00
Foregin Liabilities
0.00
Other Liabilites
2491.54
Assets=Liabilites
10031.43
Liquid Funds and Bank Balance
528.81
Cash in Hand
135.21
Balance with Rastra Bank
389.54
Foregin Currency in Hand
2.21
Balance Held Abroad
1.84
Loans and Advances
9502.62
Claims on Governemnt
353.70
Claims on Governemtn Corporations
2.60
Fianncial
0.00
Nonfiancial
2.60
Claims on Non-government Fiancial Enterprises 2284.71
Claims on Private Sector
6861.61
Foreign Bills Purcahsed and Discounted
0.00
Credit Deposit Ratio (in percent)#
121.30
Provisional
Claims on Government not included
Nepal Rastra Bank

2013
Mid July
6816.51
541.02
2893.03
3289.62
91.32
1.52
0.00
0.00
2591.80
9408.31
457.43
97.28
360.10
0.03
0.03
8950.88
211.63
4.18
0.00
4.18
1681.52
7053.55
0.00
128.20

2014
Mid July
7208.08
582.49
3118.47
3395.27
110.63
1.23
0.00
0.00
2688.70
9896.78
557.37
106.19
451.11
0.04
0.03
9339.27
304.63
6.53
0.00
6.53
2024.09
7004.02
0.00
125.30

2015*
Mid July
7163.62
542.64
3375.50
3155.00
89.08
1.39
0.00
0.00
2891.02
10054.64
683.06
101.45
581.55
0.04
0.03
9371.57
304.70
9.94
0.00
9.94
1940.13
7116.81
0.00
126.60

First Eight Month

2013/14
2014/15
2015/16*
7326.10
7339.32
7784.63
529.96
539.38
526.04
3201.77
3340.09
3898.19
3492.10
3370.15
3251.80
100.81
88.34
107.05
1.46
1.37
1.55
0.00
0.00
3.79
0.00
0.00
0.00
2780.72
3170.90
3294.12
10106.82
10510.22
11082.54
535.07
606.83
789.97
96.54
103.26
111.52
438.48
503.52
678.09
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.35
9571.75
9903.34
10292.58
305.64
286.25
372.65
18.61
17.28
20.89
0.00
0.00
0.00
18.61
17.28
20.89
1917.29
2125.23
2036.12
7330.20
7474.58
7862.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
126.48
131.04
127.40

Table 4.8 : Sources and Uses of Fund of Micro-Finance Development Banks (including Grameen Bikas Banks)
Description

2003
Liabilities
51.50
Capital Funds+
62.50
Deposits
239.10
Borrowing
72.30
Other Liabilities
Profit and Loss A/c
Assets = Liabilities 425.40
Assets
44.10
Liquid Funds
104.80
Investment
Loans and Advances 242.70
33.80
Other Assets
0.00
Profit and Loss A/c
* Provisional
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

2006@

2007

2004

2005

54.10
70.00
283.30
89.00
496.40

73.97
74.88
340.25
131.85
9.05
630.00

83.04 111.85 162.65 193.98 217.40

93.25 110.31 154.00 200.06 257.40
532.49 694.42 840.06 897.28 1075.40
98.99 104.23 101.56 233.21 314.20
11.97
7.33
19.31
26.70
819.74 1028.14 1258.27 1543.84 1891.10

62.10
123.10
282.20
29.00
0.00

64.83
151.61
353.76
38.91
20.89

132.18
167.26
430.30
67.90
22.10

174.65
235.06
557.87
42.81
17.75

2008

Mid July
2009
2010

116.31
350.40
707.82
68.07
15.67

285.50 216.90
206.81 251.50
822.27 1111.60
201.33 287.10
27.93
24.00

2014

Rs. in Ten Million

Mid March
2015
2015
2016*

243.7 281.10 380.10

353.4 512.80 722.50
1303.8 1657.50 2021.40
376.8 472.40 366.10
50.1
57.80
84.90
2327.8 2981.50 3575.10

580.97
1119.99
2858.13
385.36
114.00
5058.45

620.35 582.00 845.47

1605.80 1369.80 2066.22
3849.70 3305.80 4503.40
526.81 743.30 737.73
260.41 163.10 222.71
6863.07 6164.00 8375.52

333.9 564.90 633.00

165.9 219.10 308.00
1465.0 1770.00 2339.20
355.2 415.90 281.70
7.8
11.80
13.20

979.38
47.03
3642.60
374.92
14.52

682.47 565.00 897.06

247.81 240.50 295.13
5532.73 4800.50 6730.20
395.45 556.20 452.62
4.62
1.80
0.51

2011

2012

2013

Table 4.9 : Sources and Uses of Cooperatives Approval from NRB

Rs. In Ten Million
Description

Fiscal Year
2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

Liabilities
20.50
Capital Funds+
166.70
Deposits
4.10
Borrowing
42.80
Other Liabilities
0.00
Profit and Loss A/c
Assets = Liabilities 234.10
Assets
41.30
Liquid Funds
18.20
Investment
Loans and Advances 129.80
44.80
Other Assets
* Provisional
+ Profit and Loss adjusted
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

2010/11

2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

2014/15

Mid-March
2014/15 2015/16*

80.90 117.70 140.15

872.80 1140.30 1587.35
48.40
93.80 135.56
125.00 145.80 203.09
38.10
44.00
36.85
1165.20 1541.50 2103.00

165.9633
1859.591
145.1585
233.9618
49.7332
2454.408

156.88 182.30
1487.80 2097.89
148.54 145.54
230.66 309.32
26.43
20.03
2067.02 2782.03

374.30 658.70 649.8988

114.70 125.92 218.1637
945.80 1182.38 1434.405
106.70 125.83
151.94

382.24 686.95
181.82 246.91
1342.71 1627.97
143.53 193.27

27.80
172.40
4.60
36.70
-0.50
241.00

32.48
201.16
7.07
40.73
6.28
287.72

35.50
254.50
14.00
48.10
7.00
359.10

40.08
301.82
20.67
68.02
5.46
436.05

44.70
351.30
25.80
66.70
8.04
496.54

58.00
372.70
22.70
87.90
11.60
552.90

64.7
546.7
31.2
144.5
20.5
807.6

42.40
14.20
143.10
41.30

49.32
16.15
166.54
55.71

49.00
17.80
223.00
69.30

76.03
22.30
266.22
71.50

77.60
27.60
312.70
78.64

83.50
26.00
362.40
81.00

154.2
24.7
509.2
119.4

333.30
77.50
655.80
91.90

Table 4.10 : Sources and Uses of Fund of Employees Provident Fund

Rs. Ten Million
Description

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

Fiscal Year
2008/09 2009/10 2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

Mid March
2014/15* 2015/16*

17938.70 20552.63

Sources
Provident Funds

4251.1

4814.49

5450.07

6279.38

7264.97

8670.47

10232.8

12144.00

14071.00

16354.86

18756.53

262

294.12

319.38

371.54

452.45

317.52

315.1

297.10

347.80

420.29

462.80

485.80

392.13

124.44

153.14

182.48

194.52

51.04

110.5

134.20

151.50

193.89

224.99

205.80

238.47

4513.10

5233.05

5922.59

6833.40

7911.94

9039.03

10658.4

12575.30

14570.30

16969.04

19444.32

91.30

163.05

137.96

186.34

312.45

207.30

237.5

473.90

389.00

738.10

801.48

4440.30

4823.59

5480.03

6224.17

7238.20

8635.00

10194.4

11839.90

13900.80

15944.70

18325.25

17874.50 20233.76

Loan to Savers

2142.10

2517.80

2978.67

3590.40

4378.70

5504.0

6663.20

7976.60

9157.60

10411.60

10134.60 11581.84

Fixed Deposit in Banks

1851.80

2089.50

2414.40

2545.00

3091.00

2598.0

2388.00

2780.00

2666.00

3687.00

3249.00

4283.55

Government Securities

422.86

550.95

496.54

662.13

702.76

1347.0

1495.00

1370.40

1413.00

1522.64

1370.00

1856.10

Project Loan

367.75

278.41

334.56

0.10

362.54

633.5

1073.80

1556.40

2486.00

2481.96

2898.80

2290.22

39.80

43.37

86.95

Reserve Funds
Other Liabilities and Provision
Sources = Uses
Bank and Cash Balance
Loan and Investment

Shares
Fixed Assets
Other Assets
-18.50
* Provisional
Source: Employees Provident Fund

246.41

304.60

335.94

18630.30 21183.23
494.90

638.02

90.57

100.03

111.9

219.80

217.40

222.10

222.05

222.05

222.05

82.40

49.80

52.1

47.80

48.10

32.90

32.03

30.70

39.38

278.90

146.90

174.4

213.70

232.50

253.40

285.56

230.20

272.07

Table 4.11 : Sources and Uses of Fund of Citizen Investment Trust

Rs. in Ten Million

Fiscal Year

Description
Liabilities

Mid March

2004/20052005/20062006/20072007/20082008/20092009/2010 2010/11

Capital Funds

8.60

10.89

526.90

671.60

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

47.70

43.27

83.20

114.94

341.24

583.20

725.76

69.20

86.60

104.34

Investment

361.60

513.59

Loans and Advances

101.40
51.00

Deposits
Borrowing
Other Liabilities
Assets = Liabilities

13.56

15.99

25.53

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2014/15 2015/16*

66.24

93.1

106.20

135.20

190.74

229.56

229.33

171.70

857.36 1236.62 1646.54 2014.16

2508.3

3285.60

4032.50

5409.86

6723.00

6043.13

7457.50

0.00

0.0

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

184.38

242.0

178.50

107.70

992.48

97.23

95.78

92.64

954.12 1367.55 2013.31 2264.78

2843.4

3570.30

4275.40

6593.08

7049.79

6368.24

7721.84

80.00

70.0

47.50

118.50

1085.10

1059.50

309.72

1682.90

660.06

958.60 1615.00 1690.48

2053.5

2159.70

2729.30

2649.13

4172.34

4350.03

4044.39

74.33

101.55

259.25

181.20

354.10

314.1

1103.40

1174.10

1825.92

1737.37

1628.37

1226.70

51.24

88.17

104.00

167.11

140.20

405.8

259.70

253.40

1032.99

80.57

80.12

767.85

Assets
Liquid Funds

Other Assets

*Provisional
Source: Citizen Investment Trust

45.70

50.00

Table 5.1 Status of Primary Market Trend

Rs. in ten million
Fiscal Year

First Eight Month

Description
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

2014/15

2015/16

244.33 229.55 996.82 1682.85 1082.24

685.4

889.31

1227.16

a) Ordinary Shares

57.98

181.57

264.93

172.88 129.85 318.74 157.35

697.74

400.62

811.45

b) Rights Shares

101.35 126.53 609.34 1426.28

817.3

507.52

45.16

230.79

288.69

335.71

1 Capital Mobilization

c) Preferential Shares
d) Debentures
e) Citizens' Unitary Plan
f) Mutuall Fund
No of Association of Capital
Mobilizers'
Source: Securities Board of Nepal
2

38.02

92.48

295.01 1068.52 726.68 1443.53

393.52 424.33

40

85

25

295

75

120

98

95.34

100.88

31.54

32.7

148.63 170.23

355.00 145.00

290

99

80.00

225

100

80

29

34

64

64

61

47

25

34.00

45.00

48

30

30

Table 5.2 Status of Secondary Market Trend

Rs. in ten million
Particular

Fiscal Year
2005/06

Share Transaction Value

Number of Listed Securities (000')

345.1

2006/07
836.0

2007/08
2282.1

2008/09
2168.1

2009/10
1185.1

2010/11
666.5

2011/12
1027.3

227040.0 243504.0 321131.0 637868.0 821746.0 1061091.0

No. of Shares Transacted (000')

12222.0

Number of Transaction

97374.0 120510.0 150800.0 209091.0 213733.0

Market Capitalization Value

First Eight Months

18147.0

28599.8

30547.2

26231.4

26240.4

2012/13

2013/14

2204.9
-

41879.0

2014/15

7729.9

6533.2

2014/15
5043.1

2015/16
7011.9

- 159717.5

121178.0 137336.5

81571.7 214143.6 477278.0

375192.0 429180.0

302364.0 293489.0 292366.0 566389.0

18630.1

36624.8

51293.9

37687.1

32348.4

36826.2

14.8

25.6

44.9

51.9

32.2

19.5

23.4

30.2

40.0

46.6

2000.9

2179.9

2946.5

6114.0

7935.6

10023.8

11061.0

12648.9

14754.0

21058.9

15657.1

25543.7

Number of Listed Companies

135.0

135.0

142.0

159.0

176.0

209.0

216.0

230.0

233.0

232.0

232.0

230.0

No. of Companies under Transaction

(Script Tranded)

110.0

116.0

136.0

170.0

198.0

222.0

230.0

230.0

269.0

271.0

254.0

255.0

NEPSE Index (In point) *

386.9

684.0

963.4

749.1

477.7

362.9

389.7

518.3

1036.1

961.2

978.4

1318.9

Paid-up Capital Value of Listed Shares

* Base Year 1993, Point 100

Source: Securities Board of Nepal, Nepal Stock Exchange and Central Bureau of Statistics

6.6

100403.0 142091.1

9681.4

Market Capitalization as percent of GDP

51449.2 105716.0

98940.4

5.0

4.9
63.2**

Table 6.1 : Direction of Foreign Trade

Description
Export F.O.B.
India
China
Other countries
Import C.I.F.
India
China
Other countries
Trade Balance
India
China
Other countries
Total volume of Trade
India
China
Other countries
Share in Total Trade %

2004/05#

2005/06#

2006/07#

2007/08#

2008/09#

Fiscal Year
2009/10#
2010/11#

2011/12#

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

Rs. in ten million

First Eight Months
2014/15
2015/16*

5870.57

6023.41

5938.31

5926.65

6769.75

6082.40

6433.85

7426.10

7691.72

9199.13

8531.91

5686.75

4273.06

3891.69

4071.47

4172.88

3855.57

4100.59

3999.37

4336.04

4961.60

5099.98

5961.37

5586.46

3650.87

2391.04

208.58

284.07

222.99

187.69

101.46
1780.57

1978.88

1951.94

1765.43

2071.08

2669.16

14947.36

17378.03

19469.46

22193.77

8867.55

10714.31

11587.23

14237.65

2083.03

2097.81

2464.50

2383.16

2953.69

2722.46

1848.19

28446.96

37433.52

39617.55

46166.80

55674.03

71436.59

77468.42

50591.85

43580.11

16243.76

21711.43

26192.52

29939.00

36703.12

47794.70

49165.59

31992.17

25821.76

6245.13

7331.86

10016.64

7170.11

7029.98

6663.72

7882.23

7956.12

12203.20

15722.09

13425.03

16227.80

12725.78

16310.02

18286.19

11429.57

10728.37

-9076.79 -11354.62

-13531.15

-16267.12

-21677.21

-31351.12

-33183.70

-38740.70

-47982.31

-62237.46

-68936.51

-44905.10

-39307.05

-7414.35

-10382.08

-12143.17

-17712.06

-21856.48

-24977.30

-31603.14

-41833.33

-43579.13

-28341.30

-23430.72

-6036.55

-7047.79

-9793.65

-6982.42

-6928.52

-10342.62

-13356.33

-15563.73

-9581.38

-8947.80

6079.81

-4975.86
-4100.93

-6642.84
-4711.78

-6116.80

-5885.04

-9534.04

-13639.06

-11327.22

-13763.30

20817.93

23401.44

25407.77

28120.42

35216.71

43515.92

46051.40

53592.90

63365.75

80635.72

86000.33

56278.60

47853.17

12759.24

14785.78

15760.11

18093.22

20344.35

25710.80

30528.56

34900.60

41803.10

53756.07

54752.05

35643.04

28212.79

6453.71

7615.93

10239.63

7357.79

7131.44

8058.69

8615.66

9647.66

10027.20

14872.36

17805.12

15522.84

18692.30

15108.94

19263.71

21008.65

13277.76

12508.94

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

India

61.29

63.18

62.03

64.34

57.77

59.08

66.29

65.10

65.97

66.67

63.66

63.33

58.96

China

10.18

9.44

11.91

13.07

14.90

37.97

35.66

42.23

40.92

23.84

23.89

24.43

23.59

26.14

Other countries
38.71
36.82
* Privisional
# China's data is included in other countries' data
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank

33.71

34.90

Table 6.2 : Commodity Trade by SITC Group

SITC Group

2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

Export
5870.57 6023.41 5938.32 5926.65
Food & live Animals
699.35
719.20
705.58 1316.49
Tobacco & Beverage
3.16
2.50
2.33
2.43
Crude Materials & Inedibles
88.16
122.34
136.80
135.07
Mineral Fuels & Lubricants
0.42
0.32
0.00
0.00
Animals & Vegetable Oil & Fats
507.03
428.46
445.49
206.20
Chemicals & Drugs
367.76
368.69
409.16
282.35
Classified by Materials
2859.06 2853.30 3041.22 2964.33
Machinery & Transport Equipment
20.76
120.19
124.09
91.29
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles 1323.96 1408.16 1073.65
928.17
Not Classified
0.91
0.25
0.00
0.32
Import
14947.36 17378.03 19469.46 22193.78
Food & live Animals
982.07 1329.87 1289.59 1583.83
Tobacco & Beverage
101.56
116.18
95.79
123.83
Crude Materials & Inedibles
1120.7 1056.23
882.93
836.51
Mineral Fuels & Lubricants
2992.73 3644.70 3636.20 4396.85
Animals & Vegetable Oil & Fats
601.63 1019.66 1213.76
939.91
Chemical & Drugs
1917.97 2475.02 2699.59 2686.33
Classified by Materials
3704.74 4060.05 4814.53 5744.84
Machinery & Transport Equipment
2626.21 2619.46 3635.74 4800.64
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles
755.18 1041.78 1175.50 1072.62
Not Classified
144.57
15.08
25.83
8.42
* Provisional
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Fiscal Year
2008/09 2009/10 2010/11
6769.75 6082.40 6433.85
1914.53 1315.52 1453.18
35.42
1.84
0.17
197.31
246.96
192.33
4.17
0.00
0.00
36.29
26.72
40.90
308.73
167.69
267.95
2824.16 3339.52 3349.65
62.53
72.50
37.97
1385.97
911.65 1091.11
0.64
0.00
0.59
28446.96 37433.52 39617.55
2047.11 2376.55 2926.34
141.28
285.49
216.71
1254.30 1988.89 1948.02
4529.37 5678.11 8123.45
900.43
932.05 1473.38
3157.99 3966.96 4527.21
7607.00 11612.98 9133.78
6800.95 8451.72 8533.15
1997.73 2136.66 2723.48
10.80
4.11
12.03

2011/12
7426.10
1593.00
10.20
258.70
0.00
33.20
273.70
3900.90
27.80
1328.40
0.30
46166.80
4078.30
308.20
1777.30
10277.10
1791.80
4901.70
11478.20
8241.40
3297.20
15.50

2012/13
7691.70
1808.90
21.40
327.90
0.80
15.60
385.20
3985.80
51.90
1093.80
0.30
55674.00
6111.90
444.90
2136.50
11947.10
1755.20
6424.30
10956.60
10020.30
3265.90
2611.40

2013/14
9199.10
2166.70
199.10
499.20
0.60
24.30
469.10
4377.30
68.10
1394.30
0.40
71436.60
8965.40
483.00
3181.00
14782.70
2233.70
8418.10
14003.80
12490.10
4399.40
2479.40

2014/15
8531.91
2020.90
234.67
327.42
0.01
11.12
487.26
4107.84
38.62
1304.05
0.00
77468.42
9961.96
504.14
3233.23
12695.13
2250.38
9155.53
17576.20
17237.84
4215.05
638.96

Rs. in ten million

First Eight Months
2014/15 2015/16*
5686.75 4273.06
1256.44
938.11
180.13
34.80
214.57
108.83
0.00
0.10
4.45
2.08
296.81
247.07
2814.76 2036.60
13.62
34.57
905.96
870.73
0.00
0.18
50591.85 43580.11
6230.83 6579.31
310.50
348.84
2247.31 1892.00
8496.03 4015.89
1516.30 1188.68
5911.14 6228.05
11774.48 9214.18
10879.59 9865.53
2864.47 2833.76
361.20 1413.86

Table 6.3 (A): Exports of Major Commodities to India

Rs. in ten million
Fiscal Year

Description
Rice (Husked)

First Eight Months

2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2014/15 2015/16*
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Maize

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Mustard & Linseeds

4.43

4.75

2.33

3.51

2.17

1.10

2.60

0.60

0.30

1.70

4.73

4.11

2.50

13.24

13.35

10.56

14.86

20.66

23.90

17.20

9.00

31.30

24.50

50.03

38.02

19.95

Ghee

8.31

10.30

11.09

10.17

10.64

12.70

32.20

37.10

13.60

15.60

15.47

11.85

8.85

Dried Ginger

8.01

6.22

4.96

5.40

6.80

9.10

0.30

0.20

1.20

0.40

0.05

0.02

0.68

Pulses

66.71

64.32

30.69

31.48

38.16

2.80

0.90

20.30

0.10

0.40

12.71

12.64

0.00

Kutch

1.41

4.21

0.63

0.85

5.08

Live Animals

5.60

5.80

2.17

5.22

2.44

3.70

6.60

24.90

41.00

23.40

20.46

12.28

10.47

Flour

0.04

0.00

0.00

0.35

8.24

4.10

1.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Ginger

16.10

27.52

54.13

54.32

33.51

35.40

30.20

38.70

131.20

46.90

46.14

25.64

29.61

Oil Cake

31.71

29.16

31.81

40.50

53.27

49.80

51.00

64.30

63.80

70.60

61.31

35.00

55.02

Catechu

43.87

38.24

54.28

54.37

121.71

168.20

111.40

100.30

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Rice Bran Oil

19.90

11.26

17.83

19.65

14.33

11.20

7.70

19.10

13.40

19.50

7.25

2.52

0.69

Salseed Oil

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.00

Raw Jute

0.00

0.05

0.16

3.11

14.63

6.50

0.00

0.00

4.40

4.40

0.17

0.17

0.33

Jute Cutting

0.13

4.82

0.00

1.08

5.67

62.10

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

269.35

263.68

275.68

258.25

128.25

289.70

399.80

406.50

410.80

430.20

427.31

267.32

263.40

Herbs

Jute Goods

0.00

a) Hessian

18.61

46.45

37.51

52.88

20.71

36.40

89.40

109.50

0.00

0.60

1.07

0.75

4.24

b) Sacking

145.62

126.54

140.86

121.99

45.88

201.70

186.60

210.20

367.30

357.90

374.65

236.93

234.34

c) Twines

105.12

90.69

97.31

83.38

61.66

51.60

123.80

86.80

43.50

71.80

51.59

29.63

24.81

Cardamom

60.70

60.81

84.81

103.48

121.60

131.60

191.50

327.60

385.00

426.70

383.97

210.51

308.21

Noodles

36.93

41.47

23.74

52.29

80.32

57.60

51.80

45.80

35.70

52.20

62.12

40.92

20.98

Cattlefeed

54.74

45.46

8.09

17.69

35.05

14.40

6.40

8.30

2.70

26.70

61.71

36.06

21.02

Tooth Paste

128.30

73.08

66.34

47.56

81.32

67.30

97.30

109.90

93.60

113.30

98.48

55.77

52.66

Polyster Yarn

189.63

347.63

224.10

261.80

249.98

339.80

264.10

365.70

474.20

515.30

501.82

325.94

213.05

Medicine (Ayurvedic) 19.75

30.11

15.63

13.21

16.34

13.90

57.60

84.80

67.10

89.50

90.72

59.35

52.97

Soap

36.80

36.36

50.27

42.42

59.10

40.40

37.20

24.40

6.20

2.60

2.18

1.56

0.38

463.59

386.17

413.65

213.23

0.91

0.50

1.90

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
4.79

Veg. Ghee
Pashmina
Thread
Copper wire Rod

34.15

21.07

4.83

4.40

6.59

6.10

4.70

4.20

5.50

6.80

4.95

3.86

221.37

189.83

405.59

413.48

252.54

277.20

335.10

262.80

10.50

18.00

18.04

7.09

4.78

53.01

30.58

20.60

61.74

57.18

64.40

30.30

121.30

118.40

142.70

126.06

81.20

53.73

31.66

10.57

76.19

97.95

57.12

69.50

94.30

79.80

0.00

21.30

17.35

12.45

3.52

Plastic Utensils

136.16

80.83

41.51

30.26

51.34

18.20

61.00

72.10

98.60

35.80

34.39

23.49

12.91

Zinc Sheet

156.13

M.S. Pipe

307.03

240.90

357.99

441.69

282.17

179.50

389.50

334.30

494.80

617.70

438.75

377.76

G.I. Pipe

42.40

51.93

12.78

24.27

109.84

56.80

80.70

159.30

356.30

303.10

299.37

192.79

53.81

Textiles

299.66

215.46

305.69

211.48

319.35

336.20

373.40

513.00

561.80

577.90

512.92

353.12

211.88

Juice

109.13

113.96

159.13

183.64

195.22

175.00

236.30

302.70

380.20

443.20

477.33

266.80

143.46

Chemical

140.75

105.75

95.02

27.57

29.01

15.20

14.80

0.90

0.00

0.00

16.62

13.42

5.08

2854.57 2565.65 2862.28 2751.29 2470.54 2546.60 3020.90 3537.90 3801.60 4460.80 4219.71
1037.12 1505.82 1310.60 1104.28 1630.05 1452.80 1315.10 1423.70 1298.40 1500.60 1366.75

2738.97

1974.26

911.90

416.78

Grand Total
3891.69 4071.47 4172.88 3855.57 4100.59 3999.40 4336.00 4961.60 5100.00 5961.40 5586.46
* Provisional
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

3650.87

2391.04

Total
Others

Table 6.3 (B): Exports of Major Commodities to China

Rs. in ten million
Fiscal Year

Description
2012/13

2013/14

First Eight Months

2014/15

2014/15

2015/16*

3.10

4.34

1.40

0.51

Aluminium, Copper and Brass Utensils

12.83

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Handicraft (Metal and Woolen)

13.11

26.09

20.20

13.13

24.09

Herbs

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Human Hair

0.06

1.08

1.72

1.18

1.33

Musical Instruments, Parts and Accessories

0.04

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.00

Nepalese Paper & Paper Products

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Noodles

5.54

4.91

4.73

4.48

0.47

Other handicraft goods

2.68

2.01

5.74

3.21

3.37

Pashmina

2.98

3.98

2.81

2.17

2.93

Readymade Garments

8.88

2.81

4.39

3.44

0.55

Readymade Leather Goods

0.08

0.21

0.04

0.03

0.00

Rudrakshya

0.96

0.00

1.01

1.01

0.00

Silverware and Jewelleries

0.07

0.71

0.43

0.38

0.00

40.75

24.79

30.69

25.25

11.35

Tea

0.51

0.83

1.34

1.28

1.09

Vegetables

0.17

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Wheat Flour

10.74

11.01

2.23

1.86

0.48

Agarbatti

Tanned Skin

Woolen Carpet
B. Other
Total (A+B)

* Provisional
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

0.02

8.52

11.97

14.93

9.25

14.56

97.53

189.32

131.31

120.50

41.20

208.58

284.07

222.99

187.69

101.46

Table 6.3 (C) : Export of Major Commodities to Other Countries

Rs. In ten million
Description

Fiscal Year

2004/05# 2005/06# 2006/07# 2007/08# 2008/09# 2009/10# 2010/11# 2011/12# 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
267.13
204.39
113.16
Pulses
10.65
19.17
48.85 145.84
624.71 395.20
335.80
249.70
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cardamon (Large)
20.53
10.92
12.96
6.50
6.39
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.90
19.72
6.06
Medicinal Herbs
5.47
1.90
4.35
9.79
41.20
23.94
12.60
19.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
Catechu
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Wollen Goods
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
24.30
28.92
21.78
Nepalese Paper & Paper Products
23.98
25.70
19.06
34.71
36.12
55.33
39.90
58.70
49.06
75.24
64.66
Hides & Skins
23.58
31.04
27.91
24.87
5.82
30.70
43.40
72.40
598.82
728.00
676.01
Carpets (Hand Knotted Wollen)
586.87 583.87
560.02 504.82
573.55 407.87
486.00
693.80
307.81
422.29
395.97
Readymade Garments
612.46 620.41
521.29 475.58
490.47 389.07
306.30
400.60
8.12
11.04
8.48
Handicrafts
64.42
43.09
25.02
19.40
107.78 108.28
45.80
51.00
7.53
27.01
10.25
Ornaments
36.32
28.24
32.54
26.94
26.24
12.66
9.10
11.00
162.53
272.44
211.77
Pasmina
104.98 157.78
93.10
64.34
152.69 126.76
227.30
323.00
Total
1489.26 1522.12 1345.10 1312.79 2064.97 1549.81 1506.10 1880.00 1426.21 1789.04 1508.13
Others
489.62 429.82
420.33 758.29
604.19 533.22
591.70
584.50
956.95 1164.65 1214.33
Grand Total
1978.88 1951.94 1765.43 2071.08 2669.16 2083.03 2097.80 2464.50 2383.16 2953.69 2722.46
* Privisional
# China's data is included in other countries' data before 2011/12
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank

First Eight Months

2014/15 2015/16*
93.21
49.08
0.00
0.00
2.86
11.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.52
19.00
41.76
25.60
450.53
503.80
265.16
288.78
6.03
6.27
6.60
11.81
149.99
180.71
1032.64 1096.64
815.55
683.93
1848.19 1780.57

Table 6.4 (A) : Import of Selected Commodities from India

Particulars
Electrical Goods
Threads
Tobacco
Transport Equipments
Medicine
Chemical Fertilizer
Cloths (cotton and others)
Vegetable
Cement
Paper
Horlicks & other milk products
Chemical liquids
Agricultural tools & spair parts
M.S. Ware Rod
M.S. billet
Steel Plate
Aluminum Ingut
Hot Rollsheet (in quail)
Clod Rollsheet (in quail)
Other mechinery spairparts
Petroleum Products
Other
Total
* Provisional
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

2004/05
2005/06
112.95
156.13
110.63
216.69
59.11
59.96
513.31
521.37
369.16
438.90
38.92
105.23
219.51
205.17
94.94
113.96
141.02
193.36
40.68
60.32
36.06
57.19
340.19
328.14
52.74
67.16
148.00
106.52
339.38
388.34
45.97
2.02
44.32
25.99
56.86
114.48
408.45
79.77
301.08
388.34
2665.36 3365.72
2728.91 3719.55
8867.55 10714.31

2006/07
2007/08
236.52
358.73
315.88
305.63
64.63
73.22
979.87 1187.46
444.25
543.41
62.40
31.57
175.38
166.36
103.58
145.73
251.99
233.70
80.69
72.93
107.31
44.53
259.09
271.98
107.31
148.38
141.87
259.53
438.42
814.54
0.26
0.01
42.46
65.47
205.27
357.59
207.96
400.58
355.63
468.20
3356.76 4081.57
3649.69 4206.54
11587.23 14237.65

Fiscal Year
2008/09
2009/10
394.25
608.95
259.72
302.27
106.16
181.71
1615.86 2377.66
655.81
796.28
13.02
295.11
246.19
244.07
129.08
207.94
422.66
441.45
113.93
138.95
86.02
70.85
278.46
313.34
249.06
337.28
248.74
610.76
645.73 1372.07
0.00
0.00
51.96
108.70
282.41
411.13
703.85
680.26
726.38
841.69
4135.67 5161.04
4878.80 6269.92
16243.76 21771.43

2010/11
722.37
285.53
184.68
2068.14
980.78
307.34
196.61
209.66
437.28
207.41
99.91
312.35
316.23
500.38
1833.72
0.00
118.17
545.94
823.55
979.31
7508.08
7555.07
26192.52

2011/12
701.00
413.30
191.70
1705.10
1038.30
450.70
241.10
259.00
330.00
227.80
97.90
407.30
414.60
676.10
1943.70
0.90
129.00
554.30
746.80
834.20
9225.60
9350.90
29939.00

2012/13
657.40
388.80
206.80
2629.80
1333.70
848.60
290.00
454.90
942.50
367.80
360.00
255.90
738.00
409.00
2230.40
2.00
161.60
568.90
269.20
1201.40
10713.90
11672.70
36703.10

2013/14
766.56
959.42
213.42
3298.31
1529.63
803.52
380.96
696.94
971.83
481.75
483.26
302.31
858.25
648.03
2467.48
4.52
196.00
1168.18
652.46
1596.68
13173.65
16141.55
47794.71

2014/15
1072.03
721.05
203.77
4412.63
1784.66
595.47
381.67
798.87
1012.55
514.04
465.98
309.51
940.71
539.20
2633.56
5.28
319.76
1325.92
715.30
1889.29
11005.78
17518.56
49165.59

Rs. in ten million

First Eight Months
2014/15
2015/16*
613.69
544.86
535.74
429.24
132.93
185.21
2848.68
2859.77
1138.44
1171.87
367.39
142.42
262.98
275.22
441.40
503.51
676.83
535.13
343.12
303.74
327.20
267.52
203.93
189.75
608.42
497.77
274.91
537.59
1765.80
1160.04
1.79
5.40
198.33
167.83
851.22
785.01
492.92
498.66
1176.29
999.53
7419.71
3084.14
11310.45 10677.55
31992.17 25821.76

Table 6.4 (B) : Import of Selected Commodities from China

Rs. in ten million

Fiscal Year

Description
2012/13

2013/14

First Eight Months

2014/15

2014/15

2015/16*

Aluminium Scrap, Flake, Foil, Bars, & Rods

78.16

107.63

143.77

101.90

Chemical
Chemical Fertilizer

94.57

100.83

118.73

79.72

71.78

234.57

470.00

762.00

488.47

1074.43

Electrical Goods

111.20

544.44

654.80

909.13

565.17

477.28

Medical Equipment & Tools

57.59

79.53

159.84

136.11

87.61

Medicine
Metal & Wooden furniture

46.69

41.07

47.55

27.68

25.48

51.28

65.08

70.36

46.05

52.58

Office Equipment & Stationary

56.66

64.41

75.07

55.89

32.43

Other Machinery and Parts

470.57

504.03

832.34

645.66

412.00

Pipe and Pipe Fittings

268.94

15.36

49.26

36.60

10.85

20.35

24.90

35.50

28.80

18.16

1.76

13.48

5.03

3.91

0.00

42.08

148.57

153.79

109.45

101.68

Plywood & Particle board

Polyethylene Terephthalate (Plastic pet chips/Pet Resin)
Raw Silk
Raw Wool
Readymade Garments
Seasoning Powder & Flavour for Instant Noodles

44.03

54.40

51.76

39.68

48.67

478.08

608.82

408.04

342.72

397.74

3.34

5.76

5.09

3.06

2.52

194.19

222.03

168.57

137.91

174.24

Smart Cards

17.14

24.49

22.52

12.97

4.19

Solar Pannel

32.38

82.55

70.91

47.82

34.10

Shoes and Sandles

Steel Rod & Sheet

3.58

3.48

54.83

51.11

2.72

52.83

56.56

104.70

34.83

28.39

1189.62

1120.48

1539.74

1064.25

1126.15

Threads - Polyster

10.24

28.25

34.89

28.83

17.55

Toys

36.61

43.77

51.07

39.38

37.75

Transport Equipment & Parts

79.58

119.35

132.24

89.24

86.16

Storage Battery
Telecommunication Equipments and Parts

Tyre, Tubes and Flapes

29.25

16.69

19.80

14.76

8.28

254.36

326.96

444.06

304.94

264.42

B. Other Commodities

1852.25

1933.50

3062.69

2274.86

2006.44

Grand Total

6245.12

7331.86

10016.64

7170.11

7029.98

Video Television & Parts

Table 6.4(C) : Import of Selected Commodities from Other Countries

Particulars

2004/05#
2005/06#
2006/07# 2007/08#
Gold
0.49
0.29
351.99
375.05
Silver
21.22
5.31
0.12
44.67
Petroleum products
21.56
54.88
57.22
52.30
Other Machinery & Parts
269.59
283.07
200.74
390.20
Electrical goods
132.64
287.27
296.58
394.52
Threads
99.83
161.08
125.68
139.58
Raw Wool
205.98
151.11
163.08
139.48
Transportation equipments
175.15
215.57
270.50
439.18
Medicine
70.12
110.81
153.69
126.30
Chemical Fertilizer
17.05
38.91
61.73
1.96
Paper
19.85
83.20
79.26
103.97
Computer parts
122.70
135.38
270.10
226.97
Aeroplane spare parts
98.05
107.13
146.28
104.99
Telecommunication accessories
186.07
172.05
95.41
497.94
Cloths (cotton & others)
176.80
285.43
245.57
196.66
Polithene granules
197.27
369.67
295.97
371.89
Crude Palm Oil
208.55
405.11
712.15
574.68
Crude Soyabean Oil
83.46
157.29
192.42
160.00
Copper Wire Rod,Scrape & Sheets
138.72
208.91
187.88
194.11
Raw Silk
5.73
10.76
2.54
0.55
Others
3828.98
3420.49
3973.32
3421.12
Total
6079.81
6663.72
7882.23
7956.12
* Provisional
# China's data is included in other countries' data before 2011/12
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Fiscal Year
2008/09#
2009/10#
2010/11# 2011/12#
1657.46
4163.58
1135.76
2577.00
117.54
325.09
372.56
437.10
95.57
169.36
165.99
168.20
597.23
765.61
640.92
719.80
824.16
683.77
650.55
731.20
217.30
273.52
194.29
188.70
35.59
87.33
91.27
65.70
550.21
423.59
421.52
285.90
311.73
335.80
213.54
197.60
7.98
70.35
236.81
229.10
101.97
142.65
178.89
175.80
376.97
534.11
617.83
615.00
202.04
221.82
247.24
140.60
406.44
852.19
949.32
845.90
292.73
191.05
260.91
127.50
361.65
578.76
470.12
578.70
294.93
202.64
609.66
31.30
365.86
433.75
650.76
996.20
181.36
177.62
131.28
187.50
4.10
3.18
0.00
0.00
5200.38
5086.32
5185.81
6928.90
12203.20
15722.09
13425.03 16227.80

2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2611.39
2479.41
638.96
878.31
1271.12
2469.93
225.28
182.79
203.55
371.91
572.95
595.56
124.71
155.62
191.33
149.52
260.92
264.13
60.97
100.41
94.08
286.89
496.69
477.23
218.54
281.17
531.29
249.31
138.27
95.68
133.83
172.62
187.71
129.10
134.36
136.04
206.27
217.90
1698.44
249.96
338.41
385.62
63.79
90.21
86.90
450.18
779.14
657.96
339.08
413.36
510.42
1062.75
1477.85
1284.39
116.83
299.33
253.14
1.16
0.73
1.71
4795.99
6446.78
7522.12
12725.77 16310.02 18286.19

Rs. in ten million

First Eight Months
2014/15
2015/16*
361.20
1413.85
1681.50
511.54
140.90
118.39
359.62
354.59
93.32
118.56
169.81
144.99
59.49
50.08
315.16
271.45
194.97
726.19
64.47
0.00
136.11
114.08
95.08
80.46
685.67
677.77
268.94
258.31
63.13
38.22
448.88
506.04
340.04
174.57
823.47
799.01
204.09
108.60
1.71
0.20
4922.01
4261.45
11429.57 10728.35

Table 6.5: Income and Expenditure of Convertible Foreign Exchange

Rs. in ten million
Description
Income
- Services
Gorkha+
Tourist's Expenditure
Intrest on Investment Abroad

First Eight Months

Fiscal Year
2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2014/15

12326.84

15729.75

17996.76

23692.71

32439.19

34637.07

38030.10

53691.00

62965.60

77075.15

87212.40

58551.51 59786.56

7688.38

10927.45

12693.59

16679.33

23445.49

24880.12

25594.30

36842.20

43272.10

54323.52

62589.78

42008.03 41345.76

6178.48

9274.86

10741.74

13942.15

19421.56

21399.89

22590.90

33336.70

39434.90

49030.25

54005.32

35088.87 38259.60

3420.50

4611.47

7729.90

6414.27

2015/16*

2625.94

1181.48

1171.09

1264.58

2033.99

3458.98

2938.59

2540.90

3180.10

328.42

481.50

687.27

703.20

564.95

541.64

462.50

325.40

416.70

681.79

854.56

504.89

460.23

7482.21

7354.55

5058.72

3548.44

3248.11

1847.73

2548.83

- Merchandise Export

2085.19

2173.85

2236.68

2866.32

4049.65

4439.55

3985.30

5298.30

6432.50

- Diplomatic Mission

350.52

528.16

779.40

1072.63

1318.82

539.13

548.10

936.90

1839.00

2634.77

2039.75

1671.35

1662.23

2364.24

2819.79

3298.39

2966.50

4100.70

3566.70

4053.31

2485.44

1945.09

5030.63

8581.33

11534.53

7691.95

7312.91

- Foreign Aid
- Miscellaneous
Expenditures
- Services
Amortization
Others
- Merchandise Import
- Diplomatic Missions
- Miscellaneous

162.99

388.51

624.85

710.19

805.45

1479.88

4935.90

6512.80

7855.30

10865.57

13518.50

16547.14

23340.27

28630.47

35141.99

17491.70

19399.40

24196.70

29595.42

31541.59

4526.20

5951.24

6750.75

19673.30 23953.62
4246.82

5065.10

1973.51

2178.885

2601.26

2528.75

3236.82

4099.16

3793.20

3265.70

737.47

712.425

848.13

911.72

1124.88

1209.78

1547.20

1631.70

1936.90

2068.92

2123.30

1541.84

1365.20

3882.32

4627.45

2704.98

3699.90

1236.04

1466.46

1753.12

1617.03

2111.94

2889.38

2246.00

1634.00

2589.30

6308.67

6768.438

7488.18

9372.72

13293.12

14125.85

13275.00

15675.00

19031.20

22724.45

24060.22

85.40

158.92

188.84

62.15

64.97

40.34

60.08

96.47

183.39

168.80

165.00

2521.24

4506.204

6417.36

11378.72

12004.07

16733.59

254.60

293.70

553.90

760.81

541.78

34291.60

38768.90

47479.72

55670.81

Surplus or Deficit (-)

1461.27
2211.25
1449.62
352.45
* Provisional
+ Before FY 1994/95 Remittances mostly used to be Gorkha Remittances
Source: Nepal Rastra Bank
Note: Revised data included since F.Y. 2010/11

3808.72

-504.92

20538.40

15047.65 18192.66
98.97

129.88

279.86

565.98

38878.21 35832.94

Table 6.6 : Gross Foreign Assests of Banking System

Rs. in ten million
Year/MidMonth

Total
(2+3+4+5)

Gold

Nepal Rastra Bank

IMF Gold Special Foreign
ConTranche Drawing Exchange vertible
Rights
(6+7)
3
4
5
6

Inconvertible
7

Commercial Banks
Foreign Conver- InconverExchange
tible
tible
(9+10)
8
9
10

Total
(1+8)
11

2003 July

8804.30

48.22

59.27

0.20

8696.61 7675.20

1021.41

2126.33

2024.92

101.41

10930.63

2004 July

10907.68

47.83

62.76

5.50 10791.59 9623.59

1168.00

2228.92

2073.48

155.44

13136.60

2005 July

10544.42

38.34

0.00

63.71 10442.37 10082.36

360.01

2547.27

2315.49

231.78

13091.69

2006 July

13303.63

40.50

0.00

66.37 13196.76 12414.72

782.04

3306.54

3179.07

127.47

16610.17

2007 July

13021.39

0.00

0.00

58.75 12962.64 12375.53

587.11

3549.96

3168.10

381.86

16571.35

2008 July

17031.42

0.00

0.00

63.06 16968.36 14284.88

2683.48

4293.99

3882.71

411.28

21325.41

2009 July
2010 July

25578.66 3104.10
24488.12 3319.46

0.00
0.00

55.53 22419.03 20175.60

631.53 20537.13 16599.27

2243.43
3937.86

6234.52
6353.58

5875.03
5822.22

359.49
531.36

31813.18
30841.71

2011 July

27209.01 5226.44

0.00

673.06 21309.51 16525.75

4783.76

5905.80

5550.33

355.47

33114.81

2012 July

39204.47

915.20

0.00

736.82 37552.45 28568.19

8984.26

6393.22

5714.40

678.82

45597.69

2013 July

47379.11 1420.17

0.00

659.49 45299.45 33994.00

11305.45

8030.25

7407.99

622.26

55409.36

2014 July

59375.30 1588.28

0.00

546.93 57240.09 42613.29

14626.80

9300.61

8737.23

563.38

68675.91

2015 July

72668.39 1952.71

0.00

409.59 70306.09 51745.67

18560.43 12099.51 11484.34

615.17

84767.90

2016 March*

90078.21 2672.81

320.34

17.80 87067.26 66230.82

20836.44 13600.52 13139.54

460.98

103678.73

* Provisional
Source : Nepal Rastra Bank

Table 6.7 : Balance of Payments Summary

Particulars
A. Current Account
Goods : Exports F.O.B.
Oil
Other
Goods : Imports F.O.B.
Oil
Other
Balance on Goods
Services Net
Services : Credit
Travel
Government N.I.E.
Other
Services : Debit
Transportation
Government N.I.E.
Other
Balance on Goods and Services
Income Net
Income : Credit
Income : Debit
Balance on Goods, Services and Income
Current Transfer Net
Current Transfer : Credit
Grants
Workers' Remittances
Pensions
Other
Current Transfer : Debit
B. Capital Account (Capital Transfers)
Total (Group A plus B)

Rs in ten million
First Eight Months

Fiscal Year
2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2014/15

2015/16*

1154.46
5995.61
0.00
5995.61
-14571.82
-2665.36
-11906.46
-8576.21
-203.42
2600.19
1046.38
680.49
873.32
-2803.61
-1060.22
-969.19
-774.20
-8779.63
163.65
775.16
-611.51
-8615.98
9770.44
10131.01
2107.19
6554.12
1250.22
219.48
-360.57

1422.45
6148.24
0.00
6148.24
-17154.08
-3365.72
-13788.36
-11005.84
-681.83
2646.97
955.58
744.15
947.24
-3328.80
-1259.23
-1196.08
-873.49
-11687.67
495.55
1143.23
-647.68
-11192.12
12614.57
13086.17
1885.11
9768.85
1200.76
231.45
-471.60

-90.22
6148.84
0.00
6148.84
-19043.71
-3356.76
-15686.95
-12894.87
-837.73
3207.89
1012.53
1233.64
961.72
-4045.62
-1455.74
-1578.50
-1011.38
-13732.60
743.18
1450.08
-706.90
-12989.42
12899.20
13319.68
1821.82
10014.48
1293.70
189.68
-420.48

2367.96
6197.11
0.00
6197.11
-21796.28
-4081.57
-17714.71
-15599.17
-1109.20
4223.61
1865.31
1330.18
1028.12
-5332.81
-2267.59
-2086.20
-979.02
-16708.37
794.68
1344.77
-550.09
-15913.69
18281.65
18546.29
2099.32
14268.27
1878.99
299.71
-264.64

4143.73
6990.68
0.00
6990.68
-27922.78
-4135.67
-23787.11
-20932.10
-1047.80
5283.01
2795.98
1273.44
1213.59
-6330.81
-2211.62
-3139.63
-979.56
-21979.90
1174.95
1650.66
-475.71
-20804.95
24948.68
25746.13
2679.62
20969.85
1775.54
321.12
-797.45

-2813.52
6317.75
0.00
6317.75
-36669.25
-5160.72
-31508.53
-30351.50
-1638.53
5112.05
2813.86
663.56
1634.63
-6750.58
-2296.46
-3228.82
-1037.85
-31990.03
911.74
1491.79
-580.05
-31078.29
28264.77
28777.06
2667.36
23172.53
2585.07
352.10
-512.29

-1293.64
6870.15
0.00
6870.15
-38837.14
-7507.62
-31329.52
-31966.99
-867.46
5301.25
2461.07
553.46
2286.72
-6168.71
-1860.47
-2764.29
-1428.49
-32834.45
754.94
1750.40
-995.46
-32079.51
30785.87
31115.67
2578.00
25355.16
2899.34
283.17
-329.80

7597.92
8151.18
0.00
8151.18
-45465.31
-9225.56
-36239.75
-37314.13
1405.70
7235.15
3070.38
1007.14
3157.63
-5829.45
-2229.23
-2576.97
-866.61
-35908.43
1229.14
2252.13
-1022.99
-34679.29
42277.21
42780.57
3622.71
35955.44
2834.36
368.06
-503.36

5706.07
8598.98
0.00
8598.98
-54729.43
-10713.89
-44015.54
-46130.45
758.58
9519.08
3421.06
1838.97
4259.05
-8760.50
-3327.67
-3961.19
-1353.85
-45371.87
1307.88
2332.01
-1024.13
-44063.99
49770.06
50506.82
3418.05
43458.17
3532.67
97.93
-736.76

8972.15
10096.06
0.00
10096.06
-69637.33
-13297.64
-56339.69
-59541.27
2088.22
12506.12
4637.49
2435.28
5433.35
-10417.90
-3982.20
-4217.56
-2055.57
-57453.05
3275.17
3953.98
-678.81
-54177.88
63150.03
63485.48
4851.98
54329.41
4137.31
166.78
-335.45

10831.98
9827.63
0.00
9827.63
-76177.30
-11204.46
-64972.84
-66349.67
2761.75
14928.84
5342.86
3248.11
6337.87
-12167.09
-4399.63
-5319.02
-2250.96
-63587.92
3424.25
4283.15
-858.90
-60163.67
70995.65
71252.22
5285.54
61727.88
4238.80
0.00
-256.57

1164.66
6468.67
0.00
6468.67
-49985.58
-7555.72
-42429.86
-43516.91
1060.42
9378.48
3431.33
1858.06
4089.09
-8318.06
-3061.19
-3652.31
-1462.75
-42456.49
1555.29
2176.99
-621.70
-40901.20
42065.86
42204.89
2358.55
37099.55
2746.79
0.00
-139.03

13855.11
4485.88
0.00
4485.88
-42753.79
-3202.56
-39551.23
-38267.92
419.22
8606.41
2609.30
2384.09
3613.02
-8187.19
-2794.13
-3539.12
-1725.09
-37848.70
1643.43
2310.24
-666.81
-36205.27
50060.37
50242.73
4542.32
42737.30
2963.11
0.00
-182.36

157.36

310.70

444.99

791.25

623.10

1257.83

1590.61

1824.17

1034.83

1706.35

1481.14

763.26

971.68

1311.82

1733.15

354.77

3159.21

4766.83

-1555.69

296.97

9422.09

6740.90

10678.50

12313.12

1927.92

14826.79

Contd..
Fiscal Year

Particulars
2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

First Eight Months

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2014/15

2015/16*

C. Financial Account (exclu.group E)

Direct investment in Nepal
Portfolio investment
Other investment : assets
Trade credits
Other
Other investment : liabilities
Trade credits
Loans
General Government
Drawings
Repayments
Other Sectors
Currency and deposits
Nepal Rastra Bank
Deposit Money Banks
Other liabilities

-2553.69
13.60
0.00
-2186.32
-32.38
-2153.94
-380.97
-448.90
74.44
130.04
725.37
-595.33
-55.60
-6.51
4.62
-11.13
0.00

-132.45
-46.97
0.00
-1400.88
-162.95
-1237.93
1315.40
923.25
52.69
70.37
769.10
-698.73
-17.68
339.46
-11.65
351.11
0.00

-236.21
36.23
0.00
-1069.00
-512.76
-556.24
796.56
172.78
145.56
215.07
968.97
-753.90
-69.51
478.22
0.24
477.98
0.00

1103.26
29.39
0.00
-1139.61
85.32
-1224.93
2213.48
1248.36
339.15
345.59
1132.55
-786.96
-6.44
625.97
-0.56
626.53
0.00

2120.17
182.92
0.00
-1767.51
-302.42
-1465.09
3704.76
1955.46
-289.90
-283.24
728.79
-1012.03
-6.66
2039.20
-0.34
2039.54
0.00

784.66
285.20
0.00
-1825.39
-100.90
-1724.49
2324.85
2196.89
-393.35
-390.15
684.16
-1074.31
-3.20
-103.13
4.49
-107.62
624.44

321.25
643.71
0.00
-2576.22
-613.34
-1962.88
2253.76
1829.25
261.20
263.16
1384.92
-1121.76
-1.96
123.17
-0.78
123.95
40.14

2891.28
919.54
0.00
-1571.96
-513.74
-1058.22
3543.70
2644.23
103.68
104.76
1344.53
-1239.77
-1.08
844.62
3.70
840.92
-48.83

1249.63
908.19
0.00
-2284.64
-514.74
-1769.90
2626.08
1443.46
-128.18
-121.89
1370.10
-1491.99
-6.29
1430.11
-1.17
1431.28
-119.31

1114.80
319.46
0.00
-2133.16
-162.00
-1971.16
2928.50
2368.61
419.24
440.78
2113.24
-1672.46
-21.54
273.34
-3.67
277.01
-132.69

1772.07
438.26
0.00
-3458.45
-223.43
-3235.02
4792.26
2291.23
1185.73
1191.94
2896.12
-1704.18
-6.21
1431.86
-2.02
1433.88
-116.57

858.88
267.20
0.00
-2134.41
-133.02
-2001.39
2726.09
1804.95
341.65
345.13
1283.85
-938.72
-3.48
643.11
-2.12
645.23
-63.63

-326.78
233.89
0.00
-2210.02
-274.71
-1935.31
1649.35
-157.73
1579.53
1500.71
2448.46
-947.75
78.82
620.34
3.62
616.72
-392.79

Total (Group A through C)

-1241.87

1600.70

118.56

4262.47

6887.00

-771.03

618.22

12313.37

7990.54

11793.30

14085.19

2786.80

14500.01

1809.57

1298.54

950.09

-669.03

-371.96

356.86

-86.08

1693.91

333.54

1192.76

1850.27

1363.46

1938.63

567.70

2899.24

1068.65

3593.44

6515.04

-414.17

532.14

14007.28

8324.07

12986.05

15935.46

4150.25

16438.64

E. Reserves and related items

Reserve assets
Nepal Rastra Bank
Deposit Money Banks
Use of Fund credit and loans

-567.70
-646.22
-325.13
-321.09
78.52

-2899.24
-2899.23
-2129.71
-769.52
-0.01

-1068.65
-1341.02
-1096.32
-244.70
272.37

-3593.44
-3700.20
-2963.68
-736.52
106.76

-6515.04
-6506.97
-4575.13
-1931.84
-8.07

414.17
84.29
418.28
-333.99
329.88

-532.14
-491.87
-943.84
451.97
-40.27

-14007.28
-13958.78
-13478.70
-480.08
-48.50

-8324.07 -12986.05 -15935.46

-8204.90 -12853.63 -15819.20
-6576.34 -11599.22 -13035.30
-1628.56 -1254.41 -2783.90
-119.17
-132.42
-116.26

-4150.25 -16438.64
-4086.77 -16438.64
-2125.46 -14952.92
-1961.31 -1485.72
-63.48
0.00

Change in Net Foreign Assets (- Surpuls)

* Provisional

-574.21

-2559.78

-590.43

-2967.47

-4475.84

311.04

-408.97

-13162.66

-6894.0 -12712.71 -14503.60

-3507.14 -15818.30

D. Net Errors and Omissions

Total (Group A through D)

Source : Nepal Rastra Bank

Table 7.1 : Status of Foreign Employment by Country

S.N.

Country

A.

From 1993/94 to 2005/06

Fiscal Years
2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

2015/16**

558675

558675

124368

86585

929222

214149

202828

42976

1096073

96995

86876

98246

93346

720856

58447

54965

53699

34975

436422

17273

19353

9668

6749

107759

5865

4218

4185

4165

2034

42007

2442

3163

3973

3435

2300

2274

28254

2532

3728

5627

4440

2125

5158

2119

29549

3379

3788

151

243

589

1117

598

126

12554

110

3378

316

273

574

140

674

450

125

6445

182

1400

1538

735

655

823

356

605

1501

922

8717

1306

1827

516

603

1144

1228

2098

2836

2892

14450

846

10102

2354

3923

2578

3666

4186

9358

7070

5112

49195

219965

294094

354716

384665

453543

527814

512887

280235

4040178

B.

From 2006/07

Qatar

59705

85442

76175

55940

102966

105681

103486

128874

Malaysia

74029

50554

35070

113982

105906

98367

158212

Saudi Arabia

39279

42394

48749

63400

71116

80455

U.A.E.

25172

45342

31688

33188

44464

54482

Kuwait

2441

1967

2291

8255

15187

24575

Baharain

1200

5099

6360

4234

4647

Oman

509

2626

4247

3285

S. Korea (Including EPS)

765

146

2909

Lebnan

2563

10

Israil

405

11

Afganistan

12

Japan

13

Other Countries

Total
204533
* First Eight Months
** Total Number of upto Fiscal Year
Source: Department of Foreign Employment

249051

Table 8.1 : Area, Production and Yield of Principal Food Crops

Area : Thousand Hectare
Production: Thousand M.T.
Yield: M.T./Hectare
Food Crops

Paddy

Maize

Wheat

Barley

Millet
Buck
Wheat
**

Fiscal Year
2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12

2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

2015/16*

Area

1440

1549

1556

1481

1496 1531.00

1420.0

1487.0

1425.4

1362.91

Production

3681

4299

4524

4024

4460 5072.00

4504.0

5047.1

4788.6

4299.08

Yield

2.56

2.77

2.90

2.72

2.98

3.31

3.2

3.4

3.4

3.15

Area

870

870

875

876

906

871.00

849.0

928.8

882.4

891.58

Production

1820

1879

1931

1855

2067 2179.00

1999.0

2283.0

2245.3

2231.52

Yield

2.09

2.16

2.20

2.12

2.28

2.50

2.4

2.5

2.4

2.5

Area

703

706

695

731

767

765.00

759.0

754.0

762.4

753.47

Production

1515

1572

1344

1556

1746 1846.00

1882.0

1883.0

1975.6

1811.89

Yield

2.16

2.22

1.93

2.13

2.75

2.41

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.4

Area

27

26

26

27

28

27.30

29.0

28.0

28.1

28.17
35.32

28

28

23

28

30

35.00

37.0

35.0

37.4

Yield

Production

1.06

1.07

0.90

1.03

1.07

1.25

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.25

Area

265

265

266

268

270

278.00

274.0

271.0

268.1

266.8
302.4

Production

285

291

293

299

303

315.00

305.0

304.0

308.5

Yield

1.07

1.09

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.1

1.1

1.5

1.13

10.3

10.30

10.7

10.5

10.8

10.84

Production

8.84

10.00

10.1

10.3

10.9

11.64

Yield

0.85

0.97

0.9

1.0

1.0

1.07

Area

Total Area

3040

3151

Total Production
7044
7778
* Preliminery Estimate
** Included from FY 2010/11
Source : Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives

3152

3383

3477.3 3484.00

3482.6

3479.0

3377.1

3314.57

7822

7762

8614.8 9457.00

9457.0

9562.4

9366.2

8691.84

Table 8.2 : Area, Production and Yield of Principal Cash Crops

Area : Thousand Hectare
Production: Thousand M.T.
Yield: M.T./Hectare
Cash Crops

Fiscal Year
2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12
64
63
58
58
63
64.00
2600
2485
2354
2495
2718 2869.00
40.61
39.47
40.52
43.01
43.14
14.33
184
180
181
199
214 218.00
136
134
135
155
176 181.00
0.74
0.74
0.75
0.78
0.82
0.83
2.73
2.69
2.54
2.53
1.13
1.11
2.65
2.61
2.50
2.50
1.24
1.20
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
1.09
1.08
154
157
182
185
183 187.00
1943
2055
2424
2518
2508 2682.00
12.66
13.11
13.3
13.61
13.7
14.33
11.72
11.59
11.40
10.50
10.56
10.54
16.81
16.98
15.70
12.96
14.42
14.42
1.43
1.46
1.38
1.23
1.36
1.37
416.5
414.3
434.94
455.03
461.26 480.65
4698.46 4693.59 4931.20 5183.36 5403.37 5747.62

Area
Sugercane
Production
Yield
Area
Oil Seeds
Production
Yield
Area
Tobacco
Production
Yield
Area
Potato
Production
Yield
Area
Jute
Production
Yield
Total Area
Total Production
* Preliminary Estimate
Source : Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives

2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16*

64.0
65
66.6
67.34
2930.0
3020
3063 3148.764
45.4
46.46
45.99
46.718
215.0
216.4
217.22
221.62
179.0
184
194.54
199.01
0.8
0.85
0.89
0.898
1.8
1.77
1.72
1.67
2.4
2.2
2.23
2.17
1.4
1.28
1.29
1.295
188.0
205.72
190.23
195.72
2753.0 2817.51
2842 2875.088
14.6
13.69
14.94
14.898
11.3
11.35
11.4
11.45
15.5
15.75
16.53
16.668
1.4
1.39
1.45
1.455
480.1
500.24
487.17
497.8
5879.9 6039.46
6118.3
6241.7

Table 8.3 : Other Crops Production

in thousand metric ton
Fiscal Year
Other Crops
2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Pulses

274.37

269.77

255.38

262.35

318.36

327.15

356.70

2817.51

2842.00

352.41

Fruits

575.09

630.56

686.21

707.00

831.60

885.52

1086.85

965.04

1186.37

1096.77

Vegetables

2298.68

2538.90

2754.40

3004.00

3203.00

3400.90

3409.70

3472.06

3629.00

3700.97

Total Production

2873.77

3169.46

3440.61

3711.00

4034.60

4613.57

7249.60

7254.62

7657.37

5150.15

* Preliminary Estimate
Source : Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives

Table 8.4 : Livestock Production

in thousand metric ton
Description

2006/07
2007/08
Meat
227.11
233.90
Milk & Milk Products
1351.39
1388.73
Egg (in Million)
614.85
631.25
Fish
46.78
48.75
* Preliminary Estimate
Source : Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives

2008/09
241.69
1445.41
629.94
48.23

2009/10
249.00
1496.00
643.20
49.73

Fiscal Year
2010/11
2011/12
277.62
288.50
1556.50 1622.75
704.13
787.01
52.07
54.36

2012/13
2013/14
295.50
298.24
1681.10
170.00
838.90
872.92
53.96
65.77

2014/15
300.90
172.48
899.50
69.40

2015/16*
309.94
181.55
948.43
77.67

Table 8.5 : Quantity index of Agriculture Commodities

(Base Year 2000/01=100)
Agricultural Commodities

Weight
2007/08 2008/09 2009/10*
(Percent)
49.41
108.13
116.10
118.05
20.75
87.30
101.96
107.29
6.88
122.63
126.58
130.09
7.14
130.86
135.77
116.06
1.37
100.69
102.92
103.48
0.22
92.80
92.11
76.17
4.67
147.92
156.41
184.52
1.24
117.54
112.37
106.45
0.17
93.74
103.64
95.74
0.06
66.65
65.79
62.85
0.19
119.98
117.97
120.78
4.42
112.18
110.29
104.42
2.29
95.97
93.59
93.83

1 Cereals and other crops

Paddy
Maize
Wheat
Millet
Barley
Potato
Sugarcane
Jute
Tobacco
Soyabeans
Pulses
Others
2 Vegetables, Horticultural
9.71
and Nursery products etc
Vegetables
9.70
Others
0.01
Fruit, nuts beverage and
3
7.10
spice crops
Orange
0.97
Mango
1.56
Banana
0.40
Apple
0.42
Citrus Fruits
1.79
Tea
0.05
Coffee
0.00
Others
1.85
4 Farming of domestic
23.25
animals
Buffaloes' Meat
4.42
Mutton
3.24
Milk
12.36
Others
3.23
2.43
5 Other animals production
Pigs' Meat
0.50
Poultry Meat
0.67
Eggs
0.81
Hides and skins
0.35
Others
0.11
8.10
6 Forestry Production
100
Overall Index
* Revised Estimate
** Preliminary Estimate
Note: Index revised and updated from FY 2000/01
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics

Fiscal Year
2010/11
2009/10 2010/11
117.00
125.73
133.68
95.43
105.78
120.30
125.00
144.70
146.84
134.43
127.55
134.03
105.89
110.27
114.78
90.48
94.79
80.56
191.65
190.91
193.09
117.21
122.90
132.47
127.90
87.96
87.99
62.70
31.16
36.17
116.75
162.10
161.82
109.48
128.47
129.11
102.09
104.34
103.70

2011/12
128.06
104.92
139.89
136.65
111.33
78.14
202.51
132.47
94.56
61.16
167.26
142.85
93.05

2012/13
137.47
117.56
159.78
136.72
110.79
73.61
214.47
149.92
77.23
25.28
161.63
136.59
112.44

2013/14* 2014/15**
133.63
131.19
111.54
100.14
150.13
156.13
143.43
136.26
112.38
110.16
78.98
76.61
196.87
205.73
138.49
142.64
100.84
100.84
56.05
56.05
162.10
162.10
137.38
137.78
128.21
166.22

140.89
140.87
167.28

153.66
153.65
167.72

164.89
164.87
179.26

176.92
176.92
179.71

190.67
190.78
187.93

193.15
193.26
188.18

197.04
196.57
515.01

207.26
206.79
521.16

212.96
212.31
647.38

223.60
222.93
675.11

135.68
146.10
113.51
108.86
108.62
193.35
225.97
402.25
112.36

142.22
157.63
110.79
117.45
117.19
200.56
243.45
561.80
121.22

155.60
167.16
117.49
124.56
124.28
212.69
267.25
629.21
136.64

161.14
177.28
113.94
132.09
131.80
225.56
293.38
704.72
142.28

187.23
239.98
147.24
228.41
134.27
259.27
262.70
451.12
208.79

207.72
216.07
215.65
323.96
144.47
271.92
282.10
477.53
206.57

209.40
196.16
223.49
372.04
134.62
247.28
310.15
411.24
146.95

211.51
195.08
205.30
383.79
147.51
260.83
316.36
421.35
152.40

223.89
199.49
227.54
478.98
136.78
284.09
322.30
520.87
137.47

231.31
209.47
238.91
502.92
143.62
284.09
322.30
520.87
144.35

117.53
117.77
117.59
119.96
107.66
82.37
105.24
93.52
94.74
144.01
89.48
104.42
115.72

120.42
121.11
121.62
123.18
107.55
122.90
107.97
125.08
124.43
151.57
90.59
102.96
122.01

122.27
125.45
126.32
128.17
91.11
127.93
111.50
124.67
124.17
183.48
95.14
102.69
125.06

124.03
129.93
129.71
132.63
77.19
119.64
111.99
123.67
126.78
120.40
94.49
102.42
127.73

127.13
134.46
136.69
137.96
113.83
168.55
117.61
250.93
138.79
183.48
87.46
74.77
133.46

129.38
137.86
138.28
140.54
113.83
180.70
119.94
284.66
146.03
184.11
86.50
76.73
140.05

132.15
140.28
144.02
146.04
55.82
200.00
122.77
317.63
174.65
178.46
84.01
103.68
141.07

132.84
139.29
152.52
147.51
48.00
199.82
126.44
320.10
172.06
174.07
84.30
107.87
147.35

134.73
139.38
157.14
149.51
49.19
206.11
132.13
337.30
173.36
174.07
83.77
119.20
148.37

136.44
139.73
164.72
150.45
49.82
212.51
138.34
350.81
177.60
174.07
84.23
128.92
150.13

8.6. Use and Sales of Chemical Fertilizer

in metric ton
Description

2011/12

2012/13

Fiscal Year
2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

1. Chemical Fertilizer
a) Urea (Metric Ton)
99196
108553
145622
118093
b) D.A.P. (Metric Ton)
43724
65722
81520
58105
c) Potash (Metric Ton)
2733
2688
5046
3924
Total 145653
176963
232188
188122
* First eight month estimation
Source: Agriculture Inputs Company Ltd and National Seeds Company Ltd.

89192
42425
3876
135493

Table 8.7 : Extension of Additional Irrigation Facilities

in hectare

Irrigation Tyoes
Total irrigation area
Ground water Irrigation
Cannels Irrigation
New Technology Based
Irrigation

Fiscal Year
2009/10
24880
5507
19014

1010/2011
26919
6099
20120

1011/12
32565
9395
22560

1012/13
19561
2016
17180

2013/14
19310
3514
15135

2014/15
18083
1586
15939

359

600

610

365

661

558

* Provisional
Source: Department of Irrigation and Agriculture Development Bank

Table 9.1 : Number of Cottage and Small Industry Registered and Fixed Capital
Investment
Type and Number of Industry
Fiscal Year

Private Firm

Private Limited Partnership

Total

Fixed Capital
Investment Amount
(In Rs. 10 Million)

2012/13

6972
7322
7587
8231
16238
11250
12359
15831
17116

559
536
731
847
943
1116
1114
1225
1179

499
372
385
316
541
654
1145
952
1078

8030
8230
8703
9394
17722
13020
14618
18008
19373

1100.73
670.00
1471.28
823.00
1532.00
1532.88
1475.00
1727.40
1714.00

2013/14

19226

1496

1432

22154

2116.97

2014/15

20505

1081

1456

23042

2015/16*

9962

381

653

10996

3237.00
1955.00

2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12

* Of first eight months based on primary data

Source: Department of Cottage and Small Industry and Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee

Table 9.2 : Detail on Industrial Area

Industrial Area
Establishment Year
Assistance

Balaju

Patan

Hetauda

Dharan

Nepalgunj

1960

1963

1963

1973

1973

America

India

India

America India

Pokhar
Butwal Bhaktapur Birendranagar
a
1974

1976

1979

1981

Germany

Netherland

Dhankuta

Gajendra
Narayan
Singh

1984

1986

Total

India

Area (Ropani)

670

293

2829

202

233

501

434

71

90

63

294

5680

Completed

670

293

2506

202

233

501

406

71

90

171

5143

Leased Out

540

220

1904

134

189

397

348

58

66

17

3873

Remaining

13

19

130

73

602

62

44

104

58

24

141

1251

Land Used by Service

Area
Government Area

33

Private Area

312

170

502

30

195

183

270

59

1726

Number of Industry

131

112

100

34

35

76

71

37

28

628

Industry in Operation

97

102

63

24

30

61

62

35

22

498

In the Process of
Construction

26

17

75

Shut down

14

10

49

In Operation after
leasing out

10

10

40

3506

1586

2415

706

867

1945

1480

825

163

29

13523

6000

2500

5000

1000

1000

2000

2300

900

500

25

21125

630

21

288

45

75

744

104

48

1963

18

Other
Employment
Electricity
Consumption (KVA)
Water
Production/Consumpt
ion
Road (KM)

Source: Industrial Area Management Limited

Table 9.3 : Tourist Arrival and Length of Stay

Year
Number of
Tourist

Annual
Average
Growth Rate
Tourist Arrival Length of Stay
in Tourist
Tourist Arrival via Land Route Per Tourist ( In Number (In
Via Air Route
(In Number)
Days)
Percentage)

2004

Mid-Jan

338132

275428

62704

9.6

22.7

2005

Mid-Jan

385297

297335

87962

13.51

13.9

2006

Mid-Jan

375398

277346

98052

9.1

-2.6

2007

Mid-Jan

383926

283819

100107

10.2

2.3

2008

Mid-Jan

526705

360713

165992

11.96

37.2

2009

Mid-Jan

500277

374661

125616

11.78

-5

2010

Mid-Jan

509752

379622

130130

11.6

1.9

2011

Mid-Jan

602867

448800

156067

12.67

18.21

2012

Mid-Jan

736215

545221

190994

13.12

22.1

2013

Mid-Jan

803092

598258

204834

12.87

9.08

2014

Mid-Jan

797616

594848

202768

12.51

-0.7

2015

Mid-Jan

790118

585981

204137

12.44

-0.94

2016

Mid-Jan*

538970

407412

131558

13.1

-32

*Estimated
Note: Number of Indian Tourist entered via land route (except Kodari Point) has not been included in this.
Source: Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation

Table 9.4 : Tourist Arrival by Purpose of Visit

Travel
Objective

Entertainment

Trekking and
Mountaineering

Rafting

Business

Official Visit

Meeting/
Conference

Religious Trip

Study/Empl
Other
oyment

Unspecified

Total

Year
2005 Mid-Jan

167262

Percent 43.4
2006 Mid-Jan

Mid-Jan

2010

Mid-Jan

21

Mid-Jan

0.05
132929

21.8
263938

0.05
70218

Percent 43.8
2012

Mid-Jan

2013

Mid-Jan

425721

Percent 57.8

Mid-Jan

0.3
105015

410934

102001

Mid-Jan

2016

1396

97185

Mid-Jan

386065

12087

Percent

71.6

2.2

Percent 50.1

21377

1580
12.3

*Estimated
Source: Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation

59298

52594

8019

17859

1.5

1.4

8.7

24494

0.2 3.1

71610

32395

98765

21479

14996

3.9

5235

13646

18975

100
40098 609956

1.7

4.1

9.6

11.4

41876

14928

59501

100

8.3

100

74271 790118

5.3

2.8

100

65858 797616

6.8
10272

100

91165 803092

54326

1.3
9038

9.6

70391 736215

3.5
10369

100

57651 602867

27815

1.3
13432

6.6

29895

2.4
15552

2.8

5.9

46516

0.71

12.5 1.7

100
29529 500277

7.7

10836

9 1.9

4.1

20876

5101
0.85

13.7 1.7

4.7

4.2

30.6

1.5
109854

100

186849

9627

63783

37386

22156 526705

19.9
9985

1.6

3.8

28183

78579

99391

16.8 1.6

30460

383926

14.9
6938

101335

3.3

24785

100

72766
19

8.5

24054

100
375398

17.9

51542

26374

385297

18.7

4.4

0.2 3.5

395849

67179

9
24518

0.2 3.1

12.8

45091

8.6

2.4

1750
13.1

Percent 51.5
2015

2181

47621

10.0
43044

22758

0.1 3.5

86260

Percent 47.3
2014

730

11.7
379627

4.1

3.7

11.6

21670

23039
4.6

285

71893

15.4

4.6

243

12.7
18063

24487

0.012
104822

140992

Percent 23.1
2011

65

19.2

Percent 29.6

4.5

5.5
101320

45664
11.9

16859

21066

17.4

148180

4.4

5.9
66931

217815

17088

21992

16.4

Percent 41.4
2009

3.6
61488

145802

Percent 38
2008 Mid-Jan

13948

18
160259

Percent 42.7
2007 Mid-Jan

69442

9.4
-

11

100
538970
100

Table 9.5 : Tourist Arrival by Major Countries

Country
Australia
Austria

Mid-Jan
2005
9671

Mid-Jan
2006
7093

Mid-Jan
2007
8231

Mid-Jan
2008
12369

Mid-Jan
2009
13846

Mid-Jan
2010
15461

Mid-Jan
2011
16243

Mid-Jan
2012
19949

Mid-Jan
2013
22030

Mid-Jan
2014
202469

Mid-Jan
2015
26406

Mid-Jan
2016*
18619

(2.50)

(1.90)

(2.10)

(2.30)

(2.80)

(3.00)

(2.70)

(2.70)

(2.70)

(3.50)

(3.10)

(3.45)

4341

3007

3474

4473

3540

3245

3389

3885

3797

3131

3320

2676

(1.10)

(0.80)

(0.90)

(0.80)

(0.70)

(0.60)

(0.60)

(0.50)

(0.50)

(0.30)

(0.40)

(0.50)
-

4825

4168

4733

7399

8132

8965

9322

10705

13507

12132

11610

(1.30)

(1.10)

(1.20)

(1.40)

(1.60)

(1.80)

(1.50)

(1.50)

(1.70)

(1.70)

(1.50)

13326

22377

17538

28618

35166

32272

46360

71861

113173

123805

66984

(3.50)

(6.00)

(4.60)

(5.40)

(7.00)

(6.30)

(7.70)

(8.40)

(8.90)

(11.40)

(15.70)

(12.43)

2633

1770

1956

3157

3847

4464

4359

5955

7118

5320

5150

3159

(0.70)

(0.50)

(0.50)

(0.60)

(0.80)

(0.90)

(0.70)

(0.80)

(0.90)

(0.90)

(0.70)

(0.59)

18938

14108

14835

20250

22402

22154

24550

26131

28805

21842

24097

16405

(4.90)

(3.80)

(3.90)

(3.80)

(4.50)

(4.30)

(4.10)

(3.50)

(3.60)

(3.50)

(3.00)

(3.04)

Germany

16025

14345

14361

21323

18552

19246

22583

26866

30409

22263

18028

12728

(4.20)

(3.80)

(3.70)

(4.00)

(3.70)

(3.80)

(3.70)

(3.60)

(3.80)

(3.50)

(2.30)

(2.36)

India

90326

95685

93722

96010

91177

93884

120898

147037

165815

180974

135343

75124

(23.40)

(25.50)

(24.40)

(18.20)

(18.20)

(18.40)

(20.10)

(20.00)

(20.60)

(23.20)

(17.10)

(13.94)

12376

8785

7736

11243

7914

7982

10226

12257

14614

9974

10347

5609

(3.20)

(2.30)

(2.00)

(2.10)

(1.60)

(1.60)

(1.70)

(1.70)

(1.80)

(1.20)

(1.30)

(1.04)

24231

18239

22242

27058

23383

22445

23332

25856

28642

26694

25829

17613

(6.30)

(4.90)

(5.80)

(5.10)

(4.70)

(4.40)

(3.90)

(3.50)

(3.60)

(3.30)

(3.30)

(3.27)

11160

8947

7207

10589

10900

11147

13471

16343

15445

10516

12320

7515

(2.90)

(2.40)

(1.90)

(2.00)

(2.20)

(2.20)

(2.20)

(2.20)

(1.90)

(1.30)

(1.60)

(1.39)

11767

8891

10377

15672

13851

13006

13712

15593

14549

10412

13110

6741

(3.10)

(2.40)

(2.70)

(3.00)

(2.80)

(2.60)

(2.30)

(2.10)

(1.80)

(1.30)

(1.70)

(1.25)
-

Canada
Chaina
Denmark
France

Italy
Japan
Netherland
Spain

3788

3163

3559

5238

5186

5281

5320

11772

7046

4903

6447

(1.00)

(0.80)

(0.90)

(1.00)

(1.00)

(1.00)

(0.90)

(1.60)

(0.90)

(0.60)

(0.80)

Sri Lanka

16124

18770

27413

49947

37817

36362

45531

59785

69476

32736

37546

44367

(4.20)

(5.00)

(7.10)

(9.50)

(7.60)

(7.10)

(7.60)

(8.10)

(8.70)

(4.10)

(4.80)

(8.23)

United States

20680

18539

19833

29783

30076

32043

36425

41971

48985

47355

49830

42687

(5.40)

(4.90)

(5.20)

(5.70)

(6.00)

(6.30)

(6.00)

(5.70)

(6.10)

(5.90)

(6.30)

(7.92)

United
Kingdom

24667

25151

22708

32367

33658

35382

35091

36981

41294

35668

36759

29730

(6.40)

(6.70)

(5.90)

(6.10)

(6.70)

(6.90)

(5.80)

(5.00)

(5.10)

(4.50)

(4.70)

(5.52)

Other

113745

124737

120732

176312

171989

172846

214950

270639

214638

125203

217296

190113

(29.50)

(33.20)

(31.40)

(33.50)

(34.40)

(33.90)

(35.70)

(36.80)

(26.70)

(15.70)

(27.50)

(35.27)

4005

3515

4007

6043

3465

4490

5061

64218

34765

0.00

0.00

(1.00)

(0.70)

(0.80)

(1.20)

(0.60)

(0.60)

(0.60)

(8.10)

(4.40)

Switzerland

Unspecified
Total

385297

375398

383926

526705

500277

509956

602867

736215

803092

797616

790118

538970

(100.00)

(100.00)

(100.00)

(100.00)

(100.00)

(100.00)

(100.00)

(100.00)

(100.00)

(100.00)

(100.00)

(100.00)

*Estimated
Note: Figure in bracket denotes percentage.
Source: Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation

Table 9.6 : Foreign Exchange Earning from Tourism Sector

Fiscal Year

Foreign
Ratio to
Currency
Foreign
Earning from
Currency
Tourism
Earned during
Sector ( In Rs. Fiscal Year
(In Percent)
Million)

Ratio to
Foreign
Currency
Earned via
Export of
Goods and
Service (In
Percent)

Ratio to Total
Foreign
Currency
Earned (In
Percent)

Ratio to GDP
(In Percent)

2004/05

1046.4

17.5

12.2

6.1

1.8

2005/06

955.6

15.5

10.9

4.6

1.5

2006/07

1012.5

16.1

10.7

4.5

1.4

2007/08

1865.3

30.1

17.9

6.7

2.3

2008/09

2796

40

22.8

6.5

2.8

2009/10

2813.9

44.5

24.6

8.1

2.4

2010/11

2461.1

35.8

20.2

1.8

2011/12

3070.4

37.7

20

4.7

2012/13

3421.1

39.8

18.9

4.8

2013/14

4637.5

45.9

20.5

5.2

2.4

2014/15

5342.9

54.4

21.6

5.3

2.5

2015/16*

2030.04

72

24.1

4.8

*Of first eight months

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Table 9.7 : Number of Hotel and Hotel Beds

Star Level
Year (upto)

Other than star

Total

Hotel

Number of Bed

Hotel

Number of Bed

2012

Mid-Jan

106

9323

721

21457

827

30780

2013

Mid-Jan

107

9371

746

22286

853

31657

2014

Mid-Jan

117

9506

909

25017

1026

34523

2015

Mid-Jan

118

9554

957

26625

1075

36179

2016

Mid-Jan

116

9710

960

27240

1073

36950

Source: Department of Tourism

Table 9.8 : Mountaineering Expedition Teams

Number of
Mountainers

Temporary
Employment

Amount of Royalty
to Government (In
Thousand)

Year

Number of
Team
Month

2012

Mid-Jan

259

1951

2616

232532

2013

Mid-Jan

300

2566

1938

345161

2014

Mid-Jan

296

2266

2874

340821

2015

Mid-Jan

320

2500

2450

390180.56

1621

336745.75

380
4003
Source: Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation
2016

Mid-Jan

Number of Hotel Number of Bed

Table 9.9 : Hotel Management and Tourism Training

S. No.

Description

31 Years*

2004/05

2005/06

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

40

28

25

36

39

Bachelor in Hotel Management

170

37

72

77

78

80

80

80

120

121

125

168

Bachelor in Travel and Tourism

22

27

23

24

30

79

80

81

80

80

84

125

Food Preparation and Control

1061

73

66

163

80

144

101

67

37

72

146

83

Food Beverage

1366

60

27

32

34

60

21

24

10

15

33

17

Housekeeping

1125

18

23

29

25

21

17

21

Front Office

1159

35

18

25

32

24

27

Bakery Indian Sweet

82

Master of Hospitality Management

2
3
4
5

2006/07 2007/08

2015/16** Grand Total

0
168
168
1376
126
861
0
2093
0
1699
0
1279
0
1320
0
82
0
243
0
42
0
3431
14
595
0
33
0
775
0
462
38
12582
0
30
47
803

Hotel Maintenanc Training

243

10

Hotel Book Keeping

42

11

Tourist Guide

1927

74

54

72

80

136

205

181

163

312

227

12

Local Guide of Various Area

285

30

68

113

35

21

18

11

13

Accomodation Operation

33

14

Travel Agency and Ticketing

703

72

15

Cook and Waiter for Trekers

462

16

Trekking Guide

3711

592

332

362

420

512

673

953

698

968

1551

1772

17

Trekking and Tourist guide leader

30

18

395

68

77

72

34

44

66

1268

229

229

376

411

281

252

286

315

246

302

105

77

4377

20

Rafting Guide
In service training for
tourism/seminars/high level/public
relation & hospitality training
Mobile Team training

5023

231

98

59

317

144

249

129

87

67

133

21

Home Stay Management Training

108

142

377

66

108

22

International Freight Forwarding Cargo

93

23

Tourist Guide Refresher Course

76

24

Skill Test Program

358

25

Agri Tourism

26

58

26

Hospitality and Food Safety Standards

26

418

27

Poter Guide

6712
801
93
76
358
84
471
47
40893

19

Total

175
0
0
0
0
0
27
47

19634

1376

942

1321

1507

1601

1989

2216

1700

1832

2784

3272

719

Note:
1 * Total for FY 1982/83 to FY 2003/04
2 **First eight months progress of current fiscal year
Source: Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation

Table 10.1 : Status of Energy Consumption (toe: tones of oil equivalent)

Source

Traditional
Firewood
Agricultural
Residues
Cow Dung

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13 2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

(000 toe) (000 toe) (000 toe) (000 toe) (000 toe) (000 toe) (000 toe) (000 toe) (000 toe) (000 toe) (000 toe) (000 toe)
7556

7698

7854

8015

8185

8342

8500

7032

8017

8983

9104

6069

6732

6862

6999

7149

7301

7467

7606

6274

7153

8154

8264

5509

327

329

337

337

344

324

331

310

353

403

408

272

497

507

518

529

540

551

563

448

511

426

432

288

1014
Commercial
152
Coal
Petroleum
705
Products
157
Electricity
46
Renewable
8616
Total
*Of first eight months

1093

1031

1038

1139

1464

1580

1679

1854

1958.96

5256.9

4609.77

243

144

193

182

286

293

348

415

320

465

192

686

709

655

775

965

1058

1083

1182

1264

4294.62

4143.46

164

178

190

182

213

229

248

257

374.96

397.28

274.31

166

291

291.64

291.86

53

59

59

64

70

75

109

8844

8944

9112

9388

9876

10155

8820

Source: Ministry of Energy

Note:
1. The status of energy consumption has been presented in TOE instead of Coal Energy.
While doing this, 1 TOE is assumed to be equivalent of 1.454288 Coal Energy.

10037 11232.96 14652.54 10970.63

Table 10.2 : Status of Electricity Generation and Consumption

(In Million KW per Hr)
Generation and
Consumption Domestic Industrial Commercial Export Other
Fiscal Year

Total

Electricity Generation High Demand

(MW)
Loss
and Import

Under Exchange
Agreement
Import Export

2003/04

676.40

689.80

108.10 141.20 196.70 1812.20

569.30

2381.50

515.20

2004/05

758.20

764.00

109.30 110.70 222.20 1964.40

678.40

2642.80

2005/06

805.70

785.60

120.30

96.60 224.40 2032.60

748.30

2780.90

2006/07

893.30

849.10

141.70

76.90 292.10 2253.10

798.70

2007/08

931.35

901.09

154.40

60.38 263.40 2310.62

875.63

2008/09

908.67

845.68

146.29

46.38 257.57 2204.59

2009/10

1109.29

1008.37

193.12

2010/11

1143.18

1012.87

204.92

2011/12

1311.07

1192.06

2012/13

1397.46

1141.07

2013/14

1526.84

1246.70

2014/15

1688.50

1362.61

302.57

3.17 415.78 3772.62

1194.04

4966.67

1291.80

1367.66

0.00

2015/16*

1057.06

666.52

168.73

1.95 250.38 2144.63

1284.27

3428.90

1385.30

1003.62

0.00

* Estimate till Mid-Feb 2016

Source: Nepal Electricity Authority

185.60

141.20

557.50

241.40

110.70

603.28

266.22

96.60

3051.80

648.40

328.80

76.90

3185.95

721.73

425.22

60.10

926.20

3130.79

812.50

356.46

46.38

74.48 292.57 2677.83

1011.44

3689.27

885.28

612.58

74.48

31.10 294.92 2686.99

1071.38

3758.37

946.10

694.05

31.11

227.06

50.00 384.50 3164.69

953.71

4119.03

947.00

800.00

50.00

237.91

0.00 379.56 3156.00

756.00

4220.19

1094.62

790.14

0.00

285.16

0.00 385.56 3444.26

853.83

4681.10

1200.98

1070.46

0.00

Table 10.3 : Consumption of Petroleum Products

Fiscal Year

Petrol (KL)

Diesel (KL)

Petrol (KL)

A.T.F. (KL)

L.D.O. (KL)

Furnace Oil
Total
(KL)
Excluding LPG

LPG (MT)

2015/16*

88423

254103

5870

33239

381635

73440

2014/15

283567

901393

18628

139404

1342992

258299

2013/14

251451

811100

19064

123527

1205142

232660

2012/13

221676

716747

24721

115786

258

2450

1081638

207038

2011/12

199749

648513

41808

108908

435

999413

181411

2010/11

187641

655128

49495

101314

227

1415

995220

159286

2009/10

162275

612505

55788

82631

238

2589

916026

141171

2008/09

124169

446468

70089

68935

377

2171

712209

115813

2007/08

100842

302706

155216

68938

306

2919

630927

96837

2006/07

101912

306687

197850

63778

179

4558

674964

93562

2005/06
Total

80989

294329

226637

64335

290

3695

670275

81005

1802694

5949679

865166

970795

1875

20232

9610441

1640522

* Of first eight months

Source:Nepal Oil Corporation

Table 11.1 : Extension of Road Facilities

In Kilometre

Fiscal Year

Road
Fair Weathered

Black-Topped

Gravelled

2004/05

4,911

4,707

7,661

17,279

2005/06

5,048

4,727

7,658

17,433

2006/07

5,402

4,529

7,851

17,782

2007/08

5,845

4,711

8,591

19,147

2008/09

6,094

4,772

8,892

19,758

2009/10

6,669

5,007

9,417

21,093

2010/11

9,902

5,670

7,637

23,209

2011/12

10,192

5,787

8,410

24,389

2012/13

10,659
11,197

5,940
6,086

8,666
9,163

25,265
26,446

11,798

6,287

9,411

27,496

11,890

6,419

9,681

27,990

2013/14
2014/15
2015/16*

Total

* First Eight Months

Source : Department of Road.

Table: 11.2 (a) : Number of Vehicles Registered

In Numbers

Type
Bus/Minibus
Truck/Tanker
Jeep/Car

Fiscal Year
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16*
2190
1459
1231 2436
4938
2980
3255
4591
4188
6007
3194
2263
1730
2104 3643
5524
9169
1333
3332
2789
4236
1745
5114
3015
3127 6857
13268
8510
8711
9595
11372 13560 10867

*First Eight Months

Source : Department of Transport Management.

Table 11.2 (b) : Vechiles Registration

Fiscal year

Bus

1990/91
1991/92
1992/93
1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/2000
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
20010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16*
Total

458
531
606
1168
850
486
608
899
872
494
1203
868
432
732
753
1528
1564
1419
1843
1888
1610
2085
3263
2776
3737
2125
32673

* First eight months

Crane/Dozer
Minibus/Min
Car/Jeep
Tractor/
Pickup Microbus Tempo Motorcycle
/Exczvator/
iTruck
/Van
PowerTiller
Truck
437
834
2353
0
0
856
5697
965
455
1524
2637
0
0
1207
9336
1342
185
1491
2266
0
0
62
8513
751
121
1740
3049
0
0
213
10550
1396
83
1629
3043
0
0
241
11401
1814
82
1151
3974
0
0
117
12357
2183
175
907
4521
0
0
185
15739
1278
130
1291
4139
0
0
344
12306
1265
19
978
2507
0
0
388
17090
2248
122
829
3647
0
0
789
19755
2542
250
1271
5152
0
0
232
29291
3519
475
1798
4379
0
0
248
36117
3189
298
1212
2906
581
232
17
29404
2485
237
1477
7079
478
884
16
26547
2191
285
1592
4781
0
584
48
31273
1374
663
2263
5114
36
66
60
44610
635
806
3278
5156
736
138
12
72568
2942
1179
3594
4741
1588
31
18
68667
3297
593
3643
6857
1287
128
20
83334
4663
780
4524
12268
1975
145
9
168707
11460
1370
1969
8510
3087
115
2
138907
7937
1170
1333
8711
2981
155
10
145135
8413
1328
3332
9595
5422
158
57
175381
9795
1412
2789
11372
5668
178
17
163945
10070
2270
4236
13560
6057
932
1541
196383
10524
1069
1745
10867
3734
134
13
123373
4675
14925
50685
142317
29896
3746
6709
1533013
98278

Others

Total

1549
435
381
372
353
58
352
51
37
102
77
86
43
58
21
1535
206
202
31
133
91
152
116
343
47
6784

13149
17467
14255
18609
19414
20408
23765
20425
24139
28280
40995
47160
37610
39699
40711
54975
88735
84740
102570
201787
163640
170084
208483
198343
239583
147782
2066808

Total as
of Now
89527
106994
121249
139858
159272
179680
203445
223870
248009
276289
317284
364444
402054
441753
482464
537439
626174
710914
813484
1015271
1178911
1348995
1557478
1755821
1995404
2143186

Table 13.1: Technical and Vocational Education Programs

Program

Indicator

Unit

Enrollment
Production
Enrollment
Production
Enrollment
Production

Fiscal Years
2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

Person
Person
Person
Person
Person

1278
899
1220
640
2645

1084
907
1275
685
2421

1150
372
1549
505
3067

959
253
1202
310
3334

Person

1902

1603

1603

'-

No

73

73

73

73

Enrollment
Production
Diploma and Certificate
Enrollment
Level
Production
Technical School/Polytechnic Extension
Affiliated School Side
School
Extension
Affiliation Granted Private School

Person
Person
Person
Person

10040
654
11910
5727

12880
4514
11240
7772

13258
7143
12211
5447

15167
7143
14432
6913

No.

18

17

13

16

1) Permanent AffiliationSchool
Technical SLC-Diploma
Extension
Certificate Level
2) Granting Short-Term
Developing
Affiliation and Approval
Skills
Vocational Training Program

No.

50\60

124\20

No.

44

118

1440

3100

3060

100

3014

3277

Regular Teaching
Constituent
Technical SLC
Diploma Certificate level
Technical education in 73
community Schools
On Community School Side
Technical
Commencement of
Technical Education in
SLC
Grade 9 and 10
Affiliations Granted Private Schools
Technical SLC

Assessing skills after

Developing
Person
providing short-term
Skills
Training
Vocational Training for
Developing Person /Week
Livelihood
Skills
Scholarship Programs for Target Group
Diploma/Certificate Level
Technical SLC Level
Community Service
Human Health Service
Veterinary Service
Technical Service and
Counseling to Farmers
Health Camp
Skill Assessment and
Verification
Training for Technical
Trainners
* Of first eight months
Source: Ministry of Education

Social
Security
Social
Security

Person

225

225

225

225

Person

150

150

125

125

17743
Service
Service
Service

Person
No.
Person

11338
7875
2180

14325
11500
4550

14325
11500
4550

''-

Mobile
Service
Verification

No.

'-

Person

36159

55491

59996

13940

Verification

Person

3382

3296

883

Table 13.2: Ratio of Student Per Teacher (Academic Year 2015)

Per Teacher Student Ratio
Private /Government Total
Only Government (All Community Schools)
Development Region
Lower
Lower
Primary
Secondary Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Nepal
22
35
24
25
42
31
Eastern Region
20
36
27
23
42
32
Mountain
16
28
24
17
29
24
Hill
15
31
25
16
32
26
Terai
26
44
29
33
58
40
Central Region
26
31
19
31
42
29
Mountain
14
28
22
15
29
24
Hill
16
30
21
18
35
28
Terai
50
60
37
55
73
43
Valley
17
19
11
16
21
16
Western Region
15
29
19
16
34
24
Mountain
3
7
5
3
8
5
Hill
12
27
19
12
29
22
Terai
23
35
21
30
48
32
Mid-Western Region
28
51
38
29
55
43
Mountain
21
42
35
23
43
36
Hill
30
53
43
31
56
44
Terai
28
51
34
30
58
47
Far-Western Region
23
42
39
26
43
38
Mountain
17
30
27
18
31
27
Hill
22
33
28
24
34
29
Terai
31
66
66
37
65
63
Source: Department of Education

Table 13.3 : Region-Wise Detail of Affiliated Higher Secondary Schools

Development Geographical
Region
Region

Eastern

Central

Western

Mid Western

Far Western

2013

2014

2015

Community

Private

10+2

Campus

Total

Community

Private

10+2

Campus

Total

Community

Private

10+2

Campus

Mountain

64

70

66

72

66

Total

73

Hill

262

10

279

262

10

279

262

12

281

Terai

233

101

28

15

377

233

110

28

15

386

234

112

28

13

387

Total

559

113

31

23

726

561

122

31

23

737

562

127

31

21

741

Mountain

94

97

95

98

106

108

Hill

403

233

81

48

765

408

241

81

48

778

410

237

75

47

769

Terai

270

59

24

16

369

272

62

24

16

374

261

64

24

15

364

Total

767

293

105

66

1231

775

304

105

66

1250

777

301

100

63

1241

Mountain

Hill

503

90

20

620

510

93

20

630

522

98

18

644

Terai

140

65

11

221

144

69

11

229

144

66

10

228

Total

647

155

12

31

845

658

162

12

31

863

670

164

14

28

876

Mountain

56

59

59

62

60

61

Hill

188

10

201

191

11

205

191

11

202

Terai

98

40

146

98

41

147

99

42

149

Total

342

51

406

348

53

414

350

54

412

Mountain

80

81

82

Hill

140

147

142

Terai

113

37

160

113

Total

133

41

388

337

2648

653

159

136

3596

2679

Grand Total

Source: Higher Secondary Education Board

83

83

84

149

143

151

40

163

115

41

164

44

395

341

45

399

685

159

136

3659

2699

692

155

123

3669

Table 13.4 (a) : Numeric Detail of Teachers Training at the Basic levels (Academic Year 2015)
Training Status
Trained
Percent
Partially Trained
Percent
Untrained
Percent
Total

Primary

Lower Secondary

Basic

Female

Male

Total

Female

Male

Total

Female

Male

Total

76178
94.77
1644
2.05
2556
3.18
80378

104571
95.20
3006
2.74
2264
2.06
109841

180749
95.02
4650
2.44
4820
2.53
190219

11905
80.15
463
3.12
2485
16.73
14853

31358
81.56
1634
4.25
5456
14.19
38448

43263
81.17
2097
3.93
7941
14.90
53301

88083
92.49
2107
2.21
5041
5.29
95231

135929
91.66
4640
3.13
7720
5.21
148289

224012
91.99
6747
2.77
12761
5.24
243520

Source:Department of Education

Table 13.4 (b) : Numeric Detail of Teachers Training at the Secondary Levels (Academic Year 2015)
Training Status
Trained
Percent
Partially Trained
Percent
Untrained
Percent
Total

Secondary (9-10)

Higher Secondary (11-12)

Secondary (9-12)

Female

Male

Total

Female

Male

Total

Female

Male

Total

6470
91.98
276
3.92
288
4.09
7034

30622
93.77
978
2.99
1057
3.24
32657

37092
93.45
1254
3.16
1345
3.39
39691

2382
76.40
170
5.45
566
18.15
3118

12062
73.34
957
5.82
3427
20.84
16446

14444
73.83
1127
5.76
3993
20.41
19564

8852
87.19
446
4.39
854
8.41
10152

42684

51536
86.97
2381
4.02
5338
9.01
59255

Source: Department of Education

1935
3.94
4484
9.13
49103

Table 13.5: Number of Teachers

(Primary, Lower Secondary and Secondary School)
Academic Year

Primary

Lower Secondary

Secondary

Grant Total

2003
2004

Total
112360
101483

Trained
19535
30967

Total
29895
25962

Trained
7979
7818

Total
23297
20232

Trained
9286
9727

Total
165552
147677

Trained
36800
48512

2005

91679

34857

22817

7813

16130

9635

130626

52305

2006

95503

57191

26716

12398

19386

12909

141605

82498

2007

116846

77630

27903

14606

20674

14478

165423

106714

2008

143574

96298

37068

20035

26925

19202

207567

135535

2009

153536

113096

40259

23021

29109

23193

222904

159310

2010

167212

134991

46032

29265

33835

28780

247083

193036

2011

173714

160788

48848

37745

35675

30737

258237

229470

2012

178534

166765

50389

40013

37048

32286

265971

239064

2013

183922

172117

51653

41271

38363

33677

273938

247065

2014

187684

177217

52348

42182

38858

35128

278890

254527

2015*

190219

180749

53302

43263

39691

37092

283212

261104

Partial Trained Teachers have not been included in Trained Teachers

* Flash 1 Report, 2015
Source : Ministry of Education

Table 13.6 : Number of Schools and Students

(Primary, Lower Secondary and Secondary)
Students no. (In thousand)
Academic Year

Primary

Lower Secondary

Secondary

School

Student

School

Student

School

Student

2002

26638

3928

7917

1133

4541

458

2003

27268

4025

8249

1210

4741

511

2004

24746

4030

7436

1445

4547

588

2005

27525

4502

8471

1375

5039

587

2006

27901

4515

8880

1301

5329

679

2007

29220

4419

9739

1444

5894

671

2008

30924

4782

10636

1467

6516

715

2009

31655

4901

11341

1604

6928

790

2010

32684

4952

11939

1700

7559

812

2011

33881

4783

13791

1813

8233

849

2012

34298

4577

14447

1823

8416

878

2013

34743

4402

14867

1828

8726

897

2014

34335

4335

14952

1835

8825

901

2015

34362

4265

15091

1863

8968

939

Source : Ministry of Education

Table 13.7 (a) : Region-Wise distribution of Primary (1-5) Schools, Students and Teachers Under Public, Community and Private Sector
School Types by
Secotral
Distribution
NEPAL

Academic Year 2011

Academic Year 2012

Academic Year 2013

Academic Year 2014

Academic Year 2015

Students

Teachers

33881

4782885

173714

34298

4576693

178534

34743

4401780

183922

34335

4335355

187684

34362

4264942

190219

PUBLIC

24067

3580398

102350

24434

3409998

101950

24875

3289308

101950

24687

3270037

101950

24687

3270037

101950

COMMUNITY

4831

531281

29321

4672

475451

30429

4592

434735

34913

4293

395622

37972

4161

341389

40023

PRIVATE

4983

671206

42043

5192

691244

46155

5276

677737

47059

5355

669696

47762

5514

653516

48246

Eastern Region

7291

996777

36162

7361

892194

36966

7485

849772

38073

7468

831603

38831

7468

811457

39360

a. Public

5461

807374

23627

5466

698036

23627

5577

685063

23627

5578

672653

23627

5578

672653

23627

b. Community

872

83173

5575

875

71702

5176

861

62873

6126

827

57063

6764

820

42684

7236

c. Private

958

106230

6960

1020

122456

8163

1047

101836

8320

1063

101887

8440

1070

96120

8497

Central Region

Schools Students Teachers

Schools

Students

Teachers

Schools

Students

Teachers

Schools

Students

Teachers

Schools

10027

1641005

53081

10077

1614518

53831

10260

1555982

55449

9944

1532127

56389

9841

1518637

57408

a. Public

6483

1164204

29369

6664

1164470

29369

6864

1134874

29369

6743

1125369

29369

6743

1125369

29369

b. Community

1429

182646

7286

1292

156833

7253

1266

146508

8536

1037

135847

9265

951

118248

9960

c. Private

2115

294155

16426

2121

293215

17209

2130

274600

17544

2164

270911

17755

2147

275020

18079

Western Region

7530

844166

42354

7550

803705

45090

7603

768981

46471

7563

765251

47323

7591

743568

48103

a. Public

5895

628316

23896

5867

582987

23496

5911

544955

23496

5867

547679

23496

5867

547679

23496

b. Community

504

35210

7270

530

36837

7358

509

31144

8445

499

26447

9122

463

13101

9705

c. Private

1131

180640

11188

1153

183881

14236

1183

192882

14530

1197

191125

14705

1261

182788

14902

Mid-Western Region 5252

778559

23137

5350

750396

23667

5417

24373

5392

720269

25001

5481

711329

25171

a. Public

3681

587728

14923

3775

570899

14923

3845

548835

14923

3830

551863

14923

3830

551863

14923

b. Community

1129

127934

4463

1108

116371

5228

1095

105806

5869

1075

96750

6402

1066

91565

6609

c. Private

442

62897

3751

467

63126

3516

477

74013

3581

487

71656

3676

585

67901

3639

Far-Western Region 3781

522378

18980

3960

515880

18980

3978

498391

19556

3968

486105

20140

3981

479951

20177

a. Public

2547

392776

10535

2662

393606

10535

2678

375581

10535

2669

372473

10535

2669

372473

10535

b. Community

897

102318

4727

867

93708

5414

861

88404

5937

855

79515

6419

861

75791

6513

c. Private

337

27284

3718

431

28566

3031

439

34406

3084

444

34117

3186

451

31687

3129

Source : Ministry of Education

Table 13.7 (b) : Region-Wise Distribution of Lower Secondary (6-8) Schools, Students and Teachers Under Public, Community and Private Sector

Academic Year 2011

School Types by
Secotral Distribution Schools Students Teachers

Academic Year 2012

Academic Year 2013

Academic Year 2014

Schools

Students

Teachers

Schools

Students

Teachers

Schools

Academic Year 2015

Students Teachers Schools

Students Teachers

NEPAL

13791

1812680

48848

14447

1823192

50389

14867

1828351

51653

14952

1835313

52348

15091

1862873

53302

PUBLIC

6442

1176230

25772

6797

1158238

25772

7000

1180263

25772

7082

1203027

25773

7082

1203027

25772

COMMUNITY

4032

370417

8628

4053

378929

9496

4086

364395

10523

4024

341212

10998

4133

358589

11313

PRIVATE

3317

266033

14448

3597

286025

15121

3781

283693

15358

3846

291074

15577

3876

301257

16217

Eastern Region

10562

2855

401604

9694

2974

384071

10000

3094

384103

10252

3121

378361

10387

3108

380243

a. Public

1463

286826

6138

1495

261430

6138

1543

276051

6138

1577

269929

6138

1577

269929

6138

b. Community

851

79000

1706

877

79790

1818

869

73267

2043

856

72184

2150

850

73721

2215

c. Private

541

35778

1850

602

42851

2044

682

34785

2071

688

36248

2099

681

36593

2209

4367

561119

17537

4575

573388

17768

4690

567964

18215

4732

569284

18471

4742

579558

18843

a. Public

1839

339247

7360

1965

341973

7360

2060

337802

7360

2105

356078

7360

2105

356078

7360

b. Community

926

87286

2063

915

89032

2215

917

87134

2529

889

70678

2662

908

72817

2759

c. Private

1602

134586

8114

1695

142383

8193

1713

143028

8326

1738

142528

8449

1729

150663

8724
12690

Central Region

Western Region

3010

361384

11530

3109

365599

12004

3190

363619

12300

3202

367730

12465

3307

371202

a. Public

1554

228135

6066

1567

224610

6066

1601

224601

6066

1589

227228

6066

1589

227228

6066

b. Community

679

62560

2006

718

63311

2054

711

60093

2288

703

60658

2398

805

63494

2468

c. Private

777

70689

3458

824

77678

3884

878

78925

Mid-Western Region 1946

296581

5348

2045

297328

5695

2130
967

3946

910

79844

4001

913

80480

4156

5839

2129

307467

5914

2174

313319

6014

209052

3415

981

212161

3415

981

212161

3415
1764

a. Public

842

200420

3415

943

200170

3415

b. Community

870

79015

1201

851

82176

1525

886

79251

1656

870

73257

1721

872

78405

c. Private

234

17146

732

251

14982

755

277

16663

768

278

22049

778

321

22753

835

1613

191992

4739

1744

202806

4922

1763

207699

5047

1768

212471

5111

1760

218551

5193

a. Public

744

121602

2793

827

130055

2793

829

132757

2793

830

137631

2794

830

137631

2793

b. Community

706

62556

1652

692

64620

1884

703

64650

2007

706

64435

2067

698

70152

2107

c. Private

163

7834

294

225

8131

245

231

10292

247

232

10405

250

232

10768

293

Far-Western Region

Source : Ministry of Education

Table 13.7 (c): Region-Wise Distribution of Secondary (9-10) Schools, Students and Teachers Under Public, Community and Private Sector
School Types by Secotral
Distribution

Academic Year 2011

Academic Year 2012

Academic Year 2013

Academic Year 2014

Academic Year 2015

Schools

Students

Teachers

Schools

Students

Teachers

Schools

Students

Teachers

Schools

Students

Teachers

Schools

Students

Teachers

NEPAL

8233

848569

35675

8416

878047

51131

8726

896919

38363

8825

900585

38858

8968

938897

39691

PUBLIC

3398

532741

19584

3604

548045

19584

3734

541700

19584

3802

539313

19584

3802

539313

19584

COMMUNITY

2141

175413

3241

2201

174100

17464

2195

185314

4238

2209

189143

4541

2326

218407

4750

PRIVATE

2694

140415

12850

2611

155902

14083

2797

169905

14541

2814

172129

14733

2840

181177

15357

Eastern Region

1601

188469

6669

1629

184327

8575

1677

191568

7010

1708

188908

7099

1713

190159

7242

a. Public

738

130606

4424

767

122285

4424

771

126085

4424

795

121416

4424

795

121416

4424

b. Community

454

39238

625

471

38453

2345

464

39778

724

465

41385

790

469

42518

835

c. Private

409

18625

1620

391

23589

1806

442

25705

1862

448

26107

1885

449

26225

1983

2942

271906

13873

2953

288367

22739

3084

289094

15333

3122

288856

15538

3139

300094

15896

950

154430

5868

1025

166751

5868

1119

162564

5868

1155

159343

5868

1155

159343

5868

b. Community

545

42707

950

568

41426

8944

575

45081

1277

558

45983

1371

566

52974

1443

c. Private

1447

74769

7055

1360

80190

7927

1390

81449

8188

1409

83530

8299

1418

87777

8585

Central Region
a. Public

Western Region

1890

182063

9041

1918

181884

12785

1988

183546

9586

2012

186413

9708

2096

197913

9905

a. Public

943

120793

4967

956

119430

4967

972

118463

4967

974

119916

4967

974

119916

4967

b. Community

373

24772

727

395

24153

4289

365

24415

976

396

24740

1051

478

33250

1102

c. Private

574

36498

3347

567

38301

3529

651

40668

3643

642

41757

3690

644

44747

3836

Mid-Western Region

973

120895

3394

1020

127877

4156

1062

3611

1062

133346

3657

1094

136847

3733

a. Public

427

76364

2311

471

80142

2311

483

78347

2311

487

81185

2311

487

81185

2311

b. Community

391

37211

399

385

38048

1176

397

39524

608

393

40479

645

407

43760

666

c. Private

155

7320

684

164

9687

669

182

12778

692

182

11682

701

200

11902

756

827

85236

2698

896

95592

2876

915

102062

2823

921

103062

2856

926

113884

2915

a. Public

340

50548

2014

385

59437

2014

389

56241

2014

391

57453

2014

391

57453

2014

b. Community

378

31485

540

382

32020

710

394

36516

653

397

36556

684

406

45905

704

c. Private

109

3203

144

129

4135

152

132

9305

156

133

9053

158

129

10526

197

Far-Western Region

* Flash 1 Report, 2014

Source : Ministry of Education

Table 13.8 : Number of Students appeared and Passed in SLC

Year
2003

Appeared No.
175418

Passed No.
81008

Passed %
46.18

2004

216303

83747

38.72

2005

225031

104653

46.51

2006

274210

160802

58.64

2007

307078

195689

63.73

2008

342632

234602

68.47

2009

385146

247689

64.31

2010

397559

220766

55.53

2011

419121

199714

47.65

2012

403936

167935

41.57

2013

394933

173436

43.92

2014
2015

405338
456136

192267
47.43
Result yet to be published

Source: Ministry of Education

Table 13.9 : Number of Students Enrolled in Higher Level of Education

Educational Institution
A. Tribhuvan University
1. Engineering
2. Agriculture & Animal Science
3. Medicine
4. Forestry
5. Science & Technology
Total of Technical Education
6. Law
7. Management
8. Education
9. Humanities & Social Science
b. General Education
c. Affiliated Total
Grand Total
B. Nepal Sanskrit University
C. Kathmandu University
1. School of Science
2. School of Engineering
3. School of Management
4. School of Education
5. School of Arts
6. School of Medical Science

Fiscal Year
2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13 2013/14

2014/15

5580
1201

5752
1092

13207
1453

12353
1472

3338
2212

1993

2136

7128

5421

1291

490
11016
20280
2134
27686
30151
36029

636
12851
22467
3391
32200
49056
36785

724
21777
44289
5515
198088
247316
109229

666
16251
36163
2235
130843
170097
66003

1060
16315
24216
6406
130161
90130
48077

96000
116280
-

121432
229947
373846
3772

560148
273349
604437
4039

369178
141181
405341
3862

274774
104188
298990
3412

4094
570
1685
441
11951
18741
898
31341
18814
49345
100398

4050
643
1543
457
12218
18891
830
36578
25394
51084
113886

4571
668
1570
573
13441
20823
1214
41803
32915
56113
132045

5098
676
1719
889
14120
22502
1052
33311
24165
49632
108160

5017
817
1888
482
15229
23433
1609
44854
42204
59521
148188

5513
860
1955
484
17066
25878
2347
39194
43508
60667
145716

5368
1181
1945
520
15016
24030
2583
45941
54828
59498
162850

119149
3610

132777
2958

152868
2667

130662
3774

171621
3339

171594
5446

186880
5436

786
521
120
128
98
586

867
523
158
143
143
642

538
511
782
338
510
3603

612
533
1127
351
665
3819

676
569
1305
387
725
4460

697
632
1355
381
728
4944

663
884
1287
336
687
4522

829
1058
1760

965
1140
1825

1060
1182
1965

1194
1208
2136

488
913

556
969

686
1091

767
1168

6262

7882

8725

9336

2239

2476

6282

7107

8122

8737

8379

11200

11310

13337

14709

43
15852

1978
1218
2588
200
5984

957
2412
1436
282
656
5743

1319
3684
2293
3958
399
1158
12811

1228
4026
3013
4575
377
1659
14878

728
6579
5955
5759
692
9978
29691

728
6579

751
7947

746
8413

663
8447

591
7996

5955
5759

6967
6054

5786
6200

4692
1705

3546
1362

692
-

822
-

799
-

786
421
3964

810
755
3876

9978
29691

4426
26967

3776
25720

3763
24441

4603
23539

362
2064
2119
69
4614
-

2406
2159
101
4666
-

2516
2974
125
5615
-

2353
2690
100
5143
-

1727
3722
120
5569
-

3416
4127
95
7638
-

5027
8030
1174
13171
-

6356

7355

9958

9958

2199

10097
213
16666
17

12674
200
20229
17

15043
281
25282
116

15048
284
25290
256

15037
7956
339
25531
215

1192

1155

1155

1435

351

203
65
-

298
60
2472
180
951

465
241
1944
446
2461

546
295
2522
1565
1829

136000

121670

173175

159497

203529

208956

437564

678047

7. Law
Total
D. Purbanchal University
1. Humanities
2. Management
3. Education
4. Science & Technology
5. Law
6. Agriculture
7. Engineering
8. Medical (Nursing, BPH)
Total
E. Pokhara University
1. Science & Techonology
2. Management
3. Engineering
4. Humanities & Social Science
Total
F. Lumbini Buddhist University
G. B.P. Health Institute of
Health Sciences
H. National Academy of Medical
Sciences (Bir Hospital)
I. Patan health Science Academy
J. Mid-Western University
K. Agriculture and Forestry University
L. Far-Western University
Grand Total (A+B+C+D+E+F+G+H+I)

719
4078
3469
4646
343
2286
15541

203
60

243557 179284

Source : Tribhuvan University, Mahendra Sanskrit University, Kathmandu University, Eastern University, Pokhara University and University Grant Commission

480891

374647

Table 13.10 : Number of Graduate Students in TU

Indicators of Study and Research Programme
1. Institute of Engineering
a) Certificate level
b) Diploma level
c) Master level
c) Ph.D.
Total
2. Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science
a) Certificate level
b) Diploma level
c) Master level
d) Phd
Total
3. Institute of Medicine
a) Lower level
b) Certificate level
c) Diploma level
d) Master level
e) M. Phil
Total
4. Institute of Foresty
a) Certificate level
b) Diploma level
c) Master level
d) Phd
Total
5. Institute of Science and Technology
a) Certificate level
b) Diploma level
c) Master level
d) Phd
Total
6. Faculty of Law
a) Certificate level
b) Diploma level
c) Master level
d) Phd
Total
7. Faculty of Management
a) Certificate level
b) Diploma level
c) Master level
d) M. Phil
e) Phd
Total
8. Faculty of Education
a) Certificate level
b) Diploma level
c) Master level
d) M. Phil
e) Phd
Total
9. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
a) Other
b) Certificate level
c) Diploma level
d) Master level
e) M. Phil
f) Phd
g) Others
Total
Source : Ministry of Education/Tribhuvan University.

Fiscal Year
2008/09

2009/10

20010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2638
5208
179

3850
8832
357

463
1053
119

624
1022
130

554
1089
113

8025

13039

1635

1776

1756

650
1655
181
4
2490

1924
160
4
2088

124
57
181

125
71
196

128
81
209

172
81
2
255

292
97
2
391

144
116
3
263

183
81
5
269

289
182
109
0
580

41
598
175
170
1
985

303
481
131
1
916

303
400
164
867

263
920
128
1311

289
890
153
1332

286
846
188
3
1323

74
59
12
145

82
82
22
186

79
85
24
188

87
56
29
2
174

96
26
2
124

51
84
41
176

122
10
1
133

1759
1305
377
6
3447

1971
1971
575
7
4524

1674
2337
692
10
4713

1781
2532
764
4
5081

929
2947
993
4869

2429
1183
3
3615

3869
1206
11
5086

0
329
41
2
372

25
255
32
1
313

29
215
30
1
246

223
23
246

477
47
524

445
35
3
483

523
46
1
570

3415
6187
1110
21
4
10737

3739
9326
2360
30
7
15462

1703
8652
2676
23
6
13060

1386
14276
1288
16
4
16970

1504
14976
4004
28
7
20519

11576
2875
52
5
14508

13369
2601
10
5
15985

3155
5455
422
7
4
9043

3249
12193
1151
9
2
16604

2859
13089
1477
9
3
17437

3793
22427
1931
11
4
28166

2798
21073
5272
12
2
29157

16708
3529
24
2
20263

20941
3699
9
6
24655

1921
5919
5891
1909
0
37

653
6239
7160
3620
10
32

4654
6515
3283
40

5697
9605
2361
32

4654
8491
6471
-

32
6547
4337
91
45

15677

17714

14492

17695

19616

11052

7558
4162
64
43
246
12073

Table 13.11: Major Health Indicators and Achievements

Health Indicators

Achievements

Unit

Target

1991

1996

2001

2006

2009

2011

2015

2016

Person

539.0

539.0

415.0

281.0

229.0

250.0

190.0

190.0

Person

5.3

4.6

4.1

3.1

2.9

3.0

2.3

2.3

Percentage

127.0

110.0

98.0

98.0

71.0

70.0

Percentage

24.0

26.0

35.0

44.0

45.1

48.0

47.0

50.0

Person

158.0

118.3

91.0

61.0

50.0

55.0

38.0

37.0

Percentage

42.0

71.0

85.0

85.6

88.0

90.0

Person

106.0

78.5

64.0

48.0

41.0

44.0

33.0

32.0

Person

49.9

43.0

33.0

20.0

30.0

23.0

22.0

New HIV Infection Number

Person

1483.0

1200.0

Access of PMTCT Service to

Pregnant Women

Percentage

30.0

40.0

New TB Case Detected

Percentage

48.0

70.0

65.0

71.0

75.0

82.0

83.0

Proportion of TB cases cured under

directly observed treatment short
course (DOTS)

Percentage

79.0

89.0

89.0

88.0

89.0

90.0

90.0

Annual Malaria Infected Number

Person

1380.0

1000.0

Proportions of Birth Attended by

Skilled Birth Attendant

Percentage

7.0

11.0

19.0

36.0

55.0

60.0

Maternal mortality ratio (per

100,000 live births)
Total Fertility Rate
Adolescent birth rate (births per
1,000 women aged 15-19 years)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
(modern methods)
Under-five Child mortality rate (per
1,000 live births)
Proportion of one-year-old children
immunised against measles
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live
births)
New born infant mortality rate (Per
1000 live births)

Source: Ministry of Health/NDHS Survey

Table 13.12 : District-Wise Statistics of Child Care Homes and benefited Childrens
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

Distirct
Sankhuwasabha
Saptari
Illam
Udayapur
Jhapa
Morang
Dhankuta
Siraha
Sunsari
Chitawan
Dolakha
Parsa
Sarlahi
Mahottari
Sindhuli
Bara
Dhading
Kathmandu
Rautahat
Sindhupalchok
Makawanpur
Kabhre
Bhaktapur
Dhanusa
Lalitpur
Nuwakot
Lamjung
Palpa
Kapilvastu
Myagdi
Tanahu
Kaski
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Surkhet
Dailekh
Humla
Banke
Dang
Bardiya
Jumla
Kailali
Achham
Kanchanpur
Total

No. of Child
Care Homes
6
1
1
1
6
4
1
1
5
30
1
5
5
1
3
1
8
201
1
4
10
11
22
1
130
1
2
1
1
1
2
59
3
8
5
1
4
10
3
2
1
7
1
5
577

Benefited Boys Benefited Girls

Source: Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare/Kewakas, 2072

19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
477
8
132
53
18
65
8
143
2933
22
48
141
148
420
2
1427
29
13
15
22
4
12
687
122
170
147
2
20
127
204
53
0
52
12
82
7989

23
0
2
4
45
48
6
5
96
570
0
0
44
12
62
8
110
3321
3
42
117
194
286
6
1641
12
18
14
0
6
12
769
93
122
156
3
76
88
256
32
12
69
6
22
8411

Total
42
19
21
23
64
67
25
24
115
1047
8
132
97
30
127
16
253
6254
25
90
258
342
706
8
3068
41
31
29
22
10
24
1456
215
292
303
5
96
215
460
85
12
121
18
104
16400

Table 13.13 : Details of benefited Senior Citizens from Elderly Home in FY 2014/15
S.N.
Elderly Homes
Female
1 Samajkalyan Kendra Elderly Home, Pashupati Kathmandu
116
2 Shree Galeshwordham Senior Citizen Home, Myagdi
48
3 Tarakeshwor Elderly home, Aslewa, Gulmi
46
4 Pokhara Elderly Home, Kaski
35
5 Radhakrishna Elderly Home, Lekhnath, Kaski
30
6 Radha Damodar Senior Citizen Gram, Keladighat, Syangja
23
7 KhoriyaGhat Senior Citizen Gram, Syangja
6
Siddababa Durga Bhawani Shiva kumari Saiju Elderly Home Butawal,
6
8 Rupandehi
9 Shree Satya Sai Elderly Home, Basantapur, Rupandehi
9
10 Lions Sarbodaya Senior Citizen Sewagram, Tarkughat, Lamjung
5
11 Padambhuwaneshowri Elderly Home, Sarlahi
17
12 Samajkalyan Kendra, Devghat, Tanahu
24
13 Nisahaya Sewa Sadan, Baneshwor, Kathmandu
37
14 Nijanand Elderly Home Taudaha, Kathmandu
13
15 Bridashram Service Committee, Sindhupalchok
5
16 Matatirtha Elderly Home, Kathmandu
22
17 Vishranti Mandir Mulghat, Dhankuta
27
18 Women and Elderly Service Centre, Kanchanpur
32
19 Bheri Elderly and Disable Service Centre, Banke
4
20 Om Elderly Home, Hetauda, Makawanpur
11
21 Virateshwor Elderly Home Service Committee, Morang
25
22 Janaki Elderly Home, Janakpur
18
23 Mai Bhagwati Elderly Home, Illam
8
24 Senior Citizen Samman Elderly Home, Patalaiya, Bara
6
25 Shree Ram Shanti Nikunja Mahila Sewa Anath Ashram, Sunsari
12
26 Ram Janaki Elderly Home, Sunsari
10
27 Manakamana Senior Citizen Gram, Sankhuwasabha
16
28 Prashanti Elderly Home, Uttarganga, Surkhet
7
29 Manav Kalyan Elderly Home Service Committee, Gulmi
5
Total
623
Source: Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare

Male
95
5
5
24
18
9
6

Total
211
53
51
59
48
32
12

10

5
5
23
10
5
2
9

16
18
5
17
22

4
4

20
6
2
339

14
10
40
34
42
15
14
22
43
50
9
28
47
18
12
10
12
10
36
13
7
962

Table 13.14 : Extension of Drinking Water and Sewerage Facilities

Fiscal Year

Description
Unit

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14 2014/15 2015/16

A. Additional Facilities Extended By Water Supply & Sewerage Department

Rural Area
a. Additional Population Benefited
from New Projects

In Thousands

190

124

160

500

224

265

315

162

335

268

308

350

45

b. Additional Population Benefited

from Repaired Projects

In Thousands

67

82

54

Na

42

73

70

42

Thousands Lt/Day

8550

5580

7200

22500

19545

15615

16605

7290

20050

15345

17010

17640

2025

a. Population Benefited

In Thousands

10

100

260

191

16

Na

83

11.5

196

7.4

b. Available Water

Thousands
Lt/Day

1000

8000

28600

21120

1040

Na

16000

1035

17640

666

B. Additional Facilities Extended By Nepal Water Supply Corporation

a. Available Water
Million. Lt/Day
3
4

18.4

7.5

16

15

25
5

25
4

110
-

14
-

28
-

56
-

83
-

35
-

80
-

c. Total Available Water

Urban Areas

b. Population Benefited
c. Modern Sewerage Facilities

Thousands Lt/Day
k.m.

20
1

45
9

Source : Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Water Supply and Sewerage Department & Nepal Water Supply Corporation

Table 14.1 : Financial Performance of Public Enterprises

Rs. in ten million

Types of PEs

Operating Profit of Various Fiscal Year

2004/05

Manufacturing

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

-15.75

-34.02

-18.01

-59.97

-78.43

-49.94

Trading

-264.10

-418.71

-190.17

-586.72

303.31

-26.96

Services

74.04

-5.70

49.95

38.82

195.80

234.81

81.30

4.33

4.79

-4.80

-17.45

-29.25

-12.41

-19.76

Public Utilities & Others

234.42

397.91

688.78

788.65

503.24

707.28

539.84

Financial

180.09

224.60

364.49

58.92

105.66

145.46

241.90

Total

213.03

168.87

890.24

222.25

1000.33

998.24

241.16

Social

Types of PEs
Manufacturing

Social
Public Utilities & Others

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

-100.47

-56.98

-77.47

-57.51

-60.89

-547.77 -1005.14

-155.34

-859.03

-999.12

1509.85

227.48

144.3

134.48

94.26

143.01

-4.27

-18.56

-0.02

6.02

-12.05

-14.53

651.05

670.20

633.28

957.26

297.25

575.58

636.87

647.03

855.07

-599.68

1140.05

505.03

323.96

3392.25

Net Capital Investment of Various Fiscal Year

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

395.14

545.88

-38.70

351.31

238.84

200.90

53.10

-371.84

-353.29

-105.91

546.98

1079.21

1036.15

1112.14

1188.94

197.34

176.19

185.17

170.60

Trading
Services#

-54.35

2010/11
495.54

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

257.85

-24.81

-84.55

-24.89

-152.98

-449.58 -1279.75

300.05

306.61

209.82

-210.34
616.48

1173.35

2059.67

2086.28

2335.60

2421.07

2561.65

451.45

4040.50

159.05

137.70

109.31

95.53

131.95

237.14

172.57

451.27

9747.37 10515.23 10452.40 10980.59 12153.94 13370.59 15016.01 15846.76 15419.07 16213.75 15843.44 20619.15

Financial

6195.22

6944.81

4941.74

6312.50

7993.04

7754.87

9544.69 15252.36

8858.57

Total

17667.38

18846.42

16299.46 18898.03

22265.20

23370.75

26802.25

27105.9 24487.41 26841.26 30148.26

2004/05

2005/06

Types of PEs

32508.35

5252.81 10188.87

4631.20

Percentage of Net Capital Investment in Operating Profit of Various Fiscal Year

Manufacturing

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16*

-3.99

-6.23

-17.07

-32.84

-24.86

-10.97

-38.96

-229.65

91.63

-231.06

-99.63

-497.39

112.61

55.45

17.62

121.84

78.54

-51.77

-280.17

-476.18

244.92

Services#

6.86

-0.55

4.49

3.27

16.69

11.40

3.90

9.74

5.96

5.25

20.88

3.54

Social

2.19

2.72

-2.59

-10.23

-18.39

-9.01

-18.08

-4.47

-14.07

-0.01

3.49

-2.67

Trading

Public Utilities & Others

2.40

3.78

6.59

7.18

4.14

5.29

3.60

-0.09

4.22

4.13

4.00

4.64

Financial

2.91

3.23

7.38

0.93

1.32

1.88

2.53

1.95

6.5

12.12

6.35

18.46

Total

1.21

0.90

5.46

1.18

4.49

4.27

0.90

-1.84

4.21

2.06

1.21

11.25

* Estimated
# The amount in service sector may differ due to the unavailability of revised estimate received form Nepal Civil Aviation Authority.
Source : Ministry of Finance

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Finance
Singhadurbar, Kathmandu
Phone No.: 4211326, Fax No.: 4211325
Email: epad@mof.gov.np
URL: http://www.mof.gov.np