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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran
School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, North Kargar St, Tehran, Iran
c
Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Universit di Bologna, 40 Fontanelle Ave, Forli, Italy
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 20 January 2016
Revised 7 April 2016
Accepted 18 April 2016
Available online 19 April 2016
Keywords:
GLARE
Low velocity impact
Ritz approach
Boundary conditions
Thermal environment
Temperature dependency
a b s t r a c t
This paper presents the dynamic response of GLARE5-3/2 subjected to low velocity impact. Governing
equations are derived based on laminate theory and Hamiltons principle. The Hertzian contact law is
employed to capture contact force history and other impact characteristics. A Ritz based approach appropriate for in-plane loads and various boundary conditions is developed. The nonlinear system of equations is solved using the fourth order RungeKutta method. The validity of the present model is
demonstrated by good agreement of comparisons between its predictions and results in the literature.
The effect of various parameters such as impactor velocity, impactor radius, boundary conditions and
thermal environment are investigated in detail. In order to consider thermal environment effect, the temperature dependent material properties are taken into account. Boundary conditions and thermal environment affect the low velocity impact response of GLARE, hitherto not reported in the open literature.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Fiber Metal Laminates (FMLs) are hybrid composites that consist of alternating layers of metal-alloy sheets and fiber reinforced
epoxy prepreg, which is usually regarded as a family of high specific strength materials with a high weight saving potential. GLAss
REinforced aluminum laminate (GLARE) is an FML composed of
several aluminum layers and glass epoxy prepregs. Glass epoxy
prepregs are composed of unidirectional S2glass fiber embedded
in a FM94 adhesive. GLAREs are categorized in six standard classes
based on fiber orientation in prepreg and grades of aluminum-alloy
sheets, [1].
During the last decades the application of GLARE in the aerospace industry has become popular [2,3]. For example, GLARE
was selected for the upper fuselage skin structures of the Airbus
A380 as shown in Fig. 1, which causes a weight saving of 794 kg
[4]. Impact loadings in aerospace structures are commonly caused
by sources such as: runway debris, hail, maintenance, dropped
tools, collisions between service cars or cargo and the structure,
bird strikes, etc. [5]. Hence, impact analysis of FMLs should be considered during the design process. Moreover, aircraft structures
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: zarei.m.h.87@gmail.com (H. Zarei), mohasedeh1992@gmail.
com (M. Fallah), giangiacomo.minak@unibo.it (G. Minak), bisadi@iust.ac.ir
(H. Bisadi), daneshmehr@ut.ac.ir (A. Daneshmehr).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.04.036
0263-8223/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
171
8
@w
>
< ux; y; z; t u0 x; y; t z @x f z h1 x; y; t
v x; y; z; t v 0 x; y; t z @w
f z h2 x; y; t
@y
>
:
wx; y; z; t w0 x; y; t
8
9
>
< exx >
=
Fig. 1. Airbus A380 materials overview [4].
8 f 9
>
< exx >
=
f
eyy e
z e
f z eyy
>
>
>
:c >
; >
: 0 >
;
: 1 >
;
: f >
;
cyz
cxz
cxy
cxy
f z
>
:
1
yy
cfyz
@u0
@x
@v 0
@y
@ 2 w0
@x2
xy
2
w0
2 @@x@y
@h1
@x
@h2
@y
9
>
>
>
=
>
>
>
;
9
>
>
=
efyy
>
>
>
; >
: @h1 @h2 >
;
cfxy
@y
@x
0
f
cyz
f
cxz
>
:
@ 2 w0
@y2
8
>
>
<
8 f 9
>
< exx >
=
9
>
>
=
e0
yy
> >
>
>
0 ;
: @u0 @v 0 >
;
cxy
@y
@x
8 1 9
>
< exx >
=
>
:
8
>
>
>
<
1
eyy
>
>
: 1 >
>
;
>
:
c
ryy
>
rxy ;
h2
cxy
cfxz
8
>
>
<
8 0 9
>
< exx >
=
8
9k
>
< rxx >
=
2. Governing equations
8 1 9
>
< exx >
=
0
yy
xy
Moreover, GLARE has a structural efficiency 72% higher than
monolithic aluminum. The dynamic response of thin circular fully
clamped GLARE was studied by Tsamasphyros et al. [2022]. They
developed an analytical model to determine the static loadindentation curve and first failure due to fiber fracture applicable to circular plates. Ghasemi et al. [16,23] investigated the low velocity
impact response of GLARE based on First order Shear Deformation
Theory (FSDT) using a two degrees of freedom springmass model
to capture the impact force history. The effects of parameters such
as stacking sequence of laminate, mass and initial velocity of the
projectile were studied in their research.
In this research, the low velocity impact response of GLARE is
detected based on the Ritz approach. Moreover, the nonlinear
equations of motion are solved using the fourth order RungeKutta
method. An appropriate selection of shape functions in the Ritz
method makes it possible to analyze arbitrary boundary conditions. The thermal environment effects were also considered. The
presented model is well-verified with the published literature.
The effect of parameters such as boundary conditions, thermal
environment, initial velocity and radius of projectile were
investigated.
8 0 9
>
< exx >
=
7
h1
2
11
Q
6
4Q
12
16
Q
12
Q
22
Q
26
Q
9
3 8
16 k > exx >
Q
<
=
26 7
eyy
5
Q
>
>
:
66
exy ;
Q
172
"
k
ryz
rxz
44
Q
Q 45
45
Q
55
Q
#k
cyz
cxz
Table 1
Geometrical and mechanical properties of target and projectile [27].
Target
in which frg and feg represent the stress and strain components
ij g
with respect to the laminate coordinate system. In addition, fQ
is the reduced stiffness matrix for the laminate.
In the low velocity impact, the time period of impact is longer
than the time period of the first mode shape of the plate. For this
case, Hertz contact law can be applied to trace the contact force
history and it is defined by [25]:
3
F c t K c a2
10
4 1
K c ER2i
3
11
Geometrical properties
a = b = 200 mm
hAl = 0.5 mm
hGr/Ep = 0.35 mm
Projectile properties
Radius = 7.5 mm
Initial velocity = 1 ms
E = 210 GPa, m = 0.3,
q = 7800 mkg3
Stacking sequence: Al/0/90/90/0/Al/0/90/90/0/Al
Boundary condition: simply support (otherwise
is specified)
Mechanical properties of glass fiber epoxy
E1 = 36, E2 = 5, E3 = 5, G12 = 2.7, G13 = 2.7,
G23 = 1.92 (GPa)
m12 = 0.25, m31 = 0.27, m32 = 0.301
q = 1540 mkg3
Mechanical properties of Aluminum 2024-T3
kg
E = 72 GPa, m = 0.32, q = 2700 m
3
1 1 m21 1 m22
E
E1
E2
12
Z
0
t2
dU dV dKdt
13
t1
Z
dV
Z
dK
15
q0 dw dx dy
_ u_ v_ dv_ wd
_ w
_ dV
qud
16
q0 F c dx xc ; y yc
17
where xc ; yc is the position of impact and d denotes the twodimensional Diracs delta function.
where dU, dV and dK denotes the virtual strain energy, the virtual
work done by external forces and the virtual kinetic energy, respectively. These quantities can be defined by:
4. Solution method
dU
In this study, the Ritz method was chosen to solve the equations
of motion. According to the Ritz method, the displacement field
will be approximated by a finite linear combination of the form:
rxx dexx ryy deyy rxy dcxy rxz dcxz ryz dcyz dV
14
12000
Pierson Experimental [14]
Present
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)
600
700
800
900
1000
173
8
N
X
>
>
>
u0
U n tNun x; y
>
>
>
n1
>
>
>
>
N
>
X
>
>
>
v
V n tN vn x; y
>
0
>
>
>
n1
>
>
>
<
N
X
w0
W n tNw
n x; y
>
>
n1
>
>
>
>
N
X
>
>
>
>
h1
X n tNhn1 x; y
>
>
>
n1
>
>
>
>
N
>
X
>
>
>
Y n tNhn2 x; y
: h2
the present study, polynomial functions are used in the form as follows [26]:
Nx; y
p X
q
X
/b xi yqi
19
q0 i0
18
in which p is the degree set of the polynomial and /b is the boundary equation. Substituting Eqs. (1)(12) and (18) into Eq. (13) yields
a system of 5N 1 nonlinear coupled equations as follows:
Kv F
Mv
my F c
20
where
n1
v ffU n g; fV n g; fW n g; fX n g; fY n ggT
21
n g; fX
n g; fY n ggT
v ffU n g; fV n g; fW
22
F f0; 0; F c Nw
n xc ; yc ; 0; 0g
23
700
V=1 m/s
V=2 m/s
V=4 m/s
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
Time (s)
40
50
60
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)
600
700
800
Fig. 4. Effect of impactor velocity on low velocity impact response of GLARE 5-3/2.
900
1000
174
R=20 mm
R=30 mm
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
40
50
60
70
Time (s)
0.025
Indentation (mm)
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0
10
20
30
Time (s)
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Time (s)
Fig. 5. Effect of impactor radius on low velocity impact response of GLARE 5-3/2.
900
1000
1100
175
600
400
300
200
500
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)
600
700
800
900
-1
1000
800
900
1000
18
K.E Of FML
K.E Of Impactor
S.E of FML
T.E of FML
16
14
Energy (mJ)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)
600
700
Fig. 6. Low velocity impact response of a GLARE 5-3/2 with CCCC boundary condition.
3
2
3
2
F c K c a K c y w K c
N
X
y
W n tNw
n xs ; ys
!32
24
n1
8
>
< U n 0 0; V n 0 0; W n 0 0; X n 0 0; Y n 0 0
_ n 0 0; X_ n 0 0; Y_ n 0 0
U_ n 0 0; V_ n 0 0; W
>
:
_
y0 0; y0
V0
S:
25
26
x 0; a
v 0 w0 h2 0
y 0; b u0 w0 h1 0
(
C:
In which V 0 is the initial velocity of impactor. As mentioned earlier, in the Ritz method, only the essential or geometric boundary
condition must be satisfied. According to Hamiltons principle,
the essential boundary conditions related to high order shear
deformation theory (HSDT) are defined by:
@w
; hn ; ht
un ; ut ; w;
@n
x 0; a
0
u0 v 0 w0 @w
h1 h2 0
@x
0
h1 h2 0
y 0; b u0 v 0 w0 @w
@y
27
28
176
700
600
400
0
300
500
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
-1
900
700
800
900
Time (s)
18
K.E Of FML
K.E Of Impactor
S.E of FML
T.E of FML
16
14
Energy (mJ)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Time (s)
Fig. 7. Low velocity impact response of a GLARE 5-3/2 with CCCF boundary condition.
177
800
700
0.8
600
0.6
500
0.4
400
0.2
300
200
-0.2
100
-0.4
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
700
800
-0.6
900
Time (s)
18
K.E Of FML
K.E Of Impactor
S.E of FML
T.E of FML
500
600
16
14
Energy (mJ)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
100
200
300
400
900
Time (s)
Fig. 8. Low velocity impact response of a GLARE 5-3/2 with CFCF boundary condition.
178
800
700
500
400
300
600
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-1
700
600
700
Time (s)
18
K.E Of FML
K.E Of Impactor
S.E of FML
T.E of FML
16
14
Energy (mJ)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)
Fig. 9. Low velocity impact response of a GLARE 5-3/2 with CFFF boundary condition.
Table 2
Low velocity impact results of GLARE5-3/2 with different boundary conditions.
m
BCs
Eabsorb (mJ)
MCF (N)
amax (mm)
V resid
CCCC
CCCF
CFCF
CFFF
12.33
13.57
13.84
15.63
557
636
738
777
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.023
0.51
0.43
0.41
0.25
the potential energy of the laminate are symmetric and their summation are constant. Moreover, when there is no contact between
the impactor and the laminate, the impactor moves with constant
velocity and in the other periods, the impactor velocity changes
nonlinearly. Therefore, the number of jumping in the impactor
velocity, the kinetic energy of impactor and the potential energy
of laminate plots are same with the contact numbers. In addition
in these periods the sum of kinetic energy of the laminate and
strain energy of the laminate remains constant, which means the
laminate has free vibration motion.
V V1 V2
29
in which V 1 represents the work done by the contact force that has
been previously defined and V 2 is the work done by in-plane forces
as follows [24]
179
70
E UD Glass Epoxy
E UD Glass Epoxy
-20
12
UD Glass Epoxy
E Aluminum
G Aluminum
60
Modulus (GPa)
50
40
30
20
10
-40
20
Temperature (C)
40
60
80
Fig. 10. Mechanical properties of UD glass epoxy and aluminum versus temperature [28].
120
UD Glass Epoxy
UD Glass Epoxy
Aluminum
100
80
60
40
20
-40
-20
20
Temperature (C)
40
60
80
Fig. 11. Thermal properties of UD glass epoxy and aluminum versus temperature [28].
1
V2
2
Z
X
NTx
2
2
!
@w
@w @w
T @w
T
dxdy
Ny
2Nxy
@x
@y
@x
@y
30
N Tx
n
6 T7 X
6 Ny 7
4
5
k1
NTxy
zk1
zk
ij k fagk DTdz
Q
31
Z
@w @w
@w @w
NTy
d
d
NTx
@x
@x
@y
@y
X
@w @w
@w @w
T
dxdy
Nxy
d
d
@x
@y
@y
@x
dV 2
%D
32
aT f aT 0
;
aT 0
33
180
T=-55 C
T=22 C
T=80 C
T=-55 C
T=22 C
T=80 C
T=-55 C
T=22 C
T=80 C
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
50
60
70
Time (s)
0.025
Indentation (mm)
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0
10
20
30
40
Time (s)
Fig. 12. Thermal field effect on the low velocity impact response of GLARE5-3/2: dotted line (SSSS) solid line (CCFF) dash line (CCCC).
as well as the maximum deflection of the target, while the maximum contact force and residual velocity decrease. Moreover, the
positive temperature field causes compressive force and consequently reduces the structural stiffness. As is evident, the effect of
varying temperature on contact forces and indentation history is
small (less than 5%), while its effect on residual velocity and maximum target deflection is noticeable. Moreover, the SSSS case is
more impressible so that its maximum deflection increases 81% as
the temperature changes from 22 to 80 C. In general, the same
trend was observed for all quantities in the three cases.
6. Conclusion
In this study, the dynamic response of GLARE 5-3/2 subjected to
low velocity impact is investigated. The equations of motion are
derived using the higher order shear deformation theory, the principle of Hamilton, Hertzian contact law and the Ritz approach. The
fourth order RungeKutta is employed to solve the nonlinear coupled system of equations. The influence of various involved param-
181
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time (s)
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (s)
1200
1400
1600
1800
Fig. 12 (continued)
Table 3
Impact results of GLARE 5-3/2 in thermal field with various boundary conditions.
m
BCs
DT (K)
MCF ND (%)
V resid
SSSS
77
0
58
567 (2.35)
554 (0.00)
543 (1.99)
0.0195 (2.01)
0.0199 (0.00)
0.0202 (1.51)
0.33 (3.13)
0.32 (0.00)
0.31 (3.13)
0.045 (28.57)
0.063 (0.00)
0.114 (80.95)
CCCC
77
0
58
513 (2.19)
502 (0.00)
490 (2.39)
0.0183 (1.61)
0.0186 (0.00)
0.0188 (1.08)
0.20 (11.11)
0.18 (0.00)
0.16 (11.11)
0.027 (27.03)
0.037 (0.00)
0.051 (37.84)
CCFF
77
0
58
573 (2.32)
560 (0.00)
548 (2.14)
0.0196 (2.0)
0.0200 (0.00)
0.0203 (1.5)
0.36 (2.86)
0.35 (0.00)
0.33 (5.71)
0.038 (13.64)
0.044 (0.00)
0.052 (18.18)
D %
wmax mmD %
182
Appendix A
M uu
mn
u u
X I 0 N n N m dx dy
uv
Mmn 0
R
w
u
Muw
mn X I 1 N n;x N m dx dy
R
uh1
h1 u
Mmn X If 0 N n N m dx dy
2
Muh
mn 0
v
u
Mmn 0
Mvv
mn
1
M wh
mn
mn
v v
1 h2
M hmn
0
h2 u
M mn
0
R
h2 v
M mn X If 0 N vn N hm2 dx dy
R
h2 w
h2
M mn
X If 1 N w
n;y N m dx dy
v
K umn
Z
X
Z
X
2 h1
M hmn
0
R
h2 h2
M mn X If f N hn2 N hm2 dx dy
w
I2 N w
n;y N m;y dx dy
h2
K vmn
A12 N vn;y N um;x A16 N vn;x N um;x A26 N vn;y N um;y A66 Nvn;x Num;y dx dy
2
K uh
mn
vu
K mn
K vv
mn
Z
X
Z
X
Z
X
Z
v w
v w
B12 Nvn;y Nw
m;xx B16 N n;x N m;xx B22 N n;y N m;yy
X
v w
v w
B26 Nvn;x Nw
m;yy 2B26 N n;y N m;xy 2B66 N n;x N m;xy dx dy
v
K w
mn
K ww
mn
Z
X
w
w
w
w
w
D11 Nw
n;xx N m;xx D12 N n;yy N m;xx 2D16 N n;xy N m;xx
w
w
w
w
w
2D16 Nw
n;xx N m;xy 2D26 N n;yy N m;xy 4D66 N n;xy N m;xy
w
T w
w
T
w
w
T
w
w
NTx Nw
n;x N m;x N y N n;y N m;y N xy N n;x N m;y N xy N n;y N m;x dxdy
1
1
1
1
E11 N hn;x
N um;x E16 Nhn;y
Num;x E66 N hn;y
N um;y E16 N hn;x
N um;y dx dy
2
2
2
2
E12 N hn;y
Num;x E16 Nhn;x
Num;x E26 Nhn;y
Num;y E66 Nhn;x
Num;y dx dy
Z
h1
w
h1
w
1
F 11 Nhn;x
Nw
m;xx F 16 N n;y N m;xx F 12 N n;x N m;yy
X
h1
w
h1
w
1
F 26 Nhn;y
Nw
m;yy 2F 16 N n;x N m;xy 2F 66 N n;y N m;xy dx dy
1
K wh
mn
Z
h2
w
h2
w
2
F 12 Nhn;y
Nw
m;xx F 16 N n;x N m;xx F 22 N n;y N m;yy
X
h2
w
h2
w
2
F 26 Nhn;x
Nw
m;yy 2F 26 N n;y N m;xy 2F 66 N n;x N m;xy dx dy
2
K wh
mn
A12 N un;x N vm;y A26 N un;y N vm;y A16 Nun;x N vm;x A66 Nun;y Nvm;x dx dy
A22 N vn;y N vm;y A26 N vn;x N vm;y A26 Nvn;y Nvm;x A66 Nvn;x Nvm;x dx dy
Z
Z
w
w
w
w
w
D12 Nw
n;xx N m;yy D22 N n;yy N m;yy 2D26 N n;xy N m;yy
Z
vw
v
w
v
w
v
K mn
B12 Nw
n;xx N m;y B22 N n;yy N m;y 2B26 N n;xy N m;y
X
v
w
v
w
v
B16 Nw
n;xx N m;x B26 N n;yy N m;x 2B66 N n;xy N m;x dxdy
h1
K vmn
2
2
2
2
E22 Nhn;y
N vm;y E26 Nhn;x
Nvm;y E26 Nhn;y
Nvm;x E66 Nhn;x
Nvm;x dx dy
u
w
u
w
B11 Nun;x Nw
m;xx B12 N n;x N m;yy B16 N n;y N m;xx
u
w
u
w
2B16 Nun;x Nw
m;xy B26 N n;y N m;yy 2B66 N n;y N m;xy dx dy
Z
u
w
u
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References
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