Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ntof
Agriculture
IV
Economic
Research
Service
Agricultural
Economic
Report
Number 700
ERS electronic databases are also available on the worldwide Internet through a cooperative project between ERS and the Albert R. Mann Library at Cornell University.
For access:
1. Gopher client-gopher usda.mannlib.cornell.edu 70.
2. Telnet-telnet usda.mannlib.cornell.edu and login as "usda" (no password is
needed). This will connect you to the Gopher with the basic Unix client.
3. FTP-ftp usda.mannlib.cornell.edu, login as "anonymous" with your ID name oremail address as the passowrd, then cd usda.
For further information about Internet access methods, please write to Oya Rieger,
Albert R, Mann Library, Cornell University, tthaca, NY 14853-4301 (oyri @cornell.edu) or phone 607-255-7960.
The U.S. Rice Industry. By Parveen Setia, Nathan Childs, Eric Wailes, and
Janet Livezey. Commodity Economics Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Agricultural Economic Report No. AER-700.
Abstract
The U.S. rice industry, which includes farmers, handlers, dryers, millers, processors, and traders, is more vertically integrated than other grain markets. The
industry has over 300 years of history in the United States and has shown itself
adaptable to changes in technology, regional advantage, export markets, environmental concerns, and consumer taste. Although producing only 1 to 2 percent
of the world crop, the United States accounts for 16 to 17 percent of world rice
trade. About half the U.S. crop is exported each year to diverse markets in
Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and Canada. Rice production
accounts for less than 1 percent of field crop value in the United States. It is
more capital-intensive than other grain crops and rice farms are larger than
other grain farms. Production is concentrated in six States. Important factors
affecting the future of the U.S. rice industry include: the opening of world markets, environmental legislation, new uses for byproducts, and greater income
growth in developing countries.
Keywords: Rice, supply, demand, prices, quality, marketing system, trade.
Government programs.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the reviews and constructive suggestions of Reindall
Schnepf, Michael Salassi, Sam Evans, Linwood Hoffman (all of the Economic
Research Service); Andrew Aaronson (World Agricultural Outlook Board),
Eugene Rosera (Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service), and Stanley Phillips (Foreign Agricultural Service). The authors also thank Tom
McDonald and Carol Morgan (Economics Management Staff) for editorial assistance, and Lilia George, Emily Hage, and Anissa Cotton for tabulation and
graphic support.
September 1994
Contents
Summary
Background
iv
1
4
4
12
16
20
23
Supply
Production
Stocks
Imports
Factors Influencing Supply
23
23
26
26
26
Domestic Demand
Direct Food Use
Processed Food Use
Per Capita Use
Package Size
Brewers' Use
Byproducts
Seed Use
Factors Affecting Domestic Demand
30
30
33
36
36
37
37
38
39
Prices
Farm Prices
Milled Rice Prices
Byproduct Prices
The Marketing Loan
39
39
43
43
43
Rice Quality
Measurement of Quality
Measurement Technology
Quality Control
Grades and Standards
Issues and Problems
Information Dissemination
Promotional Activities
Anticipated Changes
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
47
Marketing System
Drying and Storage Sector
Marketing Sector
Mining Sector
47
48
50
51
Policy
World War II to the 1960's
Legislation of the 1970's
Legislation of the 1980's
Current Legislation
Consequences of Policy
57
58
58
59
60
61
63
64
64
65
65
67
Glossary
70
Bibliography
77
Appendix Tables
81
Summary
World demand for U.S. rice remains high, and domestic demand is rising as weU. Consistent with previous
years, the United States is expected to rank second
among worid rice exporters in 1994, behind Thailand.
The United States supplies nearly 17 percent of the
world market. World rice trade in 1994 is expected to
total a record 15.5 million tons. Japan's decision to
import rice from the United states, Thailand, and
China in late 1993, after a shortfall in its production,
mainly explains the large increase in world rice trade.
This report reviews all aspects of the industry, including supply, demand, prices, Govemment programs,
rice quality, the marketing system, and trade.
In recent years, the United States has been exporting
nearly half its rice crop, or 70 to 80 milUon cwt, with
the rest used to satisfy the domestic market. By contrast, from 1960 to 1990 the U.S. rice industry
exported about 60 percent of its production.
Domestic consumption now accounts for over half
the crop, up from 40 percent in 1980/81. It has grown
faster than the population rate, thus providing millers
a viable market. Per capita consumption of rice is rising at the rate of about 1 pound per year and currently
stands at more than 22 pounds.
A rise in the U.S. Asian and Hispanic populations
has been a major factor in increased domestic demand
for rice. Health benefits associated with increased consumption of rice, which is free from sodium, fat, and
cholesterol, have played a key role in raising domestic
demand as well.
The introduction of several quick cooking rice dishes,
such as boil-in-the-bag items and microwavable
dishes, has further encouraged domestic consumption. The rice industry has highlighted both the
nutritional value and convenience of rice in its marketing efforts.
Rice use in processed food is the fastest growing
category. Processed food use includes such products
as breakfast cereals, pet food, package mixes,
candy, soup, baby food, crackers, rice pudding,
confectioneries and snack items, cooking batters, and
desserts.
The shift from largely export use to the domestic
market in the United States has forced millers and
producers to focus on quality, grain size, brand identification, variety, and marketing.
Total acreage planted to rice in the United States varied from 1.6 million acres in 1961 to 3.8 million acres
in 1981, falling to 2.9 million acres in 1993. The
main rice-producing States are Arkansas, California,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas.
While average prices received by rice producers have
shown no long-term growth since 1980/81, and
USDA rice program benefits have been essentially frozen since 1990, production costs have steadily risen.
Rising prices for such items as water, fuel, wages, fertilizer, and chemicals have put strong pressure on rice
producers to raise yields as the only means of maintaining returns.
With the recent successful completion of the Uruguay
Round of trade negotiations, rice exports by the
United States are likely to remain important, despite
the challenges of stricter environmental regulations
and rising costs.
Background
Rice is an ancient grain whose exact place of origin is
not known with certainty. Wild species of rice have
been found over a broad area extending south and
east from India and South China across continental
Asia and insular Southeast Asia. Rice produced in
Asia, whose cultivated species is known as Oryza sativa, is believed to have evolved from an annual
progenitor in a wide area stretching from the Gangetic
Plain below the foothills of the Himalayas, across upper Burma, and through northern Thailand, northern
Vietnam, and southern China (Chang, 1977). Archaeologists have established that rice was domesticated
as early as the fifth millennium B.C. (Lu and Chang,
1980). There seems to be a consensus that cultivated
rice varieties originated in the floodplains rather than
in upland areas (Chang, 1976).
In addition to being considered the premium food
grain in India, rice has been used in religious ceremonies and prayers there for 5,(X)0 years. In the western
world, rice is thrown at weddings as a symbol of
abundance and fertility. Rice is mentioned in Chinese
records as early as 2,8(X) B.C. In the Chinese language, the spoken character for cooked rice is "fan"
which is also the word for food, and when pronounced
with a different intonation is the verb "to eat."
Rice is deeply ingrained in Japanese cultural lifestyle,
literature, and history, a history in which shortages of
rice have led to the overthrow of local governments.
From the early 17th century through the 19th century,
local Japanese lords were frequently recognized in national rankings by the amount of rice produced in
their territories. The larger the rice crop in a territory,
the greater the economic and military reputation of
the lord. To this day, rice has remained an important
cultural component in Japanese life.
Rice was cultivated during the dynastic period in
Egypt, as evidenced by carbonized grains found in the
pyramids. Rice was traded between Rome and Egypt,
and between Egypt, India, and China. The Moors
Production
Pounds
South Carolina
Georgia
Louisiana
North Carolina
Mississippi
Florida
Alabama
Kentucky
Tennessee
Arkansas
Illinois
Virginia
Missouri
U.S. total
66,897,244
13,417,209
3,765,541
3.324,123
861.711
495,625
156.469
16.848
8.455
5,787
3,804
598
65
88,952.768
I860
1920
1880
1930
1910
1966
1938
1960
1993
1.000 cwt
Arkansas
California
Louisiana
Texas
ly^ississippi
Missouri
4.372
3,769
9,337
6,151
0
0
13,536
13,752
13,053
12,823
1.298
129
62,094
36,271
24.108
16.095
12.985
4.557
U.S. total
23,628
54,591
156.110
years. Export sales currently exceed $1 billion annually, even though the United States accounts for only
1.5 to 2 percent of world production.
Based on the value of annual sales, the largest number of rice farms were in the $100,000 to $249,999
category in both 1987 and 1982 (table 3). On the
other hand, the number of farms having sales of
$250,000 or more decreased over 20 percent between
1982 and 1987. Payment limitations contained in the
1985 Farm Act likely contributed to the reduction in
rice farms found in the highest sales category. During the same time, all U.S. farms in this sales
category increased about 8 percent.
a-
Value of sales
Arkansas
1987
1982
.,
California
1987
1982
Louisiana
1982
1987
1987
1982
Texas
1982
1987
Missouri
1987
1982
MiSSiSSiDDi
United States
1982
1987
18
58
162
316
530
1,410
2,066
800
253
15
50
127
242
580
1,360
1,874
870
313
6
12
34
68
134
476
529
214
181
8
13
37
73
112
237
354
237
248
44
71
142
219
308
701
592
141
55
30
53
143
200
318
753
725
216
67
0
3
3
9
35
163
295
173
122
2
1
4
10
26
76
227
215
153
0
5
11
22
59
144
155
44
9
0
0
3
12
35
91
112
35
15
2
5
12
41
112
447
426
126
41
3
5
9
26
84
249
425
241
112
70
154
364
675
1,178
3,341
4,063
1,499
669
58
122
323
563
1,155
2,766
3,717
1,814
913
All producers
5,613
5,431
1,654
1,319
2,273
2,505
803
714
449
303
1,212
1,154
12,013
11,431
Item
Arkansas
1987
1982
California
1987
1982
Louisiana
1987
1982
1987
1982
MiSSiSSiDDi
Missouri
1987
1982
Texas
1987
1982
United States
1987
1982
32.248
6,477
1,339
34,725
7,484
1,505
59,259
7,676
9,609
59,048
8,765
8,317
18,644
3,600
989
21,991
4,699
1,033
24.305
4,273
1,040
31,122
5,800
1,???
80,396
11,655
1,865
86,837
12,725
2,059
110,358
16.521
3,512
5,613
1,041
54,663
385
52.5
5,431
1,263
56,861
463
45
1,654
399
28,566
174
71.6
1,319
567
36,668
235
64.7
2,273
417
17,970
138
43.1
2,508
573
23,488
191
41
803
196
10,467
79
53.5
714
240
10,106
80
42.1
449
67
3,421
23
51.3
303
66
3,002
25
45.7
1,212
299
16,345
131
54.6
Rice
Farms
Acres (thousand)
Production (thousand cwt)
Value (million $)
Yield per acre (cwt)
1.154
521
24.702
224
47.4
12,013
2,425
131,716
933
54.3
11,431
3,231
154,882
1,219
47.9
Figure 2
Ar1<ansas
nondelta
c
O)
o'
(D
5"
o.
c
>
m
Mississippi
RiverDelta
Southwest
LxHjisiana
c
CO
c
&
3
i
Table 5Number of rice farms in relation to farms producing other agricultural commodities, selected by States
Item
All Farms
Arkansas
1987
1982
California
1987
1982
Louisiana
1987
1982
Mississippi
1987
1982
Missouri
1987
1982
Texas
1987
1982
United States
1987
1982
48.242
50.504
83.217
82,383
27,350
31,558
34,074
42,393
106,105
112,419
188,788
184.945
2,087,759
2,239,300
Rice
Percent of State total
5.613
11.6
5,431
10.8
1,654
2.0
1,319
1.6
2,273
8.3
2,505
7.9
803
2.4
714
1.7
449
0.4
303
0.3
1,212
0.6
1,154
0.6
12,013
0.6
11,431
0.5
8.107
16.8
3.214
6.7
26.719
55.4
957
2.0
5.470
11.3
3.775
7.8
10.711
21.2
2.119
4.2
27.679
54.8
1,265
2.5
5.290
10.5
3,440
6.8
2,624
3.2
5,267
6.3
18,836
22.6
2,532
3.0
1,201
1.4
52,757
63.4
3,308
4.0
4,947
6.0
21,192
25.7
2,708
3.3
1,472
1.8
48,756
59.2
4,795
17.5
4.015
14.7
13,384
48.9
856
3.1
488
1.8
3.812
13.9
7,362
23.3
3,563
11.3
15,556
49.3
1.059
3.4
587
1.9
3.431
10.9
4,274
12.5
4,518
13.3
19,441
57.1
818
2.4
1.470
4.3
3,553
10.4
8,774
20.7
3,876
9.1
23.238
54.8
1.136
2.7
1.659
3.9
3,710
8.8
24,024
22.6
6,091
5.7
63,827
60.2
4,165
3.9
959
0.9
7,039
6.6
28.550
25.4
4,140
3.7
67,520
60.1
4,923
4.4
1,082
1.0
6,204
5.5
11,767
6.2
21,065
11.2
129,600
68.6
2.402
1.3
1.817
1.0
22,137
11.7
20,946
11.3
17,391
9.4
123.166
66.6
2,773
1.5
1,831
1.0
18,838
10.2
458.396
22.0
243,628
11.7
892.267
42.7
138,311
6.6
38,494
1.8
316.663
15.2
576,369
25.7
253,093
11.3
905.963
40.5
164,472
7.3
41,953
1.9
297.450
13.3
Arl<ansas
1982
1987
California
1987
1982
Louisiana
1987
1982
MississiDDi
1982
1987
Missouri
1987
1982
Texas
1987
1982
United States
1987
1982
Number of farms
1-9
10-49
50-69
70-99
100-139
140-179
180-219
220-259
260-499
500-999
1,000-1,999
2,000 +
Total
Average farm size
1
96
51
133
152
157
150
154
969
1844
1376
530
6
116
72
139
137
187
132
162
1063
1679
1204
532
3
51
30
47
81
143
127
112
456
307
185
112
11
89
41
54
57
71
51
47
252
266
204
176
6
123
63
73
119
105
74
81
456
643
392
138
14
137
83
89
118
105
86
86
576
675
383
153
0
1
0
3
10
8
9
6
91
259
229
187
0
5
3
3
12
9
9
13
53
147
273
187
1
4
2
9
14
13
11
24
103
154
96
18
0
7
0
7
7
10
6
9
74
114
51
18
0
9
10
16
30
47
53
39
233
310
251
214
3
20
8
14
18
22
40
28
168
317
261
255
11
284
156
281
406
473
424
416
2,309
3,517
2,530
1,206
34
374
207
306
349
404
324
345
2,186
3,198
2,378
1.326
5,613
186
5,431
232
1,654
241
1,319
430
2,273
184
2505
229
803
243
714
337
449
148
303
217
1,212
247
1,154
451
12,013
202
11,431
283
8
D
Q.
C
Figure 3
Thousands
12
10
AR
LA
MS
MO
1982
TX
Total
CA
South
1987
US
Figure 4
400
300 -
200 -
100 -
AR
LA
MS
MO
TX
Total CA
South
US
^m 1982
^a 1987
Source: Census of Agriculture, U.S. Department
of Commerce.
10
O)
J3
8
D
sa
>
m
Table 7Size distribution of U.S. rice farms by State and U.S. total
Size
(acres)
Arkansas
1987
1982
California
1987
1982
Louisiana
1982
1987
MississiDDi
1987
1982
Missouri
1982
1987
Texas
1982
1987
United States
1982
1987
Percent
1-9
10-49
50-69
70-99
100-139
140-179
180-219
220-259
260-499
500-999
1000-1999
2000 +
Total
0.02
1.7
0.9
2.4
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.7
17.3
32.9
24.5
9.4
0.11
2.1
1.3
2.6
2.5
3.4
2.4
3.0
19.6
30.9
22.2
9.8
0.2
3.1
1.8
2.8
4.9
8.6
7.7
6.8
27.6
18.6
11.2
6.8
0.8
6.7
3.1
4.1
4.3
5.4
3.9
3.6
19.1
20.2
15.5
13.3
0.3
5.4
2.8
3.2
5.2
4.6
3.3
3.6
20.1
28.3
17.2
6.1
0.6
5.5
3.3
3.6
4.7
4.2
3.4
3.4
23.0
26.9
15.3
6.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.4
1.2
1.0
1.1
0.7
11.3
32.3
28.5
23.3
0.0
0.7
0.4
0.4
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.8
7.4
20.6
38.2
26.2
0.2
0.9
0.4
2.0
3.1
2.9
2.4
5.3
22.9
34.3
21.4
4.0
0.0
2.3
0.0
2.3
2.3
3.3
2.0
3.0
24.4
37.6
16.8
5.9
0.0
0.7
0.8
1.3
2.5
3.9
4.4
3.2
19.2
25.6
20.7
17.7
0.3
1.7
0.7
1.2
1.6
1.9
3.5
2.4
14.6
27.5
22.6
22.1
0.1
2.4
1.3
2.3
3.4
3.9
3.5
3.5
19.2
29.3
21.1
10.0
0.3
3.3
1.8
2.7
3.1
3.5
2.8
3.0
19.1
28.0
20.8
11.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
c
i
3
o'
5"
Q.
C
sa
Arkansas
1987
1982
California
1987
1982
Louisiana
1987
1982
MississiODi
1987
1982
Missouri
1987
1982
Texas
1987
1982
United States
1987
1982
Percent
1-9
10-49
50-69
70-99
100-139
140-179
180-219
220-259
260-499
500-999
1000-1999
2000 +
9.1
33.8
32.7
47.3
37.4
33.2
35.4
37.0
42.0
52.4
54.4
43.9
17.6
31.0
34.8
45.4
39.3
46.3
40.7
47.0
48.6
52.5
50.6
40.1
27.3
18.0
19.2
16.7
20.0
30.2
30.0
26.9
19.7
8.7
7.3
9.3
32.4
23.8
19.8
17.6
16.3
17.6
15.7
13.6
11.5
8.3
8.6
13.3
54.5
43.3
40.4
26.0
29.3
22.2
17.5
19.5
19.7
18.3
15.5
11.4
41.2
36.6
40.1
29.1
33.8
26.0
26.5
24.9
26.3
21.1
16.1
11.5
0.0
0.4
0.0
1.1
2.5
1.7
2.1
1.4
3.9
7.4
9.1
15.5
0.0
1.3
1.4
1.0
3.4
2.2
2.8
3.8
2.4
4.6
11.5
14.1
9.1
1.4
1.3
3.2
3.4
2.7
2.6
5.8
4.5
4.4
3.8
1.5
0.0
1.9
0.0
2.3
2.0
2.5
1.9
2.6
3.4
3.6
2.1
1.4
0.0
3.2
6.4
5.7
7.4
9.9
12.5
9.4
10.1
8.8
9.9
17.7
8.8
5.3
3.9
4.6
5.2
5.4
12.3
8.1
7.7
9.9
11.0
19.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
46.7
47.5
13.8
11.5
18.9
21.9
6.7
6.2
3.7
2.7
10.1
10.1
100.0
100.0
CO
Figure SA
CA
AR
1-24
LA
26-99
MS
MO
TX
us
260*
100249
Figure 5B
i 1-24
^ 26-99
111 100-249
^ 260*
14
Figure 6A
Full Owners
Tenants
Part Owners
Figure 6B
AR
CA
LA
Hi Full Owners
MS
MO
TX
US
^^^ Tenants
15
Production Characteristics
Respondents to the most recently completed Economic Research Service's Farm Costs and Returns
Survey (FCRS) (1988) accounted for 121.6 miUion
cwt of rice (78 percent of U.S. rice-planted acreage
and production) harvested on about 2.25 million acres
by 7,899 farmers (Salassi, 1992b).
Producers plant rice between March and May and harvest between late July and late October (Dismukes,
'Times-over is defined as the acreage covered in the operation divided by the acreage planted to rice.
16
Occupation
California
1987
1982
Louisiana
1987
1982
Mississippi
1987
1982
Missouri
1987
1982
Texas
1987
1982
United States
1987
1982
All producers
Percent of national total
5,613
46.7
5,431
47.5
1,654
13.8
1,319
11.5
2,273
18.9
2,505
21.9
803
6.7
714
6.2
449
3.7
303
2.7
1,212
10.1
1.154
10.1
12,013
100
11,431
100
Full-time farming
Percent of State total
5,034
89.7
5,049
93.0
1,394
84.3
1,173
88.9
1,963
86.4
2,186
87.3
742
92.4
673
94.3
392
87.3
279
92.1
1,078
88.9
1,063
92.1
10,610
88.3
10,427
91.2
Other occupations
Percent of State total
579
10.3
382
7.0
260
15.7
146
11.1
310
13.6
319
12.7
61
7.6
41
5.7
57
12.7
24
7.9
134
11.1
91
7.9
1,403
11.7
1,004
8.8
Item
Arkansas
non-Delta
California
Upper
Texas
gulf
coast
Lower
Texas
gulf
coast
6.73
2.17
1.00
0.87
2.91
0.40
1.71
0.16
0.37
7.27
0.15
2.60
2.00
1.94
Mississippi
River
Delta
Southwest
Louisiana
Times-over
4.79
Tillage
Plowing
Disking
Cultivating
Harrowing
Bedding
Soil packing
Other tillage
Fertilizer and
pesticides
Planting
Harvesting
5.31
0.07
2.10
0.60
0.72
*
0.54
1.20
3.82
1.68
1.34
0.31
0.09
0.26
0.34
0.07
0.20
0.26
0.33
0.45
0.17
1.10
0.98
0.70
0.85
0.11
1.06
0.85
0.15
0.05
0.98
0.18
0.28
1.00
0.09
0.83
1.46
7.57
5.40
6.82
4.10
8.19
9.64
0.30
*
3.38
1.05
1.45
Figure 7A
Under 25
4554
^ 25-34
Ili 5564
3544
65 and above
Figure 7B
Under 25
4554
^ 25-34
ill 5564
^ 3544
SB 65 and above
18
Item
Arkansas
non-Delta
California
108.9
115.4
140.2
Fertilization rate:
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potash
132.1
8.7
23.8
101.8
39.1
5.1
164.1
*
0.0
0.0
Acres treated:
Insecticides
Fungicides
Herbicides
37.5
196.2
64.8
0.0
258.7
Water source:
Well
Purchased
Surface
Other
91.6
0.0
8.4
0.0
14.7
75.5
7.5
2.3
491
381
571
*
318
536
426
433
13,882
2.227
2,269
2.622
15.318
2.473
5.622
3.219
Rice drying:
Onfarm
Commercial
Sold green
25.0
44.6
30.4
13.2
85.9
*
19.2
22.7
Southwest
Louisiana
Upper
Texas
gulf
coast
Lower
Texas
gulf
coast
114.5
109.0
106.2
101.9
0.0
109.4
98.6
0.0
176.0
48.6
24.7
200.1
46.5
26.9
103.7
58.9
249.6
119.7
50.8
203.2
66.1
28.5
52.3
37.9
9.8
0.0
Seeding rate:
AerialFlooded land
Dryland
Drilled
Broadcast
Tractor use:
Two-wheel
TWA1/
Four-wheel
Crawler
Mississippi
River
Delta
124.1
120.0
110.5
121.8
Pounds oer acre
151.0
2.6
0.7
Percent
35.7
64.0
268.4
Percent of acres
84.7
0.0
14.4
0.9
Hours of annual use
640
519
653
Miles per truck oer farm
17.028
2,967
3,135
2,192
Percent of production
53.5
37.9
8.6
19.2
133.3
127.0
129.8
0.0
107.5
47.0
44.6
54.9
40.2
164.1
53.7
3.5
40.9
435
459
482
13,599
3,019
1,953
10,190
32.5
58.5
9.0
402
582
542
*
695
16,560
2,965
3,892
20,465
2,449
2,705
4,013
55.8
44.2
0.0
6.0
93.1
19.2
19.5
20.4
20
Production Costs
Estimates of rice per acre and per cwt cost of production from 1975 to 1990 are presented in tables 12 and
13. The estimates were calculated using the Oklahoma State University (FEDS) budget generator for
1975 to 1987, and by farm-level cost models for 1988
through 1990 (Salassi, 1992b). Costs are divided into
cash and noncash expenses and summed to obtain total economic costs. Cash expenses (out-of-pocket
costs incurred during production) are divided into variable and fixed expenses.
Variable cash expenses are money spent on seed; fertilizer; chemicals; custom operations; fuel, lubricants,
and electricity; repairs; hired labor; drying; technical
services; and miscellaneous items. Fixed-cash expenses include general farm overhead, taxes and
insurance, and interest expenses on operating loans
and real estate. Cash expenses provide a reasonable
picture of shortrun profitability of producing rice
while total economic costs measure longrun resource
allocation. Economic costs consist of cash expenses,
except interest payments, plus imputed values for capital, land, and the farmer's own labor. The economic
returns to management are a residual equal to the difference between economic costs and cash receipts.
According to ERS's Farm Costs and Returns Survey
of 1988, 25 percent of rice farms had variable cash expenses of $4.67 per cwt or less. These low-cost
producers accounted for 30 percent of total rice production. High-cost producers, with variable cash
expenses of more than $6.59 per cwt, accounted for
16 percent of total rice production. Other important
findings of the FCRS survey are:
(1) About 52 percent of the low-cost producers were
located in the Arkansas non-Delta region, while 66
percent of the high-cost producers were located in the
Mississippi River Delta and gulf coast regions.
(2) Although low-cost producers made greater use of
partnership and corporate organization arrangements,
sole proprietorship was the most common type of
farm organization in general.
Item
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
296.03
179.66
81.57
176.52
80.89
158.43
81.66
171.25
86.34
184.29
92.97
222.54
97.92
240.79
237.15
224.34
229.67
249.23
257.87
262.90
277.63
287.16
89.36
81.70
61.27
74.21
88.28
62.37
54.35
57.37
58.31
64.00
60.88
335.60
322.49
298.42
298.55
317.95
311.60
312.22
320.27
335.94
361.15
356.91
246.26
261.23
257.41
240.09
257.59
277.27
320.46
87.52
74.26
78.6
78.67
100.94
89.59
104.42
70.31
104.51
125.75
137.32
74.75
97.06
121.61
140.21
113.46
141.56
392.80
402.93
424.30
455.27
386.35
409.28
441.88
476.16
464.61
497.47
305.03
300.80
299.82
304.73
337.64
336.74
346.49
371.84
378.04
393.68
144.86
153.00
190.93
186.43
153.99
118.81
101.01
99.16
100.74
111.52
106.08
431.66
458.03
491.73
486.25
458.72
456.45
437.76
445.65
472.58
489.56
498.76
348.75
331.67
318.69
336.26
378.21
410.05
440.02
198.81
194.15
198.30
203.13
223.36
256.56
286.69
California:
Variable costs
Fixed costs
122.82
122.31
123.41
129.69
143.95
160.24
321.63
316.46
321.71
332.73
367.31
416.80
Noncash costs
64.28
52.01
78.15
49.87
127.54
127.04
137.99
96.19
84.94
108.14
123.42
88.76
118.27
183.38
214.21
182.70
193.36
554.22
576.67
694.39
582.14
646.21
656.02
629.03
686.79
672.26
692.11
336.77
385.91
368.47
399.86
382.60
494.85
543.84
569.64
167.56
175.98
166.29
171.85
186.80
212.76
238.04
232.53
235.13
243.17
252.32
266.30
268.00
299.07
316.00
329.66
81.46
82.08
76.44
57.91
68.28
79.03
54.36
47.65
47.26
47.36
52.08
49.22
294.22
320.12
308.97
293.04
311.45
331.35
320.66
316.65
346.33
362.36
381.74
385.99
Delta (AR.MS.LA):
Variable costs
Fixed costs
Total cash costs
Noncash costs
Total economic costs
63.01
61.98
63.03
68.59
75.10
230.57
237.96
229.33
240.44
261.89
64.33
63.77
80.07
66.92
87.79
72.13
90.66
51.98
81.25
82.28
82.42
66.21
76.33
124.51
143.24
124.07
140.31
349.68
366.35
410.78
360.95
374.29
393.73
413.77
386.87
391.88
470.84
506.60
505.81
526.30
342.72
294.90
301.73
309.40
307.36
200.99
194.52
167.58
186.01
211.87
247.61
272.70
318.81
310.74
299.43
313.01
302.91
302.07
310.13
319.03
329.55
67.32
69.43
74.79
83.80
92.17
79.72
71.13
73.46
70.39
56.75
48.99
52.86
62.49
57.56
54.24
286.66
331.41
364.87
398.53
381.87
372.89
383.40
359.66
361.06
362.99
371.52
387.10
396.96
106.60
96.30
101.41
75.40
90.13
87.74
90.91
53.02
70.19
119.88
132.35
125.91
141.06
538.02
330.31
65.55
65.66
266.53
260.18
234.90
255.44
64.75
54.56
61.20
80.14
331.28
314.74
296.10
335.58
393.26
427.71
466.28
473.93
472.00
460.63
474.31
412.68
421.26
482.87
603.87
513.01
189.25
185.84
171.06
181.71
201.64
234.46
258.27
272.56
268.39
264.58
271.41
287.21
286.93
292.26
306.80
316.54
78.98
84.15
92.30
100.36
97.11
91.59
82.93
89.95
91.69
67.11
58.35
58.32
59.15
64.34
61.58
365.95
380.88
391.89
U.S. average:
Variable costs
Fixed costs
Total cash costs
Noncash costs
Total economic costs
78.21
77.74
267.46
263.58
250.03
265.86
293.94
334.82
355.38
364.14
351.32
354.53
363.10
354.32
344.28
350.58
69.31
59.43
72.91
71.14
102.36
94.47
105.48
71.85
92.10
100.17
109.11
67.04
89.66
128.41
147.19
126.85
147.34
478.99
613.14
506.73
639.23
336.77
323.01
322.94
337.00
396.30
429.29
Source: USDA/ERS, 1991 (Report No. ECIFS 9-5) and 1992 (Report No. ECIFS 10-4).
ro
460.86
435.99
443.42
454.70
472.21
421.36
433.94
IS
Table 13~Total unit cost of production (rough rice basis), 1975-91
Region
Arkansas (non-Delta)
California
Delta
Gulf Coast
U.S. average
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
7.37
6.73
7.54
7.96
7.40
6.92
6.62
6.69
7.23
6.90
7.36
6.92
7.48
7.41
7.34
7.55
7.37
7.24
7.97
7.57
8.78
7.64
8.51
9.76
8.67
9.91
8.50
9.97
11.14
9.93
9.71
8.35
9.70
10.64
9.65
9.11
8.17
9.00
10.67
9.30
9.44
8.24
9.36
11.66
9.74
9.17
8.48
9.17
10.20
9.30
8.75
8.08
8.25
9.81
8.78
7.16
7.14
7.44
7.84
7.40
7.64
7.90
6.13
8.32
7.94
8.26
9.07
9.29
9.54
8.90
8.52
8.80
9.53
10.47
9.20
9.40
8.96
10.16
9.84
9.61
9.57
9.01
10.81
10.32
9.94
Rough
Brown
Milled
^
Broken kernels
Subclasses
Long
Medium
Short
Mixed
Long
Medium
Short
Mixed
Long
Medium
Short
Mixed
Second heads
Screenings
Brewers
Grades
CO
Special
Parboiled
Smutty
Weevily
Q.
C
>
m
x
U.S. number
1
2
Parboiled
Smutty
U.S. number
1
2
3
4
3
4
5
6
Sample
Sample
.._
Special
Special
Parboiled
Coated
Undermined
Granulated
Brewers
U.S. number
U.S. number
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sample
1
2
Sample
Supply
Production
Total area planted to rice in the United States since
1960 has varied from 1.6 million acres in 1961 to 3.8
million acres in 1981, and fell to 2.9 million acres in
1993 (app. table 1). Plantings were restricted by Government programs in most of those years before 1974.
During the 1970's, U.S. exports surged in response to
a growing world market, prompting a suspension in
marketing quotas after 1973 and resulting in a sharp
rise in national acreage. While rice acreage expanded
dramatically in some regions with the suspension of
marketing quotas, acreage in other regions changed
very little. Figure 8 shows the trend of U.S. rice acreage, yield, and production during 1960-93.
Rice acreage more than doubled in northeast Arkansas
from 1973 to 1978, and more than quadrupled in the
Mississippi River Delta. The Sacramento Valley of
California had a 25-percent increase, while a moderate decrease occurred in the Grand Prairie of
Arkansas. Southwest Louisiana and the gulf coast of
Texas had the least change. The 1973-78 expansion
was due to the increased profitability of rice compared with alternative enterprises, availability of land
that could be brought into rice production easily, and
production-enhancing features of Government programs.
A more market-oriented farm program was passed in
1975 that shifted emphasis away from Government
supply control. While provisions of the program did
23
Figure 8
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
c
o
CD
Yield
^ Acres
-^^- Production
>
m
D
I
1992
^USDA's Federal Grain Inspection Service uses the length-towidth ratio of the grain in determining whether rice should be classified as long, medium, or short.
25
c
in
D
o"
(D
5"
Q.
C
sa
>
m
State
Farms
1988 1989 1990 1991
1992
1993
Mills
1988 1989 1990 1991
1992 1993
Warehouses
1988 1989 1990 1991
1992 1993
Million cwt.
Arkansas
15.8
California
3.0
Louisiana
7.6
Texas
3.8
Unallocated * 9.5
17.5
3.0
6.0
3.9
9.7
16.8
2.8
6.0
4.0
7.6
16.8
2.8
6.0
4.0
7.6
20.5
2.5
5.0
3.4
8.7
12.0
1.8
3.5
1.6
5.3
4.3
4.5
1.0
2.6
0.4
3.7
3.4
0.9
1.7
0.4
4.5
1.9
1.7
1.2
0.3
4.5
1.9
1.7
1.2
0.3
8.9
1.5
1.9
1.4
0.8
7.2
2.0
2.4
1.5
0.5
33.6
22.4
6.6
12.1
4.6
26.5
24.0
5.1
7.2
3.4
24.6
26.1
4.8
7.8
3.9
24.6
26.5
4.8
7.8
3.2
27.9
30.3
6.4
7.3
5.1
24.0
32.4
5.2
5.7
3.5
U.S. total
40.0
37.2
37.2
40.0
24.2
12.7
10.1
9.6
9.6
14.4
13.6
79.2
66.2
67.1
66.9
76.9
70.8
39.6
tio between 16.5 and 20 percent. This ratio is calculated as the ending stocks of the current year divided
by the average total use of the previous 3 years.
Figure 9 summarizes the disposition of the U.S. rice
crop from 1960 to 1990. One of the marked differences in disposition is in the domestic use and
residual category. In the past decade, domestic use
has gained greater market share at the expense of exports. This change makes the domestic, high-quality
market more important to suppliers.
Types of Rice
Rough Rice Also called paddy
rice, is harvested, whole-kernel
rice with the hull remaining.
Rough rice is sold to mills for
dehuUing and polishing.
Brown Rice Whole or broken
kernels of rice from which only
the hull has been removed.
Brown rice may be eaten as is.
or may be milled into regularmilled white rice. Cooked
brown rice has a sUghtly chewy
texture and a nutty flavor. The
light brown.color is caused by
the presence of seven bran layers, which are very rich in
minerals and vitaminsespecially the B-complex group.
Regular-MiUed White Rice
The rice product produced after
the hull, bran layers, and germ
have been removed.
Head Rice Whole kernels of
milled rice. To categorize as
head rice, the length of the kernel must be at least
three-fourths the length of a
whole kernel.
Brokens Kernels of rice that
are less than three-fourths of
the length of the whole kernels.
28
Figure 9
160
140
120
100
1960
1970
1980
1990
Imports
Beg. stocks
Production
Exports
Ending stocks
Source: USDA/ERS
29
Domestic Demand
The domestic rice market, which more than doubled
from 1977/78 to 1990/91, now accounts for over half
of U.S. rice use, up from about 40 percent in 1980/81.
Over 8 percent of rice consumed domestically is currently satisfied by imports. U.S. per capita rice use is
increasing at about 1 pound per year. Domestic demand is for high quality rice, whether eaten as table
rice, used in processed foods and beer, or as an ingredient in pet food (fig. 10). Production and varietal
decisions have been modified to reflect the increased
demand for high quality rice.
Domestic use of rice increased from about 28 million
cwt (rough basis) in market year 1962/63 to almost 90
million in 1993/94 (app. table 43). Domestic use of
rice is small compared with other grains. Very little
rough and no milled rice is used as a livestock or poultry feed. However, rice byproducts such as rice bran
and hulls have limited use in animal feed. In addition, recent health and nutrition information have
contributed to consumer demand for stabilized rice
bran and rice bran oil.
Direct food use, processed foods (including pet
foods), and beer comprise the domestic outlets for
rice (table 16). Direct food use is the largest domestic oudet, accounting for around 59 percent of total
domestic use in the early 1990's. Processed foods
and beer account for about 21 and 19 percent of domestic use, respectively, and use mostly shorter grains
and broken kernels. Processed food use of rice has
been the fastest growing domestic outlet for U.S. rice
since the early 1980's, while brewers' use has stagnated since the late 1980's.
30
c
CO
33
8
3
Q.
C
Figure 10
>
m
D
1969
1971
1973
1975
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
Marketing year
Direct food use
Source: USDA/ERS
b)
^^ Processed food
lili Beer
1988
1990
1978/79
Outlet
80/81
82/83
84/85
86/87
88/89
90/91
24.72
7.63
10.68
43.03
3.81
27.70
8.62
11.15
47.47
3.32
31.00
11.50
11.00
53.50
3.25
Millier) cwt
15.29
3.72
7.92
26.93
3.85
Direct food 1 /
Processed foods
Beer 2/
Total domestic 3/
Territories
18.94
4.49
7.98
31.40
3.43
19.67
3.34
9.61
32.62
3.58
22.31
5.44
9.67
37.43
3.62
1 / Includes imports.
2/ U.S. Treasury Department.
3/ Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: USDA/ERS's biannual milled rice distribution survey.
Rice type
1978/79
80/81
82/83
84/85
86/87
88/89
90/91
1.000 cwt
Parboiled
Precooked
Precookedparboiled
Brown rice
Other 2/
1,779
936
N/A
1,989
1,029
N/A
3,120
870
N/A
3,639
953
N/A
3,293
662
72
4,383
547
323
3,400
870
804
237
6
375
16
216
140
270
24
407
22
729
23
666
100
Total
2,958
3,408
4,345
4,887
4,887
5,967
5,840
>
m
CO
CD
5"
Q.
C
jj
33
Figure 11
Percent
80
1975
1978
1980
1982
1984
Marketing year
1986
c
CO
8
Q.
C
>
m
Arkansas-Missouri
Louisiana-Florida
Texas-Mississippi
California
Source: USDA/ERS
1988
1990
c
CO
CD
3"
Q.
C
>
m
Rice use
1978/79
80/81
82/83
84/85
86/87
88/89
90/91
1,000 cwt
Cereal
Soup
Baby food
Rice cakes
Package mixes 1 /
Frozen dinners
Candy
Pet food
Other
2,090
157
157
N/A
1,096
N/A
N/A
N/A
217
2,588
147
133
N/A
1,366
N/A
N/A
N/A
257
2,503
176
152
N/A
221
N/A
N/A
N/A
290
3,577
241
316
N/A
567
N/A
N/A
N/A
738
4,800
76
233
288
1,505
61
147
431
9
3,937
119
172
707
1,705
89
220
1,338
335
4,415
117
445
411
3,172
240
105
2,065
1,224
Total 2/
3,717
4,491
3,342
5,438
7,630
8,821
12,194
Pet foods are the third largest (excluding beer) processed use of rice, exceeding 2 miUion cwt in 1990/91,
up from 431,000 cwt in 1986/87. Broken kernels
made up 75 percent of rice used in pet foods, with the
rest being mostly rice flour and short-grain rice. Rice
is considered a high-quality ingredient for dog food,
with important digestive and eUmination attributes.
Significant use of rice in pet food began in the mid1980's.
Rice cakes used 411,000 cwt of rice in 1990/91, up
from 287,000 cwt in 1986/87. Rice cakes are a lowfat, low-sodium, and low-calorie snack. Many new
flavors have been added in the 1990's to enhance the
desirability of rice cakes. Also, smaller rice cakes as
well as popcorn cakes have been developed to meet
market needs. Nacho cheese, caramel, and com have
been added to many rice cakes to enhance flavor.
Thus, the growth in total consumption of rice cakes
has exceeded the growth m the amount of rice used in
rice cakes. Most rice used in rice cakes comes from
California. Neither pet food nor rice cakes were a
large enough product category to track separately before the 1986/87 survey.
Baby food is a traditional use of rice that has shown
substantial growth in the 1990's. Baby food, which
mostly uses rice flour from Arkansas and California,
used 445,000 cwt of rice in 1990/91, more than double the use in 1988/89. Rice use in baby food showed
no long-term growth from the 1950's through the
1980's.
Rice use in soup in 1990/91, at 117,000 cwt, was virtually unchanged from 1988/89. All rice used in soup
is long grain. Rice use in soup has shown no real
growth in the last two decades. Rice use in candy
was under 100,000 cwt in 1990/91. Broken kemels
from Califomia made up about 50 percent of the rice
used in candy, and medium-grain rice and broken kernels from the southern rice milling area made up the
rest. Rice used in frozen dinners more than tripled to
240,000 cwt in 1990/91 from 2 years eariier and was
all long-grain rice. Some parboiled rice is used in frozen dinners.
the rice industry has much competition in the domestic food grain market, its current low market share
indicates substantial room for expansion.
Per capita direct food use of rice, including imports,
was 12.8 pounds in 1990/91, up nearly 14 percent
from 2 years earlier. Adding the rice used in processed foods and used by brewers gives a per capita
consumption of nearly 22 pounds. This is almost 15
percent higher than 2 years earlier. Total per capita
consumption was about 10.5 pounds in 1969/70 and
did not exceed 12 pounds until the late 1970's.
Per capita consumption of rice varies greatly among
regions and between States within regions. The Middle Atlantic region had the highest per capita direct
food use in 1990/91, over 20 pounds, up almost 3
pounds from 1988/89. The Pacific region followed
the Middle Atlantic region with a per capita direct
food use of 17.3 pounds in 1988/89, up from 16.7 in
1988/89. The South Atlantic, at 12.4 pounds in
1990/91, was up 1.5 pounds from 1988/89 and ranked
fourth in per capita direct food use. The West South
Central region reported the third highest per capita direct food use, 14.8 pounds, in 1990/91. Per capita
consumption was well below the national average in
all other regions in 1990/91, with New England, at
7.6 pounds, the highest among the remaining regions.
Package Size.
Of the total direct food use shipments reported for
1990/91, packages of 25- to 100-pounds accounted
for 39 percent, and those less than 5 pounds accounted for 25 percent. Package sizes of 10-24
pounds and 5-9 pounds accounted for 23 percent and
11 percent of total direct food use shipments. Bulk
shipments accounted for just 3 percent of direct food
use shipments. Overall, since the 1960's, the share of
small-range package sizes has declined for domestic
direct food shipments, while the share of larger package sizes has increased. The share accounted for by
the medium-range package size category has remained approximately the same. Larger package
sizes are responsive to greater per capita consumption
and more restaurant and institutional purposes.
Between 1969/70 and 1990/91, the share of domestic
direct food shipments in small packages (under 5
pounds) declined from about 51 percent to 25 percent.
Most of this decrease occurred in the late 1970's,
when direct food use started expanding after almost
two decades of little or no growth. Between 1969/70
and 1990/91, larger package sizes, those 25 pounds or
greater, nearly doubled their share, from 21 percent to
39 percent. Over the same time period, the share acU.S. Rice Industry /AER-700
Brewers' Use
Brewers used about 11 million cwt of milled rice in
1990/91, about the same as a year earlier. This category of rice accounted for most of the growth in
domestic rice use from the early I960's until the late
1970's, a period when growth in food use was quite
slow. However, brewers' use of rice peaked at nearly
11.2 million cwt in 1988/89 and has stagnated at
around 11 milUon cwt since.
The recent stagnation of brewers' demand for rice is
due to several factors. After expanding during the
1980's, total demand for beer did not expand in 1990
and has dropped sUghtly in the early 1990's. And after peaking in 1980, per capita beer use has been
dropping since. This has been due to the aging of the
U.S. population, competition from other beverages,
and some potential health concems related to alcohol
consumption. In addition, beers using rice are considered premium domestic brands, and consumption of
these beers was been hindered more by recession and
slow economic growth than demand for lower priced
or bargain beers. Also, light beers, which have grown
in popularity in recent years, use less rice thin do
regular beers.
Brewers typically use broken kernels, short-grain, and
medium-grain rice rather than higher priced, longgrain rice. Medium- and short-grain rice has
increased as a share of brewers' use of rice since the
mid-1980's, when broken kernels made up over 80
percent of brewers' use. Head rice currently accounts
for over 40 percent of rice used in beer. In the fall of
1991, the major domestic brewer using rice specified
higher quality standards for rice used in beer, thus
heavily tilting demand toward the better quality broken kernels (sorted second heads) and greater use of
medium-grain rice, since some broken rice is regarded
unfit for beer use.
Byproducts
Byproducts from rice milling include rice hulls (about
20 percent of rough rice weight), bran, polish, and
germ (about 8 percent in aggregate of the rough rice
weight or 10 percent of the brown rice weight after removing the hulls). The material removed from brown
rice by milling is about 80 percent rice bran and about
20 percent polish of the starchy endosperm. Rice
bran oil can be extracted from rice bran.
in the raw state it is a relatively inexpensive and abundant byproduct of milling (Young, Cramer, and
Wailes, 1991).
The cholesterol-reduction benefit of rice bran has
been recently attributed to the oil component of the
bran. This health benefit was attributed to the soluble
fiber content in the case of oat bran, fruits, and vegetable fiber. The information on rice bran oil is based
mostly on the work of Dr. Nicolosi and coauthors at
the University of Massachusetts at Lowell (1990).
Two mills in California and one each in Arkansas and
Louisiana have recently conducted tests on extracting
rice bran oil (about 20 percent of rice bran) for sale
through health food stores and as a food ingredient in
bakery products and other food preparations.
This new development may have a major effect on
the demand for rice bran oil if the oil becomes popular. The major supply source of rice bran oil in the
United States is Japan. Plans to produce and market
such oil in Arkansas were recently announced by
Riceland Foods, a rice-producing cooperative
headquartered in Stuttgart, Arkansas.
Most of the stabilized rice bran currently produced by
mills is distributed to food processors for use in such
products as frozen dough and bread mixes. The companies that manufacture bread mixes and frozen
dough for retail and in- store bakeries were among the
first to test rice bran. The second major food market
for stabilized bran is breakfast cereal. As in the case
of the bakery market, the growth of the breakfast cereal market for rice bran ingredient use has been very
limited.
Seed Use
Demand for seed rice is largely a function of acreage
planted. Since 1987/88, annual use of rice for seed
has totaled 3.4 to 4.2 milUon cwt, while planted acreage has ranged from 2.4 to 3.4 million acres. Seed
rice use was 5.1 million cwt in 1980/81 and planted
acreage exceeded 3.8 million acres, a record.
The seed-rice sector is composed of researchers,
breeders, producers, and dealers, all of whom function
to develop, produce, and market improved rice seeds.
Through their linkages with other rice research systems worldwide, U.S. research programs have made
significant advances in their rice breeding objectives.
Increases in rice yields have resulted from the development of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) that have
improved resistance to disease and pests. Research
Byproducts of Rice
Rice Hulls The outer woody coveming of the rice kernel. A very
fine abrasive for certain polishing
operations is made from rice
hulls. They are used in the manufacture of certain other products
such as hand soap and furfural, a
product used in making synthetic
rubber, rayon, and many other
synthetic materials. Thousands
of tons of rice hulls are also used
as conditioners for commercial
fertilizers, and as fuel.
36
Rice Bran This is the outer cuticle layer and the germ of the rice
grain which is removed in the
milling process.
Rice Polish Rice pohsh is produced during the final stages of
the milling process. It consists of
the inner layer of the grain plus
small quantities of the outer layer
of the kernel. It is highly digestible and has a high vitamin
content.
has also helped to continue and strengthen the superior quality of U.S .-produced rice. Quality milled
rice, with the desired size, shape, appearance, and nutritional and cooking quality, has allowed the United
States to remain competitive in worid export markets.
The relatively small size of the domestic rice industry
limits the amount of certified seed that can be produced and marketed as compared to other grains.
Private research into varietal development has been
limited, due to the high cost of such research and limited prospects for recovery of such investments. To
compensate for this, most rice cultivars are developed
by cooperative programs between USDA and the
State experiment stations.
Each State has growers who produce seed-mainly certified seed~for rice producers. Most of the seed is
provided under contract with a seed company that is
registered with the governing agency of that State, Ucensing them to sell seed in that State. Any grower
may produce seed rice, but in order to sell that seed to
a certified seed company, the grower must pass both
field and laboratory inspections and be licensed to sell
seed rice.
The costs of growing seed rice are greater than those
for producing rice for direct food consumption. To
offset higher costs, seed companies purchase the commercial seed production at a premium. Since seed
rice is grown chiefly under contract with a specified
seed company, the varietal type of seed produced is
usually a mutual decision between the seed contractor
and seed producer.
Prices
Farm Prices
Farm prices have accounted for 12-15 percent of the
retail price of regular milled long-grain rice since
1990. Milled rice prices have typically been about
double farm prices, thus accounting for one-fourth to
one-third the retail price of regular, milled, long-grain
white rice. Although all three prices tend to move together, changes in farm prices have only minor effects
on retail prices.
Government programs have had a major impact on
U.S. rice prices since 1950. Farm support prices were
above world trading prices from 1955 to 1972, and
again from 1981 to 1986. This phenomenon had the
effect of isolating domestic prices from factors affecting the world market and making U.S. rice
uncompetitive in some export markets. A marketing
loan provision was included in the 1985 farm bill in
order to decouple the selling price from the support
price. This provision resulted in more competitive
U.S. prices in both domestic and export markets, but
increased total Federal outlays to rice farmers.
The seasonal pattern of farm prices for rice is depicted in figures 12-16. Figure 12 is based on a
39
Figure 12
120 -
100
Jul
Figure 13
120
Average
100
-*
Low
60
Aug
Sep
Get
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Months
40
Figure 14
140
120
100
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Months
Figure 15
High
120
100
41
Figure 16
120
100
Aug
Sep
Jan
Feb
Apr
May
Months
Table 19Relative price and yields of long- and medium-grain rough rice
Crop
year
Long to medium
rice U.S. price
ratios
Long-to-medium rough
rice yieid ratios
Arlonsas
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1.20
1.24
1.31
1.30
1.15
1.08
1.22
1.07
1.13
1.12
1.12
0.99
NA
0.89
0.86
0.88
0.86
0.95
0.98
0.89
0.99
0.96
0.92
0.93
0.91
0.99
California
NA
0.88
0.84
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.94
1.00
0.92
0.94
0.90
0.94
0.98
42
Byproduct Prices
Monthly price series dating back to the I960's are
available for second heads (a category of rice), bran
and millfeed, but not for screenings, hulls, and polish.
Second-head price quotations for Louisiana long-grain
rice ranged from a low of $5.50 per cwt in February
and March 1960, to a high of $16 per cwt in the
spring of 1974 (app. table 40). Monthly average bran
prices in southwest Louisiana have varied from a low
of $16.25 per ton in August 1986 to a high of
$120.85 per ton in December 1983 (app. table 41).
The pattern of monthly bran prices is related to prices
of other rice products and feed substitute prices.
Prices for rice millfeed, a mixture of polish, bran, and
ground hulls, are not highly correlated with milled
rice prices, but are influenced more by competing
feed ingredients (app. table 42).
with world prices. In many years a substantial premium (the amount that the price received by producers exceeds the world price) has developed and
U.S. export growth has been hindered.
U.S. prices normally average somewhat above the
world price, reflecting a premium paid to growers to
entice them to repay loans and sell rice rather than forfeiting the grain to the Government. From 1986/87
through 1992/93, the annual premium was between 25
cents and $1.73 per cwt.
Government stocks, for which there is no premium
needed for redemption, were virtually depleted by
1987/88, and the increasing tightness of supply
(brought about by constrained production and growing
domestic demand) was reflected in the rapidly declining stocks-to-use ratio. Between 1985/86 and
1990/91, the ratio plummeted from 62 to 15 percent.
In 1991/92, the ratio edged up slightly to 17 percent.
Statistical analysis has shown that there is a strong inverse relationship between the stocks-to-use ratio and
the level of the premium.
Since 1985, U.S. rice prices have become more
responsive to world market conditions and thus more
variable, less predictable, and have more downside
potential. Knowledge of markets, especially international markets, has become more important. The
marketing loan has kept the industry operating at a
higher volume than it would have under earlier
legislation, but industry participants are required to
make riskier decisions in uncertain markets.
Rice Quality
Measurement of Quality
Milling, processing, cooking, and nutritional characteristics are of great importance in measuring rice
quaHty. QuaUty determination is based upon both objective and subjective criteria, with the relative
importance of each depending upon the end use.
Even for the same use, very different tastes and preferences exist in terms of grain size, stickiness, and
^The producer premium for each crop year (August-July) is calculated by subtracting an average world market price (WMP) (AugustJuly) for all classes of rice (long, medium, short) from the annual
average price for rough rice received by producers for all classes of
rice. The average price for rough rice for each crop year is reported
by NASS (app. table 31). The average WMP is computed by calculating a simple average (August-July) of the weekly announced
prices for each class and weighting each average price by that
class's level of total U.S. production (app. table 1) for the respective crop year.
44
Measurement Technology
Measurement technology for various quality factors in
rice has not changed substantially in recent years.
Due to the importance of appearance, many factors
tend to have a high degree of subjectivity. Rice inspectors, both Federal and independent, attempt to
mmimize this by submitting graded samples to another inspection office for review. In addition,
various attempts to develop more objective grading
procedures are being made. Manufacturers in Japan
are attempting to introduce equipment capable of simultaneously measuring a wide set of quality factors.
Researchers in the United States are attempting to
measure grain fissuring before the grain is dried, thus
enhancing the ability to sort and store rough rice by
potential milling yield earlier in the market channel.
Quality Control
Quality control in rice is initiated when the producer
selects a variety for planting. Cultural practices, including insect and weed control, are essential in
preventing pecky rice, red rice, and numerous other
quality-degrading factors from contaminating harvested rice. Rice quality at harvest is affected by the
moisture content of the harvested grain and harvest operations such as rewetting field-dried rice, cylinder
speed of the combine, and the amount of foreign matter transferred into the grain bin. Harvesting at too
high a moisture level not only causes lower miUing
yields, but is also known to result in chalky rice
(Webb, 1985). On the other hand, rice harvesting at
45
Information Dissemination
Information on rice prices, quantity, and quality is
available for only a relatively small proportion of total
U.S. rice sales, because producer cooperatives dominate rice marketing, and contract pricing is prevalent.
However, a small amount of the U.S. crop is sold
through public auctions in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas. These auctions provide information on bids
and acceptance prices, but their data are not widely
published. The Rice Market News (USDA) typically
reports representative Louisiana rough rice sales by
lot size, grade, variety, head and total miUing yield
and price. Milled rice price data are typically reported by grade and percent broken kernels. The
Rice Market News also reports offering prices for
rice produced in the United States, Thailand, Argentina, Uruguay, Surinam, Guyana, Italy, Brazil, and
Australia.
Promotional Activities
The U.S. Government supports foreign market
development through the Market Promotion Program
(MPP) administered by the Foreign Agricultural
Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Although The United States promotes rice heavily
in traditional importing countries, it promotes it in
countries which maintain significant trade barriers.
Because rice is a staple crop in most Asian countries,
changes m rice policy are politically sensitive. Trade
protection and substantial import restrictions are
common.
The Rice Council in Houston, Texas, is responsible
for industry promotion and development for domestic
and export markets. Since there is no international
rice grading system, the Rice Council initiated a study
in the 1980's to evaluate world rice varieties and
types. USDA and Rice Council representatives
throughout the world collect rice samples used in their
U.S. Rice Industry / AER-700
Anticipated Changes
Changes in taste preferences due to increased domestic consumption of rice could challenge the quality
requirements for the industry in the future. Relatively
new and growing uses include rice flour, where quality control of microbial activity is important. The
growth in the demand for ready-to-eat and easy-tocook rices may require new varieties for which the
current standards are inadequate.
With trade liberalization of rice, as concluded in the
Uruguay Round, the United States would be able to
export rice to countries, such as Japan and South Korea, with very rigid quality requirements. Similarly,
specialty rice imports into the United States increased
20-fold during the 1980's (Wailes and Livezey,
1991). The growth of market niches may give rise to
domestically produced substitutes for these imports.
Production changes regarding quality are most influenced by choice of variety, location, and cultural
requirements. The development and maintenance of a
national germ plasm collection can provide the basis
for continued improvement of quality characteristics.
The current geographic specialization of indica-type
long and medium grain in the Southern States and japonica-types in California is unlikely to change
rapidly. However, shifts in preferences for rice types
and varieties in world and domestic markets will challenge breeders, producers, and processors to adjust
and develop quaUties of rice that meet the end-use demand.
Finally, more research on how to measure quality and
the economic value of quality characteristics is
needed. The growth in the specialty rice markets will
require new techniques and tests for texture, taste, and
flavor. New technology poses the opportunity for improved grading, conducted earlier in the market
channel so that pricing and technical aspects of processing can be more efficient.
Marketing System
Nearly all rice is marketed in some processed form.
Thus, it is important to distinguish between rough or
paddy, and milled rice. Physical characteristics, demand, and prices vary considerably between the two.
Rough, or paddy, rice contains the white endosperm,
hull, and bran. Depending on the extent of the mill47
harvesting or drying methods can cause broken kernels during the milling process, resulting in lower
prices and lost profits for farmers, drying facility owners, and millers.
Figure 17
49
Marketing Sector
Rice producers have a number of pricing methods
available to market their rice, such as pooling, bidding, direct contracting, and hedging. Each producer
chooses the pricing method most suitable to his or her
risk behavior and desired timing of payment. In addition to alternatives in pricing, there are varius
marketing methods.
Those producers who do not deliver their rice to a cooperative usually sell to a privately owned mill. In
this case, the farmer pays for drying and short-term
storage before the rice is sold. Therefore, rice often
remains in on-farm storage or commercial facilities until delivered to a mill. The marketing of rice differs
among individuals and producing areas. For instance,
producers in Arkansas and California market their rice
primarily through marketing cooperatives. Those in
Louisiana and Mississippi rely on direct sales or a bidding process.
Marketing agencies that act only as a seller are
available in all the southern rice-producing States.
These agencies can be either independent firms or
cooperative marketing associations. There is typically
no physical handUng of the commodity by independent selling agencies. Samples of the rough
50
rice are delivered from either the producer or the commercial storage facility. The rice sample is shelled
and milled with a small huUer and rice mill and the
sample is graded by the selling agency. Interested
buyers arrive on sale days and inspect the sample. A
sealed bid method is used to sell each lot (a "lot" being defined as a specific quantity of rice that a farmer
has placed for sale). After receiving the bid, producers are usually given 24 hours to respond to the offer.
On acceptance of an offer, ownership is transferred by
the selling agency, with the buyer paying the costs of
moving the rice from the storage facility.
The Louisiana Farm Bureau Marketing Association
has a rice sales desk for marketing their members' rice.
Approximately 20-25 percent of Louisiana's rice crop
is marketed by the Louisiana Farm Bureau. Arkansas
has three independent rice marketing companies, which
marketed an estimated 6 percent of the State's production in crop year 1987. Between 40 and 50 percent of
Mississippi's rice production is marketed by the bid
and acceptance method. Texas, with 17 sales desks,
has the greatest number of agencies that market rice
by the bid and acceptance method. This method is
used to market more than a third of Texas' total rice output. California is the only State not using marketing
associations as a method of marketing rice, primarily
because of the dominance of cooperatives in that State.
Cooperative Pooling
Rice marketing cooperatives in California and Arkansas use a seasonal pool for allocating storage costs
and paying producer members. Roughly 70 percent
of the rice production of these two States is marketed
in this manner. Rice that is delivered to cooperative
driers is sampled and graded. The rice is then commingled with other producers' rice of like quality. A
partial payment is made to producers at the time they
deliver their rice to the cooperative, with additional
payments made later in the year. Costs associated
with drying and storage are also pooled. Producer
members pay a base rate per unit of rice, with discounts and premiums given for quality and moisture
content differences.
Cooperatives are an important element in the structural makeup of the rice industry. The Rice Millers'
Association indicates that cooperatives processed 50
percent of the 1987 rice crop. Cooperatives within
the rice industry are usually more vertically integrated
than most other farmer cooperatives. This integration
extends from provision of seed rice, machinery, fertilizers, and credit to production of the crop to drying
and storage, milling, and transportation into the channels of product distribution.
U.S. Rice Industry/AER-700
Marketing cooperatives are strong within the rice industry, there being only four: two in Arkansas and
two in California. These cooperatives allow their producers to be vertically integrated from farm level
production through marketing of milled rice to consumers. Profits reaUzed from drying and storage,
milling, and marketing are returned to the producers.
Producer members of the marketing cooperatives are
usually also members of locally affiUated drier cooperatives. This system of membership is synonymous
with a centralized cooperative m which producers are
members of the larger marketing system.
Cooperatives contract for the delivery of rice from
their members by the end of June. The type of rice
and the number of acres planted are specified. Contract terms differ in that some cooperatives have
penalties for grain not delivered. Membership contracts specify that the cooperative will determine the
grade, weight, milling yield, class and quality of all
delivered rice. The rice may then be pooled before or
after milling with like grade, class, and quality of rice.
Private Contracting
Rice can be sold green (crop still standing in the
field) through a private contract between the producer
and the mill or at a public sale. Ownership is transferred directly after harvest. It has been estimated that
25 percent of the rice marketed in 1984 was sold in
this way (Dismukes, 1988). Texas, Mississippi, and
Louisiana producers favor this method of marketing.
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)
CCC is another market alternative for producers.
Since enactment of the 1985 Food Security Act,
which had a major goal of reducing rice stocks, very
little rice has been accumulated by the CCC. The
CCC acquires rice by offering nonrecourse loans to
producers. If the market price is less than the loan
rate set each year by the Secretary of Agriculture, the
producers may choose to forfeit their rice, and the
CCC takes delivery of a producer's rice as full payment of the loan.
With the addition of the marketing loan mechanism,
the producer was allowed to repay the loan at a repayment rate as low as 50 percent of the 1986-87 loan
rate, 60 percent of the 1988 loan rate, and 70 percent
of the loan rate of subsequent years. The farmer retains the difference.
TAie Futures Marlcet
The futures market provides an alternative marketing
channel to producers, elevator operators, millers, and
U.S. Rice Industry /AER-700
compared with the number of storage and drying facilities (table 20). The size of individual mills and the
extent of vertical integration of mills has also increased in the past few years, creating a more
concentrated sector (U.S. Department of Commerce,
Census of Manufactures).
52
1962
1965
1966
1967
1972
1978
1985
1992
Arkansas
California
Louisiana
Mississippi
Texas
9
9
33
0
14
9
8
28
0
13
9
7
23
0
11
9
6
20
0
7
8
6
17
1
8
8
7
16
3
10
21
10
15
6
14
20
11
10
3
10
U.S. total
65
58
50
42
40
44
66
54
53
Number
of
mills
Total 1/
mill
capacity
(cwt/hr)
Percentage _
of total
capacity
Avg.
cost by
mill size
Weighted 3/
cost by
capacity
Weighted 2/
cost by
capacity
Dollars/cwt
Single floor
162
243
324
405
486
9
5
4
6
7
1,458
1,215
1,296
2,430
3,402
5.3
4.4
4.7
8.8
12.4
2.43
1.96
1.72
1.58
1.51
0.13
0.09
0.08
0.14
0.19
2.24
1.78
1.54
1.41
1.34
0.12
0.08
0.07
0.12
0.17
Multifloor
567
648
729
810
891
972
1,053
1,134
3
2
2
3
0
1
4
5
1,701
1,296
1,458
2,430
0
972
4,212
5,670
6.2
4.7
5.3
8.8
0.0
3.5
15.3
20.6
1.75
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.55
1.52
0.11
0.08
0.09
0.14
0.00
0.06
0.24
0.31
1.58
1.53
1.48
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.38
1.35
0.10
0.07
0.08
0.13
0.00
0.05
0.21
0.28
U.S. total
51
27,540
100.0
1.66
o
CD
5"
Q.
C
sa
>
m
33
o
o
3/ Determined by multiplying each product line's average cost with its percentage share of total capacity.
1.48
State
Mill
capacity
Rough
equivalent
milling cost
Medium
Short
Wtd. 2/
Dollars/cwt
cwt/hr
Arkansas
California
Louisiana
Mississippi
Texas
7,695
6,966
5,184
1.701
5,670
1.50
1.29
1.81
1.51
1.58
2.51
2.51
3.05
2.52
2.63
2.40
2.30
2.89
2.41
2.52
2.32
2.57
2.80
2.33
2.44
2.49
2.37
2.99
2.52
2.63
U.S. total
27,216
1.52
2.64
2.50
2.50
2.58
55
l
O)
Table 23Summary of rice mill costs, by state and grain type, 1986
Arkansas
Grain type
and cost item
Louisiana
North
Mississippi
Texas
California
South
Dollars/cwt fmilled basis)
Long grain:
Grain input 1/
Drying and
storage 2/
Assembly 3/
Milling
Total cost
Medium grain:
Grain input 1/
Drying and
storage 2/
Assembly 3/
Milling
Total cost
Short grain:
Grain input 1/
Drying and
storage 2/
Assembly 3/
Milling
Total cost
c
in
o'
CD
5"
Q.
C
sa
>
m
o
o
10.11
9.76
11.71
8.71
12.36
10.21
2.08
0.27
2.86
15.32
2.08
0.31
2.97
15.12
2.47
0.24
2.98
17.40
2.56
0.68
2.86
14.81
2.22
0.61
3.14
18.33
2.29
0.65
3.43
16.58
9.35
9.03
12.03
14.24
9.08
1.99
0.27
2.37
13.98
1.99
0.31
2.46
13.79
2.37
0.24
2.47
17.11
2.12
0.61
2.57
19.54
2.08
0.65
2.69
14.50
9.28
8.95
9.42
1.93
0.27
2.04
13.52
1.93
0.31
2.11
13.30
2.34
0.65
2.68
15.09
Policy
Proposals for Government intervention in the rice market date back to the early 1900's. The end of World
War I brought a sharp drop in U.S. farm exports and
began a period of sustained low returns to farming.
Farm rice prices averaged $3.34 per cwt from 1914 to
1920, but fell to $2.10 by 1922. The situation led to
widespread calls for Government help in raising farm
returns.
A leading proposal debated in Congress during much
of the 1920's was the McNary-Haugen Plan. The
plan proposed a two-price market: Crops would be
57
WorldWarlltothe1960's
In 1941, rice was added to the list of basic commodities eligible for nonrecourse loans, and the first loan
program for rice was initiated. Rice acreage allotments were removed during the war and for most of
the rest of the 1940's, but were put back into effect in
1950. Marketing quotas and acreage allotments were
in place from 1955 to 1973. There was a sharp increase in U.S. rice exports during World War n~from
5.7 million cwt in 1940 to 11.5 million cwt by 1945which lowered stocks and pushed rice farm prices
well above support levels. Because of high prices and
strong demand, rice acreage allotments were lifted entirely, and, in some years, price supports were not
even announced.
The Agricultural Acts of 1948 and 1949 revised the
method used to calculate parity in order to account for
higher productivity and other changes since the base
period of 1910-14. A mandatory price support at 90
percent of parity, a level first set during the war, was
continued in the 1948 Act, but the 1949 Act introduced flexibility, allowing for a range for parity
prices. However, because of the Korean conflict, subsequent legislation retained parity at 90 percent.
Provision for marketing quotas continued. The provisions of the 1949 Act had little immediate effect on
the rice market, as prices averaged above support levels every year from 1941 to 1953, except for 1951.
In 1954, rice production reached a record 64 million
cwt, over twice the World War II average. However,
domestic and export demand weakened, and carryover
58
and to $50,000 in 1979. Beginning in 1980, individual payments were limited to a combined total of
$50,000 from the wheat, feed grains, upland cotton,
and rice programs. Disaster protection was continued
with a separate payment limit. Rice prices stayed
well above the loan rate during the life of the 1977
Act. With exports running high, acreage passed the 3miUion mark for the first time in 1980 and reached a
record 3.8 million in 1981.
Current Legislation
The Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade
(FACT) Act of 1990 (Title VI) provides price support
and production adjustments for rice producers through
the 1995 crop year. Nonrecourse loans are required
to have marketing loan repayment provisions. The
1990 Act also continues the use of marketing certificates to make rice more competitive in world markets.
To participate in the program, producers must comply
with any Acreage Reduction Program (ARP) and the
Paid Land Diversion Program (PLD) announced by
the Secretary.
The minimum target price for rice is set at $10.71 per
hundredweight. Deficiency payment rate will continue to be based on a 5-month marketing year price
for 1991-93. For 1994/95, the 1990 Budget Act
amends the 1949 Act's calculation of the rice deficiency payment rate to equal the target price minus
the lower of either the 12-month average calendar
year price, or the 5-month marketing year average
price plus an appropriate sum that is considered fair
and equitable compared with wheat and feed grain
prices.
The payment acreage is the lesser of either the
permitted planted acreage or 85 percent of the crop
acreage base minus any Acreage Reduction Program
(ARP) acres. Maximum payment acreage is 85 per60
(The projected deficiency payment rate on acreage actually planted to rice is not guaranteed.) In 1994, the
50/92 provision was changed to 50/85, whereby producers receive benefits on 85 percent of their eligible
base if up to 50 percent of their base is devoted to
conservation use.
In case of prevented planting or quarantines, deficiency payments may be available on up to 92 percent
(85 percent in 1994) of the permitted acreage even
though the planted acreage is less than 50 percent of
the permitted acreage. Under this provision, rice crop
acreage base and farm program payment yield history
are maintained. The 50/92 or 50/85 acreage cannot
be used to fulfill requirements for the set-aside or
Paid Land Diversion programs. The Secretary may
permit planting of alternative crops on all or part of
acreage designated idled under the 50/92 or 50/85 provisions.
If, in a given year, any producers have been prevented
from planting any part of their base by a natural
disaster, the Secretary must make a "prevented planting disaster payment." However, if prevented
planting and reduced yield crop insurance were
available to producers under the Federal Crop Insurance Act, they are ineligible for disaster payments.
However, the Secretary has the discretion to make
these disaster payments even when insurance was
available if it is determined that the natural disaster
caused substantial losses of production, that the
losses created an economic emergency, that crop insurance indemnity payments and other assistance were
insufficient to relieve the economic emergency, and
that additional assistance is needed to alleviate the
economic emergency.
Compliance with commodity programs or with
crop acreage base requirements for any other commodity cannot be required as a condition of eUgibility
for loans, purchases, or payments under the rice
program.
Consequences of Policy
Costs of the rice program to the Government include
deficiency and land diversion payments, marketing
loan gains to producers, storage charge of CCC
stocks, losses on CCC stock resales, and the net costs
of Public Law 480. An examination of payments
made directly to rice farmers indicates deficiency payments have made up the bulk of direct payments.
Marketmg loan gains were also an important source
of income in 1985 and 1986, when world prices were
low.
Also, U.S. rice export programs (Public Law 480, Section 416, CCC credit programs, CCC African Support
ReUef, Export Enhancement Programs) have significantly enhanced rice producers' incomes and
accounted for about 40 percent of total rice exports in
1992. Though declining in recent years. Public Law
480 shipments account for the bulk of rice program
exports.
The rice program has both direct and indirect effects
on farmers, consumers, taxpayers, resources, and exports. These are briefly discussed:
Producers
The U.S. rice program directly influences prices received by rice producers, their incomes, the costs of
resources used in rice production, and rice growers'
production decisions. Rice producers also benefit
from such Government programs as Public Law 480
that enhance exports. For example, between fiscal
years 1980 and 1987, net Government expenditures
on the rice price support program, including those for
Public Law 480, totaled over $5 billion. The total
market value of rice production for crop years 1980 to
1987 totaled $9.1 billion.
Since the implementation of target prices, direct Government payments have made up an increasing share
of producer incomes. During fiscal years 1982/87,
rice producers received $1.91 billion in direct payments under deficiency, diversion, and disaster
program provisions. In 1982, Government payments
comprised 17 percent of rice growers' gross incomes.
By 1987, Government payments rose to 40 percent of
growers' gross incomes.
Consumers
Domestic demand for rice in the United States is influenced more by tastes, preferences, geographic
location, convenience, and cultural factors than by
price. Thus, if the rice program changes the farm
price of rice, domestic consumption is unlikely to
change much. Retail prices for milled rice currently
average around 50 cents a pound, while farm prices
for paddy (at loan) are $0.06-$0.07 per pound. Thus,
farm prices account for roughly 15 percent of the retail price paid by consumers, a much higher share
than for other grains such as wheat. The higher farm
share of rice price is explained by the large share of
domestic consumption of rice as a whole grain. In
comparison, wheat is consumed in processed forms,
adding to the value of the final product (and hence,
the price paid by consumers) and thus diminishing the
farm share.
61
Taxpayers
Rice program and related expenditures are, like other
Government expenditures, an income transfer from
taxpayers to the rice industry. In 1961, net price support and related expenditures for the rice program
totaled $29.5 million. Expenditures for Public Law
480 contributed an additional $110 million. Expenditures for the rice program in 1961 totaled $2.11 per
taxpayer. In 1983, rice program expenditures per taxpayer were $7.88. Not only did per taxpayer
expenditures nearly quadruple over 23 years, but the
number of taxpayers increased 53 percent during this
period.
Between 1961 and 1987, annual expenditures for the
rice program averaged $176 miUion, excluding Public
Law 480, and increase to $334 million if PubUc Law
480 is included. Total related expenditures for the
62
Resources
Sustained, sizable, Government program expenses
aimed at supporting or enhancing income often translate into rigid resource constraints. Dampening price
signals through the use of price and income support
can slow or prevent resource adjustments that would
take place in an unencumbered free market. These resource adjustments may be undesirable if the price
signals are short term and largely disruptive in nature.
But over the long run, muted price signals generally
only prolong adjustments at taxpayers' cost. When resources are used inefficiently, marginal land is kept in
production, average costs rise, and barriers to entry
and exit are erected. Overcapacity, stock accumulation, and low prices also result, which increase the
need for support.
Since rice production is relatively capital-intensive, resources would tend to be more fixed than for other
crops even with the absence of support programs. Irrigation systems, land leveling, the construction of
levees in and around fields, and harvesting equipment
are costly items in rice production, with few alternative uses. The high cost of production may explain
the traditionally high program participation rates of
rice producers.
The sector's high, capital-intensive cost structure implies that price protection is needed during periods of
weak demand. Producers, in effect, can find themselves locked into programs and continue to expand
acreage and production, even when demand has
fallen. The effects of declines in demand are muted
when the deficiency payment rate is equal to one-third
of the season's average price for rice.
Exports
When the loan rate is set high enough to become a
price floor, U.S. competitors benefit. They increase
production and export the surplus, or they undercut
U.S. prices and increase market share, or both. Since
1980 the United States has lost a good part of its market share to Thailand, largely as the result of this
phenomenon. Thailand has abandoned many of its
previous controls on exports, and production has increased. Thailand's rice is currently comparable in
quaUty to U.S. rice, which was not always the case.
The price gap between Thai and U.S. rice, once justified on quality differences, grew significantly in the
early 1980's. It has had the effect of reducing U.S.
exports.
U.S. Rice Industry /AER-700
64
Consumption
Almost 90 percent of rice is consumed in Asia. Cereal grains account for two-thirds of the calories in
the average Asian diet, with rice alone providing 40
percent of the total and wheat another 15 percent
(Barker and others, 1985). With the exception of
Pakistan, rice is the dominant food grain in Asia, and
total consumption continues to increase primarily as a
result of population growth and, to a lesser extent in
some countries, rising incomes.
Global rice consumption has doubled since the mid1960's. Since most rice is consumed in the countries
where it is produced, about 90 percent of global production is consumed in Asia. Since the mid-1970's,
non-Asian consumption has increased rapidly, particuleirly in the Middle East and Africa. Consumption in
developed countries has grown at a slower rate.
Per capita consumption has also been rising steadily,
with most of the gains of the 1980's occurring in
China, where increased production, rising incomes,
and policy changes allowed consumers to substitute
rice for other grains. Per capita consumption also increased in South and Southeast Asia as production
expanded. However, per capita consumption in East
Asia, including Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan has
been declining steadily. East Asian consumers are diversifying their diets as their incomes rise.
China, India, Indonesia, and Bangladesh are the largest consumers of rice. They currently account for over
70 percent of total consumption. China consumed a
record 129 million metric tons of rice in 1992/93, double the amount consumed in 1967/68. India's
consumption was also a record in 1992/93, 75 million
metric tons and double the 1966/67 consumption. Indonesia has experienced an even faster growth rate
since 1966/67, nearly tripUng use to 30.2 million metU.S. Rice Industry/AER-700
Rice consumption in Japan peaked at 12.5 million metric tons in 1971/72 and has declined since. Two
factors have contributed to this decline. First, domestic rice prices in Japan are supported substantially
above world levels, which discourages consumption.
Second, rising incomes have shifted food demand toward meat and vegetables. Rice consumption peaked
in Taiwan at 2.42 miUion cwt in 1967/68 and in
South Korea at 5.8 miUion metric tons in 1978/79 for
similar reasons. Consumption in Thailand, Burma,
and Vietnam continues to increase.
Since the 1960's, Asia's share of world rice consumption has declined slightly. Increased rice consumption
by Middle Eastern and African countries has been
largely responsible for this shift. Consumption of rice
in the Middle East more than tripled between 1970/71
and 1992/93, and the region's share of total consumption doubled. This was largely a result of rising
incomes from oil sales. The Middle East imports
much of its rice. Consumption of rice by Sub-Saharan Africa has also increased since the 1960's, more
than doubling between 1970/71 and 1992/93. The region's share of total consumption also increased.
Rice is not a staple food for most people in developed
Western countries and is most often served as a side
dish. Although continuing to rise a little every year,
per capita rice consumption is much lower in the
United States, Canada, Australia, and the EU than in
Asia. And these countries have rather slow population growth rates. Hence, developed non-Asian
countries provide a small, but growing, market for
rice.
Per capita consumption was over 10 kilograms in the
United States in 1990/91, about half that in the EU.
U.S. consumption of rice exceeded 3.1 million metric
tons in 1990/91, the EU consumed 1.7 million cwt.
Processed food use of rice accounted for much of the
increase in rice use in the United States since 1980.
Health, nutrition, and convenience are factors that contributed to increasing per capita use in the United
States. These same factors could eventually lead to
greater consumption in other developed countries.
Stocks
Rice stocks have averaged about 16 percent of production since 1988/89, so no large reserve of rice exists if
a shortage occurs in any major producing country.
U.S. Rice Industry /AER-700
Price and trade variability in the world rice market relates to the small share of production available for
export. Variability is reflected in short-run price fluctuations of often 10-20 percent between marketing
years and, more broadly, in uncertainty traders face in
negotiating prices.
66
Major Buyers
Reasons for importing U.S. rice vary by importing region. In recent years, Asian countries have typically
imported U.S. rice in response to shortfalls in domestic production, such as Japan did in 1993 and 1994,
and when such imports were financed by food aid as
in Bangladesh. African countries import rice from the
United States under food aid programs. The exceptions include the Republic of South Africa, a major
commercial outlet, and the Ivory Coast and Nigeria.
Shipments to the Middle East are commercial and buyers are primarily concerned with competitive prices
and high quality. Until 1986, the EC did not produce
the high quality long-grain rice demanded by its consumers. However, in recent years, Spain has
produced long-grain rice and has even exported some
long-grain rice, mostly to the other EU countries.
Long-grain production in the EU partly results from
heavy state subsidies.
68
69
pines constitute the only remaining substantial shipments of U.S. medium-grain rice to Asia.
Rough rice exports account for only a small, but growing share, of total U.S. shipments, averaging 4.4
percent from 1981 to 1990. Brazil, Venezuela, Costa
Rica, Turkey, and Mexico have, at times, been major
importers of U.S. rough rice since 1981. Since 1990,
Mexico has substantially increased imports of U.S.
rough rice due to a tariff differential between milled
and rough, favoring importing rough rice. Rough rice
accounted for 12 percent of U.S. rice exports in 1986
because Brazil purchased 277,000 metric tons. The
EU has been a major and consistent importer of U.S.
rough rice since 1981, with Italy and Spain the principal buyers in the European Union.
U.S. rice typically sells at a premium compared to major competitors and is generally believed to be of a
higher quality. In addition, food aid and credit assistance have reduced the effects of higher prices on the
competitiveness of U.S. producers in some markets.
Glossary
Acreage allotment An individual farm's share of
the national acreage that the Secretary of Agriculture
determines is needed to produce sufficient supplies of
a particular crop. The farm's share is based on its previous production.
Acreage reduction program (ARP) A voluntary
land retirement system in which participating farmers
idle a prescribed portion of their crop acreage base of
wheat, feed grains, cotton, or rice. The base is the average of the acreage planted for harvest and
considered to be planted for harvest. Acreage considered to be planted includes any acreage not planted
because of acreage reduction and diversion programs
during a period specified by law. Farmers are not
given a direct payment for ARP participation, although they must participate to be eligible for benefits
such as Commodity Credit Corporation loans and deficiency payments. Participating producers are
sometimes offered the option of idling additional land
under a paid land diversion program, which gives
them a specific payment for each idled acre.
Acreage slippage A measure of the effectiveness
of acreage reduction programs. Slippage occurs when
harvested acres change by less than the change in
idled acres.
Advance deficiency payments The Secretary is required to make advance deficiency payments to
producers of crops when an acreage limitation program is in effect and deficiency payments are
expected to be paid. Advance deficiency payments
can range from 30 to 50 percent of expected payments.
71
such purposes as deficiency payments, annual land diversion, or conservation reserve payments.
Food Security Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-198) The omnibus food and agriculture legislation signed
into law on December 23, 1985, that provides a 5year framework for the Secretary of Agriculture to
administer various agricultural and food programs.
Free market ~ The reliance on the market forces of
supply and demand to determine prices and allocate
available supplies.
Free trade Exchange of goods between countries
with no trade barriers or restrictions such as tariffs or
import quotas.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - An agreement originally negotiated in Geneva,
Switzerland, in 1947 among 23 countries, including
the United States, to increase international trade by reducing tariffs and other trade barriers. The agreement
provides a code of conduct for international commerce and a framework for periodic multilateral
negotiations on trade hberalization and expansion.
Generic commodity certificates - Negotiable certificates, which do not specify a certain commodity, that
are issued by USDA in lieu of cash payments to commodity program participants and sellers of agricultural
products. The certificates, frequently referred to as
payment-in-kind (PIK) certificates, can be used to acquire stocks held as collateral on Government loans or
owned by the Commodity Credit Corporation.
Gramm-Rudman-HoUings Deficit Reduction Act Common name for The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Public Law
99-177). The law mandates annual reductions in the
Federal budget deficit to eliminate it by 1991. If Congress and the President cannot agree on a targeted
budget package for any specific fiscal year, automatic
cuts occur for almost all Federal programs.
Gross farm income ~ Income which farm operators
reahze from farming; includes cash receipts from the
sale of farm products. Government payments, value of
food and fuel produced and consumed on farms
where grown, and other items.
Harvested acres Acres actually harvested for a particular crop. Usually somewhat smaller at the
U.S. Rice Industry / AER-700
national level than planted acres because of abandonment due to weather damage or other disasters or
market prices too low to cover harvesting costs.
Hedonic price - Refers to the disaggregation of the
price paid for a product into explicit prices paid for its
various attributes, particularly its quality characteristics.
Import barriers ~ Quotas, tariffs, embargoes, and restrictive licensing used by a country to restrict the
quantity or value of a good that may enter that country.
Import quota The maximum quantity or value of a
commodity allowed to enter a country during a specified time period.
Intermediate Export Credit Guarantee Program
(GSM-103) - Established by the Food Security Act
of 1985, this program complements GSM (General
Sales Manager)-102 but guarantees repayment of private credit for 3-10 years.
International commodity agreements ~ Agreements
by a group of countries that contain substantive economic provisions aimed at stabilizing world trade,
supplies, and prices, such as quotas, buffer stocks, and
so forth.
International trade barriers - Regulations imposed
by governments to restrict imports from, and exports
to, other countries, including tariffs, embargoes, and
import quotas.
Inventory (CGC) - The quantity of a commodity
owned by the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)
at any specified time.
Inventory reduction program ~ Introduced in the
Food Security Act of 1985, these discretionary programs provide producers with payments-in-kind (PIK)
if they reduce acreage by half the required reduction
and agree to forego loans and deficiency payments.
Inventory reduction programs have not been implemented to date.
Loan deficiency payments - A provision of the
Food Security Act of 1985 giving the Secretary of Agriculture the discretion to provide producers who,
although eligible to obtain loans, agree not to obtain
loans for 1986-90 crops of wheat, feed grains, upland
cotton, and rice. This program has not been implemented to date.
Net cash income ~ An income measure based on actual receipts and expenses in a given year, regardless
of the year in which the marketed output was produced; indicates the availability of funds to cover
cash operating costs, finance capital investment and
savings, service debts, maintain living standards, and
pay taxes.
Net farm income Measures the profit or loss associated with a given year's production; approximates the
net value of agricultural production regardless of
whether the commodities were sold, fed, or placed in
inventory during the year.
Nonfarm income - Includes all income from nonfarm sources (excluding money earned from working
for other farmers) received by owner-operator families residing on a farm and by hired farm labor
residing on a farm.
Nonprogram crop ~ Crops, such as potatoes, vegetables, fruits, and hay that are not included in Federal
price support programs.
Nonrecourse loans -- The major price support instrument used by the Commodity Credit Corporation
(CCC) to support the price of wheat, rice, feed grains,
cotton, peanuts, and tobacco. Farmers who agree to
comply with all commodity program provisions may
pledge a quantity of a commodity as collateral and obtain a loan from the CCC. The borrower may elect
either to repay the loan with interest within a specified period and regain control of the collateral
commodity or default on the loan. In case of a default, the borrower forfeits without penalty the
collateral commodity to the CCC.
Normal crop acreage - The acreage on a farm normally devoted to a group of designated crops. When
a set-aside program is in effect, the total of the
planted acreage of the designated crops and the setaside acreage cannot exceed the normal crop acreage.
Producers must comply to be eligible for commodity
loan programs or deficiency payments.
Normal flex acreage ~ This provision of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (Public Law
101-508) requires a mandatory 15-percent reduction
in payment acreage. Under this provision, producers
Payment-in-kind (PIK) ~ A payment made to eligible producers in the form of an equivalent amount of
commodities owned by the Commodity Credit Corporation.
74
Payment limitation ~ The maximum amount of commodity program benefits a person can receive. A
$50,000 per person payment limitation was established in 1981 and applies to direct subsidy payments
to wheat, feed grain, cotton, and rice producers. The
law was amended in 1987 for the 1987 through 1990
crops to place a $250,000 limit on total program payments.
Permanent legislation ~ Legislation that would be in
force in the absence of all temporary amendments and
temporarily suspended provisions. The Agricultural
Adjustment Act of 1938 and the Agricultural Act of
1949 serve as the principal laws authorizing the major
commodity programs.
Permitted acreage - The maximum acreage of a
crop that may be planted for harvest. The permitted
acreage is computed by multiplying the crop acreage
base by the acreage reduction program requirement
(announced by the Commodity Credit Corporation
each year) minus the diversion acreage (if applicable).
For example, if a farm has a crop acreage base of 100
acres and a 10-percent acreage reduction (ARP) is required, the permitted acreage is 90 acres.
PIK and roll ~ A procedure by which producers attempt to profit from situations where certificate
exchange values (posted county prices) are below nonrecourse loan rates. With this procedure, a producer
places the eUgible commodity under nonrecourse loan
at the loan rate, and uses generic certificates to exchange the commodity out from under loan. If the
posted county price is below the nonrecourse loan
rate, then the producer is able to acquire the quantity
placed under loan for less than the proceeds of the
nonrecourse loan, in addition to saving interest and
storage charges.
Price-support programs - Government programs
that aim to keep farm prices received by participating
producers from falling below specific minimum levels. Price support programs for major commodities
are csirried out by providing loans and purchase agreements to farmers so that they can store their crops
during periods of low prices. The loans can later be
redeemed if commodity prices rise sufficiently to
make the sale of the commodity on the market profitable, or the farmer can forfeit the commodity to the
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). With a purchase agreement, the producer may sell the
commodity to the CCC.
Prices-paid index An indicator of changes in the
prices fiirmers pay for goods and services (including
U.S. Rice Industry / AER-700
interest, taxes, and farm wage rates) used for producing farm products and those needed for farm family
living.
Prices-received index - A measure computed on the
basis of prices farmers received for their products at
the point of the first sale.
Producer ~ A person who, as owner, landlord, tenant, or sharecropper, is entitled to a share of the crops
available for marketing from the farm or a share of
the proceeds from the sale of those commodities.
Production expenses ~ Total cash outlays for production. Capital expenses are figured on annual
depreciation rather than on yearly cash outlays for
capital items.
Production controls ~ Any Government program or
pohcy intended to limit production. These have included acreage allotments, acreage reduction,
set-aside, and diverted acreage.
Program costs - No single definition is applicable to
all uses. Program costs may be (1) gross or net CCC
expenditures on a commodity or all commodities during a fiscal year or other period; (2) the realized loss
on disposition of a commodity, plus other related net
costs during a fiscal year or other period; or (3) the
net costs attributed to a particular year's crop of a
commodity during the marketing year for that commodity.
Program crops ~ Federal support programs are available to producers of wheat, com, barley, grain
sorghum, oats, rye, extra long staple and upland cotton, rice, soybeans, tobacco, peanuts, and sugar.
Program yield ~ The farm commodity yield of record determined by averaging the yield for the
1981/85 crops, dropping the high and low years. Program yields are constant for the 1986/90 crops. The
farm program yield applied to eligible acreage determines the level of production eligible for direct
payments to producers.
Protectionism ~ A tariff or quota, for example, imposed by a country in response to foreign competition
in order to protect domestic producers.
Public Law 480 - Common name for the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954,
which seeks to expand foreign markets for U.S. agricultural products, combat hunger, and encourage
economic development in developing countries. Title
75
76
Childs, N.W. 1991. "Domestic Rice Consumption patterns, 1988/89". Rice Situation and Outlook Report,
RS-61, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Washington, DC: 12-15.
Bibliography
Barker, R., R.W. Herot, and B. Rose. 1985. The Rice
Economy of Asia. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
Bateman, M.J. 1988. "Economic Effects of Japan's
Rice PoUcy on the U.S. and World Rice Economies,"
Commodity Information, Inc., Orem, Utah.
Beer Institute. 1986. "The Brewing Industry in the
United States:" Brewers Almanac. Washington, DC.
Chang, Te-tzu. 1976. "The Origin, Evolution, Cultivation, Dissemination, and Diversification of Asian and
African Rices," Euphytica 25: 425-440.
77
Fryar, E.O., L.D. Parsch, S.H. Holder, and N.P. Tugwell. 1986. "The Economics of Controlling Peck in
Arkansas Rice," Arkansas Farm Research 35: 7.
Houston, D.F. 1972. Rice: Chemistry and Technology. Monograph Series Vol. IV. American
Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc. St. Paul, MN.
Gardner, B. 1988. "A Framework for Analyzing Commodity Programs." Working Paper No. 88-5,
Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
78
Josling, T.E. 1974. "Agricultural Policies in Developed Countries: A Review," Journal of Agricultural
Economics 25: 220-264.
Juliano, B.O. 1985. "Criteria and Tests for Rice Grain
Qualities," in Rice: Chemistry and Technology. B.O.
Juhano (ed.). American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., St. Paul, MN.
Just, R.E., D. Hueth, and A. Schmitz. 1982. Applied
Welfare Economics and Public Policy. Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Kunze, O.R., and D. Calderwood. 1980. "Systems for
Drying Rice," in Drying and Storage of Agricultural
Crops. C.W. Hall (ed). AVI Publishing Company,
Inc., Westport, CT.
Kunze, O.R., and F.T. Wratten. 1985. "Physical and
Mechanical Properties of Rice," in Rice: Chemistry
and Technology. B.O. Juliano, (ed.). American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., St. Paul, MN.
Lin, W. 1988. "Distributional Effects of the Marketing
Loan Program: The Case of Rice." Paper presented at
the Southern Agricultural Economics Association annual meetings. New Orleans, LA.
Livezey, J. 1993. "Marketing Loan: Its Process and
Implications for U.S. Rice Prices," Rice Situation and
Outlook Report, RS-67, Economic Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC: 1921.
Lu, J.J., and Te-tzu Chang. 1980. "Rice in its Temporal and Spatial Perspectives," in Rice: Production and
Utilization. B.S. Luh (ed.). AVI Publishing Company,
Inc. Westport, CT.
Luh, B.S. (ed.) 1980. Rice: Production and Utilization. AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Westport, CT.
79
U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultureal Statistics Service. Various issues. Rice Stocks.
Washington, DC.
80
Wallace, T.D. 1962. "Measures of Social Costs of Agricultural Programs," Farm Economics Journal 44:
580-94.
Webb, B.D. 1985. "Criteria of Rice Quality in the
United States," in Rice: Chemistry and Technology.
B.O. Juliano, (ed.). American Association of Cereal
Chemists Inc., St. Paul, MN.
Wolff, I. A., (ed.). 1982. Handbook of Processing
and Utilization in Agriculture. Volume II: Part 7,
Plant Products. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
Yoshizawa, K., and S. Kishi. 1985. "Rice in Brewing," in Rice: Chemistry and Technology. B.O.
JuUano (ed.). American Association of Cereal Chemists Inc., St. Paul, MN.
Young, K.B., G.L. Cramer, and E.J. Wailes. 1991.
"Prospects for Increasing Returns from Rice Bran and
other Rice MiUing Byproducts," Special Report No.
152, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR.
Appendix table 1Rice acreage, yield, and production, United States, 1895-1993
Crop
year 1/
Acreage
Harvested
Planted
1.000 acres
N/A
1895
N/A
1896
N/A
1897
N/A
1898
N/A
1899
N/A
1900
N/A
1901
N/A
1902
N/A
1903
N/A
1904
N/A
1905
N/A
1906
1907
N/A
N/A
1908
N/A
1909
N/A
1910
N/A
1911
1912
N/A
N/A
1913
1914
N/A
N/A
1915
N/A
1916
1917
N/A
1918
N/A
N/A
1919
1920
N/A
1921
N/A
1922
N/A
1923
N/A
1924
N/A
1925
N/A
N/A
1926
1927
N/A
1928
N/A
1929
860
1930
966
1931
965
1932
874
1933
798
1934
812
1935
817
1936
981
1937
1,116
1938
1.076
1939
1,045
1940
1,090
1941
1,263
1942
1,490
1943
1,517
Refer to footnotes at end of table
U.S. Rice Industry / AER-700
292
270
290
314
338
361
423
545
547
574
457
505
563
596
662
666
636
643
722
646
740
843
953
1,101
1,083
1.299
990
1,053
874
838
853
1,016
1,027
972
860
966
965
874
798
812
817
981
1,099
1.076
1,045
1,069
1,214
1,457
1,472
Yield per
harvested
acre
Total
production
Pounds
1.000 cwt
1,144
867
1,064
1,190
1,192
1,221
1,348
1,200
1,570
1.506
1,575
1,584
1,659
1,691
1,603
1,671
1,603
1,659
1,509
1,635
1.588
2.111
1.639
1,635
1,783
1,789
1,785
1,780
1,711
1,753
1,743
1,861
1.950
2.029
2.069
2,093
2,080
2,143
2.123
2,164
2,173
2,285
2.187
2,196
2.328
2.291
1.902
1.996
1.988
3.341
2.340
3,087
3,737
4,029
4,407
5,702
6,541
8,590
8,647
7,217
7,999
9,338
10,079
10,614
11.129
10,198
10.665
10.894
10,565
11.748
17.795
15.621
17,999
19,310
23,242
17,673
18.748
14,957
14,689
14,866
18,911
20,024
19,725
17,790
20,218
20,076
18,729
16,943
17.571
17,753
22,419
24,040
23,628
24,328
24,495
23,095
29.082
29.264
Continued
81
Appendix table 1Rice acreage, yield, and production, United States, 1895-1993continued
Crop
year 1/
Acreage
Planted
Harvested
1.000 acres
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 2/
82
1,503
1,512
1,595
1,719
1,826
1,884
1,654
2,033
2,047
2,210
2,610
1,851
1,605
1,372
1.439
1,608
1,614
1,618
1,789
1,785
1,797
1,804
1,980
1.982
2.367
2.141
1.826
1,826
1,824
2,181
2,550
2,833
2,489
2,261
2,993
2,890
3,380
3,827
3,295
2,190
2,830
2.512
2.381
2.356
2.933
2.731
2.897
2,878
3,176
2,920
1.480
1,499
1,582
1.708
1,804
1.858
1.637
1.996
1,997
2.159
2,550
1.826
1.569
1.340
1,415
1.586
1,595
1.589
1.773
1.771
1,786
1,793
1,967
1,970
2,353
2,128
1.815
1.818
1.818
2.170
2.531
2.818
2,480
2,249
2,970
2.869
3.312
3.792
3.262
2.169
2.802
2.492
2,360
2,333
2.900
2,687
2,823
2,775
3,132
2,833
Yield per
harvested
acre
Total
production
Pounds
1.000 cwt
2,093
2.046
2,054
2.062
2.122
2.194
2,371
2.389
2,413
2,447
2,517
3.061
3,151
3.204
3.164
3.382
3,423
3,411
3.726
3,968
4,098
4.255
4,322
4,537
4,425
4.318
4.618
4,718
4.700
4,274
4.440
4.558
4.663
4,412
4,484
4,599
4.413
4.819
4,710
4,598
4.954
5.414
5.651
5.555
5.514
5.749
5.529
5.674
5,736
5,510
30.974
30.668
32,497
35,217
38,275
40,769
38,820
46,089
48,193
52,834
64,193
55.902
49,459
42,935
44.760
53.647
54,591
54,198
66,045
70.269
73.166
76.281
85.020
89.379
104,142
91,904
83,805
85,768
85.439
92.765
112.386
128.437
115.648
99.223
133,170
131.947
146,150
182,742
153.637
99,720
138,810
134,913
133,356
129,603
159,897
154,487
156,088
157,457
179.658
156.110
Acreage
Planted
Harvested
1.000 acres
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
.1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 2/
391
391
430
430
434
438
482
482
578
550
468
442
442
534
750
885
850
840
1,100
1,030
1,300
1,560
1,350
925
1,160
1,060
1,030
1,020
1,220
1,150
1,240
1,300
1.400
1,280
384
384
426
426
430
434
477
477
572
548
466
441
441
533
725
898
847
837
1,090
1,020
1,280
1,540
1,330
915
1,150
1,050
1,020
1,010
1,210
1,140
1.200
1.260
1.380
1.230
Yield per
harvested
acre
Total
production
Pounds
1.000 cwt
3,525
3,500
3,850
4.300
4,300
4,300
4,300
4,550
4,350
3,950
4,900
5,050
4,975
4,770
4,535
4.540
4,770
4,230
4,110
4.320
4.110
4.520
4,290
4.280
4,600
5.200
5.300
5.250
5,350
5,600
5,000
5,300
5,500
5.050
13.536
13.440
16,401
18,318
18,490
18.662
20.511
21.704
24.882
21,646
22,834
22,271
21,939
25.424
32.879
40,775
40,362
35,396
48,505
44,064
52,615
69,610
57,037
39.159
52.900
54.597
54.060
53.025
64,735
63,840
60,000
66,780
75,914
62,094
83
Acreage
Planted
Harvested
1,000 acres
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 2/
290
292
325
326
329
329
362
362
434
391
333
333
333
403
470
530
400
310
493
525
569
600
540
330
458
405
363
374
430
415
400
351
396
440
288
290
323
324
327
327
360
360
432
389
331
331
331
401
467
525
399
308
490
522
565
593
535
328
450
390
360
370
425
410
395
350
394
437
Yield per
harvested
acre
Total
product!
Pounds
1.000 cwt
4.775
4,800
4,950
4.325
5,050
4,900
5,500
4,900
5,325
5,525
5.700
5,200
5,614
5,616
5.380
5.750
5.520
5.810
5.220
6.520
6.440
6.900
6.700
7.040
7.120
7,300
7,700
7,550
7,020
7.900
7.700
8.100
8,500
8,300
13.752
13,920
15,988
14,013
16,514
16,023
19,800
17,640
23.004
21.492
18.867
17.212
18.583
22,521
25,110
30,179
22.017
17.915
25.578
34.042
36.386
40.924
35.848
23.089
32,060
28,468
27,727
27.935
29.840
32.390
30.429
28.350
33.490
36.271
84
Acreage
Planted
Harvested
1.000 acres
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 2/
464
465
512
512
515
517
567
567
680
613
525
524
523
624
674
660
570
480
590
530
615
670
600
390
530
465
430
425
545
505
555
560
630
545
458
458
508
508
513
515
565
565
679
611
523
522
522
620
620
658
568
475
587
528
585
667
598
385
528
463
426
420
535
485
545
510
620
530
Yield per
harvested
acre
Total
productio
Pounds
1,000 cwt
2.850
2,925
3.050
3.325
3.300
3.550
3,700
3,900
3,900
3,400
3,900
3.800
3.825
3,451
3,650
3.810
3.910
3.670
3.820
3.910
3.550
4.060
4.160
3.820
4.150
4.370
4.550
4.550
4.500
4.430
4.860
4,850
4.650
4.550
13.053
13.396
15,494
16,891
16.929
18.282
20.905
22.035
26,481
20,774
20,397
19.836
19.967
21.394
24,090
25.064
22.203
17.445
22.425
20.643
20.768
27.078
24,862
14.693
21.932
20.256
19.380
19.110
24.080
21.488
26,469
24,735
28,846
24,108
85
Acreage
Planted
Harvested
1,000 acres
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 2/
45
45
50
50
50
51
56
56
68
61
52
52
52
62
114
175
145
112
220
210
250
340
250
162
195
190
200
200
265
240
255
225
280
250
44
44
49
49
49
50
55
55
67
60
51
51
51
62
108
171
144
111
215
207
240
337
245
161
190
188
198
198
260
235
250
220
275
245
Yield per
harvested
acre
Total
product
Pounds
1.000 c
2.950
3,300
3,200
3,900
3,800
3,700
4.300
4,300
4,300
4,200
4,400
4.600
4,559
4,306
4,180
3,900
4,200
4,000
4,250
4,050
3,840
4,390
4,120
4,000
4,350
5,350
5,400
5,100
5,300
5,700
5,700
5,600
5.700
5,300
1,298
1,452
1,568
1,911
1,862
1,850
2,365
2,365
2,881
2,520
2,244
2,346
2,325
2,670
4,513
6,665
6,048
4,440
9,138
8,384
9,226
14,792
10.094
6,440
8,265
10,058
10,692
10,098
13,780
13.395
14.250
12.320
15.675
12.985
86
Acreage
Planted
Harvested
1.000 acres
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 2/
420
421
467
462
464
464
508
510
599
550
469
470
469
553
565
550
510
502
560
560
590
580
475
320
410
330
290
270
390
340
355
345
353
300
417
409
462
459
462
462
505
508
597
548
467
468
468
549
562
548
508
501
558
557
586
579
474
318
408
329
289
269
388
338
353
343
351
298
Yield per
harvested
acre
Total
product!
Pounds
1.000 c
3.075
2.900
3.550
4,125
4,150
4.600
4.200
5.000
4.600
3,950
4,450
5,100
4,727
3.740
4,494
4,560
4,810
4.670
4.700
4,220
4.320
4.700
4,690
4,340
4,940
5.490
6,250
5,900
6,000
5,700
6,000
6.000
5.800
5,400
12,823
11,861
16.401
18.934
19.173
21.252
21.210
25,400
27,164
21,646
20.782
23.868
22,122
20,530
25,258
24,996
24,430
23,400
26,226
24.481
24,814
27,239
22,214
13.805
20.160
18.071
18.063
15,871
23,280
19,266
21,180
20.580
20,357
16,095
87
Appendix table 7Proportional distribution of rice production, by type of grain, United States, 1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Long grain
Medium grain
Short grain
1.000 cwt
48.2
45.3
43.7
36.8
37.5
43.0
41.6
48.5
46.8
49.0
49.3
52.6
50.2
46.2
49.8
52.9
60.6
62.7
63.7
61.2
59.4
60.4
60.8
65.2
69.2
74.4
72.8
68.7
74.6
70.7
69.1
69.3
71.3
66.0
35.2
38.4
41.8
48.7
50.2
45.6
46.5
42.3
42.1
40.3
40.4
37.2
39.7
42.9
41.0
38.4
31.8
26.5
27.4
30.6
35.2
33.7
33.4
26.7
25.4
21.1
24.0
29.0
23.1
26.8
30.3
30.2
28.2
33.2
Total
production
16.6
16.3
14.5
14.5
12.3
11.4
11.9
9.2
11.1
10.7
10.3
10.2
10.1
10.9
9.2
8.7
7.6
10.8
8.9
8.2
5.4
5.9
5.8
8.1
5.4
4.5
3.2
2.2
2.3
2.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.8
54,591
54.198
66.045
70.269
73.166
76.281
85.020
89.379
104.075
91,904
83,805
85.768
85.439
92.765
112.386
128.437
115.648
99.223
133.170
131.947
146.150
182.742
153.637
99.720
138.810
134.913
133.356
129.603
159,897
154.487
156.088
157.457
179.658
156.110
88
Appendix table 8Proportional distribution of rice production, by type of grain, Arkansas, 1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Long grain
Medium grain
Short grain
1.000 cwt
54.1
52.2
54.3
54.1
53.0
55.6
57.5
65.0
69.9
72.2
75.2
74.1
73.1
70.3
70.0
77.2
80.6
80.4
82.4
85.0
80.7
82.3
83.5
84.3
87.6
92.5
91.7
85.4
88.7
90.0
88.4
87.3
88.1
86.8
45.9
47.8
47.8
45.4
46.5
42.8
41.5
34.1
29.3
26.1
23.8
25.0
26.0
28.5
28.5
20.4
16.6
17.0
14.3
12.0
17.2
15.9
14.7
14.8
12.1
7.0
8.2
14.4
11.2
9.9
11.5
12.6
11.8
12.9
Total
production
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.5
0.5
1.6
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.7
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.4
2.8
2.6
3.3
3.0
2.1
1.8
1.8
0.9
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
13,536
13.440
16.401
18.318
18.490
18.662
20,511
21.704
24.882
21.646
22,834
20,271
21.939
25.424
32.379
40,775
40.352
35.396
48,505
44,064
52,615
69.610
57.037
39.159
52,900
54,597
55.120
53.025
64.735
63,840
60.000
66.780
75.914
62.094
89
Appendix table 9Proportional distribution of rice production, by type of grain, California, 1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Long grain
Medium grain
Short grain
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.3
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2.3
5.7
13.4
13.5
5.5
9.3
14.1
6.9
5.9
4.1
3.6
3.2
31.2
34.5
37.5
32.1
44.8
47.5
50.0
54.0
52.6
58.1
53.4
51.7
54.8
56.5
59.0
65.2
65.0
40.2
60.0
72.3
81.4
76.7
75.9
61.2
64.0
65.4
79.0
80.5
73.9
81.2
88.2
93.4
93.6
94.0
Totai
production
1,000 cwt
68.8
65.5
62.5
67.9
55.2
52.5
50.0
46.0
47.4
41.9
46.6
48.3
45.2
43.5
40.0
34.8
35.0
59.5
40.0
27.7
18.6
23.3
21.8
33.1
22.6
21.1
15.4
10.2
12.0
11.8
5.9
2.5
2.8
2.8
13.752
13.920
15.988
14.013
16.514
16.023
19.800
17.640
23.004
21.492
18.867
17.212
18.583
22.521
25.110
30.179
22,017
17.913
25.578
34,042
36.386
40,924
35,848
35,089
32.060
28,468
27,727
27,935
29,840
32,390
29,260
28,350
33,490
36,271
90
Appendix table 10Proportional distribution of rice production, by type of grain, Louisiana, 1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Long grain
Medium grain
Short grain
I.OOOcwt
51.9
53.7
42.6
29.6
24.3
24.6
22.5
22.7
22.6
27.8
24.5
29.6
31.5
24.7
25.8
24.6
36.3
36.2
40.9
53.5
42.7
39.0
44.1
51.9
63.4
71.2
72.5
63.2
72.8
61.1
55.9
50.5
66.8
60.8
48.1
46.3
57.4
70.4
75.7
75.4
77.5
77.3
77.4
72.2
75.5
70.4
68.5
75.3
74.2
75.4
63.7
63.8
59.1
46.5
57.3
61.0
55.9
48.1
36.6
28.8
27.5
36.8
27.2
38.9
44.1
49.5
33.2
39.2
Total
production
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
13,053
13,596
15,494
16,591
16,929
18.202
20,905
22.035
26.481
20.774
20.397
19,836
19,967
21,394
24.090
25.064
22.203
17,445
22,425
20,643
20,768
27.078
24.862
14.693
21,932
20,256
19.380
19.110
24.080
21.488
26.469
24.735
28.846
24.108
91
Appendix table 11 Proportional distribution of rice production, by type of grain, Mississippi, 1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Long grain
Medium grain
Short grain
92.3
86.7
93.3
94.7
94.7
94.4
91.7
95.8
96.6
96.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.4
97.8
98.3
99.3
98.2
99.1
99.5
98.5
97.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.7
13.3
6.7
5.3
5.3
5.6
8.3
4.2
3.4
4.0
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.6
2.2
1.0
0.7
1.8
0.9
0.5
1.5
2.5
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.7
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Total
production
1.000 cwt
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.7
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.298
1,452
1,568
1,911
1,862
1,850
2,365
2,365
2,881
2,520
2,244
2,346
2,325
2,670
4,513
6,665
6,048
4.440
9.138
8.384
9.226
14.792
10.094
6.440
8,265
10,058
10,692
10,098
13,780
13.395
14.250
12.320
15.675
12.985
92
Appendix table 12Proportional distribution of rice production, by type of grain, Texas, 1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Long grain
Medium grain
Short grain
1,000 cwt
82.0
75.6
69.5
59.5
62.3
73.1
79.7
85.4
86.8
88.9
84.3
87.5
81.5
83.5
86.6
89.0
94.5
96.9
97.0
96.4
98.0
93.3
93.5
97.6
98.7
99.2
98.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
97.7
98.0
96.4
98.2
18.0
24.4
30.5
40.5
37.7
26.9
20.3
14.6
13.2
11.1
15.7
12.5
18.5
16.5
13.4
11.0
5.5
3.1
3.0
3.2
2.0
6.7
6.5
2.4
1.3
0.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.0
3.6
1.8
Totai
production
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.4
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
12.823
11,861
16,401
18,934
19.173
21.252
21,210
25,400
27.164
21.646
20,782
23,868
22,122
20,530
25.258
24.976
24,430
23,400
26.226
23,481
24,814
27,239
22,214
13.805
20.160
18,071
18.063
15.871
23.280
19,266
21,180
20,580
20,357
16,095
93
<0
Appendix table 13Rice production costs and returns. United States, 1975-91
Item
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1962
1983
1984
1965
1986
1987
1988
1969
1990
1991
8.01
45.54
364.59
6.73
46.79
314.93
9.10
43.99
400.26
7.82
44.49
348.08
10.07
45.70
460.07
10.69
43.24
462.37
10.21
47.75
487.67
7.61
46.86
356.65
8.79
45.53
400.12
8.05
48.87
393.22
8.01
53.78
430.71
3.83
56.97
218.41
4.83
54.67
263.89
6.82
53.79
366.85
7.45
55.79
415.64
6.06
52.71
319.42
7.52
54.24
407.88
21.43
38.43
40.60
34.24
58.11
20.42
34.26
46.99
37.19
68.91
31.13
40.12
1/
41.8
9.49
1/
330.31
21.01
20.86
20.03
36.30
0
1.48
272.55
25.89
35.51
28.04
32.60
46.45
22.24
20.79
20.10
35.29
0
1.48
268.39
25.51
35.61
5.51
47.92
38.72
28.23
25.35
20.45
32.04
0
5.24
264.58
24.21
34.06
5.69
47.81
44.56
28.72
26.09
20.29
34.67
0
5.31
271.41
19.89
35.34
42.06
36.52
37.53
22.24
39.34
9.12
43.32
0.56
1.29
287.21
21.01
30.96
39.08
36.23
47.10
23.34
39.09
8.30
39.08
0.46
1.28
285.93
21.22
35.45
39.21
32.18
55.19
26.78
34.70
6.78
39.02
1.29
0.44
292.26
28.32
35.92
7.16
40.80
1.32
0.47
306.80
21.51
35.59
42.59
35.05
64.23
30.01
38.55
6.97
40.20
1.36
0.48
316.54
25.99
9.55
35.13
26.44
97.11
23.40
9.96
35.64
22.59
91.59
23.08
10.47
26.53
22.85
82.93
23.67
12.26
27.16
26.86
89.95
26.08
13.21
25.20
27.20
91.69
20.77
11.24
22.56
12.54
67.11
20.28
12.02
15.89
10.16
58.35
21.60
12.01
13.30
11.41
58.32
20.97
12.43
13.37
12.38
59.15
23.96
12.57
14.28
13.53
64.34
22.21
12.65
2/
26.72
61.58
334.82
355.38
364.14
351.32
354.53
363.10
354.32
344.28
350.58
365.95
380.88
391.89
166.14
127.55
132.29
-7.49
48.80
38.69
67.61
-135.91
-80.39
16.27
49.69
-61.46
15.99
181.71
24.82
6.85
31.05
4.69
6.70
70.47
10.71
337.00
201.64
27.00
8.13
37.08
6.42
7.86
96.26
11.91
396.30
234.46
27.95
9.86
40.15
8.40
7.76
87.84
12.87
429.29
258.27
25.99
9.55
42.94
11.00
7.51
92.13
13.47
460.86
272.55
23.40
9.96
45.27
8.89
7.62
53.80
14.50
435.99
268.39
23.08
10.47
47.94
6.78
7.31
65.00
14.44
443.42
264.58
23.67
12.26
49.71
7.88
10.12
68.86
17.62
454.70
271.41
26.08
13.21
51.44
6.18
10.03
75.74
18.13
472.21
287.21
20.77
11.24
40.69
5.01
7.66
25.59
23.20
421.36
285.93
20.28
12.02
44.27
5.65
8.01
34.24
23.54
433.94
292.26
21.60
12.01
41.54
10.11
16.70
61.89
22.88
478.99
306.80
20.97
12.43
43.81
12.33
20.17
72.78
23.95
513.14
316.54
23.96
12.57
45.76
11.82
22.21
48.67
25.20
506.73
330.31
22.21
12.65
47.79
8.98
24.72
65.24
27.33
539.23
11.07
63.78
33.08
26.81
-79.34
-43.30
-61.48
-41.50
-202.95 -170.05
-112.14
-97.50
-187.31
-131.35
17.72
19.26
19.94
13.62
19.09
5.48
21.46
0
0.30
189.25
23.48
29.62
25.02
21.26
21.66
13.65
21.49
6.05
23.31
0
0.29
185.84
19.72
28.00
22.20
21.70
21.97
12.89
14.48
6.17
23.64
0
0.29
171.06
25.69
27.24
20.84
23.44
23.40
13.54
15.41
6.67
25.18
0
0.30
181.71
23.07
28.49
21.54
26.16
33.35
16.21
17.15
7.83
27.56
0
0.28
201.64
28.94
36.04
22.93
28.88
43.41
18.27
18.52
7.91
29.30
0
0.26
234.46
29.95
38.85
25.08
30.64
49.83
19.59
19.38
7.66
35.78
0
1.51
258.27
20.09
5.38
21.53
31.21
78.21
20.99
5.63
19.91
31.20
77.74
22.35
6.43
19.04
31.15
78.98
24.82
6.85
21.34
31.15
84.15
27.00
8.13
25.88
31.29
92.30
27.95
9.86
31.08
31.47
100.36
267.46
263.58
250.03
265.86
293.94
97.13
51.35
150.23
82.21
189.25
20.09
5.38
29.04
4.35
8.03
67.37
13.26
336.77
186.84
20.99
5.63
26.86
3.69
6.95
58.12
14.94
323.01
171.06
22.35
6.43
28.82
3.21
6.66
74.36
10.06
322.94
27.82
-8.08
77.32
28.00
44.39
26.10
37.78
26.63
31.88
50.48
Appendix table 14Rice production costs and returns. Arkansas (non-Delta), 1975-91
Item
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
7.96
47.30
376.42
6.69
47.94
320.74
9.05
43.32
391.81
7.78
44.55
346.46
10.01
43.10
431.31
10.30
41.38
9.95
45.30
450.74
7.74
43.10
333.63
8.93
42.69
381.21
8.19
46.28
379.02
8.57
52.01
445.69
3.87
53.95
208.79
4.92
53.60
263.71
6.93
53.49
370.69
7.52
55.87
420.14
6.08
49.41
300.41
7.70
51.99
400.32
426.21
TMI
16.44
28.13
38.53
28.49
75.70
33.36
40.53
0
32.41
1.44
26.14
38.55
18.45
15.29
21.19
13.72
22.43
0.64
23.24
0
0
179.66
21.00
26.24
27.17
16.65
22.72
13.56
23.57
0.70
24.91
0
0
176.52
20.57
26.48
21.15
16.33
22.14
12.31
14.48
0.68
24.28
0
0
158.43
27.43
25.89
19.93
17.94
23.98
13.15
15.88
0.75
26.30
0
0
171.25
22.23
26.48
20.33
19.18
33.96
15.31
17.32
0.96
28.52
0
0
184.29
31.74
34.51
21.61
21.63
45.45
17.42
19.12
1.07
29.99
0
0
222.54
31.82
36.74
23.59
22.93
54.48
18.63
19.49
1.07
35.89
0
1.61
246.25
24.95
36.00
25.40
23.79
52.82
19.91
22.19
0
34.12
0
1.61
240.79
27.43
32.08
26.69
24.61
48.61
21.14
21.20
0
33.78
0
1.61
237.15
26.75
27.89
1.21
36.92
46.28
32.25
27.03
0
20.73
0
5.28
224.34
27.11
1.21
36.51
54.54
33.08
26.85
0
23.31
0
5.28
229.67
18.72
31.39
32.67
29.47
38.23
28.10
35.18
0
33.99
1.33
0.15
249.23
19.98
27.50
31.90
30.28
50.77
28.33
34.94
0
32.70
1.32
0.15
257.87
19.06
32.06
32.41
25.16
58.97
28.73
32.40
0
32.63
1.33
0.15
262.90
19.46
34.68
33.69
26.82
62.55
30.40
33.60
0
34.90
1.37
0.16
277.63
19.60
31.64
35.47
27.65
70.15
31.92
37.30
0
31.83
1.42
0.17
287.15
1/
295.03
20.92
5.90
22.04
32.72
81.57
21.86
5.94
20.38
25.09
6.76
21.84
32.65
86.34
25.69
7.99
26.49
32.80
92.97
25.38
7.74
31.81
32.99
97.92
24.04
32.71
80.89
23.27
6.24
19.49
32.66
81.66
8.02
32.96
24.33
89.35
17.37
8.25
34.49
21.59
81.70
17.25
8.84
21.38
13.80
61.27
17.78
11.27
22.69
22.47
74.21
26.25
12.16
27.45
22.42
88.28
16.61
12.74
18.01
15.01
62.37
16.22
13.29
12.69
12.15
54.35
18.35
12.69
11.33
15.00
57.37
17.81
13.10
11.40
16.00
58.31
20.62
13.30
12.26
17.82
64.00
18.72
13.47
28.69
2/
60.88
261.23
257.41
240.09
257.59
277.27
320.46
335.60
322.49
298.42
298.55
317.95
311.60
312.22
320.27
335.94
351.15
355.91
115.18
63.33
151.72
88.87
154.04
105.75
115.14
11.14
82.79
80.97
127.74
-102.81
-48.51
50.42
84.20
-50.74
44.41
179.66
20.92
5.90
33.28
4.00
9.47
79.93
15.59
348.75
176.52
21.86
5.94
30.03
3.48
8.00
69.46
16.38
331.67
168.43
23.27
6.24
25.94
2.87
6.17
85.72
10.06
318.69
171.25
25.09
6.76
28.79
4.32
6.40
82.62
11.03
336.26
184.29
25.69
7.99
34.34
5.49
7.50
100.88
12.04
378.21
222.54
25.38
7.74
38.12
7.77
7.58
87.63
13.29
410.05
246.25
24.04
8.02
40.16
10.16
7.24
90.61
13.54
440.02
240.79
17.37
8.25
41.70
8.05
7.30
53.92
15.42
392.80
237.15
17.25
8.84
44.32
6.34
7.02
67.27
14.74
402.93
224.34
17.78
11.27
56.15
6.86
10.97
78.15
18.78
424.30
229.67
26.25
12.16
57.58
5.33
10.72
94.90
18.66
455.27
249.23
16.61
12.74
60.45
4.59
10.59
15.84
16.30
386.35
257.87
16.22
13.29
60.94
5.27
10.49
29.01
16.19
409.28
262.90
18.35
12.69
45.50
9.10
17.85
58.62
16.87
441.88
277.63
17.81
13.10
47.81
11.16
21.53
69.63
17.48
476.15
287.15
20.62
13.30
49.44
10.73
23.65
40.30
19.42
464.61
295.03
18.72
13.47
51.66
8.02
26.40
63.07
21.10
497.47
27.66
-10.93
73.12
10.20
53.09
16.16
10.72
-59.17
-21.72
-45.28
-9.58
-177.56
-145.57
-71.19
-56.01
-164.20
-97.15
21.78
1975
1976
1977
1979
1978
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
7.74
57.30
443.80
6.51 .
55.70
362.69
8.80
57.78
508.61
7.57
51.88
392.68
9.74
64.80
631.12
10.90
63.95
697.05
9.85
68.21
671.87
7.21
67.87
489.34
8.32
69.97
582.15
7.63
70.10
534.86
7.38
72.07
531.88
3.69
76.38
281.84
4.49
70.42
316.19
5.95
69.39
412.87
6.61
78.05
615.91
6.35
75.03
401.41
76.82
513.93
Cash expenses:
Seed
Fertilizer
Chemicals
Custom operations
Fuel, lube, and electricity
Repairs
Hired labor
Purchased irrigation water
Drying
Miscellaneous
Technical services
Total, variable cash expenses
24.55
46.57
10.23
32.89
12.45
16.41
20.30
13.38
22.04
0
0
198.81
24.55
34.47
15.43
34.35
12.80
15.56
20.37
13.97
22.65
0
0
194.15
20.07
33.29
20.24
38.67
14.32
16.21
14.42
15.73
25.35
0
0
198.30
31.01
32.97
18.98
37.09
13.54
15.12
15.36
15.09
23.97
0
0
203.13
28.23
32.94
19.36
43.27
18.67
17.41
16.60
16.65
30.23
0
0
223.36
25.79
41.48
20.60
48.54
25.76
20.16
18.24
18.37
37.62
0
0
256.56
30.68
43.66
22.41
52.90
29.88
22.00
18.50
19.81
45.43
0
1.42
286.69
31.33
45.35
24.03
55.08
30.54
23.69
19.55
24.32
49.72
0
1.42
305.03
24.15
43.52
25.24
57.75
28.50
25.15
19.41
24.41
51.26
0
1.42
300.80
26.66
37.38
6.00
58.34
26.82
34.65
30.92
24.83
46.04
0
8.28
299.82
26.56
34.70
6.00
67.77
32.28
34.53
32.65
24.63
47.33
0
8.28
304.73
21.09
37.26
49.12
47.20
43.49
20.57
41.37
21.61
53.47
1.41
1.15
337.64
21.59
34.37
47.96
48.49
47.61
20.58
44.08
21.73
47.89
1.40
1.14
336.74
22.01
38.63
48.74
48.23
54.86
21.44
40.36
21.64
48.03
1.41
1.16
346.49
22.06
41.07
50.66
51.42
69.08
22.80
42.86
23.69
66.59
1.46
1.26
371.84
22.09
41.89
53.34
53.02
58.40
24.49
42.61
24.32
65.09
1.50
1.29
378.04
24.8
39.23
57.94
55.62
62.16
26.59
43.08
1/
59.15
26.12
1/
393.68
30.20
5.83
29.59
57.20
122.82
31.56
6.20
27.37
57.19
122.31
33.59
6.55
26.17
57.10
123.41
36.21
6.97
29.33
57.09
129.59
42.94
8.09
35.57
57.35
143.95
41.00
18.85
42.71
57.68
160.24
38.03
18.96
47.57
40.30
144.86
53.59
16.44
52.01
30.96
153.00
54.13
18.68
52.12
66.00
190.93
55.16
22.28
51.28
57.71
186.43
39.09
22.78
26.86
65.26
153.99
35.78
14.60
38.60
30.03
118.81
34.93
14.66
27.11
24.32
101.01
37.92
16.80
18.68
25.76
99.16
36.81
17.66
18.79
27.48
100.74
42.60
18.10
20.21
30.61
111.62
38.67
17.93
2/
48.48
106.08
321.63
316.46
321.71
332.73
367.31
416.80
431.66
468.03
491.73
486.26
458.72
466.46
437.76
446.66
472.58
489.56
498.76
122.17
46.23
186.90
69.95
263.81
280.25
240.32
31.31
90.42
48.61
73.16
-174.61
-121.56
-32.78
43.33
-88.15
15.17
198.81
30.20
5.83
26.27
4.19
7.02
99.60
14.10
385.91
194.16
31.66
6.20
30.36
3.62
7.69
80.85
14.15
368.47
198.30
33.59
6.65
203.13
223.36
36.21
6.97
30.38
4.98
6.33
83.92
10.68
382.60
42.94
8.09
35.90
6.84
7.36
168.83
11.64
494.85
266.66
41.00
18.86
39.27
8.61
7.34
159.63
12.68
643.84
286.69
38.03
18.96
43.49
11.23
7.35
150.96
12.85
305.03
53.69
16.44
46.87
300.80
64.13
18.68
49.75
299.82
55.16
22.28
304.73
39.09
22.78
7.27
7.26
125.29
13.48
676.67
62.22
10.05
12.22
111.15
21.49
694.39
64.34
7.93
11.97
108.62
22.68
582.14
645.21
336.74
34.93
14.66
30.71
7.24
5.84
81.70
44.21
556.02
346.49
37.92
16.80
38.83
11.99
15.89
114.12
46.99
629.03
371.84
36.81
17.66
41.21
14.95
19.24
135.18
49.90
686.79
378.04
42.60
18.10
43.99
14.12
21.36
104.44
49.61
569.54
9.44
7.56
101.71
13.58
554.22
337.64
36.78
14.50
30.70
6.36
6.95
72.03
42.26
672.26
393.68
38.67
17.93
46.97
10.71
23.86
111.14
60.16
692.11
153.21
102.33
-64.88
5.48
-69.53
-50.26
-263.37
-239.83
-216.16
-170.88
-270.85
-178.18
27.94
3.17
6.23
114.05
10.02
399.86
6.69
57.88
-5.78
108.76
10.07
136.27
Appendix table 16Rice production costs and returns, Mississippi River Delta, 1975-91
Item
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
7.99
39.10
312.62
6.72
43.82
294.55
9.09
41.35
375.75
7.81
42.45
331.68
10.05
41.10
413.22
10.13
36.75
372.28
10.43
42.35
441.71
7.68
40.10
307.97
8.86
39.91
353.60
8.03
42.93
344.73
7.90
50.16
396.26
3.91
51.86
202.77
4.98
48.18
239.94
6.94
50.67
351.65
7.53
53.08
399.69
6.12
49.76
304.53
7.68
48.68
373.86
CO
32.40
32.40
19.05
16.36
20.35
10.34
16.81
0
19.85
0
0
167.56
24.30
24.00
27.75
19.69
24.12
11.31
21.28
0
23.53
0
0
175.98
20.08
29.56
22.05
20.17
24.55
10.72
15.22
0
23.95
0
0
166.29
26.41
20.72
24.92
22.12
26.54
11.43
13.82
0
25.89
0
0
171.85
21.41
22.36
25.42
23.62
36.47
13.27
15.62
0
28.63
0
0
186.80
30.58
26.96
27.04
26.42
43.54
15.16
16.33
0
26.73
0
0
212.76
30.58
30.75
29.44
28.34
52.07
16.29
17.05
0
32.08
0
1.44
238.04
23.91
28.57
31.55
29.46
52.77
17.53
16.92
0
30.38
0
1.44
232.53
26.27
29.87
33.14
30.49
47.20
18.66
17.82
0
30.24
0
1.44
235.13
23.48
39.61
12.87
49.32
43.98
22.03
20.16
0
26.18
0
5.54
243.17
23.48
37.62
12.87
50.40
48.54
22.87
20.42
0
30.58
0
5.54
252.32
17.83
31.57
46.46
37.67
29.37
22.00
38.88
0.43
39.93
1.31
0.85
266.30
19.01
26.00
45.37
38.71
39.75
21.84
38.62
0.43
36.13
1.30
0.84
268.00
20.76
31.47
46.10
37.07
53.53
29.00
38.39
0.44
40.15
1.31
0.85
299.07
20.82
34.35
47.92
39.52
56.07
30.73
39.81
0.48
43.03
1.35
0.92
315.00
20.85
33.27
50.46
40.75
63.25
32.46
44.19
0.50
41.59
1.39
0.95
329.66
19.03
30.20
54.81
42.70
67.96
33.92
46.28
1/
39.95
1.92
1/
336.77
15.10
5.64
22.74
19.53
63.01
15.78
5.64
21.03
19.52
61.98
16.80
6.63
20.11
19.49
63.03
20.05
6.52
22.54
19.49
68.59
20.53
7.66
27.33
19.58
75.10
22.07
6.88
32.82
19.69
81.46
22.23
6.88
30.47
22.50
82.08
15.99
8.82
31.75
19.88
76.44
16.41
8.03
20.34
13.13
57.91
16.37
10.33
20.89
20.69
68.28
23.34
11.35
24.41
19.93
79.03
19.55
10.70
17.87
6.24
54.36
19.08
10.83
12.58
5.06
47.55
19.61
10.36
11.74
5.55
47.26
19.03
10.60
11.81
5.92
47.36
22.03
10.76
12.70
6.59
52.08
20.00
10.82
2/
18.40
49.22
230.57
237.96
229.33
240.44
261.89
294.22
320.12
308.97
293.04
311.45
331.35
320.66
315.55
346.33
362.36
381.74
385.99
82.05
56.60
146.42
91.24
151.33
78.06
121.59
-1.00
60.56
33.28
64.91
-117.89
-75.61
5.32
37.33
-77.21
-12.13
167.56
15.10
5.64
30.77
3.74
8.73
51.67
11.68
294.90
175.98
15.78
5.64
28.04
3.46
7.44
50.60
14.79
301.73
166.29
16.80
6.63
32.86
3.62
7.79
64.82
10.58
309.40
171.85
20.05
6.52
26.55
4.27
5.88
62.63
9.61
307.36
186.80
20.53
7.66
31.70
5.66
6.90
79.59
10.85
349.68
212.76
22.07
6.88
35.36
7.43
7.00
63.50
11.35
366.35
238.04
22.23
6.88
37.45
9.91
6.73
77.69
11.85
410.78
232.53
15.99
8.82
38.96
7.76
6.81
38.33
11.75
360.95
235.13
16.41
8.03
41.43
5.42
6.56
48.93
12.38
374.29
243.17
16.37
10.33
45.11
6.80
10.03
47.91
14.01
393.73
252.32
23.34
11.35
46.38
5.34
9.96
50.89
14.19
413.77
266.30
19.55
10.70
40.29
4.79
7.81
21.68
14.75
385.87
268.00
19.08
10.83
40.19
5.43
7.64
26.06
14.65
391.88
299.07
19.61
10.36
39.64
10.35
15.87
60.68
15.26
470.84
315.00
19.03
10.60
41.86
12.66
19.18
71.45
15.82
505.60
329.66
22.03
10.76
43.75
12.31
21.12
48.61
17.57
505.81
336.77
20.00
10.82
45.72
9.16
23.58
61.85
18.40
526.30
17.72
-7.18
66.35
24.32
63.54
5.93
30.93
-52.98
-20.69
-49.00
-17.51
-183.10
-201.28
-152.44
00
Appendix table 17Rice production costs and returns, Gulf Coast, 1975-91
Item
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
8.27
41.60
344.24
6.96
43.51
302.69
9.40
39.96
375.81
8.09
42.09
340.36
10.41
40.30
419.34
11.24
38.40
431.64
10.64
43.82
466.07
7.77
44.40
345.07
8.98
40.48
363.62
8.23
45.15
371.69
7.94
48.36
384.13
3.86
52.65
203.13
4.89
50.63
247.68
7.03
50.61
355.79
7.63
48.11
367.08
6.27
52.15
326.98
7.69
62.11
400.73
23.23
24.98
47.24
41.03
34.16
52.11
25.14
33.15
17.82
42.01
1.15
0.24
319.03
25.10
41.91
43.02
35.12
57.48
26.71
33.81
17.85
47.14
1.17
0.24
329.55
24.63
43.04
46.75
35.98
64.03
28.46
33.50
1/
47.74
18.59
1/
342.72
24.74
39.59
27.07
30.33
52.70
24.77
23.32
54.15
32.67
0
1.39
310.74
25.14
40.05
4.45
53.31
32.84
25.20
18.64
55.09
41.31
0
3.40
299.43
26.35
38.74
4.52
53.02
36.49
25.29
26.31
54.65
44.24
0
3.40
313.01
21.90
40.36
40.08
33.96
41.33
19.58
41.34
16.17
46.80
1.17
0.22
302.91
0.21
302.07
24.76
43.15
39.78
32.19
50.82
23.88
32.62
17.14
44.41
1.15
0.23
310.13
30.77
21.11
79.72
18.85
9.98
23.94
18.36
71.13
19.26
9.63
24.24
20.33
73.46
20.68
10.49
22.26
16.96
70.39
18.72
8.89
23.28
5.86
56.75
18.27
9.58
16.40
4.74
48.99
21.78
10.44
15.59
5.05
52.86
20.88
10.61
15.64
5.36
52.49
23.99
10.81
16.81
5.94
57.55
21.50
10.88
21.86
21
54.24
364.87
398.53
381.87
372.89
383.40
359.66
351.06
362.99
371.52
387.10
396.96
100.23
101.20
-53.46
-18.25
-1.20
0.73
-156.53
-103.38
-7.20
-4.44
-60.12
2T7
318.81
18.78
9.06
53.10
10.37
8.64
310.74
18.85
9.98
56.13
8.10
8.27
43.73
313.01
20.68
10.49
41.09
6.90
8.13
55.72
18.29
474.31
302.07
18.27
9.58
33.84
4.71
6.55
9.11
27.95
412.68
33.90
5.32
6.44
17.35
329.55
23.99
10.81
42.14
12.31
342.72
21.50
10.88
45.39
28.32
421.25
10.44
38.10
10.73
15.95
46.40
29.34
482.87
319.03
20.88
10.61
16.21
472.00
299.43
19.26
9.63
39.80
8.67
8.22
52.70
22.92
460.63
302.91
18.72
8.89
60.90
11.01
335.58
272.70
24.70
8.34
50.21
12.68
8.55
74.02
15.08
466.28
310.13
21.78
8.52
42.82
7.32
8.86
78.38
12.64
393.26
247.61
27.30
9.04
45.47
9.53
8.63
66.59
13.55
427.71
4.79
26.08
3.93
-0.21
-128.86
-108.38
-88.94
-90.18
-209.55
-173.57
-127.08
29.00
51.41
20.19
17.74
21.65
13.88
17.42
8.76
20.13
0
0.81
200.99
24.35
32.06
26.50
19.94
23.95
14.16
20.67
9.84
22.27
0
0.79
194.52
16.68
22.53
26.56
19.87
23.73
13.06
12.49
9.81
22.06
0
0.79
167.58
21.46
29.03
20.37
22.36
26.32
14.29
15.85
11.04
24.47
0
0.82
186.01
21.99
31.22
21.33
24.01
38.62
17.96
18.19
12.90
24.87
0
0.78
211.87
26.98
40.37
22.70
26.91
50.54
20.03
19.51
13.74
26.03
0
0.80
247.61
27.01
45.27
24.49
28.84
53.75
22.05
21.69
14.56
33.54
0
1.50
272.70
20.68
4.78
16.17
23.92
65.55
21.61
5.18
14.95
23.91
65.66
23.00
6.14
14.30
23.88
67.32
22.50
7.04
16.03
23.87
69.43
22.85
8.52
19.44
23.98
74.79
27.30
9.04
23.34
24.12
83.80
24.70
8.34
34.62
24.51
92.17
266.53
260.18
234.90
255.44
286.66
331.41
77.70
42.51
140.91
84.92
132.68
200.99
20.68
4.78
27.13
4.86
7.32
53.43
12.10
331.28
194.52
21.61
5.18
22.86
3.95
5.77
46.49
14.36
314.74
167.58
23.00
6.14
186.01
22.50
7.04
35.57
5.07
7.49
211.87
22.85
12.96
-12.05
79.71
26.11
42.61
25.57
29.47
57.31
23.39
23.25
53.96
35.73
0
1.42
318.81
18.78
9.06
36.42
38.83
34.79
46.83
19.62
41.62
15.69
43.70
1.13
24.27
2.80
5.47
58.16
8.68
296.10
39.01
16.15
473.93
40.04
12.83
19.22
50.79
30.47
503.87
-136.79
9.32
23.89
21.11
40.76
32.34
513.01
538.02
-186.03
-137.29
51.63
32.69
Appendix table 18- -Estimated number of rice farms and average acreage per farm, 1982 and 1987
1982
State
and region
Farms 1/
1987
Acres 2/
Farms 1/
Acres 2/
Number
Arkansas
Louisiana
Mississippi
Missouri
Texas
Southern States
California
United States
5,431
2,508
714
303
1.154
10,110
1,319
11,431
232
229
337
217
451
263
430
283
5,613
2,273
803
449
1,212
10,350
1,654
12,013
186
184
243
148
247
195
241
202
99
On farm
or In
farm
warehouse
Date
At mills
and in
attached
warehouees
In
warehouses
(not
attached
to mills)
Milled
In ports
or in
transit
Total
all
positions
At mills
and in
attached
warehouses
In
warehouses
(not
attached
to mills
In ports
or in
transit
Total
all
positions
1,0(30cwt
January 1:
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
31.021
26.179
48.404
34.561
30,681
32.426
36,737
15,038
21,111
22,952
24,151
19,541
19,535
23,768
57,278
48,817
59,117
76,070
64,143
74,514
81,967
581
6
911
200
344
797
514
103,918
96,113
131,384
134,972
114,709
127,272
142,966
3,137
3,055
2,735
2,960
3,867
3,343
3,674
810
929
907
858
456
524
461
2,123
2,556
1,414
2,401
1,395
2,058
465
6,070
6,540
5,056
6,219
5,718
5,926
4,600
December 1:
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
36.264
29.789
39.581
40.040
37,662
37.249
39,966
24,164
18,739
13,648
12,741
10,084
9,548
9,630
14,434
13,624
90,153
71,902
79.245
66,166
65,905
66,857
76,887
70,789
384
81
121
83
52
54
196
668
145,540
115,420
131,688
116,373
113,167
113,790
131,483
109,245
4,578
4.841
4.813
4.254
4,046
3,564
3,580
3,849
461
617
550
782
605
495
855
192
650
1,232
915
720
1.180
351
1,882
840
5,689
6,690
6,278
5,756
5,831
4,410
6,317
4,881
12.030
5.977
39.224
28,673
41,773
62,649
46,515
60,188
73,700
563
64
411
299
17
707
914
67,398
49,792
90,280
109.033
79.766
96.042
116,217
3,500
3.499
4.371
3.295
3.838
3.538
2.818
402
1,099
725
492
464
481
425
2.888
3,214
26.807
23,778
15.802
18,709
22,232
15,581
15,078
21,289
22,307
17,432
16,438
19,371
1,689
3,165
2,999
2,101
208
6,790
7.812
6,785
6,952
7,301
6,120
3,451
19,561
10,104
27,266
15,965
19,345
20,658
22,397
11,703
15,962
28,905
12,704
10,390
9,404
8,283
11,900
15,056
70,780
39,464
49,439
51.381
43,554
46.631
57.197
483
125
641
218
124
106,786
75,598
90.050
77,954
72,427
75,783
91,681
3.881
5,680
5,589
5,259
4,002
3,888
3,474
4.232
561
1,233
189
327
408
837
643
1,010
117
1,059
1,502
410
858
952
1,075
563
4,559
7.972
7.280
5.996
5.268
5.677
5.192
5,605
403
446
409
223
50
304
398
632
189
752
548
217
486
658
188
1.504
1.665
1.877
2.830
1.095
515
1.099
1.166
679
902
998
457
529
1.365
697
4,035
4,855
5,477
5,896
5,121
3,842
4,530
6,844
5,329
5,832
5,196
4,243
4,846
6,202
3,596
April 1:
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
March 1:
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994 2/
August 1:
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1/These estimates do not include
563
208
4,453
6,032
1.250
697
2,031
984
1.242
1,176
599
852
1,109
1,708
517
stocks located in
52.697
211
187
147
79.603
2.128
20.093
342
9,940
2,744
9.840
9
4,206
3.191
41,387
484
23,906
12,544
2.843
63,157
36
45,899
11.190
3,976
39,706
14
27,425
11,017
3,023
59,150
653
44,402
13,398
3,033
70,947
1,008
52.476
15,432
5,044
41,803
115
30,718
9,966
4,461
23,748
3
14.789
7,714
4,178
18,587
10,084
31
7,296
3.650
19,153
51
13.133
5,370
3,569
18.695
58
12.636
5,149
3,833
20,531
77
13,179
6,166
4,179
30,584
35
21,786
7,055
2,710
20,907
115
14,674
5,601
Sutee outeide the major producing Statee of Mieeourl, MiseieslppI, Arkansas, Louisiana,
9,248
5,417
100
c
O)
Appendix Table 20Onfarm and total rice stocks by State, December 1.1988-93
State
2.
1988
Onfarm
1989
Total
1990
Onfarm
Total
Onfarm
1991
Total
Onfarm
1992
Total
"~~'
Onfarm
1993
Total
Onfarm
Total
~"
1.000 cwt
>
m
3}
Rough rice:
Arkansas
15.750
53.624
17.450
47.661
17.972
46.582
16,826
45.920
20.460
57,319
12.000
43.585
California
3,020
29,881
3,000
30,372
2,900
29,604
2.800
31.254
2,470
34,206
1,800
36,246
Louisiana
7.600
15.200
6.000
12,062
5,600
12,994
6,000
12.511
5.000
13,405
3,500
11,370
10,988
*
*
10.447
8,712
*
*
8,901
10,732
6,497
3,814
*
*
12,007
1,609
8.782
Mississippi
Missouri
Texas
Unallocated
U.S. total
3.759
3.428
18.567
State
131,688
40,040
1988
In mills
12.785
3,889
116,373
37,662
1989
Total
2,839
12,436
4.000
113,167
37,249
1990
In mills
Total
In mills
2,178
13,026
3,354
113,790
39,966
1991
Total
2.765
5,255
8,682
7.623
7,301
9.737
9,452
39,581
3,853
3.046
131,483
24,164
1992
109,245
1993
In mills
Total
In mills
Total
In mills
Total
1.667
1.368
1,402
1.478
2.016
1.541
1.705
906
756
755
702
702
799
799
1.000 cwt
Milled rice:
Arkansas
California
Louisiana
Mississippi
Missouri
1.621
899
1,757
899
1.831
1,825
928
928
1,667
906
.*...*....
...*.**.***
...*..*...*
Texas
1.227
1,851
1,005
2.137
963
2.121
834
1,301
961
1.687
887
1.118
Unallocated
1.066
1,771
496
860
510
1.137
607
952
439
1.912
622
1,259
U.S. total
4.813
6.278
4.254
5.756
4.046
5.831
3,564
4,410
3.580
6.317
3,849
4,881
Direct
food
use 3/
Processed
foods 4/
Beer 4/
Total 5/
1.000 cwt
1960
10.486
68.0 6/
2.171
14.1
2.765
17.9
15.421
100.0
1961
11,585
68.8
2.270
13.5
2.982
17.7
16.838
100.0
1966
11,087
64.5
2,961
17.2
3.148
18.3
17.196
100.0
1969
13.123
63.2
2.995
14.4
4,631
22.3
20.749
100.0
1971
12,916
63.1
3,455
16.9
4.082
20.0
20,453
100.0
1972
13.756
64.0
3.174
14.8
4.554
21.2
21.484
100.0
1973
13.322
60.7
3.414
15.6
5,194
23.7
21.930
100.0
1974
12.674
59.6
2.507
11.8
6,096
28.7
21.278
100.0
1975
12,958
63.4
2,849
13.9
4,642
22.7
20.450
100.0
1978
15.291
56.3
3,717
13.7
8.159
30.0
27,167
100.0
1980
18.940
60.9
4.491
14.4
7.667
24.7
31,098
100.0
1982
19,673
61.3
3.342
10.4
9.095
28.3
32.110
100.0
1984
22,308
64.1
5,438
15.6
7.038
20.2
34,784
100.0
1986
24.724
61.5
7,630
19.0
7.825
19.5
40,179
100.0
1988
27.699
61.3
8.621
19.1
8.895
19.7
45.215
100.0
1990
30.770
57.9
11.370
21.4
11.000
20.7
53.140
100.0
102
1969
1971
1973
1975
1980
1978
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
19.670
14,830
3,120
22,310
16.310
3.639
24,720
18,180
3.293
27.700
19.280
4.383
30.770
21.640
3.377
870
953
662
523
870
1.000 cwt
Domestic:
Direct food use
Regular milled 2/
Parboiled
Precooked 3/
Precooked-parboiled
Precooked-parboiled brown
Brown rice
Aromatic
Other
13.120
10.710
1.353
13.640
10.480
1.372
13.320
10.730
1.399
12.960
10,090
1,690
15.290
12.260
1.779
808
850
820
823
936
18,940
15,380
1,989
1.029
88
134
167
257
237
375
216
270
407
729
1.595
26
65
104
16
140
24
230
23
96
Processed food
Cereal
Package mixes
Petfood
Baby food
Rice cakes
Frozen dinners
Soup
Candy
Other
Total
2,990
2.100
3.460
2.102
3.410
2,789
2.850
1.921
5.440
3,577
421
151
331
4,490
2.588
1.366
3,340
2,503
299
3.720
2.090
1.096
221
567
7.630
4.800
1.505
8.620
3.937
1.705
11.370
4.144
3.324
136
141
117
145
157
133
152
316
233
172
445
211
646
103
106
16
147
176
241
76
119
117
249
145
254
346
358
257
290
270
659
3,455
3.414
2.849
3,717
4,491
3,342
4,971
-329
7,075
334
2.995
8,621
11,367
Beer 4/
5,090
5,410
5,870
6.410
7,920
7,980
9,610
9,670
10,680
11,150
11,000
Territories
3,781
4,084
3,742
3,847
3,482
3,426
3,576
3.622
3,805
3,318
3.182
iO.991
41,514
35,834
39,765
53,520
66,265
49,057
43.222
59.950
61.419
51,048
S.972
68,108
62,176
65,832
83,932
101,101
85.253
84,264
106.785
112,207
107,370
Exports 5/
Total
1/ Marketing year beginning August 1.
21 Includes imported rice in distribution.
3/ Includes precooked brown rice.
4/ Treasury Department data.
Appendix table 23Domestic shipments of specialty rice by rice millers and repackagers 1/
Itemnrear 2/
1971
1969
1972
1974
1973
1975
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
3.266.3
644.4
220.9
72.4
0.3
0.0
0.0
25.4
0.0
191.7
4,421.4
4,336.0
319.5
442.7
347.3
0.5
0.0
0.0
22.5
0.0
0.0
5.468.5
3,377.5
869.9
307.8
678.9
0.4
1.1
123.8
55.5
6.2
0.0
5,421.2
26.9
17.6
153.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
36.5
234.2
46.8
1.8
59.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
108.0
0.0
0.0
938.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.6
1.1
0.0
0.0
944.3
0.0
0.0
33.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
33.1
0.0
1.8
189.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
191.1
0.0
0.0
283.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
18.6
29.2
0.0
0.0
312.3
3,293.2
662.0
407.1
72.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
253.6
0.0
4,688.7
4,382.8
523.1
691.4
347.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
22.5
0.0
5,967.6
3,377.5
869.9
1.529.6
678.9
0.4
1.1
128.4
85.9
6.2
0.0
6.677.9
1.000 cwt
Long grain:
Parboiled
Precooked
Brown rice
Precooked-parboiled
Precooked-brown rice
Parboiled brown
Precooked-parboiled brown
Aromatic
Aromatic brown
Other
Total
1,350.1
807.5
54.9
1,371.9
849.9
50.5
1,605.9
763.1
243.5
1,393.7
819.5
120.2
1,421.0
823.7
134.5
1,387.9
823.2
82.2
1,975.7
1,029.2
218.5
3,120.3
869.6
170.1
3,639.4
953.2
244.6
25.8
2,238.3
2.9
2,275.2
58.0
2,670.5
2,333.4
2,379.2
79.5
2,672.8
15.5
3,238.9
108.9
4,268.8
12.1
4,849.3
0.0
0.0
9.0
0.0
0.0
11.0
0.0
0.0
19.5
2.5
0.0
18.8
0.5
0.0
44.1
2.3
0.0
103.5
13.0
0.0
91.5
0.0
0.0
23.1
0.0
0.0
23.8
Medium grain:
Parboiled
Precooked
Brown rice
Precooked-parboiled
Precooked-brown rice
Parboiled brown
Precooked-parboiled brown
Aromatic
Aromatic brown
Other
Total
Short grain:
Parboiled
Precooked
Brown rice
Precooked-parboiled
Precooked-brown rice
Parboiled brown
Precooked-parboiled brown
Aromatic
Aromatic brown
Other
Total
Total:
Parboiled
Precooked
Brown rice
Precooked-parboiled
Precooked brown rice
Parboiled brown
Precooked-parboiled brown
Aromatic
Aromatic brown
Other
Total
0.0
9.0
0.0
11.0
0.0
19.5
0.0
21.3
0.0
44.6
24.8
130.6
0.0
104.4
10.4
33.5
12.0
35.8
2.4
0.0
24.0
0.4
0.0
72.1
4.2
0.0
74.5
2.3
0.0
93.0
2.9
0.0
38.8
0.0
0.0
70.8
0.0
0.0
65.0
0.0
0.0
22.6
0.0
0.0
1.9
0.0
24.4
0.0
72.5
0.0
78.7
0.0
95.3
0.0
41.7
0.0
70.8
0.0
65.0
20.9
43.5
0.0
1.9
1.352.5
807.5
87.9
1,372.3
849.9
133.6
1,610.1
763.1
337.5
1.398.5
819.5
232.0
1,424.4
823.7
217.4
1,690.2
823.2
256.5
1,988.6
1,029.2
375.0
3,120.3
869.6
215.7
3,639.4
953.2
270.3
25.8
2,273.7
2.9
2.358.7
58.0
2,768.7
0.0
2,450.0
0.0
2.465.5
104.2
2,874.2
15.5
3,408.4
140.2
4,345.9
24.1
4,887.0
O)
Cereal
o
CD
Year 1/
Packag
mixes
Pet
food
Rice
cakes
Baby
food
Frozen
dinners
Soup
Candy
Total 2/
5"
Q.
C
(O
>
m
1.000 cwt
1960
1,849
51
159
111
2.171
1961
1.991
80
83
117
2.270
i9oo
2.504
121
226
110
2.961
1969
2.099
299
136
211
2.995
1971
2.102
421
141
646
3.455
1972
2,372
210
150
367
3.174
1973
2.789
151
117
103
3.414
1974
1.837
227
124
210
2.507
1975
1.921
331
145
106
2.849
1978
2.090
1.096
157
157
3.717
1980
2.588
1,366
133
147
4.491
1982
2.503
221
152
176
3.342
1984
3.577
567
316
241
4.971
1986
4.800
1.505
426
233
288
61
76
147
7.075
1988
3.937
1.705
1,338
172
707
89
119
220
8.621
1990
4,144
3,324
1.922
445
411
240
117
105
11.367
o
o
o
CJl
o
O)
Appendix table 25--Proportion of direct food use rice distributed to major U.S. regions and per capita. 1/
Item
Proportion of total:
33
1972
1973
1974
Percent Rank
Percent Rank
Percent Rank
Percent Rank
Percent Rank
Percent Rank
Percent Rank
Percent Rank
19.6
22.5
23.0
24.2
23.3
26.2
27.5
23.5
19.6
25.2
21.3
21.4
22.5
23.3
South Atlantic
18.9
18.2
18.0
16.1
17.7
16.3
16.9
16.3
18.7
18.5
18.1
15.0
14.2
16.3
13.1
12.7
8.8
8.4
8.6
8.0
9.8
8.4
9.0
8.8
5.6
5.9
4.4
3.8
4.9
3.3
4.4
3.7
New England
2.1
1.9
2.6
2.7
3.0
3.6
3.2
3.4
2.3
2.5
3.2
4.6
3.3
5.7
2.9
2.5
Mountain
1.4
1.5
3.0
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
Pounds Rank
Pounds Rank
100.0
Pounds Rank
100.0
Pounds Rank
100.0
Pounds Rank
100.0
Pounds Rank
100.0
Pounds Rank
Pounds Rank
5.5
6.3
6.8
8.0
8.3
8.3
9.2
11.2
11.8
8.8
12.5
10.3
10.6
11.1
10.2
8.7
7.4
7.6
6.9
6.9
7.4
6.8
7.0
6.2
11.2
11.9
10.7
10.1
9.3
10.9
8.7
7.8
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.6
3.1
2.8
2.9
2.7
4.8
5.4
3.8
3.9
4.9
3-4
3.0
2.2
New England
2.1
2.0
2.6
2.9
3.2
2.5
3.6
3.5
1.6
1.7
2.3
3.6
2.5
4.6
3.5
2.7
Mountain
2.0
2.3
4.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.8
South Atlantic
>
m
1971
18.4
Pacific
JJ
1969
23.8
Middle Atlantic
8'
1966
Pacific
C/)
1961
Middle Atlantic
U.S. total 3/
1960
U.S. Total 3/
Ref9r to footnotes t end of tabis
5.7
6.1
5.7
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
5.8
continued^
c
i
o
CD
Appendix table 25Proportion of direct food use rice distributed to major U.S. regions and per capita. 1/clontinued
5"
Q.
C
Item
Proportion of total
1978
1975
Percent
Rank Percent
Rank Percent
Rank Percent
Rank Percent
1Rank Percent
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
Rank Percent
Rank Percent
Rank
24.5
26.0
18.4
13.1
7.3
1.9
3.0
3.6
2.1
2
1
3
4
5
9
7
6
8
Rank Pounds
Rank
18.1
18.3
11.7
13.6
4.9
3.5
6.4
5.7
4.2
Middle Atlantic
Pacific
South Atlantic
West South Central
East North Central
East South Central
New England
West North Central
Mountain
U.S. Total 3/
1
2
4
3
5
8
6
7
9
23.3
23.3
15.9
18.0
8.7
2.3
3.6
2.9
1.9
23.7
23.8
14.8
16.0
9.4
2.2
2.9
4.4
2.9
2
1
4
3
5
9
8
6
7
22.3
24.2
17.1
14.6
8.4
2.4
2.7
4.7
3.7
2
1
3
4
5
9
8
6
7
1
2
4
3
5
8
7
6
9
25.5
21.1
15.4
18.0
7.9
2.4
3.3
4.3
2.1
1
2
4
3
5
8
7
6
9
21.6
24.9
20.2
13.8
7.7
1.8
3.8
4.4
1.8
2
1
3
4
5
8
7
6
9
26.2
26.0
19.3
10.1
6.6
3.9
3.4
2.8
1.8
99.9
100.1
100.1
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
Pounds
Rank Pounds
Rank Pounds
Rank Pounds
Rank Pounds
Rank Pounds
Rank Pounds
8.0
11.2
6.5
11.7
2.7
2.3
3.9
2.3
2.8
6.0
3
2
4
1
7
8
5
9
6
9.8
11.9
6.5
10.8
3.4
2.3
3.5
3.9
4.1
6.2
3
1
4
2
8
9
7
6
5
11.1
13.7
8.3
11.0
3.7
3.1
3.9
5.0
5.8
2
1
4
3
8
9
7
5
6
8.0
O
->l
25.3
21.4
15.4
16.3
9.2
2.6
3.3
4.5
1.9
12.9
12.2
7.6
12.1
4.2
3.3
4.9
4.9
3.0
8.1
1
2
4
3
7
8
5
6
9
14.1
12.4
7.9
14.0
3.9
3.2
5.3
5.1
3.4
8.6
1
3
4
2
7
8
5
6
9
13.6
16.2
11.5
12.0
4.3
2.8
6.9
5.9
3.2
9.7
16.9
16.7
11.0
9.1
3.8
6.2
6.3
3.8
3.3
10.4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
8
6
5
7
9
1
4
3
7
8
5
6
9
1986
1992
59
42,283
107
85,443
57
101,864
50
15,526
67
27,009
59
31,830
10
2,124
26
10,937
13
15,515
na
na
11
5,249
9
6,218
69
25,591
52
28,467
39
26,309
31
17,602
62
62,252
55
45,496
325
219
Firms (No.)
219,357
103,126
Capacity (1,000 cwt)
Source: Holder and Grant 1979, and USDA/ASCS data on firms having
Uniform Rice Storage Agreement.
221
227,232
State/item
Arkansas
Firms (No.)
Capacity (1,000 cwt)
Louisiana
Firms (No.)
Capacity (1,000 cwt)
Mississippi
Firms (No.)
Capacity (1,000 cwt)
Missouri
Firms (No.)
Capacity (1,000 cwt)
Texas
Firms (No.)
Capacity (1,000 cwt)
California
Firms (No.)
Capacity (1,000 cwt)
U.S. total
108
Milling yield
Broken kernels
Percent
19.0
18.0
15.5
14.0
13.0
12.0
10.0
56.62
57.92
59.12
61.67
61.40
61.10
60.27
12.25
12.05
9.75
6.08
6.25
6.42
7.72
109
State
Mill
capacity
Rough
equivalent
milling cost
Long
Medium
Short
Weighted
average 2/
Dollars/cwt
cwt/hr
Arkansas
California
Louisiana
Mississippi
Texas
7,695
69,966
5,184
1,701
5,670
1.50
1.29
1.81
1.51
1.57
2.51
2.51
3.05
2.52
2.63
2.40
2.30
2.89
2.41
2.52
2.32
2.57
2.80
2.33
2.44
2.49
2.37
2.99
2.52
2.63
United States
27,216
1.52
2.64
2.50
2.50
2.58
C
CO
o
CD
5*
Q.
C
",
>
m
33
c
i
o
5r
Q.
C
Appendix table 29Summary of rice mill costs, by State and grain type, 1985
Grain type
and cost item
Arkansas
North
Louisiana
Texas
California
>
m
O
Mississippi
South
Long grain:
Grain input 1/
Drying and
storage 2/
Assembly 3/
Milling 4/
Total cost
Medium grain:
Grain input 1/
Drying and
storage 2/
Assembly 3/
Milling 4/
Total cost
Short grain:
Grain input 1/
Drying and
storage 2/
Assembly 3/
Milling 4/
Total cost
10.11
9.76
11.71
8.71
12.36
10.21
2.08
0.27
2.86
15.32
2.08
0.31
2.97
15.12
2.47
0.24
2.98
17.40
2.56
0.68
2.86
14.81
2.22
0.61
3.14
18.33
2.29
0.65
3.43
16.58
9.35
9.03
12.03
14.24
9.08
1.99
0.27
2.37
13.98
1.99
0.31
2.46
13.79
2.37
0.24
2.47
17.11
2.12
0.61
2.57
19.54
2.08
0.65
2.69
14.50
9.28
8.95
9.42
1.93
0.27
2.04
13.52
1.93
0.31
2.11
13.30
2.34
0.65
2.68
15.09
Package description
1 -lb carton in a 48-lb box on a pallet
2-lb carton in a 48-lb box on a pallet
100-lb polyweave bag on a pallet
1-lb poly bag in a 24-lb bale on a pallet
2-lb poly bag in a 24-lb bale on a pallet
3-lb poly bag in a 60-lb bale on a pallet
5-lb poly bag in a 60-lb bale on a pallet
10-lb poly bag in a 60-lb bale on a pallet
20-lb poly bag in a 60-lb bale on a pallet
10-lb Kraft paper bag in a 60-lb bale on a pallet
20-lb Kraft paper bag in a 60-lb bale on a pallet
25-lb Kraft paper bag on a pallet
Bulk
112
c
if)
o
Appendix table 31Rough rice: Average price received by farmers, by month and crop year 1/
Item/crop year
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
5"
Q.
C
Dollars/cwt
>
m
O
O
Month:
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
4.30
4.31
4.62
4.98
4.83
4.93
4.95
5.13
4.93
4.77
4.87
4.86
4.71
4.91
5.20
5.39
5.30
5.39
5.48
5.70
5.60
5.48
5.26
5.08
4.68
4.73
5.12
5.19
5.19
5.28
5.18
5.21
5.18
5.05
5.08
5.14
4.97
4.94
5.01
5.03
4.96
5.08
5.14
5.17
5.25
5.20
5.10
5.03
4.82
4.72
4.88
4.99
5.02
5.13
5.09
5.18
5.12
4.97
4.97
4.93
4.81
4.85
4.94
4.93
5.09
5.20
5.15
5.15
5.12
5.09
5.08
5.14
5.03
4.86
5.03
5.02
5.12
5.16
5.15
5.13
5.13
5.18
5.17
5.04
4.74
4.74
5.08
5.04
5.08
5.16
5.32
5.36
5.37
5.34
5.37
5.33
5.06
4.92
5.03
5.09
4.92
4.72
4.84
4.80
4.78
4.90
4.80
4.63
4.71
4.99
5.23
5.05
4.98
4.99
4.96
5.01
5.00
4.98
5.10
4.80
5.16
5.18
5.26
5.19
5.09
5.31
5.44
5.36
5.33
5.30
5.20
5.33
5.15
5.24
5.46
5.25
5.30
5.53
5.55
5.60
5.58
5.57
5.58
5.35
5.34
6.37
7.05
7.42
7.64
7.84
8.14
8.26
8.51
8.56
8.74
10.80
10.90
13.30
14.80
16.70
15.50
15.80
16.90
17.20
15.90
17.20
17.50
11.90
10.20
10.90
11.30
11.60
10.90
10.80
11.30
11.10
11.00
11.00
11.20
10.00
9.83
9.19
8.87
8.59
8.51
7.95
7.54
6.17
7.15
7.06
6.82
7.45
4.55
4.61
5.14
5.10
5.04
4.98
5.01
4.98
4.90
4.89
4.93
4.92
4.95
5.01
4.97
4.94
5.00
5.00
4.95
4.99
5.17
5.18
5.34
5.28
6.73
6.76
13.80
14.24
11.20
10.98
8.35
9.00
4.41
4.43
4.50
4.88
4.39
4.85
5.20
4.78
5.28
5.38
5.02
5.31
5.10
5.11
4.88
5.25
4.87
5.03
4.92
5.07
4.95
5.24
4.68
5.09
4.87
4.92
4.84
5.20
5.08
4.94
4.98
4.88
4.79
5.06
4.98
5.04
4.80
4.75
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
5.12
4.84
4.91
5.34
5.09
4.94
4.90
5.15
4.83
5.25
5.08
4.90
5.32
4.80
4.70
5.27
5.30
4.88
5.41
5.02
4.96
5.28
5.40
5.25
5.62
5.24
5.05
5.63
5.40
5.35
7.20
6.83
6.40
7.00
7.10
6.44
15.30
11.10
13.45
17.20
15.50
14.80
11.40
11.70
11.00
10.20
11.90
10.90
8.54
7.65
8.38
8.42
8.53
8.81
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
State:
Arkansas
California
Louisiana
Mississippi
Missouri
Texas
Type:
Long
Medium/short
03
continued
-j
Appendix table 31Rough rice: Average price received by farmers, by month and crop year 1/continued
Item
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
5.19
5.21
6.10
8.06
8.91
8.98
10.10
10.20
9.93
10.00
8.88
7.80
Dollars/cwt
Month:
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
6.65
6.56
6.48
6.46
6.57
6.79
6.87
6.81
6.95
7.30
7.24
6.87
8.02
8.12
9.13
10.20
11.00
10.70
10.70
10.70
10.80
10.10
9.58
9.49
8.44
7.56
7.62
7.76
7.98
8.07
7.87
8.18
8.52
8.74
8.73
9.10
10.00
9.81
10.30
9.83
9.41
9.88
11.00
11.70
11.60
11.30
10.20
10.80
10.60
10.20
10.90
11.60
13.10
13.20
13.00
13.40
13.80
13.30
11.90
12.80
11.80
10.70
10.20
9.86
9.34
9.34
9.46
8.99
8.54
8.55
8.54
8.25
7.31
7.75
7.73
7.78
8.06
8.05
8.26
7.99
8.23
8.23
7.88
7.95
8.41
8.48
8.80
8.80
8.66
8.57
8.85
8.63
8.49
8.24
8.20
8.18
8.22
8.17
8.08
8.13
8.08
8.09
7.72
8.17
8.20
7.91
7.83
7.54
7.86
7.55
7.73
7.84
7.71
7.90
7.86
7.60
5.32
4.52
4.04
3.86
4.02
3.86
3.83
3.90
3.74
3.55
3.84
3.62
3.63
3.71
3.62
3.49
3.82
4.34
6.25
7.53
7.64
7.93
9.37
9.22
8.92
7.97
7.69
7.94
7.49
6.97
6.85
6.81
6.68
6.58
6.67
6.60
6.74
6.78
7.05
7.45
7.41
7.59
7.41
7.03
7.05
7.44
7.57
7.55
7.41
7.28
7.18
7.05
6.66
6.21
6.02
6.29
6.13
6.39
6.75
7.07
7.43
7.44
7.43
7.21
7.16
7.67
7.65
7.84
7.98
7.84
7.97
7.78
7.46
7.18
6.97
6.99
6.60
6.41
6.40
6.40
6.38
6.35
6.06
5.63
5.50
5.23
5.02
4.90
7.02
6.55
9.49
9.08
8.16
7.75
10.50
9.87
12.80
11.30
9.05
10.40
7.91
7.69
8.57
8.63
8.04
8.14
6.53
7.73
3.75
3.87
7.27
5.71
6.83
6.84
7.35
7.24
6.68
6.25
7.58
7.64
5.89 8.25-8.75 3/
6.44
6.73
7.25
6.91
6.53
6.79
7.49
7.21
9.79
9.15
8.49
10.20
9.70
9.55
8.47
7.06
7.50
7.98
8.75
9.27
10.60
9.55
10.60
10.30
10.70
11.60
12.30
14.10
12.00
12.70
12.30
12.80
9.37
7.35
9.36
9.14
9.50
10.40
8.61
6.65
8.05
8.66
8.65
8.94
9.18
6.96
8.90
9.53
9.49
9.97
8.51
6.43
8.20
8.88
8.70
8.90
6.70
5.33
7.24
7.10
7.05
7.38
3.68
3.18
4.03
3.91
3.57
4.22
7.60
6.72
7.65
7.90
7.41
8.07
6.90
6.15
6.90
7.02
7.22
7.24
7.46
6.27
7.81
7.57
7.54
8.02
6.75
5.93
6.73
6.99
7.21
7.41
7.69
6.65
7.67
8.48
7.81
8.15
5.93
5.64
5.88
5.82
5.91
6.17
9.00
10.05
8.00
9.45
9.00
9.25
na
na
na
na
na
na
10.90
10.60
12.50
13.30
9.70
8.06
8.56
6.91
9.36
7.13
8.66
6.66
6.75
5.87
3.82
3.55
7.77
6.36
6.96
6.47
7.59
6.71
6.94
6.19
7.83
7.00
5.90
5.87
na
na
C
if)
o
Long
Medium/short
na s Not available.
1/ August 1-July 31. 2/ First 5 months of marketing yearAugust-December.
5"
Q.
C
>
m
Source: Crop Values and Agricultural Prices. National Agricultural Statistics Service. USDA.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Simple
average
Cents/pound
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.28
0.53
0.47
0.43
0.40
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.30
0.52
0.47
0.42
0.40
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.34
0.51
0.46
0.42
0.40
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.46
0.49
0.46
0.41
0.40
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.49
0.48
0.46
0.41
0.42
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
0.52
0.58
0.49
0.47
0.48
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.51
0.51
0.49
0.53
0.51
0.52
0.57
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.43
0.40
0.50
0.52
0.49
0.53
0.51
0.52
0.56
0.49
0.47
0.48
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.48
0.51
0.48
0.53
0.51
0.52
0.55
0.49
0.47
0.48
0.47
0.43
0.41
0.49
0.50
0.48
0.53
0.51
0.54
0.55
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.45
0.43
0.42
0.48
0.50
0.48
0.53
0.51
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.50
0.47
0.45
0.41
0.44
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.52
0.47
0.45
0.40
0.46
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.52
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.46
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.53
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.47
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.27
0.53
0.47
0.44
0.39
0.47
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.27
0.54
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.28
0.53
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.48
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.46
0.49
0.45
0.41
0.44
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
0.48
0.55
0.55
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.46
0.42
0.45
0.49
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.51
0.49
0.55
0.55
0.47
0.49
0.47
0.46
0.41
0.46
0.50
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.51
0.49
0.56
0.52
0.47
0.48
0.48
0.45
0.39
0.47
0.49
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.51
0.51
0.57
0.50
0.47
0.47
0.48
0.45
0.40
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.51
0.51
0.58
0.51
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.45
0.40
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.51
0.52
0.57
0.50
0.47
0.48
0.47
0.45
0.39
0.49
0.49
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.51
0.52
0.57
0.50
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.45
0.39
0.51
0.51
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.51
0.55
0.53
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.41
0.45
0.49
0.49
0.50
0.53
0.51
na Not available.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C.
115
0>
Appendix table 33Monthly average price for U.S. No. 2, long-grain milled rice, Arkansas, 1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Season
average
9.40
10.10
10.15
10.15
10.00
9.90
9.90
10.20
9.90
10.10
10.10
10.40
15.00
34.25
22.50
17.10
14.25
23.50
18.75
24.00
26.70
18.20
17.50
18.50
17.94
17.25
11.90
24.05
14.75
16.00
15.75
17.00
13.50
23.70
9.40
10.10
10.10
10.15
10.10
9.90
9.90
10.25
9.90
10.10
10.10
10.40
16.45
34.00
21.55
16.50
15.45
23.50
21.50
23.75
27.50
17.55
18.00
18.50
17.75
15.50
11.65
24.00
14.75
16.00
15.95
16.90
13.50
22.15
9.45
10.15
10.10
10.15
10.10
9.90
9.90
10.25
9.90
10.10
10.10
10.40
17.25
32.50
21.25
17.00
16.75
23.15
21.50
22.25
28.00
17.40
18.40
18.50
17.80
13.25
11.50
22.50
15.60
16.00
16.75
16.20
12.95
20.20
9.60
10.10
10.05
10.10
10.10
9.90
9.90
10.25
9.90
10.10
10.10
10.40
17.25
30.60
21.25
17.00
16.75
21.60
21.50
21.50
27.90
17.20
18.50
18.50
17.95
13.00
11.75
21.15
15.85
16.00
17.25
15.70
12.75
18.15
9.60
9.90
10.00
10.10
10.10
9.90
9.90
10.25
9.85
10.10
10.10
10.40
17.10
29.00
21.25
16.75
16.50
20.55
21.50
20.50
27.50
16.60
18.50
18.50
17.75
13.00
11.75
19.00
16.95
16.00
17.25
15.50
12.75
15.65
9.30
9.90
10.05
10.05
10.00
9.90
9.90
10.05
9.90
10.00
10.10
10.25
14.35
30.80
22.40
18.10
15.30
21.80
18.85
22.30
25.55
20.20
17.80
18.65
18.00
16.15
11.80
20.00
15.65
16.10
15.65
16.70
14.15
20.05
Dollars oercwt
en
J3
CD
.
3
*^
>
m
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
9.10
9.40
9.80
9.90
10.05
10.10
9.90
9.90
10.25
9.90
10.10
10.10
10.40
19.75
25.90
20.90
16.00
16.15
19.55
21.50
20.60
26.40
17.10
18.50
18.40
17.75
11.90
11.90
18.30
17.20
15.50
16.85
15.65
13.00
9.10
9.45
9.65
9.95
9.90
9.75
9.90
9.90
10.15
9.90
10.10
10.10
11.20
25.60
22.40
20.05
15.25
15.95
17.10
23.50
22.00
24.30
17.00
18.50
18.25
17.50
11.55
13.25
16.90
16.65
15.00
16.55
15.45
13.25
9.05
9.80
9.65
9.90
9.90
9.80
9.90
9.90
9.20
9.90
10.10
10.10
12.20
30.10
21.90
19.50
15.20
19.00
17.00
24.00
23.40
23.05
17.00
18.85
18.25
17.40
11.75
18.50
15.10
15.95
14.50
16.50
15.40
16.15
9.15
9.85
9.70
9.90
9.90
9.85
9.95
9.90
9.85
9.90
10.10
10.10
13.50
33.00
23.00
18.50
15.20
23.10
17.00
23.00
24.90
22.30
17.55
19.00
18.25
17.25
11.90
20.50
14.75
15.70
14.50
17.40
15.40
23.85
9.15
9.90
9.95
9.90
9.90
9.85
9.90
9.90
9.90
9.90
10.10
10.10
13.50
33.00
23.00
18.25
14.50
25.00
17.00
21.35
26.10
20.85
18.40
19.00
18.00
17.25
11.90
20.20
15.10
15.75
14.75
17.30
15.05
25.00
9.20
9.95
10.05
10.00
9.95
9.85
9.90
9.95
9.90
10.00
10.10
10.10
13.50
33.60
22.75
18.00
14.00
25.00
16.70
20.10
26.10
19.60
18.35
19.00
18.00
17.25
11.90
21.20
14.80
15.90
14.75
17.25
13.80
25.00
9.35
10.10
10.15
10.15
9.95
9.85
9.90
9.95
9.90
10.10
10.10
10.40
15.00
34.50
22.10
17.70
14.00
25.00
16.90
22.40
25.75
19.00
17.50
18.50
18.00
17.25
11.90
24.05
14.75
16.00
15.75
17.25
13.65
24.75
c
O)
8
3
.
Appendix table 34Monthly average price for U.S. No. 2, long-grain miHed rice, Southwest Louisiana, 1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
>
m
I
O
O
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Season
average
9.75
10.50
10.25
10.25
10.15
10.15
9.90
10.10
9.60
9.60
9.90
9.90
14.75
33.50
21.50
15.50
13.95
23.75
18.60
24.30
27.70
18.00
17.50
19.25
18.00
17.50
9.90
24.50
13.80
15.40
15.75
16.60
12.60
23.65
9.75
10.45
10.25
10.25
10.15
10.15
9.90
10.10
9.60
9.60
9.90
9.95
16.25
33.50
21.50
15.30
15.65
23.50
21.50
24.00
28.25
17.55
18.50
19.25
18.00
15.50
10.40
24.00
13.50
15.65
16.40
16.45
12.15
22.75
9.75
10.40
10.25
10.25
10.15
10.15
9.90
10.15
9.60
9.60
9.90
10.10
17.25
33.50
20.00
16.60
16.45
22.00
21.50
23.25
28.00
17.60
18.50
19.25
18.00
12.70
10.40
20.75
15.40
15.80
16.50
15.70
11.90
21.00
9.75
10.35
10.25
10.25
10.15
10.15
9.90
10.15
9.60
9.60
9.90
10.10
17.25
30.00
20.90
16.50
16.25
21.50
21.50
21.80
27.90
17.20
18.60
19.25
18.00
12.75
10.50
18.85
15.50
15.65
17.25
15.10
11.75
18.15
9.75
10.20
10.25
10.25
10.15
10.15
9.90
10.15
9.60
9.60
9.90
10.10
17.25
28.10
21.50
16.25
16.25
20.40
21.50
20.90
27.50
17.00
18.75
19.25
17.70
12.42
10.50
17.90
15.60
15.30
16.95
15.20
11.75
16.15
9.50
10.15
10.05
10.25
10.15
10.15
9.95
9.90
9.55
9.60
9.85
9.95
14.35
30.40
21.50
17.20
14.60
21.30
18.40
22.15
25.95
20.20
18.00
19.40
18.00
16.10
10.25
19.25
14.85
15.55
15.25
16.50
13.30
20.30
Dollars .percwt
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
9.30
9.60
9.95
10.25
10.15
10.15
10.15
9.90
9.65
9.60
9.60
9.90
10.10
20.20
26.67
20.55
14.70
15.95
18.75
21.50
20.75
26.40
17.50
19.40
18.25
17.50
10.60
10.70
16.80
16.40
14.65
16.40
15.00
12.05
9.15
9.70
9.65
10.25
10.00
10.15
10.15
9.60
9.25
9.60
9.60
9.90
10.90
24.90
N/A
18.30
13.85
16.20
15.75
21.50
22.00
24.30
17.40
19.75
18.25
17.50
10.25
12.05
16.10
15.90
13.95
16.55
14.75
12.60
9.25
10.15
9.75
10.25
10.00
10.15
9.90
9.70
9.50
9.60
9.75
9.90
11.85
28.35
20.19
18.00
14.00
17.75
16.15
22.05
23.40
23.25
17.50
19.35
17.60
17.50
10.25
17.70
14.50
15.60
13.75
16.60
14.70
15.70
9.35
10.10
9.90
10.25
10.15
10.15
9.90
9.70
9.50
9.60
9.90
9.90
13.50
33.00
21.00
18.00
13.75
22.10
16.25
22.50
25.00
21.90
17.55
19.50
18.00
17.50
9.90
19.75
14.50
15.00
14.00
17.15
14.45
23.75
9.40
10.10
10.00
10.25
10.15
10.15
9.90
9.70
9.60
9.60
9.90
9.90
14.00
33.00
22.00
17.60
13.60
24.15
16.40
21.00
26.75
20.75
18.40
19.50
18.00
17.50
10.10
19.70
14.10
14.65
14.00
17.35
14.25
26.25
9.50
10.10
10.00
10.25
10.15
10.15
9.90
9.80
9.60
9.60
9.90
9.90
14.60
33.50
21.50
17.40
13.25
24.00
16.30
20.60
27.00
19.80
18.35
19.50
18.00
17.50
10.10
20.60
14.00
15.40
14.15
17.30
13.40
26.25
9.60
10.25
10.25
10.25
10.15
10.15
9.90
10.00
9.60
9.60
9.90
9.90
14.75
33.50
21.50
16.50
13.50
24.00
16.75
22.50
27.25
18.60
17.50
19.25
18.00
17.50
9.95
24.45
14.20
15.65
15.45
17.30
13.00
25.40
00
Appendix table 35Monthly average price for U.S. No.2, long-grain milled rice, Texas, 1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Season
average
9.65
10.50
10.15
10.35
10.15
10.15
10.00
10.35
9.75
10.00
10.10
10.25
15.00
33.25
22.25
17.10
14.00
24.00
18.20
24.80
27.10
19.20
19.00
20.25
18.75
17.30
10.50
24.05
15.00
16.25
16.00
17.50
15.00
25.00
9.80
10.50
10.15
10.50
10.15
10.15
10.10
10.50
9.90
10.00
10.10
10.25
16.50
33.40
22.25
17.00
15.45
23.25
21.00
24.10
27.75
19.00
19.00
20.10
18.75
17.25
10.50
24.00
15.00
16.25
16.00
17.50
15.00
23.25
9.80
10.50
10.00
10.50
10.15
10.15
10.05
10.25
10.00
10.00
10.10
10.25
17.25
33.25
22.25
17.00
16.25
22.10
21.00
23.00
28.00
19.00
19.00
19.50
18.75
13.75
10.50
21.70
15.15
16.25
16.35
17.25
14.30
21.40
9.80
10.50
10.15
10.50
10.15
10.15
10.00
10.25
10.00
10.00
10.10
10.25
17.25
32.60
22.25
16.60
16.25
21.75
21.00
21.00
27.40
18.75
19.10
19.50
18.75
13.50
10.50
20.50
15.50
16.25
17.00
16.70
13.60
19.40
9.70
10.45
10.15
10.50
10.15
10.15
9.90
10.25
10.00
10.00
10.10
10.25
17.25
31.50
22.25
16.40
16.25
21.50
21.00
21.00
27.00
17.75
19.40
19.50
17.40
13.00
10.50
20.50
16.50
16.25
17.00
16.50
12.00
17.25
9.55
10.25
10.00
10.30
10.15
10.05
10.00
10.05
9.80
9.90
10.05
10.20
14.45
31.75
22.05
18.35
14.95
21.70
18.30
22.05
25.55
21.15
18.70
19.90
18.70
16.85
11.60
19.85
15.55
16.20
15.55
17.15
15.15
20.75
i^
J3
8'
5"
Q.
C
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
9.40
9.60
10.10
10.15
10.15
10.05
10.05
9.50
9.95
9.75
10.00
10.10
10.55
20.20
22.50
21.40
15.50
16.05
19.00
21.00
21.00
25.00
18.25
19.50
19.40
18.70
13.00
10.50
18.20
16.50
15.80
17.00
16.50
13.50
9.20
9.80
9.45
10.15
10.05
9.65
10.00
9.55
9.50
9.75
9.90
10.10
11.55
28.80
21.00
20.50
14.50
16.50
16.50
21.25
21.70
24.85
18.75
19.65
18.70
18.30
13.00
11.25
16.00
16.50
14.50
17.00
16.50
13.50
9.25
10.10
9.75
10.15
10.05
9.80
10.00
9.70
9.60
9.75
10.00
10.10
12.40
32.20
20.90
19.25
14.75
18.30
16.60
22.30
23.10
235.50
18.00
20.00
18.75
18.30
13.00
19.00
15.25
16.50
14.50
16.65
16.50
16.13
9.35
10.10
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.00
10.00
10.00
9.75
9.30
10.00
10.10
13.50
34.50
22.40
19.25
14.80
22.60
16.20
22.10
24.75
22.60
18.00
20.00
18.75
18.30
13.00
21.00
15.00
16.00
14.50
17.00
16.10
23.35
9.40
10.10
10.05
10.15
10.15
10.00
10.00
10.05
9.75
10.00
10.00
10.10
13.50
33.85
21.75
19.25
14.10
24.15
16.35
21.10
26.55
22.00
18.00
20.00
18.75
18.30
13.00
21.00
15.00
15.70
14.50
17.50
15.80
25.50
9.55
10.20
10.10
10.20
10.15
10.10
10.00
10.15
9.75
10.00
10.10
10.20
13.75
33.10
22.50
18.30
13.85
25.00
16.30
20.10
26.55
21.75
19.00
20.25
18.75
17.90
11.15
21.00
15.00
15.50
14.50
17.50
15.25
25.50
9.60
10.40
10.15
10.25
10.15
10.15
10.00
10.15
9.75
10.00
10.10
10.25
15.00
34.25
22.40
18.00
13.90
25.00
16.60
22.75
25.75
20.20
19.00
20.25
18.75
17.50
10.50
23.65
15.00
16.25
16.00
17.50
15.15
25.50
c
CO
33
8
3
Appendix table 36Monthly average price for U.S. No. 2, medium-grain milled irice, Arkansas,,1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
J3
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
7.65
8.25
8.70
8.80
8.40
8.40
8.15
8.25
9.25
8.45
8.55
9.10
9.40
16.20
25.40
15.10
15.10
15.30
18.95
19.50
20.60
26.40
16.10
17.50
16.90
16.00
12.25
12.25
17.30
17.20
15.25
16.60
15.50
13.25
7.35
8.35
8.40
8.65
8.05
7.90
8.15
8.25
9.10
8.45
8.70
9.10
10.15
19.50
20.80
19.20
14.25
15.20
16.90
22.25
21.30
24.10
16.50
17.50
16.70
16.00
11.60
12.65
16.25
16.65
14.75
16.10
15.45
13.50
7.40
8.75
8.85
8.45
7.95
7.90
8.10
8.15
8.45
8.60
8.90
9.10
11.60
25.00
20.75
18.45
14.20
17.75
16.00
22.50
22.50
22.95
16.10
17.50
16.35
16.20
12.00
16.70
14.75
15.95
14.50
16.10
15.40
16.05
7.70
8.85
9.20
8.40
7.95
7.90
8.15
8.15
8.45
8.60
8.90
9.10
13.00
28.50
21.50
17.50
14.20
21.95
16.00
22.40
24.00
21.30
16.65
17.50
16.20
16.50
12.00
18.00
15.00
15.45
14.65
16.70
15.40
23.90
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Season
average
8.35
9.75
9.50
8.65
8.20
8.15
8.20
9.05
8.45
8.55
9.10
9.40
14.00
29.50
21.00
16.10
13.40
22.50
16.25
24.00
26.70
17.05
16.50
17.50
15.95
16.25
12.65
20.50
14.75
15.50
15.75
16.35
13.70
24.70
8.45
9.75
9.35
8.65
8.40
8.15
8.20
9.25
8.45
8.55
9.10
9.40
15.45
30.00
20.45
15.75
14.40
22.25
17.00
23.90
27.40
16.50
16.60
17.20
16.30
14.80
12.65
20.50
15.25
15.50
15.90
16.40
13.75
24.75
8.55
9.75
9.20
8.65
8.40
8.15
8.20
9.25
8.45
8.55
9.10
9.40
16.25
29.00
20.20
16.00
15.75
21.70
17.00
22.25
28.00
16.40
17.10
17.00
16.25
12.35
12.35
19.00
15.40
15.50
16.60
15.65
13.40
23.75
8.55
9.65
9.15
8.60
8.40
8.15
8.25
9.25
8.45
8.55
9.10
9.40
16.25
28.75
20.00
16.00
15.75
20.40
16.50
21.55
28.00
15.90
17.50
17.00
16.25
12.50
12.25
18.90
15.40
15.50
17.00
15.35
13.25
21.70
8.50
9.35
9.00
8.50
8.40
8.15
8.25
9.25
8.45
8.55
9.10
9.40
15.00
27.50
20.00
15.75
15.75
19.50
18.70
20.50
27.50
15.60
17.50
17.00
15.90
12.50
12.25
18.00
16.75
15.50
17.00
15.25
13.25
18.00
8.05
9.20
9.15
8.55
8.20
8.10
8.20
8.65
8.55
8.55
8.95
9.25
13.45
26.70
21.15
17.10
14.40
20.55
16.65
22.05
25.30
19.40
16.80
17.35
16.25
15.20
12.20
17.80
15.45
15.75
15.55
16.20
14.30
21.20
>
m
Pi
Jan.
8.00
9.00
9.45
8.40
7.95
8.00
8.15
8.25
8.45
8.60
8.90
9.10
13.00
28.50
21.50
17.00
13.40
23.50
15.65
21.50
25.75
19.85
17.75
17.50
16.00
16.50
12.00
17.85
15.00
15.25
14.75
16.65
15.05
25.00
8.15
9.30
9.50
8.50
8.15
8.00
8.15
8.35
8.45
8.60
9.05
9.10
13.00
28.70
21.40
17.00
13.25
23.50
15.20
21.40
26.10
18.60
17.10
17.50
15.75
16.50
12.00
18.70
14.70
15.40
14.75
16.65
13.55
25.00
8.20
9.75
9.50
8.65
8.15
8.15
8.25
8.50
8.45
8.60
9.10
9.40
14.00
29.00
21.00
16.70
13.25
23.30
15.40
22.60
25.75
17.90
16.50
17.50
16.25
16.50
12.65
20.50
14.75
15.50
15.75
16.65
13.65
24.85
Appendix table 37~Monthly average price for U.S. No. 2, medium-grain milled irice, Louisiana ,1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Season
average
8.40
9.85
9.70
8.85
8.40
8.15
8.15
8.50
8.50
8.55
8.70
8.90
12.00
30.00
20.50
13.50
12.20
21.00
14.85
23.80
27.50
16.10
16.50
17.50
16.00
15.50
10.50
20.15
13.50
15.13
15.05
15.50
12.80
23.80
8.50
9.85
9.70
8.90
8.45
8.15
8.15
8.50
8.50
8.55
8.70
8.95
14.30
30.00
20.50
13.95
14.10
20.50
16.50
24.00
27.55
15.95
16.50
17.50
16.20
14.60
11.25
20.00
13.50
15.50
16.05
15.50
12.40
24.00
8.60
9.85
9.20
8.90
8.45
8.15
8.15
8.50
8.50
8.55
8.70
9.10
15.25
30.00
19.00
15.50
15.60
19.00
16.50
23.60
28.00
16.40
17.10
17.50
16.30
11.90
11.15
18.00
14.60
15.75
16.15
15.15
11.94
23.70
8.65
9.70
9.15
8.90
8.45
8.15
8.15
8.50
8.50
8.55
8.70
9.10
15.25
25.00
19.30
15.50
15.50
18.75
16.50
21.80
28.00
16.20
17.50
17.50
18.00
12.00
11.20
17.40
14.65
15.65
16.50
14.50
12.00
22.25
8.55
9.35
9.15
8.90
8.45
8.15
8.15
8.50
8.50
8.55
8.70
9.10
15.25
23.00
19.50
15.25
15.25
18.50
17.50
20.90
27.75
16.00
17.50
17.50
16.20
11.35
11.20
16.70
15.75
15.30
16.35
14.50
12.00
20.00
8.10
9.30
9.25
8.75
8.30
8.10
8.15
8.35
8.45
8.55
8.70
8.90
12.70
26.40
20.05
15.85
13.30
19.10
15.40
21.40
25.55
19.30
16.90
17.50
16.00
14.75
10.45
17.00
14.60
15.10
14.90
15.60
13.15
20.65
c
C/)
J3
8
5"
&
^
>
m
5
8
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
7.60
8.20
8.20
8.80
8.55
8.35
8.10
8.15
8.30
8.50
8.55
8.70
9.10
17.10
22.00
18.90
13.70
14.60
16.90
19.40
20.50
26.40
16.50
17.50
16.00
16.00
10.00
11.10
16.40
15.55
14.75
15.85
14.50
12.25
7.30
8.30
8.50
8.75
8.10
8.10
8.00
7.90
8.15
8.55
8.70
8.70
9.90
19.60
18.60
16.80
12.85
14.95
14.50
20.00
20.80
24.20
16.50
17.50
16.00
16.00
10.00
11.95
16.20
15.30
13.90
16.00
14.00
12.45
7.40
8.80
8.95
8.55
8.00
7.95
8.10
8.10
8.40
8.55
8.70
8.70
10.55
22.65
19.10
16.75
13.00
16.30
14.50
20.40
21.60
22.90
16.45
17.50
15.50
16.00
10.00
16.60
14.50
14.80
13.50
16.00
14.50
15.65
7.70
9.00
9.30
8.45
8.05
7.95
8.15
8.40
8.40
8.55
8.70
8.70
12.00
29.50
20.00
17.00
12.30
20.75
14.50
20.50
24.40
21.15
16.65
17.50
15.50
16.00
10.00
17.25
14.50
14.30
13.50
16.00
14.15
21.95
8.05
9.25
9.50
8.55
8.20
7.95
8.15
8.40
8.50
8.55
8.70
8.75
12.50
29.85
20.70
16.70
11.90
21.85
14.65
19.60
26.40
20.00
17.75
17.50
15.50
16.00
10.00
16.75
14.00
14.04
13.50
16.00
13.40
24.00
8.20
9.55
9.70
8.65
8.35
8.15
8.15
8.45
8.50
8.55
8.70
8.90
12.80
30.00
20.65
15.60
11.25
21.50
14.15
20.00
27.00
18.75
17.30
17.50
15.50
16.00
10.00
18.50
13.90
14.80
14.90
16.00
13.40
24.00
8.30
9.85
9.70
8.70
8.40
8.15
8.15
8.50
8.50
8.55
8.70
8.90
12.90
30.00
20.75
14.75
11.70
21.50
14.00
22.60
27.10
17.75
16.50
17.50
15.50
15.70
10.00
19.80
13.75
15.13
14.90
15.90
13.00
23.88
c
J3
8
3
Q.
Appendix table 38~Monthly average price for U.S. No. 2, medium-grain milled rice, f.o.b. mill , California, 1960-93
Crop
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Season
average
9.25
9.75
10.25
10.25
10.10
10.40
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
11.00
10.50
12.00
29.50
26.25
19.65
16.60
23.60
18.40
24.70
30.00
18.45
16.00
15.40
15.25
15.75
12.50
18.50
16.45
15.70
16.25
18.25
18.05
23.40
9.25
9.90
10.25
10.25
10.10
10.40
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
11.00
10.60
12.00
29.50
26.25
18.70
16.60
23.60
19.50
23.00
30.00
16.90
16.00
15.25
15.25
15.75
12.50
18.50
17.25
15.50
16.25
18.25
17.50
26.75
9.25
10.00
10.25
10.25
10.10
10.40
10.40
10.50
10.90
10.90
11.00
10.75
12.00
29.50
26.25
19.00
17.00
23.60
20.75
23.00
30.00
16.90
15.90
15.25
15.25
15.59
12.50
18.00
17.25
14.90
18.10
18.25
17.50
27.50
9.25
10.00
10.25
10.25
10.10
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
10.90
11.00
10.75
12.00
29.50
26.25
19.00
17.30
23.60
21.00
23.00
30.00
16.70
15.95
15.25
15.25
15.25
12.50
18.00
17.25
15.00
18.25
18.35
17.30
26.88
9.25
10.00
10.25
10.25
10.10
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
10.90
11.00
10.75
12.80
29.50
26.25
16.80
17.40
23.60
21.00
23.00
30.00
16.40
15.75
15.25
15.25
15.25
12.50
18.00
17.90
15.25
17.90
18.50
17.00
24.25
9.15
9.70
10.15
10.25
10.10
10.30
10.40
10.50
10.90
10.90
10.95
10.80
11.50
25.15
26.70
22.05
16.80
21.80
20.00
23.30
27.70
20.95
15.90
15.45
15.25
15.65
13.00
16.85
16.70
16.20
16.10
17.95
17.95
22.05
year 1/
$2.
>
m
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
9.00
9.25
10.00
10.25
10.20
10.10
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
10.90
11.00
10.75
13.00
29.50
26.25
16.80
17.40
21.50
22.50
23.00
30.00
16.25
15.65
15.25
15.25
15.00
12.50
17.85
18.45
14.80
17.65
18.25
16.80
9.00
9.25
10.00
10.25
10.10
10.10
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
10.90
11.00
10.75
16.75
28.70
26.25
16.80
17.40
20.55
23.00
23.20
27.60
16.10
15.50
15.25
15.60
14.50
13.00
17.75
18.25
14.90
17.50
18.25
16.20
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.25
10.10
10.15
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
10.90
11.00
11.25
18.50
26.25
24.25
16.60
18.10
20.10
23.00
24.75
24.50
15.55
15.70
15.25
16.00
13.75
16.15
16.25
17.50
14.25
17.00
18.25
16.25
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.25
10.10
10.15
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
10.90
11.00
11.25
24.00
26.25
24.25
16.60
20.55
19.75
23.00
25.00
22.80
15.50
15.50
15.25
15.95
12.65
17.00
15.75
16.55
15.25
17.80
18.25
19.00
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.25
10.10
10.15
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
10.90
11.00
11.25
27.50
26.25
24.25
16.60
23.00
19.75
23.00
26.75
21.40
15.50
15.50
15.25
15.90
12.50
17.00
15.75
16.00
15.25
18.00
18.25
22.50
9.25
9.75
10.25
10.25
10.10
10.30
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
10.90
10.50
10.25
27.50
26.25
23.50
16.60
23.60
19.75
23.00
30.00
20.50
16.50
15.50
15.25
16.00
12.50
16.85
15.50
15.75
15.60
18.00
18.25
22.50
9.25
9.75
10.25
10.25
10.10
10.35
10.40
10.40
10.90
10.90
10.95
10.50
12.00
27.50
26.25
22.70
16.60
23.60
18.25
25.10
30.00
19.10
16.00
15.50
15.25
15.75
12.50
18.50
15.50
15.75
16.25
18.05
18.25
22.70
!S
Appendix table 39~Monthly average price for U.S. No. 2. short-grain milled rice, California, 1960-93
Crop
year 1/
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Season
average
9.00
9.65
10.00
10.00
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.25
10.60
10.60
10.75
11.00
12.00
28.00
25.00
17.85
14.75
22.00
16.80
23.00
30.00
19.50
16.00
15.38
15.25
15.75
12.50
18.50
16.40
15.70
16.25
18.25
18.05
23.45
9.00
9.75
10.00
10.00
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.60
11.00
11.00
12.00
28.00
25.00
17.15
14.95
22.00
18.20
23.00
30.00
18.25
16.00
15.25
15.25
15.75
12.50
18.50
17.25
15.50
16.25
18.25
17.50
26.75
9.00
9.75
10.00
10.00
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.60
11.00
11.20
12.00
28.00
25.00
17.50
15.50
22.00
19.00
23.00
30.00
18.25
16.00
15.25
15.25
15.60
12.50
18.00
17.25
14.90
18.10
18.25
17.50
27.50
9.00
9.75
10.00
10.00
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.60
11.00
11.20
12.00
28.00
25.00
17.50
16.05
22.00
19.00
23.00
30.00
18.25
16.00
15.25
15.25
15.25
12.50
18.00
17.25
15.00
18.25
18.25
17.30
26.90
9.00
9.75
10.00
10.00
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.60
11.00
11.20
12.25
28.00
25.00
15.15
16.25
22.00
19.00
23.00
30.00
18.10
16.00
15.25
15.25
15.15
12.50
18.00
17.90
15.25
17.90
18.25
17.00
24.25
8.95
9.60
9.95
10.00
9.90
10.10
10.15
10.40
10.60
10.60
10.75
11.05
11.80
24.20
25.40
20.65
15.15
20.35
18.20
21.95
27.70
22.05
16.10
15.45
15.25
15.65
13.00
16.85
16.70
16.20
16.10
17.95
17.95
22.05
Dollars oercwt
c
CO
33
8
Q.
C
^
^
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
9.00
9.75
10.00
9.95
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.60
10.60
11.00
11.20
13.00
28.00
25.00
15.15
16.25
20.25
20.50
23.00
30.00
17.20
15.80
15.25
15.25
15.00
12.50
17.85
18.20
14.80
17.65
18.25
16.80
9.00
9.75
10.00
9.90
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.60
10.60
11.00
11.20
16.75
26.80
25.00
15.15
16.25
19.00
21.00
23.20
28.25
16.70
15.50
15.25
15.60
14.50
13.00
17.75
18.25
14.90
17.40
18.25
16.20
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.00
9.90
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.60
11.00
11.75
18.50
25.00
23.00
14.85
16.65
18.20
21.00
24.75
25.75
15.55
15.70
15.25
16.00
13.75
16.15
16.25
17.50
14.25
17.00
18.25
16.25
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.00
9.90
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.60
11.00
11.75
22.25
25.00
23.00
14.75
19.20
17.40
21.00
25.00
23.90
15.50
15.50
15.25
15.95
12.80
17.00
15.75
16.55
15.25
17.80
18.25
19.00
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.00
9.90
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.60
11.00
11.75
26.00
25.00
23.00
14.75
22.00
17.50
21.00
26.75
22.00
15.50
15.50
15.25
15.90
12.50
17.00
15.75
16.00
15.25
18.00
18.25
22.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.00
9.90
10.05
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.60
11.00
11.75
26.00
25.00
22.25
14.75
22.00
17.50
21.00
30.00
22.00
16.90
15.50
15.25
16.00
12.50
16.85
15.50
15.60
15.60
18.00
18.25
22.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.00
9.90
10.15
10.15
10.15
10.60
10.60
10.65
11.00
12.00
28.00
25.00
21.40
14.75
22.00
16.75
23.00
30.00
20.25
16.00
15.50
15.25
15.75
12.50
18.50
15.50
15.75
16.25
18.05
18.25
22.70
c
in
J3
8
3
Q.
Appendix table 40Monthly average price for long-grain rice, second tieads, bagged, f.o.b. mill, Souttiwest Louisiana, 1960-93 1/
Crop
year 2/
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
5.90
5.75
6.15
5.80
5.75
5.70
5.85
6.00
6.00
6.00
5.80
6.10
5.90
9.00
12.75
9.25
7.00
6.85
8.90
8.25
11.05
13.00
10.00
9.75
8.50
10.25
7.75
5.75
8.15
9.95
7.75
8.65
9.00
7.35
5.90
5.80
5.95
6.00
5.65
5.70
5.75
6.00
6.00
5.95
5.80
6.10
6.00
10.00
11.55
9.75
6.80
6.95
8.50
8.45
10.70
11.90
9.75
10.25
8.75
10.25
7.75
6.00
8.10
9.65
7.50
8.50
9.00
7.35
5.90
5.90
5.85
6.00
5.75
5.75
5.75
6.00
6.00
5.75
5.90
6.10
6.60
12.05
12.00
9.75
7.05
7.15
8.50
9.00
11.00
11.00
9.75
10.25
8.80
10.17
7.75
6.90
8.50
9.00
7.50
9.20
8.90
7.71
5.90
6.10
5.65
na
5.90
5.90
5.75
6.00
6.00
5.75
5.90
6.10
7.90
14.60
12.00
9.00
6.80
7.95
8.50
9.50
11.15
11.00
9.75
10.25
8.00
10.00
7.65
7.50
8.00
8.10
7.50
9.50
8.90
8.05
na s Not available.
2/ Crop year August 1 to July 311.
0)
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Season
average
5.50
6.30
5.65
6.15
5.90
5.90
5.95
6.00
6.00
5.80
6.10
5.90
8.00
16.00
13.35
6.75
6.25
9.50
8.00
11.90
13.55
8.60
9.75
10.80
9.20
10.25
7.70
7.75
9.70
8.50
7.50
8.75
7.75
8.20
5.55
6.30
5.65
6.15
5.90
5.90
6.00
6.00
6.00
5.80
6.10
5.90
8.50
16.00
12.75
7.75
6.50
9.50
8.25
12.50
13.40
9.25
9.75
10.20
9.25
8.80
7.60
7.75
9.70
8.50
8.50
8.80
7.65
9.00
5.75
6.35
5.65
6.00
5.90
5.90
6.00
6.00
6.00
5.80
6.10
5.90
8.00
16.00
11.90
8.00
6.95
9.25
8.25
12.50
14.45
10.00
9.75
10.00
10.00
7.75
7.60
7.75
10.70
8.50
8.60
8.75
7.50
8.70
5.75
6.35
5.65
6.00
5.90
5.90
6.00
6.00
6.00
5.80
6.10
5.90
8.00
15.00
12.10
8.25
7.25
9.25
8.25
12.50
14.55
10.00
9.75
10.00
10.25
7.75
5.85
7.85
10.60
8.50
9.00
9.00
7.35
8.90
5.80
6.15
5.75
6.00
5.90
5.90
6.00
6.00
6.00
5.80
6.10
5.90
8.00
13.50
10.50
8.45
7.25
9.25
8.25
12.25
14.10
10.00
9.75
10.00
10.25
7.75
5.65
8.25
10.45
8.40
9.15
9.00
7.35
9.00
5.75
6.15
5.75
6.00
5.85
5.85
5.85
6.00
6.00
5.80
5.95
6.00
7.60
14.05
12.45
8.25
6.75
8.45
8.35
10.60
12.65
10.55
9.75
10.20
9.00
9.45
7.40
7.40
9.15
8.63
8.00
9.05
8.20
8.25
>
m
o
Jan.
5.70
6.15
5.65
na
5.95
5.90
5.75
6.00
6.00
5.80
5.90
6.05
8.00
15.50
13.10
8.10
6.75
8.50
8.50
9.50
12.45
11.00
9.75
10.25
8.00
10.00
7.75
7.50
8.00
8.00
7.50
9.50
8.75
8.25
5.65
6.30
5.65
6.00
5.90
5.90
5.75
6.00
6.00
5.80
5.90
5.90
8.00
15.50
13.75
6.90
6.15
8.50
8.15
10.10
12.90
10.60
9.75
10.25
8.00
10.00
7.75
7.75
8.00
8.00
7.50
9.50
8.40
8.25
5.50
6.30
5.65
6.00
5.90
5.90
5.75
6.00
6.00
5.80
5.95
5.90
8.00
15.50
13.80
6.95
6.20
9.00
7.90
11.00
12.75
10.00
9.75
10.25
9.00
10.25
7.75
7.70
10.05
8.50
7.90
9.15
7.80
8.20
K
Appendix table 41Monthly average price for rice bran, 1f.o.b. mills. Southwest Louisiana, 1963-93
Crop
year
Aug.
Sept.
Ctet.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Season
average
30.00
37.20
43.25
42.25
31.50
35.50
34.10
47.40
33.25
51.00
76.25
57.50
68.00
66.10
51.90
52.80
51.60
59.10
50.40
47.25
50.00
53.25
51.65
28.40
47.25
64.10
49.65
48.65
44.65
51.50
82.50
29.50
34.15
43.25
35.50
31.00
33.90
30.50
50.00
34.00
39.25
72.30
57.50
62.00
54.00
38.75
38.90
52.00
57.50
55.50
59.65
67.50
40.50
na
23.50
60.00
65.00
51.50
57.65
41.40
49.40
56.40
29.40
33.50
39.50
34.40
30.00
24.50
27.50
50.00
34.00
53.25
74.25
56.75
54.85
51.75
41.50
41.60
62.75
60.00
57.50
70.30
60.00
45.67
25.75
20.65
45.00
45.85
71.50
47.35
40.90
31.50
59.60
30.00
35.30
34.90
40.25
30.60
21.20
28.50
45.30
34.00
58.00
64.30
59.50
60.50
45.50
60.90
52.50
65.50
71.60
61.10
61.25
na
45.00
20.00
18.80
44.20
46.65
75.35
50.25
42.25
40.00
58.50
32.50
35.00
35.15
40.20
31.00
21.50
28.50
43.00
34.00
58.00
59.20
63.50
62.50
44.50
61.60
62.50
66.75
69.15
na
na
59.00
47.50
18.35
17.00
85.00
48.75
75.90
57.50
45.40
43.90
47.50
34.45
35.65
38.80
41.10
33.50
29.05
31.05
42.75
34.75
48.05
70.05
71.70
68.40
63.45
48.95
53.25
68.95
76.05
59.90
62.80
77.10
56.75
43.20
29.05
50.15
59.55
64.66
55.25
49.60
50.80
62.55
c
if)
3
o*
0
Q.
*5
>
m
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
34.15
31.80
36.40
38.00
39.75
32.00
22.50
28.75
37.00
32.40
61.10
83.75
64.00
68.50
42.10
47.60
58.00
76.90
51.50
52.80
62.15
69.15
43.35
16.25
19.50
64.00
55.75
72.25
42.85
43.75
37.10
31.30
30.00
37.00
38.30
31.75
25.10
24.30
33.40
29.60
31.40
56.40
78.50
68.00
71.00
33.10
34.40
61.50
84.70
49.60
53.00
70.00
49.50
40.00
23.80
27.40
58.10
55.40
52.40
36.80
38.40
41.65
36.40
31.75
37.50
39.10
34.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
30.00
36.60
62.80
78.75
60.60
68.00
31.90
38.50
79.80
86.40
52.75
54.00
94.00
45.15
20.00
26.50
46.70
64.00
60.25
50.75
43.00
41.15
49.25
39.55
34.40
37.10
43.25
34.00
25.50
32.75
40.50
30.80
42.10
71.50
80.00
69.40
73.10
51.90
64.50
85.90
95.50
59.90
77.65
108.35
53.75
42.50
34.00
54.50
64.00
69.00
52.00
54.50
58.60
62.50
42.20
41.45
38.50
47.75
36.90
33.40
35.50
46.50
39.50
51.00
83.40
83.10
87.00
73.30
62.50
72.85
88.85
na
73.65
85.00
120.85
69.15
62.50
53.15
54.20
70.65
76.20
56.00
72.00
72.65
76.00
na Not available.
1/ Crop year August 1 to July 31.
2/ Prices quoted as bulk.
Source: Rice Market News, Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA.
43.20
42.40
40.80
47.70
38.60
35.50
39.00
48.00
40.50
63.40
87.50
85.00
92.50
71.20
58.00
67.50
94.15
101.90
82.50
77.50
98.50
85.00
86.00
50.00
68.35
71.40
84.40
66.40
75.00
79.25
86.40
35.50
40.65
42.25
46.25
32.70
35.50
39.50
45.40
40.50
60.00
71.80
76.90
71.50
74.75
53.25
65.60
60.75
73.60
64.35
52.15
57.50
77.50
65.00
36.70
49.65
52.25
51.00
51.75
56.50
59.50
93.25
c
C/3
(D
Appendix table 42Monthly average price of rice millfeed, f.o.b. mills, bagged, 1963-93
Crop
year
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Season
average
17.90
16.90
17.50
19.90
18.50
21.00
22.70
30.10
11.00
21.00
25.25
14.50
28.10
19.10
12.40
18.15
13.50
11.00
13.15
15.25
24.75
22.00
19.50
6.15
18.85
19.00
14.65
18.50
14.65
18.70
42.50
15.40
16.15
17.50
16.90
17.40
19.90
18.50
35.00
11.00
19.00
22.40
14.10
17.50
14.50
9.90
8.50
11.00
14.95
13.40
19.35
31.20
17.00
20.85
4.50
22.50
20.00
16.50
17.50
14.75
17.00
27.15
14.25
15.00
17.25
17.20
14.75
15.50
16.00
35.00
11.00
24.75
23.00
14.75
17.85
11.25
11.70
na
11.25
17.00
15.40
23.60
21.25
16.90
8.50
3.50
16.00
15.00
22.40
13.85
14.15
8.90
26.20
14.00
15.00
17.00
17.00
16.00
15.50
16.40
38.70
11.00
26.25
23.10
16.60
23.70
11.00
15.50
na
11.10
27.00
19.40
22.10
25.00
15.00
5.00
3.65
19.50
15.65
25.00
14.25
15.00
8.80
26.00
15.00
15.00
17.00
17.00
16.60
15.50
18.25
25.00
11.00
25.00
22.90
23.00
33.35
9.50
15.50
17.15
15.25
31.40
na
23.00
27.75
14.50
4.50
4.25
40.00
16.00
25.00
16.30
16.15
8.75
24.00
17.15
16.00
16.60
19.20
17.75
17.25
19.85
26.75
12.95
21.95
26.25
24.60
30.45
21.15
12.75
16.25
21.85
29.80
19.25
22.60
32.65
21.40
14.65
7.95
20.50
19.35
19.97
19.20
18.80
17.70
26.70
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
16.65
15.25
15.00
17.40
17.75
17.00
15.50
18.90
15.10
11.00
24.00
38.50
24.65
23.90
9.85
13.25
20.35
29.50
22.60
16.00
24.00
23.50
13.00
5.15
8.50
21.50
17.15
28.75
12.15
14.75
10.50
17.00
15.50
15.25
18.00
17.50
16.30
15.50
21.50
11.00
11.00
18.00
35.10
32.20
22.10
8.90
6.40
19.25
37.40
10.90
16.75
25.40
18.75
13.00
10.00
9.50
17.90
16.75
19.00
11.20
13.50
11.85
17.10
15.50
15.50
18.10
18.80
15.50
18.00
21.50
8.50
13.60
20.70
26.60
30.50
22.50
7.00
8.10
25.90
35.00
17.75
15.25
33.30
18.65
8.00
10.00
21.35
18.00
14.00
19.25
13.40
14.50
12.65
18.20
15.50
15.50
19.50
18.50
15.75
19.75
23.30
11.40
18.90
33.25
28.25
28.25
30.90
15.50
19.50
30.25
36.90
22.00
26.15
42.10
19.40
15.40
11.25
22.70
21.50
22.65
19.00
19.90
17.50
19.70
na s Not available.
1/ Crop year August 1 to July 31.
2/ Prices quoted as bulk.
Source: Rice Market News, Agricultural Marketing Service. USDA.
20.75
16.25
16.90
22.15
19.00
17.50
21.50
27.35
19.00
26.00
44.15
30.50
40.25
38.35
18.50
24.15
40.65
48.40
30.65
35.00
61.65
24.50
19.50
15.00
21.50
24.00
23.70
21.50
39.50
27.40
26.65
21.65
17.50
17.30
23.60
19.20
18.00
28.00
28.00
21.00
35.40
37.90
31.15
48.10
25.25
15.75
24.10
45.65
54.00
29.75
45.00
53.00
31.75
34.10
13.75
28.35
23.60
27.70
25.25
37.15
37.15
42.50
18.15
18.25
17.50
23.65
18.90
19.50
28.00
26.90
14.10
31.25
20.25
22.25
41.25
25.25
12.40
23.00
18.15
15.00
16.50
13.50
22.50
34.70
na
8.15
17.40
20.00
14.20
17.15
17.50
25.40
50.65
Appendix table 43--Rough and milled rice! (rough equivalent): Marketing year supply and disappearance, 1962-94
Disappearance
Supply
Crop
Year 1/
Beginning
stocks
Domestic use
Production
Imports
Exports
Total
Food
Seed
Brewers
Total
Residual
Ending stocksJuly 31
Total
disappearance
CCC
inventory 2/
Free
Total
Million cwt
c
if)
33
0
5"
Q.
C
>
m
o
1962
6.4
66.0
0.0
71.4
21.5
2.4
4.1
28.0
35.5
0.2
63.7
1.8
5.9
7.7
1963
7.7
70.3
0.0
78.0
22.5
2.4
3.8
28.7
41.8
0.0
70.5
1.4
6.1
7.5
1964
7.5
73.2
0.5
81.2
24.2
2.5
4.3
31.0
42.5
0.0
73.5
1.1
6.6
7.7
1965
7.7
76.3
0.6
84.6
23.5
2.7
4.7
30.9
43.3
2.2
76.4
0.6
7.6
8.2
1966
8.2
85.0
0.1
93.3
23.9
2.7
5.3
32.0
51.6
1.2
84.8
0.2
8.3
8.5
1967
8.5
89.4
0.0
97.9
25.0
3.2
5.4
33.6
56.9
0.6
91.1
0.1
6.7
6.8
1968
6.8
104.1
0.0
110.9
27.0
2.9
5.8
35.7
56.1
2.9
94.7
5.5
10.7
16.2
1969
16.2
90.8
1.3
108.3
23.5
2.5
7.1
33.1
56.9
1.9
91.9
6.4
10.0
16.4
1970
16.4
83.8
1.5
101.7
25.1
2.5
6.8
34.4
46.5
2.2
83.1
9.5
9.1
18.6
1971
18.6
85.8
1.1
105.5
25.5
2.5
7.4
35.4
56.9
1.8
94.1
2.7
8.7
11.4
1972
11.4
85.4
0.6
97.4
25.1
3.0
7.7
35.8
54.0
2.5
92.3
0.1
5.0
5.1
1973
5.1
92.8
0.2
98.1
26.1
3.6
8.1
37.8
49.7
2.7
90.2
0.0
7.8
7.8
1974
7.8
112.4
0.1
120.3
28.6
4.0
8.4
41.0
69.5
2.7
113.2
0.0
7.1
7.1
1976
7.1
128.4
0.0
135.5
27.7
3.5
9.1
40.3
56.5
1.8
98.6
18.7
18.2
36.9
1976
36.9
115.6
0.1
152.6
29.2
3.2
10.3
42.7
65.6
3.8
112.1
18.6
21.9
40.5
1977
40.5
99.2
0.1
139.8
23.5
4.3
9.9
37.7
72.8
1.9
112.4
10.8
16.6
27.4
1978
27.4
133.2
0.1
160.7
33.7
4.3
11.2
49.2
75.7
4.2
129.1
8.3
23.2
31.6
1979
31.6
131.9
0.1
163.6
33.2
4.8
11.2
49.2
82.6
6.1
137.9
1.7
24.0
25.7
1980
25.7
146.2
0.2
172.1
38.4
5.1
11.0
54.5
91.4
9.7
155.6
0.0
16.5
16.5
1981
16.5
182.7
0.4
199.6
42.5
4.4
12.7
59.6
82.0
9.0
150.6
17.5
31.5
49.0
1982
49.0
153.6
0.7
203.3
37.6
2.9
13.5
54.0
68.9
8.9
131.8
22.3
49.2
71.5
1983
71.5
99.7
0.9
172.1
32.7
3.8
12.8
49.3
70.3
5.6
125.2
25.0
21.9
46.9
1984
46.9
138.8
1.6
187.3
35.2
3.4
13.9
52.5
62.1
8.0
122.6
44.3
20.4
64.7
1985
64.7
134.9
2.2
201.8
45.2
3.0
14.1
62.3
58.7
3.5
124.5
43.6
33.7
77.3
1986
77.3
133.4
2.6
213.3
52.8
2.9
15.0
70.7
84.2
7.0
161.9
8.7
42.7
51.4
1987
51.4
129.6
3.0
184.0
54.9
3.6
15.4
73.9
72.2
6.5
152.6
0.2
31.2
31.4
1988
31.4
159.9
3.8
195.1
57.4
3.4
15.6
76.4
85.9
6.0
168.3
0.0
26.7
26.7
1989
26.7
154.5
4.4
185.6
60.0
3.6
15.4
79.0
77.2
3.0
159.2
0.0
26.4
26.4
1990
26.4
156.1
4.8
187.2
63.8
3.6
15.3
82.7
70.9
9.0
162.7
0.1
24.5
24.6
1991
24.6
157.5
5.3
187.3
65.2
3.9
15.4
84.5
66.4
9.0
159.9
0.4
27.0
27.4
1992
27.4
179.7
6.1
213.2
69.0
3.6
15.1
87.7
77.0
9.0
173.7
0.1
39.3
39.4
1993 3/
39.4
156.1
7.0
202.6
71.3
4.2
15.0
90.5
80.0
6.0
176.5
0.1
25.9
26.0
74.0
4.0
15.0
93.0
83.0
9.0
185.0
0.1
39.2
39.3
8.0
224.3
190.3
26.0
1994 4/
1/ Crop year August 1 to July 31.
2/ Commodity Credit Corporation. 3/ Preliminary. 4/ Projected.
c
i
o
CD
CCC 2/
Ending stocl<s
Free
Total
Farm
price
Loan
rate
Target
price
Direct
payment
5"
Q.
C
>
m
o
o
Million cwt
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 3/
4.1
0.3
1.8
1.4
1.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
5.5
6.4
9.5
2.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
18.7
18.6
10.8
8.3
1.7
0.0
17.5
22.3
25.0
44.3
43.6
8.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.1
5.9
5.0
5.9
6.1
6.6
7.6
8.3
6.7
10.7
10.0
9.1
8.7
5.0
7.8
7.1
18.2
21.9
16.6
23.2
24.0
16.5
31.5
49.2
21.9
20.4
33.7
42.7
31.4
26.7
26.4
24.5
27.0
39.3
22.8
10.0
5.3
7.7
7.5
7.7
8.2
8.5
6.8
16.2
16.4
18.6
11.4
5.1
7.8
7.1
36.9
40.5
27.4
31.6
25.7
16.5
49.0
71.5
46.9
64.7
77.3
51.4
31.4
26.7
26.4
24.6
27.4
39.4
22.9
K Not applicable.
1/ August 1 to July 31. 2/ Commodity Credit Corporation. 3/ Preliminary.
ro
4.55
5.14
5.04
5.01
4.90
4.93
4.77
4.97
5.00
4.95
5.17
5.34
6.73
13.80
11.20
8.35
7.02
9.49
8.16
10.50
12.80
9.05
7.91
8.57
8.04
6.53
3.75
7.27
6.83
7.35
6.68
7.58
5.89
8.25-8.45
4.42
4.71
4.71
4.71
4.71
4.50
4.50
4.55
4.60
4.72
4.86
5.07
5.27
6.07
7.54
8.52
6.19
6.19
6.40
6.79
7.12
8.01
8.14
8.14
8.00
8.00
7.20
6.84
6.63
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
___
_-_
8.25
8.25
8.53
9.05
9.49
10.68
10.85
11.40
11.90
11.90
11.90
11.66
11.15
10.80
10.71
10.71
10.71
10.71
0.00
0.00
0.78
0.00
0.00
0.28
2.71
2.77
3.76
3.90
4.70
4.82
4.31
3.56
4.16
3.07
4.21
3.98
Appendix table 45Quantity and proportion of U.S. rough rice sold domestically and for export, 1960-93
ro
Crop
year 1/
Domestic 2/
Export
Total
Domestic
Share of total
Export
Percent
Million cwt
c
i^
o
Q.
Z.
>
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
26.9
29.6
28.0
28.7
31.0
30.9
32.0
33.6
35.7
33.1
34.4
35.4
35.8
37.8
41.0
40.3
42.7
37.7
49.2
49.2
54.5
59.6
54.0
49.3
52.5
62.3
70.7
73.9
76.4
79.0
82.7
84.5
87.7
89.7
^
o
29.5
29.2
35.5
41.8
42.5
43.3
51.6
56.9
56.1
56.9
46.5
56.9
54.0
49.7
69.5
56.5
65.6
72.8
75.7
82.6
91.4
82.0
68.9
70.3
62.1
58.7
84.2
72.2
85.9
77.2
70.9
66.4
77.0
81.0
56.4
58.8
63.5
70.5
73.5
74.2
83.6
90.5
91.8
90.0
80.9
92.3
89.8
87.5
110.5
96.8
108.3
110.5
124.9
131.8
145.9
141.6
122.9
119.6
114.6
121.0
154.9
146.1
162.3
156.2
153.6
150.9
164.7
170.7
48
50
44
41
42
42
38
37
39
37
43
38
40
43
37
42
39
34
39
37
37
42
44
41
46
51
46
51
47
51
54
56
53
53
52
50
56
59
58
58
62
63
61
63
57
62
60
57
63
58
61
66
61
63
63
58
56
59
54
49
54
49
53
49
46
44
47
47
1990
1987
Milled tons
Canada
St.PIrr-Miquelon
Mxkx>
North Amrica
Bllz
Co ta Rica
144,742
78,607
77,643
79,360
82,384
98,233
106,242
106,413
99,597
103,706
88,565
67,562
87,058
93,534
112,717
131,549
137,789
204
1.060
873
8,592
27,008
43,316
1,806
255
87
326
1,156
658
1,622
58,567
223,410
96,749
142,109
241,648
79,657
78,516
87,942
109,596
141.549
108,048
106,668
99,684
104,032
68,220
88,683
336,127
228,298
644
945
777
11
29
181
665
678
819
1,334
3,179
1.662
2,932
23
102
181
62
79
46
23,818
11,333
421
4,634
10,562
51,704
31
49.692
18.351
386,390
El Salvador
627
965
1,950
5,772
2,601
4,418
8,565
5,057
6,150
10,016
14,514
7.449
8,969
20.199
13,307
8.877
Quatmaia
65
214
2,118
2,080
4.000
1,631
131
214
40
1.023
1,851
891
6,352
2,401
23.430
12,287
24.879
Honduras
390
1,646
4,902
6,313
979
858
5,453
2,148
1,214
2,644
3,367
4,045
1,959
2,704
10,920
34,157
3,897
Nicaragua
147
46
551
16,889
259
246
85
18
65
15.905
10.156
28.986
20
14
30
13
206
182
303
29
88
243
171
188
1,417
666
207
205
243
3.594
9,524
27.318
11,294
5,564
34,132
14,694
16,070
30,878
69,718
16,139
73,871
121,466
Pananrta
Cantral America
Bahamas
5.346
6,421
5,154
6,606
5,634
6,922
6,521
5,144
6,898
6.294
6,112
4.939
6,033
6,486
7,296
6,390
6,040
Barbados
605
1,227
1,042
2,743
3,134
3,178
4,310
4,370
3,417
2.936
1,646
1.878
4,973
4,790
7,077
8.345
4,798
Bermuda
291
366
278
276
270
364
278
360
390
236
336
326
442
426
364
296
324
Cayman Islands
109
143
172
248
284
188
353
427
465
398
161
290
395
269
154
137
192
14.928
11,371
41,983
44,661
24,422
3,047
11
14
52.126
66,905
6.763
20,736
46,971
35,673
2,062
351
Dominican Republic
French W. Indies
Haiti
Jamaica
Leeward & Windward Islands
Netherlands Antilles
Trinidad & Tobago
Turks-Caicoe Islands
516
814
443
790
658
876
793
402
195
243
1,240
80
219
161
331
341
234
38.470
4,218
14,546
22,376
7,672
8,471
1,237
6,331
3,622
11,604
61,246
62,347
61.563
82,684
108,930
126,424
160,622
5,052
8,167
6,460
3,423
1,942
30,710
41,848
49,906
55,088
41,034
60,846
67,114
75.637
67,620
78,606
55,679
32,341
719
1,360
841
1,695
1.250
1,933
2,445
4,312
3,197
2,166
3,643
7,036
5.636
6,669
9,904
6.620
11,326
4,757
4,441
4,184
4,017
5,966
6,249
6,279
7.363
8.837
11,676
11,439
11,979
10,487
11.377
11,643
8.232
12,015
90
91
102
93
8.386
6,811
10,494
13.109
18.000
26,810
26,648
34,986
39,623
31.133
33,669
26.378
33,966
191
122
141
161
166
227
122
172
240
216
262
146
199
226
242
202
169
37,721
32,361
83,310
79,893
89,340
76,727
99.563
154,728
249,382
Caribbean
243,008
246,335
Argentina
60
1,600
17
72
888
Bolivia
23
47
50
250
64.604
2,260
166
270
246
Brazil
653
369
30.046
4.910
203
557
301
119,180
471,142
2,967
1,996
277,002
196,293
1,069
Chile
1,692
2,525
17,220
3.300
8.156
7.286
217
3.779
10,704
18,983
1,020
1,002
5,964
991
2,666
Colombia
3,938
74
122
346
857
538
94
19
149
126
736
67
8,006
63
Ecuador
6.000
2,697
303
267
398
66,153
40
French Quiana
20
44
1,690
41
16
17
Peru
13
115
91,533
56,468
132,371
2,662
87.196
101,413
32,734
2,066
66,429
2,167
31,388
166,762
69,790
42,993
56,368
Uruguay
16
5,600
16,397
39
10
141
14
13
11
3,015
67,312
66
571
162
3,467
7,241
109.136
90,076
10,512
88,526
647,733
24,709
170,096
346,333
264,379
60,399
Guyana
Paraguay
Venezuela
South America
Refer to footnotes at end of table.
Continued
1976
i977
1978
i979
1982
1980
1987
1983
1990
1991
Milled tons
Austria
1,944
1,859
2.344
2,718
1,973
916
2,047
2,303
1,958
2.631
1,013
1,113
1,740
2,814
6.071
2.914
9,109
Finland
680
979
1,416
1,186
941
7,899
1,834
1,262
1.042
1.611
1,723
1,958
2.027
2.421
2.779
5,691
9,083
19
16
13
35
34
51
68
67
51
32
52
68
117
67
169
28
61
loaland
292
282
281
330
416
496
280
396
207
372
351
411
536
457
397
438
347
Malta, Qozo
264
218
228
16
43
84
11
74
68
306
484
416
527
548
407
Norway
769
1.251
1.184
1,039
1,300
1,876
2,101
1,863
2,293
2,192
3,718
2,965
3,609
6.255
5.976
4.515
5,211
Swadan
9,555
8,662
9,898
9,394
10,817
13,383
14,760
15,494
13,872
12.038
16,215
16,880
15,609
14.850
14.997
14,147
16.805
54,446
68.580
72,439
96,597
58.347
66.847
57.307
42,360
71,077
76,468
99.270
99,796
106.875
94,769
64.174
121.261
79,521
61,310
94,217
100,169
123.392
127,076
137.791
123.050
Gibraltar
Switzerland
61,224
31.660
64.737
44.826
27,175
20.340
45,600
93,319
112,990
120.021
125,018
146,581
135,425
96.206
117,261
113.259
133,187
104.713
72,282
58,866
1,231
1,588
1.721
41
118
50
135
107
253
368
161
298
163
86
Denmark
France
83.298
47,769
278
622
2,027
9,001
6,554
10,419
18,328
10,190
18.087
14,074
13,907
8.784
4.206
8,855
1,509
11,359
13.416
16,861
4,633
7.897
60.015
67,037
65,366
30,590
24,634
24.389
32.945
14,112
17,436
17.288
12.970
36,639
22.319
42,148
49,198
56,210
47,261
Greece
112
18
36
19
46
5.414
18
102
102
94
109
94
19
111
51
Ireland
13
84
36
11
36
38
67
87
66
11
656
595
1.231
1,616
2,696
4,606
Italy
46,959
216,585
173,172
58.946
15,973
272,389
14.549
70,762
106.101
38
27,857
21,174
9,684
1.447
243
51
12.997
Netherlands
54,713
27,105
28,784
45,209
34,480
50,319
34,043
41,691
32.262
19,480
94,093
57.252
74,350
55.296
104,637
66.464
110.233
Portugal
75.876
13,426
64.280
34,508
81
7,032
6,700
34,913
52.285
5.958
6,927
73
6,616
13,611
773
182
80
12
5.254
32
29
4,694
5.085
95,020
19.072
11,670
62,642
50.964
167,541
83.549
37,874
11.052
37.224
United Kingdon
34,472
13,336
52,959
32,040
19,650
31,482
26,760
4,482
10.225
17,098
31.554
17,420
28,513
35,297
39,234
57,870
65.792
European Union
315,635
363,365
413,205
308,302
219,427
544,140
240,438
424,977
381.579
167,929
474,670
358,013
249,149
346,750
272
20
148
4,245
17,041
31,549
Qermany
Albania
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
1,991
2,000
454
5,923
2,849
34,910
32,119
3,073
11,060
11,530
3,320
2,591
2,767
8,419
4,000
18,674
11,121
10,422
Hungary
Poland
Romania
USSR
Yugoslavia
USSR and Eastern Europe
Bahrain
991
5,130
54,923
42,787
11,313
17,844
54,504
75,601
17
209
63
526
1.520
17,846
32.124
3.284
12,051
2.591
2,922
10,413
6.000
23,456
57.772
124,222
126
92
1,166
278
236
185
452
408
374
190
191
lie
164
245
207
392
510
411
954
137
154
123
231
171
216
205
242
346
293
8,954
316
476
147,002
120
60
Iran
457,244
343,723
348.132
31,105
147,168
819
Iraq
36,959
89.894
148.152
310,492
71,369
221.123
280,750
274,783
382,146
455,774
527,418
433,175
525,371
318.753
2,432
3,701
10,434
3,794
4,478
17.064
243
123
511
652
18,716
10,757
4,589
7.202
12,066
5,425
25,568
Cyprus
Israel
Jordan
198
831
2.396
840
44,035
42,987
11,987
10.098
1.493
37,910
16,408
40,315
87,185
67,109
50,635
42,071
32,979
Kuwait
1.737
2.259
9,321
14,957
1,890
4.168
18,262
15,315
6.420
6,548
5,256
5,979
4,249
2,412
139
1,665
2,127
87
5.608
407
460
673
1.759
867
791
870
331
6,535
6,394
8,078
12,779
10,679
11,001
6.941
Lebanon
Refer to footnotes at end of table.
Continued
1968
Country/crop year 1/
Milled tons
94
154
15,086
71,682
37,356
0
1,682
132
112
3,563
168,753
18,022
0
4,068
772
6,047
10,986
234,724
42,160
0
62,382
71
6,346
19,086
169,689
14,568
6
117,375
123
156
20,287
257,096
0
36
66,507
Middle East
624,856
641,818
877,489
689,920
466,022
Bangladesh
India
Palcietan
Sri Lanka
23,417
9,827
1
20,766
82,608
7,835
1
0
3,000
5
0
0
0
58
2
0
0
61
2
1
South Asia
54,011
90,444
3,005
Burma
Cambodia
Indonesia
Uos
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
0
0
411,697
0
0
34
0
0
0
0
476,511
0
0
16
0
24
0
0
260,422
6,509
0
60
169
1,732
0
27,639
225,341
251
6,941
13
7,783
433
Southeast Asia
411,731
476,551
268,882
267,301
China
Hong Kong
Japan
Macao
South Korea
Taiwan
0
20
960
0
83,673
0
0
641
2,607
0
7
0
0
1,831
1,808
0
43,702
0
0
74
1,410
0
607,994
0
East Asia
84,653
3,256
Australia
French Pacific Islands
Micronesia
New Zealand
Other Pacific Islands. NEC
Papua New Guinea
South Pacific Islands. NEC
Western Samoa
794
1,040
4,371
1,302
0
30
8
64
1,430
817
6,703
907
0
0
Oceania
7,699
8,866
Oman
Qatar
Republic of Yemen
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Turlcey
United Arab Emirates
11
0
186
1.826
6,579
1.122
29
0
101
211
104
457
26,294
277,754
0
9,457
10,467
22,634
124
4
0
146
165
26,387
240,880
0
11,970
5,902
396
303
0
174.276
0
33,457
4,525
353
2,526
44,451
214,864
26,117
70,831
10,993
444
111
10,206
220,017
13,660
77,310
6,686
448
4,165
45,380
182,520
0
117,955
21,154
135
112
13,353
159,612
0
142,411
3,843
0
64
29,236
200,229
0
137,822
3.229
16
40
13,468
169,691
16
142,461
4,764
677,435
714,777
946,864
825,402
1,001,604
728,259
463,258
392,145
66,663
8,867
4
2
80,311
8,872
3
0
0
7,041
0
2
89,743
0
0
0
85,344
20
0
0
0
8,913
9
0
28,252
12,457
0
0
752
14,366
0
0
0
2
7
0
64,536
89,186
7,043
8,922
40,709
0
0
81,583
0
0
5,939
1,125
74
0
0
3,036
0
0
18,989
1,063
0
0
0
1,961
0
0
138,126
1,348
72
0
0
61,165
0
0
34.506
2,941
154
0
0
10,694
0
0
98
4,206
6
88,721
23,078
98,756
15,003
0
49
1,563
0
213,326
0
20
235
1,464
0
112,362
215
19
62
910
0
138
106
28
6,835
893
0
194
329
12
7,489
1,064
0
379
327
14
5,386
1,347
0
14,573
646
214,928
114,276
9,271
21,966
614
468
6,727
1,108
106
0
623
18
909
1,470
9,062
1,293
64
0
74
498
1,560
1,676
8.984
1.672
31
623
6.907
0
1,424
79
9,868
1,618
54
0
10,913
0
20.666
23.646
158
5,320
34,789
279,076
0
22,628
6,411
67,310
78
3
1
22,762
466
789
7.108
927
0
0
7
36
9,333
0
31,364
138,846
0
20
119
736
48
0
492
1,244
0
1,182,424
25
476
1.768
6.504
1,043
16
0
24
72
0
15,132
16,764
0
0
66
4,539
80
0
74
389
0
317,181
0
386
2.195
8.894
5.166
21
0
1.616
247
0
0
63,440
0
0
128
1,609
18
9,564
193
8,868
47,158
285,944
0
9,553
5,223
1,046
1.394
9.033
681
30
0
14
106
0
263
686
0
104
273
1.083
9
6.601
1.343
50
0
913
39
66
0
429
0
276
37
2,017
0
0
0
3,683
0
0
118,697
2,243
2,400
0
8,502
437
0
462
4,203
0
11,759
1,350
0
166
400
13,604
13,676
1,187
1,698
5,477
1,644
0
7,888
0
70
4,337
4,790
7,465
1,644
38
15,900
0
0
17.664
34.074
1.154
1.362
8.965
1.608
162
2.616
5.006
0
0
83
0
232,613
32
191,414
6,505
0
6,478
30
19
5,527
0
0
11,406
0
507
13
2,499
39
0
0
7,912
0
600
322
2,672
102
0
0
7,320
0
0
1,108
2,789
0
11,217
13
1,844
1,714
0
147
265
37
2,143
1,480
20
1,033
505
5,218
1.606
4
11,279
1,406
0
600
3.850
9
1.732
0
11,467
1,414
26
0
0
747
18.666
15.406
Continued
i976
i977
i978
1979
1992
1990
1986
1984
1982
1980
Milled tons
Tunisia
3.743
373
963
4
0
60
0
1,733
5.971
633
0
1,239
2,667
2.674
236
1,016
0
3,608
2,697
193
1
1,606
67
218
5,399
34
1,004
76
218
108
6
4,743
6,240
38
33
17
89
21,007
131
10
1.713
866
10.608
224
0
0
0
10,052
0
11,637
6
0
11,206
17
0
0
0
10.038
0
18,460
700
0
1,133
18
26,177
0
0
37.613
17
16.010
0
0
30.612
133
6,420
17
0
63
67
23,837
51
0
170
226
North Africa
6,083
8,297
6,716
7,314
1,782
6,731
10,136
21,277
13,323
10,062
22,866
10.038
20,301
63.807
46.655
6,667
24,283
Benin
Burlcina Faso
Cape Verde
Equitorlal Guinea
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
The Gambia
Togo
West Africa. NEC
109
470
0
0
2,317
12.661
0
16.616
52.216
0
0
64
130,610
22,801
334
6,678
2,919
4,697
24
69
0
0
5,201
24,310
0
46,846
41,969
63
25,976
20
172,146
78,625
225
1,033
7,753
15,466
33
2,512
0
0
34
10,514
0
69,763
41,064
600
0
1,778
183,609
1,264
16
31
2,621
266
113
4,417
0
0
7,720
8,376
0
3,826
63,084
801
6,680
9
137,946
15,623
6,212
1,536
560
3,654
872
6,857
0
0
23,956
27,112
0
4,957
85,744
600
91
18
283,461
23,610
5,118
266
1,606
6,813
16,468
1,414
0
969
374
4,568
0
30,921
88,937
18
4,763
88
412,894
1,050
2,086
768
2,936
6,180
423
16
0
0
17,553
19,139
0
2,848
91,983
5,101
0
0
168,754
24,896
20,263
726
762
1,582
416
0
0
666
6,097
20,492
0
7,004
84,379
4,116
100
0
82,776
11,431
5,866
9,093
1,087
8.387
12,240
39,276
0
200
1,113
22,069
0
1,667
52,662
73,506
661
18
533
69,074
6,396
6,134
993
3,370
389
16
0
0
18,120
48,919
0
2,723
81,136
27,972
0
0
35
91,630
11,779
2,814
496
7,694
507
40
0
0
11,633
47,963
0
6,011
76,288
0
0
0
60
24.948
21,298
7,691
661
3,924
76
40
0
0
24.909
32,517
0
8,772
72,519
16,841
0
0
74
120,126
34,407
42,564
638
3,014
869
1,794
0
18
47,783
35,626
0
17,618
82,342
0
198
70
14
96,860
28.496
2,606
936
0
1,766
333
4,360
0
14,604
29,927
3.388
37.731
69,768
5,999
0
72
0
71,601
4,669
4,536
129
0
18
600
495
0
12,684
5,274
80
86.946
96,718
0
162
126
17
63,159
21,416
3,084
66
0
93
5,222
0
0
5,844
33,524
0
64,326
66,996
10,514
0
53
0
62,318
17,070
1,317
203
0
413
268
0
23,202
26,067
0
97.238
41,194
17
0
104
0
100,841
7,987
5,839
62
0
West Africa
262.281
418,715
314,075
269,466
469,979
673,404
354,046
240,907
278,900
293,723
200,814
356,496
314,118
248,662
289,823
267,480
303,222
Zaire
136
6
0
60
293
0
3.303
1,222
5
499
446
577
0
14.981
3.429
12
2.924
4.823
1,718
0
30,438
1,961
3
0
2,485
1,129
0
17,403
601
9
0
1,239
2,114
0
13,427
542
0
0
3,047
4,289
0
6,737
185
0
0
6,834
3,940
0
900
100
5
6,000
18
1,858
0
1,094
7,430
0
5,000
2,638
810
0
7,060
2,227
20
0
383
631
0
0
5,166
0
0
0
81
0
37,361
4,026
18
0
0
451
0
10,066
18
0
0
17
3,177
2,678
33,788
74
0
406
405
36
0
1,089
17
0
766
7,155
18
876
0
79
0
0
14,963
93
499
0
36
0
2,769
6,182
18
0
0
Central Africa
3,798
17,730
43,344
22,981
17,390
14,615
11,859
8,075
22,938
3.261
42,608
14,561
39,678
2,009
8,831
15,634
8,005
Burundi
Djibouti
Ethiopia
French Indian Ocean Areas
4
3,902
64
0
4
2,916
126
0
2
7,386
164
0
0
17,521
5
624
0
10,070
19
0
0
4,498
65
560
0
6,793
0
653
0
3,856
0
3
0
5,281
563
0
0
1,026
279
46
0
5,863
61
68
0
2,344
612
6,235
0
2,698
23.693
18
0
1,980
23,549
34
0
3,795
240
53
0
80
261
1,400
0
1,671
201
33
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo
Gabon
Sao Tome & Principe
--continued
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Milled tons
Knya
Rwanda
SaychaHM
Somalia
Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
0
603
0
2
2
17,867
0
69
125
0
6,913
0
19,696
0
0
66
1,360
14,268
23
0
0
11,298
636
0
16,460
28
11,909
0
6,173
3,884
181
21,275
209
0
0
9,013
730
91
4,490
4,868
360
370
20,260
626
272
33,614
91
12.639
0
2,718
1.078
409
17,107
904
15,737
0
1,061
2,243
387
19,032
214
138
0
210
0
346
24,684
0
508
0
16,760
0
323
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
907
0
16,400
0
0
0
201
992
0
5,000
0
4,197
0
0
0
1,176
0
0
6
0
16
0
1,769
0
0
18
0
0
14,998
0
0
0
7,560
0
0
27,493
0
0
0
East Africa
22,464
29,738
23,248
68,280
40,811
25,016
74,648
41,812
28,909
26,999
23,055
25,698
32,502
30,935
6,879
16,747
36,958
Angola
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Nambia
Republic of South Africa
Swaziland
Zambia
Zimbabwe
4
340
0
3
6
16
0
96,520
0
0
0
0
0
756
4
3
6,018
0
73,164
0
0
0
11,474
0
1,678
168
1,174
17,953
0
105,239
0
4,069
0
602
0
1,355
1,109
13,197
8,050
0
106,033
0
17,848
0
0
0
298
0
4,282
0
0
113,234
0
0
0
576
0
37,869
0
16,152
190
0
114,584
0
3
0
420
59
28,943
0
0
16,120
0
109,309
0
12,730
0
295
0
35,555
0
7,943
3,800
0
155,398
0
0
82
404
0
54,531
0
0
21,159
157
83.883
0
6,952
0
28
0
26,598
0
59
26,409
1,221
61,365
0
0
0
14
0
33,014
0
271
10,003
0
88,947
15
0
0
37
0
5,014
0
11,902
9,981
0
93,921
0
0
0
173
0
1,649
0
20
0
0
87,590
0
0
0
121
0
948
17,400
84
19,377
0
123,937
0
0
0
228
0
2,338
0
46
0
0
104,331
0
0
0
62
1,264
17,357
0
0
5,000
0
124,701
0
0
0
0
0
1,778
0
0
0
0
134,965
0
0
0
South Africa
96,889
79,946
141,655
148,094
117,814
169,374
167,581
203,073
167,086
115,680
132,264
120.855
89,432
161,867
106,943
148,384
136,743
2,156,917
2,363,428
2,504,008
2,791,963
3,196,916
2,823,939
2,274,276
2,358,271
2,024,886
1,938,606
2,857,098
2,330,373
2,880,700
2,595,528
2,421,670
2,241,366
2,565,250
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 7/
Area
harvested
Yield 1/
Million
hectares
Mt^a
115.7
119.6
121.5
125.4
124.0
125.7
127.0
128.6
131.4
132.7
134.8
132.7
136.3
137.8
142.9
141.4
143.4
143.6
141.2
144.2
144.9
140.4
144.1
144.1
145.0
145.1
141.7
145.5
146.6
146.7
146.1
145.2
143.1
1.86
1.91
2.04
2.12
2.05
2.09
2.18
2.22
2.25
2.36
2.35
2.31
2.45
2.40
2.50
2.45
2.57
2.68
2.67
2.73
2.81
2.96
3.11
3.22
3.22
3.21
3.27
3.35
3.45
3.53
3.57
3.59
3.59
Production 21
Rough
Milled
Exports 3/
Total
use 4/
Ending
stocks 5/
215.7
228.2
248.4
265.6
253.5
262.1
276.9
285.8
295.2
312.5
316.6
306.2
333.8
331.1
357.4
346.8
368.7
385.4
376.6
393.8
407.6
416.1
448.5
463.6
466.6
465.5
463.8
487.5
506.6
518.0
521.0
521.4
513.5
147.3
155.2
169.1
180.8
172.9
179.0
188.9
194.9
201.1
213.0
215.8
208.9
227.6
225.7
243.1
235.8
250.6
262.4
256.8
267.8
277.4
283.6
305.3
315.9
317.5
316.7
314.5
330.1
343.1
350.7
352.3
352.5
346.5
6.3
7.3
7.7
8.2
7.9
7.8
7.2
7.5
8.2
8.6
8.7
8.4
7.7
7.3
8.4
10.6
9.6
11.9
12.1
12.0
10.8
11.0
11.5
10.7
11.7
12.9
11.2
13.9
11.7
12.0
14.1
14.8
15.5
Stocks-touse ratio 6/
Percent
149.2
151.3
165.2
179.8
172.2
178.4
186.5
191.0
199.7
210.4
216.2
213.9
222.4
226.0
232.5
236.9
244.5
252.2
258.1
272.7
281.4
283.9
301.9
307.2
318.0
320.8
319.9
327.7
336.5
345.9
356.0
354.1
355.2
8.5
12.4
16.2
17.3
18.0
18.6
20.9
24.8
26.1
28.8
28.4
23.4
28.5
28.2
38.9
37.8
43.9
54.1
52.8
47.8
43.7
43.4
46.8
55.5
55.0
50.9
45.5
47.8
54.5
59.2
55.6
54.0
45.3
5.7
8.2
9.8
9.6
10.4
10.4
11.2
13.0
13.1
13.7
13.1
10.9
12.8
12.5
16.7
16.0
18.0
21.5
20.5
17.5
15.5
15.3
15.5
18.1
17.3
16.9
14.2
14.6
16.2
17.1
15.6
15.2
12.8
1/ Yields are based on rough production. 27 Production is expressed on both rough and milled basis; stocks, exports, and
utilization are expressed on a milled basis. 3/ Exports quoted on calendar year basis. Trade data has been adjusted
(July 1993) to exclude EC intratrade for the years 1980 to the present. 4/ For countries for which stock data are not
available, utilization estimates represent apparent utilization, for example, they include annual stock level adjustment.
5/ Stocks data are based on an aggregate of different market years and should bnot be construed as representing world
stock levels at a fixed point in time. Stocks data are not available for all countries and exclude the FSU (Former
Soviet Union), North Korea, and parts of Eastern Europe. 6/ Stocks-to-use represents the ratio of marketing year ending
stocks to total utilization. 7/ Preliminary.
Source: World Grain Situation and Outlook, Foreign Agricultural Service, USDA.
134
c
CO
8
3
Q.
1960
1961
1962
>
m
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1.000 hectares
33
o
World
United States
120.138
645
115.817
643
119.719
718
121.564
717
125,403
723
123,967
725
125,679
796
126,990
797
128.593
952
131,416
861
132,654
734
Foreign
Less developed
Centrally planned
Newly industrializing
119.493
77.224
36.762
1,901
115.174
77.922
31.728
1,926
119,001
80,957
32,525
1,944
120,847
82,011
33,364
1,912
124.680
83.751
35.398
1,969
123,242
82.250
35.427
2.010
124.883
83.272
36.027
2.029
126.193
84.655
35.935
2.028
127.641
86,566
35.515
1,951
130,655
88.839
36.074
2,015
131,920
88.624
38,035
1.984
4.478
143
199
21
53
89
4,701
146
201
24
46
100
5.151
134
207
23
48
100
5.502
135
210
21
51
103
6,081
133
235
22
52
121
5,521
138
240
25
53
133
5,849
153
245
26
54
132
6.055
168
258
25
56
130
6,135
138
265
32
57
129
6,650
153
251
25
70
126
6.337
150
192
25
43
93
270
158
45
60
264
150
48
58
279
164
54
53
209
85
55
60
203
71
60
65
186
38
65
76
183
32
70
76
200
44
70
81
253
88
72
88
310
146
75
84
291
128
75
83
646
227
42
89
26
91
86
23
39
3.174
7
16
46
687
237
58
102
26
95
81
24
39
3.350
7
18
53
757
275
69
104
27
112
87
27
28
3.722
7
21
52
712
254
74
81
28
113
73
29
31
4.182
8
21
54
823
303
91
110
30
109
82
31
31
4,619
8
28
68
905
375
105
115
34
103
75
33
28
4,005
5
915
350
110
117
29
101
96
34
37
4,291
7
34
62
899
290
114
136
34
114
107
31
33
4.459
9
31
71
770
277
115
96
35
60
76
34
33
4,621
10
34
88
855
251
119
113
39
109
110
49
16
4,979
13
36
102
863
233
130
111
36
85
140
50
25
4.764
22
31
77
Latin America
Mexico
Central America
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Caribbean
Cuba
Haiti
Dominican Republic
South America Ex.. Braz..
Colombia
Venezuela
Guyana
Surinam
Ecuador
Peru
Bolivia
Chile
Brazil
Paraguay
Uruguay
Argentina
R9f0r to footnofe at end of tsibl:
32
47
Country or region 1/
Calendar year
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1.000 hectares
279
33
66
37
129
14
277
33
61
38
123
22
268
31
63
37
118
19
264
30
63
37
115
19
277
30
64
38
120
25
274
30
59
35
126
24
271
28
59
35
132
17
281
27
60
32
144
18
295
25
60
33
156
21
313
22
64
38
169
20
316
21
64
42
173
16
Eastern Europe
Hungary
Romania
65
28
21
51
22
11
42
19
6
50
19
14
57
18
20
56
17
19
58
19
20
62
20
22
65
21
25
74
22
29
76
23
28
FSU-16
USSR
USSR-I-FSU15
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Russia
0
95
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
118
118
0
0
0
0
0
0
119
119
0
0
0
0
0
0
147
147
0
0
0
0
0
0
191
191
0
0
0
0
0
0
217
217
0
0
0
0
0
0
248
248
0
0
0
0
0
0
281
281
0
0
0
0
0
0
312
312
0
0
0
0
0
0
328
328
0
0
0
0
0
0
350
350
0
0
0
0
0
Middle East
Turkey
Iraq
Iran
435
42
76
315
411
59
69
280
444
81
61
300
463
55
106
300
414
35
77
300
415
50
82
280
425
65
78
280
426
60
103
261
477
45
109
318
525
57
106
360
528
67
75
384
Asia
South Asia
Afghanistan
India
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
111.353
46,053
106,781
46,258
109,793
47.488
111.217
48,430
114,326
48,989
113,550
48,057
114,636
47,664
115,481
49,740
116,731
50,292
118,933
51,618
120,382
51.108
207
34,128
1,181
1,116
8,857
564
210
34,694
1,214
1.088
8.483
569
210
35.695
1.186
1,099
8.694
604
210
35,809
1,286
1,090
9.008
1.027
220
36.462
1.356
1.101
9.229
621
220
35,470
1,393
1.111
9.360
503
220
35.251
1,410
1,100
9,071
612
205
36.437
1.420
1.154
9,890
634
205
36,967
1.555
206
37,680
1,622
1,173
10,314
623
200
37.592
1.503
1.182
9,912
719
28.091
4.055
4.602
5.643
627
2.150
528
7.285
3.198
31.500
28.500
4.254
4.763
6.179
620
2.182
463
6.857
3.179
26.276
29,601
4,654
4.889
6.191
590
2,286
544
7,283
3,161
26,935
29.338
4.877
4.902
6.354
600
2,233
561
6.731
3.087
27.715
29.941
4.979
4.983
5.971
916
2,377
532
6,980
3.200
29.607
29.833
4.848
4.769
5.960
916
2.344
566
7.328
3.109
29.825
30,580
4,513
4,612
7,000
930
2.182
553
7.691
3.096
30.529
29,424
4,706
4.566
5.807
960
2,020
542
7.516
3.304
30,436
30.714
4.764
4,644
6.336
656
2,324
633
8,021
3,332
29,894
EC-12
France
Spain
Portugal
Italy
Greece
1.162
9.742
661
CD
J3
2
Q.
^
^-^
>
ZI
^
Southeast Asia
Burma
Vietnam
Thailand
Laos
Khmer Rep
Malaysia
Indonesia
Philippines
China, Peoples Rep.
Refer to footnotes at end of table.
31,389
30,984
4,809
4,671
4,631
4,630
6,854
7,259
665
665
1.944
2,399
697
685
8,014
8,135
3,195
3.113
32.358
30.432
continued
c
C/)
o
CD
5"
Q.
Country or region 1/
Calendar year
1960
1961
1962
>
m
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1970
1,000 hectares
O
o
East Asia
Japan
Taiwan
Korea, South
Korea, North
Australia
5,709
3.308
766
1.121
500
19
5.747
3.301
783
1.128
520
20
5.769
3,285
794
1.139
540
22
5.734
3.272
749
1.155
550
24
5,789
3.260
765
1,195
560
25
5.835
3.255
773
1,228
570
26
5.863
3.254
789
1.231
580
30
5.881
3.263
787
1.235
590
31
5.831
3.280
790
1.151
600
34
5,899
3.274
787
1.220
610
40
5.527
2.923
776
1.203
620
38
Africa
North Africa
2.769
304
297
2.465
1,459
61
68
170
216
283
218
28
24
12
185
38
124
80
0
22
80
78
71
848
80
742
0
2.815
233
226
2,582
1.599
61
73
170
260
283
206
28
24
15
185
54
200
70
7
22
70
89
82
824
80
717
0
3.162
356
349
2,806
1.676
65
72
182
260
255
260
32
25
25
179
67
210
73
10
23
73
89
83
968
90
857
0
3.180
409
403
2.771
1.703
65
75
200
260
264
245
32
25
20
193
33
239
60
14
27
60
121
115
887
90
775
0
3.309
410
404
2.899
1.789
65
87
160
303
264
271
42
27
27
202
35
255
55
13
27
55
79
76
976
100
854
0
3.183
362
356
2.821
1.685
60
83
165
303
301
261
32
27
29
210
33
132
102
11
27
102
61
57
973
100
848
0
3.366
363
355
3.003
1.753
45
88
165
316
327
258
33
27
30
242
35
133
114
14
28
114
130
127
1.006
100
882
0
3,576
459
452
3,117
1.850
35
101
192
336
350
302
44
18
28
220
36
134
131
15
25
131
112
107
1.024
100
900
0
3.592
517
507
3.075
1,795
30
78
170
352
320
300
46
29
29
193
46
140
130
14
31
130
133
128
1.017
80
913
0
3.692
514
502
3.178
1.908
30
104
172
411
310
288
51
27
26
234
40
147
130
15
36
130
137
129
1,003
74
912
0
3.893
489
480
3.404
1.953
30
93
166
408
332
289
59
28
26
254
40
154
258
17
40
258
161
151
1.032
75
930
0
Egypt
Subsaharan Africa
West Africa
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Mali
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Ivory Coast
Ghana
Gambia
Togo
Nigeria
Burkina
Liberia
Central Africa
Cameroon
Chad
Zaire
East Africa
Tanzania
Southern Africa, Ex. S. A
Mozambique
Madagascar
Malawi
R9f9r to footnotes at end of table.
continued
Appendix table 48--World rice area harvested, 1960-93continued
Country or region 1/
Calendar year
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1.000 hectares
World
United States
134,825
736
132,665
736
136.288
878
137,796
1.024
142,890
1.140
141,429
1,004
143,412
910
143.646
1,202
141,230
1.161
144,153
1,340
144.856
1.535
Foreign
134,089
88.273
40,819
1,948
131,929
85.816
41,171
1,937
135,410
89.197
41,290
1.909
136,772
89,838
41,834
1,984
141,750
94,723
41,883
2,009
140.425
92,490
42,767
2,002
142,502
95,132
42,196
2,009
142,443
96,591
40,854
1,982
140.069
95.046
40,144
1,954
142,813
97,446
40,713
1,870
143.321
98,398
40,347
1.891
6,404
153
203
26
35
96
6,337
165
206
26
32
105
6,175
170
239
24
65
105
7,129
173
266
32
80
112
7.998
214
289
41
67
115
7.281
145
242
27
65
97
7,203
170
247
25
70
105
7.379
125
255
28
76
110
8.471
160
248
19
81
99
8,134
130
266
42
74
98
8.133
180
264
39
286
130
75
75
302
140
76
80
361
190
76
88
377
195
76
97
336
200
40
87
366
220
40
97
387
220
51
106
328
154
51
109
319
142
50
113
320
147
50
112
328
144
55
115
858
254
113
102
40
80
147
48
27
4.821
16
31
83
793
274
65
80
37
80
131
46
26
4,794
19
35
77
859
291
113
93
45
83
110
41
19
4,463
974
355
117
106
44
101
115
51
13
5,250
25
1,072
372
114
116
48
126
118
75
23
6,000
28
52
87
1.037
366
93
84
48
125
129
72
29
5,400
34
57
91
1,104
325
170
136
50
103
125
69
36
5,200
32
58
95
1.144
406
166
115
55
85
100
63
33
5.425
1.193
442
172
90
59
103
131
51
47
6.469
52
69
31
67
82
1,236
416
225
95
65
127
96
66
41
6,100
38
67
82
1.284
413
243
88
66
130
150
63
31
5,963
32
68
114
Centrally planned
Newly industrializing
Latin America
Mexico
Central America
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Caribbean
Cuba
Haiti
Domincan Republic
c
0)
J}
8
3
Q.
C
^
>
m
21
43
83
47
89
102
continue1
72
104
0)
3
Country or region 1/
Calendar year
1971
1972
1973
Q.
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1.000 hectares
CO
*-*
>
m
3
EC-12
France
296
10
62
30
174
20
295
8
64
22
182
19
317
10
68
34
186
19
322
39
190
17
316
14
61
33
188
20
11
68
33
191
19
312
7
69
35
183
18
303
7
68
35
176
17
284
6
69
25
169
15
77
28
27
73
27
23
75
28
23
74
27
22
74
28
21
73
28
20
71
24
22
67
20
23
61
15
20
58
13
20
0
390
390
0
0
0
0
0
0
421
421
0
0
0
0
0
0
462
462
0
0
0
0
0
0
495
495
0
0
0
0
0
0
500
500
0
0
0
0
0
0
522
522
0
0
0
0
0
0
548
548
0
0
0
0
0
0
580
580
0
0
0
0
0
0
610
610
0
0
0
0
0
0
666
666
0
0
0
0
0
0
634
634
0
0
0
0
0
Middle East
Turkey
Iraq
Iran
505
65
109
330
466
51
94
320
450
60
64
325
423
60
31
330
430
55
33
340
475
54
54
365
451
58
66
325
446
70
60
315
525
75
60
389
574
50
65
458
596
73
55
467
Asia
South Asia
Afghanistan
India
Pakistan
Nepal
122.430
50,664
200
37,768
1,457
1.300
9,257
123.782
51,786
210
38.286
1.513
1,227
9.878
672
123,938
51,417
210
37.889
1,604
1,240
9.793
681
127,731
53,630
210
39,475
1,710
1,256
10.329
650
127.169
52,314
210
38,511
1,749
1,262
9,882
700
129.182
54.349
210
40.282
1.899
1.264
10.028
666
128,794
54.938
210
40,482
2,026
1,263
10.114
843
125,357
53,765
206
39,414
2.034
1.254
10.064
793
128.254
692
120,356
49,740
200
36.688
1.480
1.104
9.629
639
54.701
212
40.152
1,933
1.276
10.309
819
128.784
55,489
230
40.708
1.976
1.297
10.459
819
31.580
4.764
4.807
7.095
665
1,880
710
8,324
3,332
34.918
30,266
4,528
4.900
6.780
665
1.548
750
7.898
3.194
36.143
31.740
4,880
5.030
7.680
665
811
739
8,404
3,528
35,090
31.661
4.884
5.112
7.512
686
555
740
8,537
3.632
35,512
32,959
5,030
4,940
8.357
660
1.050
750
8,495
3.674
35.729
33,217
4,912
5,314
8,167
680
1,400
730
8.369
3.641
36.217
33,901
4.864
5.409
8,750
690
1,500
723
8.360
3,602
35.526
34.229
33,157
5.011
5.142
8,935
665
1,400
583
8.929
3.561
34.421
4,442
5,483
8,654
724
672
738
8.804
3,637
33.344
34,788
4,801
5,468
9,200
739
1,417
696
9.005
3,459
33.878
35.193
4.811
5,722
9.105
731
1.317
679
9.382
3.443
33.293
313
20
61
42
175
15
320
20
59
43
183
15
324
17
61
79
26
28
FSU-16
USSR
USSR+FSU15
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Russia
Spain
Portugal
Italy
Greece
Eastern Europe
Hungary
Romania
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
CO
Southeast Asia
Burma
Vietnam
Thailand
Laos
Khmer Rep
Malaysia
Indonesia
Philippines
China, Peoples Rep.
Ri9r to footnotes at end of table.
continued
Country or region 1/
Calendar year
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1.000 hectares
c
!^
33
8
.
C
East Asia
Japan
Taiwan
Korea, South
Korea. North
Australia
5.268
2,095
753
1,190
625
41
5.207
2.640
742
1.191
630
45
5.166
2.622
724
1.182
635
68
5,348
2.724
778
1.204
640
76
5,413
2,764
790
1,218
640
75
5.421
2,779
786
1,215
640
92
5,406
2.757
778
1,230
640
91
5.206
2.584
752
1.230
640
110
5,091
2,497
721
1,233
640
116
4.887
2.377
637
1.233
640
104
4.809
2.278
667
1.224
640
123
Africa
North Africa
3.927
489
487
3,438
2,016
30
84
182
415
356
282
55
28
26
263
40
162
258
16
55
258
122
111
1,042
75
943
0
3.907
485
481
3.422
1.998
30
50
165
415
348
290
71
30
25
275
40
170
276
18
52
276
110
98
1.038
75
938
0
4,076
455
450
3.621
2.020
35
65
135
425
351
295
71
30
20
280
39
182
303
15
55
303
144
131
1.154
75
1.055
0
4.320
449
442
3,871
2.176
38
86
140
470
370
350
67
40
10
285
33
201
310
15
50
310
112
99
1.273
75
1.172
0
4,646
449
442
4,197
2,255
42
94
129
450
380
410
78
22
10
300
42
191
310
30
50
310
331
315
1,301
65
1,177
40
4,517
459
453
4,058
2,306
46
89
152
450
420
364
77
20
15
310
45
201
273
35
47
273
281
260
1,198
65
1,063
45
4,637
444
437
4,193
2.215
40
63
140
402
420
409
75
14
12
325
32
206
321
25
17
321
311
295
1.346
65
1.210
47
4.741
443
433
4.298
2,491
38
91
200
406
400
428
123
30
20
414
35
194
333
25
50
333
196
180
1.278
65
1,140
47
4,611
442
435
4,169
2.399
40
79
130
400
375
448
105
45
20
400
40
201
280
35
50
280
216
200
1.274
75
1.125
47
4.717
415
408
4,302
2.493
38
67
185
400
400
360
99
40
20
550
37
197
280
25
42
280
204
190
1.325
75
4.709
408
402
4.301
2.522
38
69
172
380
400
340
116
28
20
600
39
210
290
30
46
290
165
150
1,324
70
1,185
42
Egypt
Subsaharan Africa
West Africa
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
l^ali
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Ivory Coast
Ghana
Gambia
Togo
Nigeria
Burkina
Liberia
Central Africa
Cameroon
Chad
Zaire
East Africa
Tanzania
Southern Africa. Ex. S. A
Mozambique
Madagascar
Malawi
Rf0r to footnotes at end of tabl.
1.180
43
continuad
c
0)
o'
CD
5"
0)
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
s3
1.000 hectares
>
m
World
United States
140.364
1,320
144.147
878
144.059
1.134
144.954
1.008
145.097
955
141,690
944
146.470
1.174
146.637
1.087
146,737
1,142
146.742
1.123
145,154
1,267
145,128
1.146
Foreign
Less developed
Centrally planned
Newly Industrializing
139,044
94.443
40,111
1.847
143.269
98.442
40.289
1.873
142,925
97,934
40.424
1.818
143.946
100.092
39.286
1.801
144,142
100.345
39,296
1.768
140.746
97.140
39.261
1.763
144.296
100,722
39,298
1,731
145,550
101,166
40,120
1,732
145.595
100.700
40.661
1.698
144.619
100.034
40.403
1,638
143,887
99,821
39,922
1.554
143.982
100.792
39.045
1.638
7,294
170
269
41
76
95
7.458
170
286
38
85
106
6,963
120
262
45
70
99
7,798
192
246
41
72
91
7.996
125
220
37
60
87
8.030
150
196
28
40
83
7,410
120
189
25
43
73
6,219
140
247
48
62
90
6.197
75
247
41
52
109
6,677
70
261
57
48
93
6.529
70
242
65
62
80
6.376
50
243
65
40
95
313
151
50
101
336
149
50
125
345
161
55
117
329
159
55
102
339
171
45
110
325
169
45
100
326
172
46
98
322
167
45
98
293
140
45
98
285
135
45
95
285
135
38
102
288
135
38
105
1,361
481
227
93
70
129
170
53
37
5,100
31
70
81
1.187
396
164
90
70
93
180
43
40
5,350
32
79
129
1,299
364
151
97
75
136
200
120
39
4,820
32
85
117
1,316
386
181
78
76
134
190
119
32
5,585
35
86
130
1.242
384
135
92
75
172
144
87
37
5,980
35
81
90
1.298
389
136
92
71
139
215
94
39
5.961
42
81
100
1,317
460
114
74
75
126
209
85
39
5,350
35
100
108
1.230
410
116
67
31
135
218
90
43
4,180
35
85
100
1,242
435
121
51
31
151
185
90
33
4,230
35
110
110
1,418
400
142
90
50
200
167
100
29
4,384
90
150
130
1,476
390
165
100
50
220
180
100
30
4,200
90
160
120
Latin America
Mexico
Central America
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Caribbean
Cuba
Haiti
Domincan Republic
South America Ex., Braz..
Colombia
Venezuela
Guyana
Surinam
Ecuador
Peru
Bolivia
Chile
Brazil
Paraguay
Uruguay
Argentina
1.317
420
152
79
31
190
168
90
32
4,614
35
130
140
- -continued
fe
Country or region 1/
Calendar year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1.000 hectares
301
5
68
34
178
16
273
7
41
27
184
14
308
9
73
30
180
16
318
11
74
30
187
16
334
12
79
32
193
18
329
12
76
32
191
18
347
14
80
33
199
21
331
17
59
33
206
16
373
19
90
33
215
16
367
20
94
32
206
15
359
20
83
25
216
15
342
22
50
25
230
15
59
13
21
66
13
28
71
13
33
75
15
38
85
15
45
88
15
47
86
13
48
81
12
49
72
12
40
48
9
22
40
7
17
39
7
17
FSU-15
USSR
USSR+FSU15
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Russia
0
648
648
0
0
0
0
0
0
700
700
0
0
0
0
0
0
688
688
0
0
0
0
0
0
671
671
0
0
0
0
0
0
621
621
0
0
0
0
0
657
0
657
18
35
155
133
306
671
0
671
19
35
166
135
306
656
0
656
17
33
161
133
301
612
0
612
16
28
147
124
286
599
0
599
19
23
160
118
267
622
0
622
40
24
160
121
265
661
0
661
50
25
160
115
300
Middle East
Turkey
Iraq
Iran
621
77
60
483
558
70
58
429
546
64
39
442
601
68
53
479
592
70
50
471
662
65
70
526
589
70
51
467
668
75
73
519
650
75
85
490
665
50
40
575
755
65
40
650
765
76
40
650
Asia
South Asia
Afghanistan
125.223
53.070
231
38.262
1,978
1,265
10,587
747
129.279
56.131
232
41.244
1.998
1.334
10.546
777
129.162
55.774
214
41.159
1.998
1.377
10.140
886
129.276
55.872
214
41.137
1.863
1.391
10.403
864
129.017
55.833
214
40.774
2.066
125.507
53.375
181
38.806
1.963
1.423
10.322
680
129.561
56.482
214
41.736
2.042
1.450
10.220
820
131,950
57.089
214
42.167
2.107
1.433
10.478
690
132.247
57,709
214
42,687
2,114
1,431
10,435
828
130,658
56,995
210
42.307
2.097
1.350
10.240
791
130,049
55,704
210
41.400
1.974
1.300
10.080
740
130.137
55.746
210
41.200
2.206
1.350
10.000
780
34,353
4,560
5,708
8,940
664
1.615
635
8,988
3,240
33.056
35.221
4.661
5.742
9.606
647
1.611
648
9.162
3,141
33.136
35.432
4.603
5.842
9.629
680
1.063
626
9.764
3.222
33.178
36.546
4.660
5.825
9.833
730
1.541
649
9.902
3.403
32.070
36.202
4.666
5.679
9.659
730
1.532
635
9.896
3.402
32.266
35.439
4.483
36.689
4.527
5.982
9.917
650
1.670
655
9.800
3.485
31.914
37.702
4.733
6.053
9.986
700
1.640
612
10.530
3.445
32.700
37,057
4,797
6,268
8,792
860
1,740
662
10,502
3,433
33,064
36.741
4.524
6.521
9.053
750
1.670
650
10,282
3.288
32.590
37.950
4.855
6.525
9.400
800
1.600
660
10.870
3.237
32.090
38.778
5.260
6.400
9.600
800
1.600
665
11.250
3.200
31.300
EC-12
France
Spain
Portugal
Italy
Greece
Eastern Europe
Hungary
Romania
India
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
1.333
10.609
837
CD
J3
8
5"
Q.
sa
^
>
m
Southeast Asia
Burma
Vietnam
Thailand
Laos
Khmer Rep
Malaysia
Indonesia
Philippines
China. Peoples Rep.
Refer to footnotes at end of table.
5.732
9.237
675
1.600
629
9.800
3.280
32.139
continued
c
in
33
Country or region 1/
Calendar year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
32
193
18
329
12
76
32
191
18
347
14
80
33
199
21
331
17
59
33
206
16
373
19
90
33
215
16
367
20
94
32
206
15
359
20
83
25
216
15
342
22
50
25
230
15
1986
1.000 hectares;
>
^
C/)
>
J3
273
7
41
27
184
14
308
9
73
30
180
16
318
59
13
21
66
13
28
71
13
33
75
15
38
85
15
45
88
15
47
86
13
48
81
12
49
72
12
40
48
9
22
40
7
17
39
7
17
FSU-15
USSR
USSR+FSU15
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Russia
0
648
648
0
0
0
0
0
0
700
700
0
0
0
0
0
0
688
688
0
0
0
0
0
0
671
671
0
0
0
0
0
0
621
621
0
0
0
0
0
657
0
657
18
35
155
133
306
671
0
671
19
35
166
135
306
656
0
656
17
33
161
133
301
612
0
612
16
28
147
124
286
599
0
599
19
23
160
118
267
622
0
622
40
24
160
121
265
661
0
661
50
25
160
115
300
Middle East
Turkey
Iraq
Iran
621
77
60
483
558
70
58
429
546
64
39
442
601
68
53
479
592
70
50
471
662
65
70
526
589
70
51
467
668
75
73
519
650
75
85
490
665
50
40
575
755
65
40
650
765
75
40
650
Asia
South Asia
Afghanistan
India
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
125.223
63,070
231
38.262
1.978
1,265
10,587
747
129.279
56.131
232
41.244
1,998
1,334
10,546
777
129.162
55,774
214
41,159
1,998
1,377
10.140
886
129.276
55,872
214
41,137
1,863
1.391
10.403
864
129.017
55.833
214
40.774
2,066
1.333
10.609
837
125.507
53,375
181
38.806
1,963
1,423
10,322
680
129,561
56,482
214
41,736
2,042
1.450
10.220
820
131.950
57.089
214
42.167
2.107
1.433
10.478
690
132,247
57.709
214
42.687
2.114
1,431
10.435
828
130,658
56.995
210
42,307
2,097
1.350
10.240
791
130,049
55.704
210
41.400
1.974
1.300
10.080
740
130,137
55.746
210
41.200
2.206
1,350
10,000
780
34.353
4,560
5,708
8,940
664
1,615
635
8,988
3.240
33.056
35,221
4,661
5,742
9.606
647
1,611
648
9.162
3.141
33.136
35.432
4,603
5,842
9.629
680
1.063
626
9.764
3.222
33.178
36.546
4.660
5,825
9,833
730
1,541
649
9,902
3,403
32.070
36.202
4,666
5.679
9.659
730
1.532
635
9.896
3,402
32.266
35.439
4.483
5.732
9.237
675
1.600
629
9.800
3.280
32.139
36,689
4,527
5,982
9.917
650
1,670
655
9.800
3.485
31.914
37.702
4.733
6.053
9.986
700
1,640
612
10,530
3,445
32,700
37.057
4,797
6,268
8.792
860
1.740
662
10.502
3.433
33.064
36,741
4,524
6,521
9.053
750
1.670
650
10.282
3,288
32.590
37,950
4.855
6.525
9.400
800
1,600
660
10.870
3.237
32.090
38,778
5,260
6,400
9.600
800
1.600
665
11.260
3.200
31.300
Eastern Europe
Hungary
Romania
A
(0
334
12
79
301
5
68
34
178
16
EC-12
France
Spain
Portugal
Italy
Greece
Southeast Asia
Burma
Vietnam
Thailand
Laos
Khmer Rep
Malaysia
Indonesia
Philippines
China, Peoples Rep.
Rf9r to footnotes stt 0nd of table.
11
74
30
187
16
_^
Country or region 1/
Calendar year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1.000 hectares
East Asia
4.744
4.791
4.778
4.788
4.716
4.554
4.476
4.459
4.417
4.332
4.305
4.313
Japan
2,267
2.273
2.315
2.342
2.303
2.146
2.100
2.097
2.074
2.049
2.106
2.130
659
645
587
564
532
501
471
475
454
429
397
403
Korea. South
1.188
1.228
1.231
1.237
1.236
1.262
1.260
1.257
1.244
1.209
1.157
1.135
Korea. North
640
645
645
645
645
645
645
630
645
645
645
645
85
119
126
107
96
107
98
105
89
128
125
135
Taiwan
Australia
4,813
4.816
5.061
5.100
5.401
5.366
5.534
5.540
5.355
5.477
5.408
5.527
North Africa
432
424
415
391
465
432
361
354
437
469
519
506
Egypt
430
421
412
389
459
423
352
352
435
462
510
500
Subsaharan Africa
4,381
4,392
4.646
4.709
4.936
4.934
5.173
5.186
4,918
5.008
4.889
5.021
West Africa
2.545
2.594
2.854
2.884
3.014
2.995
3.117
3.122
2.906
3.050
2.973
3.034
143
90
140
97
105
120
123
120
120
170
120
120
68
52
66
71
72
74
81
73
73
73
74
75
Mali
110
188
165
165
250
200
245
235
240
240
235
235
Guinea
410
400
556
561
567
573
561
575
490
650
600
600
Sierra Leone
425
425
400
380
380
385
360
370
310
255
265
270
Ivory Coast
350
380
411
420
509
540
595
620
625
630
615
640
Ghana
61
40
57
87
70
81
95
72
50
95
70
75
Gambia
28
16
20
20
27
20
25
25
22
22
23
23
Togo
17
17
20
20
21
23
33
22
22
22
23
23
600
630
670
710
660
630
635
640
650
600
655
680
Africa
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Nigeria
Burkina
25
22
21
28
23
19
22
20
20
25
25
25
Liberia
210
236
232
231
233
236
233
235
175
165
165
165
Central Africa
314
288
285
282
278
276
325
300
290
285
290
290
Cameroon
25
30
35
40
35
35
35
36
35
35
35
35
Chad
40
35
31
22
20
15
25
25
25
21
21
21
Zaire
314
288
285
282
278
276
325
300
290
285
290
290
395
East Africa
197
198
200
241
338
363
426
435
370
385
325
o'
Tanzania
180
180
182
220
315
340
402
410
345
360
300
370
5"
1.325
1.312
1,307
1,302
1,306
1,300
1,305
1.329
1.352
1,288
1,301
1,302
CD
Mozambique
70
55
45
70
70
55
50
50
70
60
60
60
Madagascar
1,188
1.189
1,190
1,180
1,180
1.195
1,200
1.220
1,240
1,200
1,200
1,200
>
m
Malawi
42
42
43
21
23
19
23
26
25
10
24
25
1/ Region total Include countries with less than 25,000 hectares harvested.
3
Q.
C
^
>
m
1960
1961
1962
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
33
1963
World
United States
220,613
2,477
215.642
2.459
228.104
2.996
248.337
3.188
265.490
3.318
253,530
3,460
262,057
3,856
276.881
4.054
285,806
4,723
295,226
4,168
312.496
3.801
Foreign
Less developed
Centrally planned
Newly industrializing
218,136
123.158
70,732
6,769
213.183
123.644
64.914
7.481
225.108
125.448
74.845
6.991
245.149
133.873
85.802
7.994
262.172
141.140
95.273
8.444
250.070
125.833
99.369
7.975
258,201
125,454
106.586
8.686
272.827
139.594
105.190
8.289
281,083
147.989
105.572
7,870
291,058
155,275
107,541
8,847
308.695
158.739
123.410
8.824
8,134
328
248
14
34
56
96
8.298
333
256
13
38
57
109
8,670
289
273
16
37
60
110
9.040
296
285
18
46
65
111
10.686
274
319
20
48
67
128
8.880
378
333
13
53
72
151
10,136
372
350
15
63
77
140
10,188
417
406
21
67
81
151
9,974
346
443
25
85
83
163
10,557
394
403
27
65
104
165
9.480
405
355
20
75
79
131
518
338
50
115
399
212
55
117
419
231
60
112
340
140
64
120
349
123
68
145
308
55
72
169
336
68
76
180
330
92
77
149
372
100
77
183
499
205
83
198
634
326
80
214
1.499
450
72
203
72
136
358
33
105
5.392
16
54
149
1.571
474
81
226
72
169
332
34
105
5.557
17
61
182
1.771
585
103
227
79
193
374
39
78
5.740
16
77
178
1.584
550
131
172
75
198
270
43
78
6.345
20
47
190
1.896
600
166
280
88
172
351
47
80
7.580
22
90
268
1,894
672
200
242
101
162
291
51
80
5,802
2.069
680
195
254
112
191
374
52
77
6.792
18
116
217
2.100
662
223
188
120
179
461
57
85
6.652
21
104
283
2,074
786
245
189
116
131
286
66
94
6,394
27
134
345
2.206
694
244
174
113
241
444
83
37
6.648
37
139
407
2.404
752
226
211
144
190
587
64
75
5.394
33
122
288
Latin America
Mexico
Central America
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Caribbean
Cuba
Haiti
Dominican Republic
South America Ex., Braz..
Colombia
Venezuela
Guyana
Surinam
Ecuador
Peru
Bolivia
Chile
Brazil
Paraguay
Uruguay
Argentina
11
84
165
continued
Ol
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
,291
1,486
1,427
1.323
1.432
1.200
1,330
1.467
1.335
1,644
1,562
103
361
151
62?
54
134
394
177
700
81
130
392
174
663
68
117
399
166
564
77
122
398
181
624
107
98
350
139
509
104
100
375
154
621
80
117
366
146
745
93
83
362
149
639
102
93
410
176
862
103
88
382
195
819
78
Eastern Europe
Hungary
Romania
148
45
49
125
38
31
118
36
20
164
48
51
146
35
54
125
21
46
158
31
56
189
43
68
158
41
60
204
50
68
209
45
65
FSU-15
USSR
USSR+FSU15
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Russia
0
149
149
0
0
0
0
0
0
222
222
0
0
0
0
0
0
245
245
0
0
0
0
0
0
337
337
0
0
0
0
0
0
423
423
0
0
0
0
0
0
434
434
0
0
0
0
0
0
640
640
0
0
0
0
0
0
803
803
0
0
0
0
0
0
954
954
0
0
0
0
0
0
994
994
0
0
0
0
0
Middle East
Turkey
Iraq
Iran
999
169
118
709
884
215
65
600
1,185
1,214
1.243
1.406
1.492
1.494
1.534
1,544
1.486
254
78
850
200
151
860
154
162
923
200
177
231
158
246
180
1.098
189
354
980
200
318
1.023
215
315
959
1,020
1.056
Asia
South Asia
Afghanistan
India
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
203,614
71,330
198.907
73.007
207,438
68.267
227.080
76,749
241,930
80,454
232,181
67,017
238,336
65,427
251,604
79,158
259.804
83,713
268.697
86,360
287,171
87,723
0
1,149
1.149
0
0
0
0
0
313
319
319
319
380
380
337
396
402
407
366
52.011
1.547
2.040
53.548
55.553
1,790
2,109
14.522
1,692
2,108
14,441
49.875
1.645
2.108
13,318
45,703
2.049
2,007
14,377
899
1,002
15,952
1,026
45,929
1,977
2,207
15,767
897
59,021
2,028
2,201
15,770
1,054
757
954
56,474
2,250
2.119
16.774
1.145
59,701
3,051
2,178
17.033
1,348
60,706
3,605
2,241
18,026
1,375
63,401
3,303
2,305
16,731
1,617
47,586
6,486
9,258
9,886
51,183
7,666
9,746
10,992
50,644
7,790
9.623
11,685
52,295
8,509
9,697
11,362
52.200
8,258
9,332
10,977
50,939
6,285
8,435
11,947
50.581
53,866
8,200
8.166
10.439
58,758
7.986
9.115
13.411
62,626
8,179
9.915
13,570
C/)
"
_
Q.
CO
Southeast Asia
Burma
Vietnam
Thailand
Laos
48,176
6,850
9,168
9.508
500
540
510
520
735
740
754
811
771
895
905
^5
^
^
.^g
Khmer Rep.
Malaysia
Indonesia
Philippines
China, Peoples Rep.
2.335
1.152
14.953
3,705
59,730
2,383
1,022
14,096
3,910
53.640
2,038
1,135
15.124
3.967
62,986
2,622
1,188
13,468
3,843
73,766
2,760
1,103
14,134
3.992
83,000
2,500
1,255
15,063
4.072
87,721
2,375
1,234
15,812
4,094
95,390
2,457
1.194
15.297
4.560
93.686
3.251
1.432
17,156
4,445
94,529
2.503
1.597
18.013
5.232
95.066
3,814
1,678
19,324
5,235
109,990
7.942
8,688
9,626
c
O)
o
CD
5"
Q.
C
w
Country or region/
Local marketing year
1960
1961
1962
1963
>
m
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
27,696
18,061
3,414
4,438
1,765
256
28,513
17,504
3,147
5,681
2.162
247
26,832
15,861
3.340
5,471
2,147
299
7.068
2.633
2.586
4.435
2.149
45
59
94
375
427
365
65
40
17
375
42
152
129
17
35
129
156
136
2.001
90
1,872
0
7,171
2,613
2,556
4,558
2.277
28
7,339
2,645
2,605
4,694
2,286
35
98
138
351
458
316
80
41
23
427
35
190
158
12
39
158
216
182
2,034
118
1,869
0
J3
I
O
East Asia
Japan
Taiwan
Korea, South
Korea, North
Australia
24,378
16,072
2,592
4,151
1,537
114
24,674
15,524
2,733
4,718
1,669
134
25,002
16,261
Africa
North Africa
3,687
1.514
1.486
2,173
1,844
118
82
185
323
369
160
32
29
12
360
31
111
70
0
23
70
107
95
152
116
0
0
3,127
1,165
5,889
2,063
2.038
3,826
1,922
120
90
190
319
315
229
32
30
18
370
45
119
74
9
24
74
119
104
1,711
130
1.552
0
Egypt
Subsaharan Africa
West Africa
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Mali
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Ivory Coast
Ghana
Gambia
Togo
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
Liberia
Central Africa
Cameroon
Chad
Zaire
East Africa
Tanzania
Southern Africa, Ex. S.A.
Mozambique
Madagascar
Malawi
1,142
1,962
1,627
120
83
185
219
263
156
34
29
9
344
30
115
71
5
23
71
109
94
155
120
0
0
2,864
4,108
1,750
136
25,921
16,015
2,859
5,120
1,912
142
26,181
15,730
3,045
5,387
2,007
153
25,243
15,511
3,184
4,770
1,757
182
26,580
15,931
3,226
5,443
1,963
214
28.179
18.066
3.273
5,849
2,246
2,219
3,603
1.792
120
106
160
249
331
219
42
31
23
304
25
125
60
6,159
2,067
2,036
4.092
2,078
120
109
158
329
373
248
42
37
27
405
34
130
55
14
38
55
134
120
1,825
145
1,648
0
5,662
1,815
1,790
3,847
1,927
80
125
158
272
399
240
32
37
17
355
25
134
49
14
25
49
99
84
1.772
145
1,589
0
5,895
1.711
1.679
6.861
2,310
2.279
4,551
2.286
45
135
172
351
469
347
11
34
60
197
183
1,554
135
1,388
0
4,184
2.050
60
125
129
275
433
274
38
37
27
406
31
140
91
17
37
91
157
140
1,886
150
1,700
0
5.004
1.824
221
52
20
27
391
45
142
100
23
32
100
131
114
2,034
165
1.830
0
142
120
368
507
303
67
37
21
386
38
163
129
18
37
129
169
144
1,983
102
1,858
0
continued
Appendix table 49World rough rice production, 1960-93continued
Country or region/
Local marketing year
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
316.593
3,890
306.229
3.875
333.800
4.208
331.074
5.098
357,425
5,824
346,755
5,243
368.745
4.500
385.423
6,039
376.568
5.986
393,805
6,629
407.562
8,289
Foreign
Less developed
Centrally planned
Newly industrializing
312,703
159.410
129.170
8.701
302,354
149,085
127,896
8,812
329,592
166,276
137.055
8,914
325,976
159,690
139,343
9.501
351.601
182.463
140,740
9.866
341,512
171.485
142,441
10,818
364,245
189,648
144,454
11,971
379.384
198,122
151,766
11,444
370.582
183.136
159.685
10.373
387.176
206.763
156,866
8,962
399,273
211,388
162,439
10,153
10.336
367
435
58
83
90
136
10,971
420
401
61
75
89
125
11,303
435
503
67
84
104
162
12,389
487
509
52
90
128
178
14.725
720
619
73
116
158
185
13,651
450
484
21
60
166
145
13.446
525
503
26
69
149
186
13.751
412
587
26
86
197
186
16,378
480
601
50
62
210
170
15.390
390
568
48
69
171
163
16,536
585
668
42
120
202
196
658
329
80
234
686
351
71
249
747
375
85
272
760
400
88
258
857
417
92
325
857
451
55
325
899
458
105
309
921
458
95
351
930
425
85
397
994
478
95
391
1,002
462
109
398
2.450
905
142
185
137
181
591
77
68
6,132
36
128
294
2.572
1,043
165
158
122
195
2.820
1.175
302
170
163
236
450
69
55
6.483
3,282
1.540
297
256
162
241
426
83
34
7,000
55
188
351
3,720
1.614
363
297
175
3.540
1,549
277
173
173
300
560
113
98
8,000
69
228
320
3.729
1.400
495
358
203
217
547
120
120
7,481
38
231
309
3.926
1.715
545
308
227
193
424
89
105
7.593
58
262
312
4.463
1.932
652
238
237
241
560
76
182
9,638
57
288
266
4.514
1.892
712
257
259
347
4,773
1,798
682
252
267
432
652
101
100
9,154
71
418
354
Latin America
Mexico
Central America
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Caribbean
Cuba
Haiti
Dominican Republic
c
en
5
5"
Q.
CO
>
m
552
76
86
6,632
38
137
260
42
158
315
321
474
127
75
8,500
57
217
309
421
94
95
8,638
75
362
286
continuef
c
if)
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
CD
5"
Q.
sa
>
m
EU(EC-12)
France
Spain
Portugal
Italy
Greece
162
892
73
1.391
52
346
164
751
78
1,750
62
386
168
1,044
90
1.690
44
367
129
1,047
103
1.659
38
378
132
1,009
102
1.522
28
406
97
907
84
1,313
18
380
102
719
94
1,624
37
401
135
956
95
1,827
31
428
146
1,127
95
1,668
25
433
155
969
86
1.612
17
444
112
960
79
237
67
66
184
60
45
212
68
50
198
56
52
241
68
68
133
32
37
188
35
48
174
22
58
207
41
60
171
24
38
203
38
49
FSU-15
USSR
USSR4FSU15
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Russia
0
1,283
1.283
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.478
1,478
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.585
1.585
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.718
1.718
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.805
1,805
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.797
1,797
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,991
1.991
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,895
1.895
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,146
2,146
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,506
2.506
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,235
2.235
0
0
0
0
0
Middle East
Turkey
Iraq
Iran
1,626
269
307
1,047
1,659
188
268
1,200
1.738
245
157
1.333
1.618
231
69
1,312
1.501
231
61
1.201
1,688
243
164
1,276
1,843
254
176
1,408
1,725
292
150
1.280
1.766
346
158
1,259
1.894
262
167
1.462
2.132
305
162
1,662
Asia
South Asia
Afghanistan
India
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
289.782
87,349
350
64,667
3,343
2,680
14,913
1,396
279,190
81,175
340
58,926
3,436
2,011
15,150
1,312
305,676
91,858
420
66.143
3,686
2,416
17.881
1,312
300,736
84,317
420
59,428
3.468
2,453
16,947
1,601
323,377
100,484
451
73,183
3,929
2,605
19,162
1,154
314,199
88,791
457
62,938
4.110
2,386
17,647
1,253
336,790
107,325
460
79,005
4,429
2,282
19,473
1,676
351,582
109,610
460
80,740
4,913
2,339
19,293
1,865
339.464
91,933
438
63,559
4,829
2,060
19,129
1,918
356,798
111.118
462
80,527
4,689
2,464
20,844
2,132
367,670
110,832
475
79,952
5,150
2,562
20.467
2.226
Southeast Asia
Burma
Vietnam
Thailand
Laos
Khmer Rep.
Malaysia
Indonesia
Philippines
China, Peoples Rep.
62,698
8,192
10,225
13,744
812
2,732
1,809
20.182
4,997
115,204
58,856
7,373
10,748
12,412
817
1,926
1.826
19,387
4,362
113,354
65.584
8,600
11,125
14,900
883
1,051
1,968
21.481
5,571
121.736
65,149
8,584
11,023
13,386
905
635
2,092
22,463
6,056
123,904
68.415
9,210
10.538
15,300
885
1,500
1,998
22,331
6,643
125,560
71.438
9,320
12.075
15,067
858
1.800
1,995
23,301
7.016
125,804
69,736
9,461
10,885
13.921
851
1,800
1.913
23.347
7.552
128,566
75,135
10,530
10,040
17,470
795
1.500
1,509
25.772
7.513
136,929
75,636
10.450
10,758
15.758
868
1,568
2.111
26.282
7,835
143,750
82.183
10.680
11.842
17,368
1.140
1.714
2.059
29.651
7,723
139.906
87.096
10,760
13,238
17,776
1,250
1.490
1,688
32,774
8,110
143,954
Eastern Europe
Hungary
Romania
_j.
1,565
77
361
continued
en
o
Appendix table 49World rough rice production, 1960-93continued
Country or region/
Local marketing year
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
c
(/)
8
5"
sa
>
m
Egypt
Subsaharan Africa
West Africa
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Mali
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Ivory Coast
Ghana
Gambia
Togo
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
Liberia
Central Africa
Cameroon
Chad
Zaire
East Africa
Tanzania
Southern Africa, Ex. S.A.
Mozambique
Madagascar
Malawi
24.531
13.609
3.137
5.553
2.221
248
7.626
2.687
2.681
4.939
2.500
35
108
170
375
500
385
67
41
24
462
37
200
180
12
51
180
231
193
2,028
120
1.872
0
25.805
14.861
3.309
5.496
2.132
309
26.498
15.187
3.057
5.850
2.397
410
27.366
15.365
3.324
6.174
2.500
387
28.918
16.456
3.380
6.485
2.596
417
28.166
14.716
3.284
7.533
2.632
530
31.163
16.368
3.475
8.495
2.824
491
29,908
15.736
3.092
8.352
2.728
692
28.145
14.948
3.099
7.274
2.824
613
23.591
12.188
2.978
5.984
2.441
729
25.788
12.826
3.004
7.149
2.809
855
7.172
2.524
2.507
4.648
2.309
37
45
130
375
478
319
72
52
15
466
34
210
191
11
28
191
6.918
2.290
2,275
4.628
2,315
28
65
100
300
478
335
75
55
7.240
2,274
2,242
4,966
2.473
30
117
89
300
490
403
73
55
14
523
35
248
191
18
35
191
194
154
2,108
102
1,972
0
7,876
2,452
2.424
5.424
2.864
68
132
218
385
500
476
70
31
14
586
40
228
192
29
36
7.992
2.319
2,300
5,673
2.926
80
63
236
415
528
426
70
35
23
611
45
245
195
48
50
195
369
314
2,183
68
8.183
2.297
2.272
5.886
2.934
34
146
182
391
587
477
58
12
17
620
38
257
218
7.941
2.384
2.351
5.557
2.971
35
148
252
366
500
505
108
26
23
592
40
243
226
45
39
226
315
263
2.045
48
1.914
50
8.181
2.533
2.510
5.648
2.889
40
97
165
348
527
533
93
60
17
559
48
249
231
38
69
231
332
284
2.196
70
2.045
50
8,020
2.412
2.384
5.608
2.863
31
65
165
351
513
419
78
34
24
786
40
218
246
47
42
246
8,030
2.254
2,236
5,776
3,027
51
120
176
331
500
390
97
38
21
871
45
240
251
63
25
251
364
313
2,134
61
2.011
33
205
171
1.943
120
1.795
0
11
514
32
225
182
12
33
182
246
204
1,885
120
1,730
0
192
389
346
1,979
79
1.841
33
2,042
42
42
20
218
436
386
2.298
70
2,155
42
252
195
2,247
70
2.109
38
continued
c
/)
8'
ZJ
Q.
C
^
>
m
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
World
United States
416,122
6.969
448.476
4.523
463.591
6,296
466.617
6.122
465.530
6,049
463.793
5,879
487.500
7.253
506.614
7,007
518.008
7.081
514.969
7,142
519,445
8,149
513.734
7,081
Foreign
Less developed
Centrally planned
Newly industrializing
409,153
201.499
182,214
10.447
443.953
228,042
190.091
10.751
457.295
228.530
200.536
10.809
460.495
242.440
190.218
10.605
459.481
238.7/7
193.302
10,368
457,914
234.682
197.279
9.998
480.247
261.002
193.364
10.704
499,607
268.258
205,007
10,494
510,927
271.324
213.280
10,017
507.827
272.233
210,459
9.728
511,296
272.739
212.845
9.317
506.653
276.561
208.791
8.544
15,159
510
577
48
131
143
176
16.085
435
719
44
135
246
200
16.444
436
689
42
125
200
175
17.544
747
741
44
155
243
187
18.017
526
635
39
145
183
179
19,318
570
559
53
105
137
166
18,963
399
571
61
95
171
139
15,341
540
676
41
98
226
175
17.197
300
692
39
114
194
215
18,007
285
723
45
157
188
186
17.968
300
693
41
169
191
165
18.000
210
685
41
169
168
200
Caribbean
Cuba
Haiti
Dominican Republic
1,080
520
133
394
1.181
518
133
495
1.256
555
167
498
1.126
525
133
431
1.212
571
117
486
1.037
466
117
422
1,112
489
117
474
1,159
535
117
474
1,024
451
117
426
1.035
431
117
457
1.084
438
100
514
1.070
438
100
500
4.915
2.071
609
277
279
378
706
86
131
7.800
65
313
277
4.275
1.780
449
250
279
270
632
61
162
9,000
52
340
475
4.898
1.695
409
312
290
430
918
194
154
8.765
66
430
400
4,679
1.798
472
265
298
382
710
181
115
9.816
52
406
435
4.714
1.865
369
357
300
535
597
139
146
10.578
70
336
352
4.972
1,775
400
350
279
423
1,000
180
160
11.800
24
381
380
5.345
2.102
332
262
300
433
960
194
162
11.088
70
530
448
4.664
1,817
312
220
119
490
891
143
138
7.971
70
464
331
4,721
1.738
400
155
119
576
867
143
151
10,000
55
517
460
5.210
1.692
660
252
121
720
814
154
132
10.100
55
610
654
5.421
1.646
595
280
130
752
829
185
120
9.901
170
714
569
5.852
1,692
646
433
159
819
839
185
123
9,706
170
786
477
Latin America
Mexico
Central America
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
continuef
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Asia
South Asia
Afghanistan
India
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
1.607
1.480
1.708
1.968
1,925
1.916
1.952
2,068
2.394
2.274
2.223
1.947
26
401
143
954
83
35
224
109
35
437
134
62
459
148
60
494
149
59
483
145
74
499
146
97
340
148
125
571
152
118
586
152
117
557
112
117
326
112
1.029
1.012
1.193
1,103
1.113
1.119
1.375
1.451
1.328
1.342
1.297
83
90
106
119
116
114
108
95
90
95
95
247
48
85
254
33
111
278
48
138
349
48
177
326
48
154
321
48
160
168
28
68
164
38
68
112
25
31
86
15
25
85
15
25
2,297
212
48
46
0
2.430
2.599
2,253
2.163
1.995
1.966
2.218
2.218
2.335
2.335
2.443
2.443
2.308
2,308
2,365
2,365
2,430
2.599
2,253
2.163
1.995
1.966
2.297
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
171
506
606
49
163
582
626
1,072
1.146
45
152
485
555
986
42
117
503
578
895
54
102
515
522
772
82
92
540
468
755
154
115
538
538
923
2.110
1.632
1.868
2,193
2.203
2,249
1.830
2,320
2.465
2.406
2.550
2,542
323
164
291
111
258
110
249
149
254
146
246
197
254
141
231
233
246
249
154
75
223
75
215
75
1.620
1.227
1.497
1,792
1,800
1,803
1,432
1,853
1.970
2.177
2.252
2,252
378.762 412,980
101.665 122,643
478
480
425.211
120.020
480
426.544
128.631
480
424,343
124,850
480
421,585
118.738
345
444,330
140.122
491
467,089
147,898
451
476,265
149,596
431
471,331
148,781
431
474,713
145,679
431
469,307
148.572
431
1,832
21,345
2,156
90,155
5,014
2.760
21.752
2.482
87.514
4.973
2.709
21,932
2.412
95.747
4.379
2.803
22,562
2,660
90,633
5,230
2,800
23.111
2.596
85.302
4,862
2,982
23,122
2,125
105.744
4,800
3.282
23,327
2.478
110.371
4.830
3,390
26.793
2.063
111,448
4,898
3,500
26,781
2,538
110.501
4.865
3.221
27.378
2.385
108.761
4.674
2.721
27.033
2,059
110,261
5.371
3.153
27.003
2,353
89,260
10,960
15,232
16,877
1,172
2,048
1,650
33.584
7.731
161.596
94.728
11.520
15.608
19.548
1,083
2.040
1.778
35,303
7.842
168.866
98,053
11.320
16.358
19.905
1.300
1.259
1.568
38.137
8.200
178.256
101,054
11,500
15,955
20,264
1.458
1.789
1.953
39,032
9.097
168,570
98.883
11.800
14.905
18,868
1,490
2,086
1.786
38.971
8.971
172.224
102.469
11.400
17.427
18.427
1,220
2,075
1,696
41.538
8.680
173.880
108.889
12,500
18.248
21.264
1.085
2.470
1.783
42.308
9,225
169,110
112.529
13,500
19,352
20,177
1,417
2,670
1,781
44.726
8,900
180,130
110.393
13.695
18.818
17.192
1,500
2,100
2.019
45.178
9.885
189,331
114,398
12,800
21,933
20,400
1.250
2.397
1.800
44.680
9.132
183.810
continued
117,238
13.400
21.530
19,930
1.500
2.200
1.860
47.300
9.512
186.220
117,967
14,655
21.800
18,485
1,500
2,200
1,890
48.200
9.231
182,000
70,681
5.173
CO
Q.
CO
Southeast Asia
Burma
Vietnam
Thailand
Laos
^
p,
^
^
o
Khmer Rep.
Malaysia
Indonesia
Philippines
China, Peoples Rep.
o"
c
CO
o
CD
5"
Q.
C
Country or region/
Local marketing year
1982
1983
1984
>
m
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
3
o
o
East Asia
Japan
Taiwan
Korea. South
Korea. North
Australia
Africa
North Africa
Egypt
Subsaharan Africa
West Africa
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Mali
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Ivory Coast
Ghana
Gambia
Togo
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
Liberia
Central Africa
Cameroon
Chad
Zaire
East Africa
Tanzania
Southern Africa, Ex. S.A.
Mozambique
Madagascar
Malawi
CJl
CA)
26,241
12,838
3,140
7,307
2.956
548
26.743
12.967
3,143
7,608
3,035
632
28.882
14,848
2,839
7,970
3.225
864
28.289
14.577
2,750
7,855
3,107
687
28,386
14,559
2.496
7,872
3,459
550
26.498
13.284
2.402
7.596
3,216
755
26.209
12,419
2.333
8.371
3,086
806
26,532
12,934
2,359
8,135
3,104
846
25.945
13,124
2,285
7,732
2,804
788
24,342
12,005
2,300
7,428
2,609
1,128
25,576
13,216
2.060
7,257
3.043
956
20,768
9,615
2.152
6.392
2.609
1.195
8,537
2,443
2,437
6.094
3,211
95
105
129
400
484
451
36
37
17
974
43
283
254
68
23
254
398
343
2.231
61
2,105
33
8,562
2,448
2,442
6,114
3.179
78
109
217
395
524
359
40
19
17
913
40
290
274
97
18
274
391
340
2,270
55
2,147
33
8,503
2,336
2,330
6,167
3,232
105
135
109
403
460
514
66
27
17
871
42
298
270
110
1
270
410
362
2,255
55
2.131
35
8,973
2,315
2,312
6.658
3.605
115
146
142
437
505
541
72
40
17
1,023
51
288
262
123
26
262
487
430
2,304
55
2,178
33
9,729
2,750
2,731
6,979
3.757
125
148
245
511
525
561
63
41
18
947
38
288
253
113
25
253
600
534
2,369
61
2,230
36
9,335
2.366
2.331
6,969
3,738
142
135
236
515
543
598
135
24
21
827
22
298
257
120
15
257
702
639
2,272
55
2,150
27
9,446
2,163
2.130
7,283
3,984
145
146
288
522
517
691
158
40
30
833
38
298
288
115
35
288
683
624
2,328
55
2,200
32
9,522
2,136
2,130
7,386
3,894
160
182
273
426
517
711
67
41
20
900
42
280
275
117
22
275
774
714
2.443
55
2.305
45
10,491
3,173
3,167
7.318
3.768
160
182
276
500
400
716
82
35
20
900
42
210
262
110
22
262
754
10,574
3.476
3,447
7,098
3,878
165
194
276
648
400
723
152
35
20
800
31
200
258
110
23
258
683
620
2.279
33
2,208
15
10,834
3,957
3,910
6,877
3.822
162
177
273
600
383
691
105
40
23
900
31
200
275
108
22
275
455
390
2.325
61
2,203
42
11.280
3,939
3,900
7,341
4,017
162
192
273
600
425
750
117
40
23
967
31
200
275
108
22
275
705
640
2,344
61
2,219
42
692
2.534
64
2,406
44
s
Appendix table 50Major world rice exporters, 1961-94
Country
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
6.512
6.349
7.342
7.731
8.245
7.880
7.779
7,166
7.494
8.197
8,553
United States
Foreign
835
5.677
1.050
5.299
1.197
6.145
1.317
6.414
1.549
6.696
1.347
6,533
1.795
5.984
1,834
5.332
1.837
5.657
1,738
6,459
1.409
7.144
Brazil
Italy
Pakistan
Nepal
Burma
Vietnam
Thailand
China. Peoples Rep.
Korea. North
Australia
Less developed
Centrally planned
Newly industrializing
151
259
124
159
1.591
182
1.576
428
22
62
4.277
663
261
44
209
128
179
1.744
90
1.271
458
0
38
3,988
575
359
0
176
102
182
1,712
330
1.418
684
0
58
4.412
1.037
370
12
80
164
273
1.413
60
1,896
762
0
57
4,975
876
304
237
119
135
234
1.335
6
1.895
985
44
65
4.908
1.051
401
289
108
213
266
1,128
13
1,508
1,487
72
64
4,284
1.595
347
32
222
140
247
546
3
1.483
1.577
125
99
3,535
1,714
202
158
279
81
292
331
2
1.068
1.299
60
97
3.140
1.366
204
70
280
135
260
562
20
1.023
1.179
96
124
3.299
1.325
131
95
594
130
247
677
18
1.064
1,280
89
111
3,472
1,453
62
149
473
196
228
844
3
1.576
1.292
103
165
3.897
1,478
94
continued
c
O)
o
CD
5"
Q.
C
Ui
>
m
o
o
c
O)
5
Appendix table 50Major world rice <sxporters, 1961-94continued
Country
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
>
m
World
8,719
8.383
7.661
7,321
8.399
10,605
9,596
11,865
12,541
12,658
11,490
United States
Foreign
1,949
6,770
1.581
6.802
1.697
5.964
2,057
5.264
2,032
6.367
2.264
8.341
2.264
7.332
2,267
9.598
2,977
9,564
3,008
9,650
2,486
9,004
Brazil
Italy
Pakistan
Nepal
Burma
Vietnam
Thailand
China. Peoples Rep.
Korea, North
Australia
Less developed
Centrally planned
Newly industrializing
2
372
300
325
570
3
2.112
1.426
88
143
4.058
1,675
174
33
247
771
300
157
0
849
2.631
96
158
2.739
2,846
143
57
461
478
21
214
0
1.046
2.060
286
145
2,304
2.581
38
3
451
498
115
307
1
933
1.630
328
185
2.404
2.030
23
76
396
861
181
657
2
1.870
876
89
218
4.397
1.094
8
410
275
860
105
690
6
2.915
1.033
269
260
5.860
1.402
167
180
409
703
85
375
5
1.573
1.435
412
337
3,880
1.972
343
0
475
1.366
100
590
0
2.696
1.053
234
400
5.846
1.561
428
1
519
971
10
675
33
2,681
1.116
284
321
5.770
1.646
334
46
389
1,127
43
674
5
3.049
509
262
335
6.753
907
93
11
455
794
50
701
15
3,620
446
204
530
6.253
765
307
continued
CJl
CJl
en
O)
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
11.507
12,138
11.511
12.435
13.350
11,848
14.649
12.367
12.768
14.833
15.423
16.163
United States
Foreign
2.330
9.177
2.128
10.010
1.902
9,609
2,397
10,038
2,444
10,906
2,241
9,607
2,967
11,682
2,420
9,947
2.197
10.571
2.106
12.727
2.500
12.923
2.700
13.463
Brazil
Italy
Pakistan
7
532
1.298
0
760
140
3.694
328
102
280
6.471
670
530
0
435
1.057
0
727
83
4.528
1.125
31
241
0
531
962
0
450
60
3,993
1.019
77
450
6,966
1,239
37
0
551
0
555
1.226
0
493
153
4,344
1,301
179
338
7.387
1,874
241
20
443
923
0
368
97
4,791
698
236
417
7,054
1,197
104
5
464
789
0
456
1,383
6,036
315
68
450
8.337
1.916
68
0
554
904
0
186
1.670
3,938
326
43
470
6,230
2,189
81
0
617
1.297
0
176
1.048
3.988
689
9
400
6.877
1.896
248
0
711
1.358
0
185
1.914
4,776
933
0
500
7,993
2,872
190
0
625
900
0
275
1.900
4.700
1,300
0
500
7.900
0
500
1,300
0
400
2,000
4,000
1,400
0
775
8,075
3.425
225
World
Nepal
Burma
Vietnam
Thailand
China, Peoples Rep.
Korea. North
Australia
Less developed
Centrally planned
Newly industrializing
C
CO
o
(D
5"
Q.
C
>
m
I
7.147
1.339
345
1.146
0
660
125
4,334
957
20
400
7,261
1,171
175
3.231
202
Country or region/
S"
calendar year
1961
1962
1963
1964
3
Q.
C
00
World
J3
United States
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
>
1965
6.854
6.014
6,718
7.422
7.336
7,392
6.917
6,560
6.938
7,571
7,782
10
30
20
62
Foreign
5,848
6,004
6,718
7.421
7.306
7,386
6.917
6,560
6.937
7.551
7,720
Less developed
4,040
3,775
4,343
4.965
4.270
4.074
3.478
3.394
3.386
4.298
4.113
Centrally planned
240
577
517
656
658
1.000
1.380
1.196
1.497
1.621
1,205
Newly industrializing
785
790
971
708
671
649
822
849
1.217
836
1.492
Canada
39
39
47
46
54
39
41
42
42
48
71
Mexico
17
12
16
187
195
190
286
282
146
157
177
186
199
280
Cuba
Haiti
Colombia
39
Peru
12
48
92
79
59
48
37
Brazil
100
114
107
105
111
107
102
116
109
126
147
69
United Kingdom
Netherlands
61
72
55
70
50
63
60
70
66
69
Belgium-Luxembourg
54
56
42
49
30
44
37
41
46
45
56
France
63
70
54
58
87
117
105
136
115
92
103
Germany
Spain
Russia
Turkey
10
13
Syria
26
35
21
35
29
32
36
39
30
40
49
Iraq
70
69
14
95
11
97
Iran
19
41
29
10
24
60
Jordan
24
18
23
21
26
25
23
18
19
15
24
Kuwait
18
18
20
25
50
47
19
42
27
38
55
Saudi Arabia
200
85
142
120
99
141
142
125
124
151
202
Yemen. United
14
21
469
411
403
658
642
693
355
370
309
534
339
10
20
Sri Unka
Khmer Rep.
continued
s
Appendix table 51Major rice importers. 1961-94continued
Country or region/
calendar year
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
329
262
308
9
108
0
812
367
0
34
19
18
690
159
40
35
83
49
1
46
22
3
4
13
74
321
256
354
10
290
0
509
421
0
33
17
16
563
153
19
24
24
40
311
288
628
11
0
0
271
314
0
39
13
12
578
185
25
17
47
31
289
237
604
356
275
956
11
0
0
56
347
0
38
25
23
559
146
10
12
56
28
11
0
5
19
307
0
44
21
18
671
119
30
50
79
53
1
33
17
2
5
0
78
1
46
15
2
4
0
79
1
28
16
2
0
43
81
235
272
516
9
369
8
13
330
0
46
33
23
791
188
15
27
97
35
6
54
38
c
CO
3
Q.
C
>
m
423
335
1.064
6
9
0
136
394
0
0
17
10
424
110
21
4
34
30
1
23
16
374
350
1.025
6
31
0
178
427
0
0
10
7
517
118
25
27
43
47
1
28
17
1
1
0
52
1
3
0
44
493
440
1.043
7
256
0
222
412
0
0
9
8
503
101
42
21
26
27
2
36
23
2
6
2
60
499
270
1.010
9
300
0
415
410
0
24
13
10
599
184
40
1
51
39
1
44
37
1
0
5
59
387
291
203
7
570
0
967
370
0
28
16
12
691
179
37
19
78
30
1
33
29
2
1
78
67
1
49
23
5
1
20
68
continued
1
1
61
82
c
in
J3
o"
CD
5"
Q.
C
Country or region/
calendar year
1972
1973
1974
>
m
o
o
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
8.318
15
8.095
15
8.184
7,896
8.907
0
9.836
3
9.373
3
11.793
3
11.945
3
12.626
22
10,688
27
Foreign
Less developed
Centrally planned
Newly industrializing
8.303
4.601
1.397
1.377
8.080
5.044
1.131
914
8.181
4.910
1.403
905
7.895
4.879
1.180
884
8.907
5.312
1.540
715
9.833
6.972
970
596
9.370
6.594
739
539
11.790
8.223
1.222
930
11.942
8.101
1.173
1.290
12.604
6,459
1,767
2,783
10,661
6,740
1,461
710
66
1
66
38
201
5
0
0
11
141
94
73
160
0
0
0
63
51
16
145
16
29
142
0
5
343
157
56
60
1
200
4
0
78
63
116
112
58
147
0
0
0
77
72
218
367
11
73
189
0
39
434
350
66
1
179
11
0
71
17
145
219
130
187
0
0
0
20
61
198
276
33
58
300
0
79
425
0
89
1
144
24
0
0
0
211
126
93
244
0
0
0
50
40
237
578
24
76
161
0
87
542
0
89
1
171
9
0
10
29
203
128
90
182
0
0
0
37
115
290
320
24
67
404
0
83
161
0
90
34
161
18
0
150
711
175
164
120
167
0
0
0
10
128
382
371
35
95
341
0
135
211
200
99
128
137
20
4
250
239
151
175
160
246
0
Canada
Mexico
Cuba
Haiti
Colombia
Peru
Brazil
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Belgium-Luxembourg
France
Germany
Spain
Russia
Turkey
Syria
Iraq
Iran
Jordan
Kuwait
Saudi Arabia
Yeman, United
United Arab Emirates
Sri Lanka
Khmer Rep.
1
(O
1975
256
0
0
0
9
128
69
54
132
0
0
0
2
56
33
92
25
54
151
0
14
266
92
71
276
1
0
0
0
126
85
85
150
0
0
0
11
88
210
268
23
42
203
0
34
302
225
2
0
10
39
379
507
47
85
356
0
159
189
317
99
66
70
16
0
103
142
155
226
171
241
0
0
0
26
12
350
583
37
59
427
0
103
168
132
continued
108
16
176
5
4
58
124
168
146
223
264
0
48
0
20
121
369
587
46
53
471
0
64
214
36
O)
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
283
226
1.989
16
30
0
21
304
0
60
80
56
1.646
248
36
16
148
73
446
60
43
37
37
105
99
405
194
1.824
16
0
0
64
343
0
60
63
34
2,117
228
50
19
142
96
789
61
20
36
84
154
239
214
1.934
13
0
71
20
361
0
84
77
55
1,844
259
71
100
218
36
242
73
79
57
80
168
121
167
187
2.040
16
0
18
20
316
0
97
61
44
2.196
280
128
80
267
30
394
86
87
65
74
177
126
317
178
543
21
0
162
80
301
0
87
78
44
2.461
322
78
56
281
39
686
95
77
49
68
192
134
393
186
364
13
0
263
66
300
0
88
60
21
2.814
370
63
87
349
40
666
90
86
32
87
367
146
213
358
762
10
458
19
3
409
0
49
31
16
754
170
17
5
88
24
11
42
36
1
0
49
75
298
234
1,638
11
306
0
24
380
0
62
63
46
929
192
30
37
148
54
2
46
40
1
0
69
92
334
163
1,056
12
168
102
63
281
0
42
51
33
954
207
30
45
73
39
4
34
13
3
0
99
65
145
147
671
11
152
30
36
307
0
55
63
40
546
102
36
0
2
0
6
31
19
11
0
57
79
210
226
1,309
11
55
114
20
323
0
59
57
39
910
236
20
4
5
0
94
37
17
18
53
71
81
92
continued
C
in
o'
CD
5"
.
c
(0
>
m
J3
O
O
c
in
J3
8'
K
c
sa
1983
1984
>
m
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
33
World
United States
10.677
39
11.357
41
10.278
81
11,394
96
12.001
110
10.637
129
14,009
124
11,197
151
11.374
163
13,414
175
14.065
190
16.116
200
Foreign
Lese developed
Centrally planned
Newly industrializing
10,638
7.618
689
800
11.316
7.950
800
609
10,197
7,050
888
527
11,298
7.576
1,407
575
11.891
7.843
1.667
681
10.508
6.934
1.220
651
13,885
9,545
1.869
674
11,046
7,972
609
603
11.211
7,813
805
631
13.239
9.638
1.104
635
13.875
9.992
1,004
634
14.915
9.372
827
633
99
0
180
4
105
103
53
4
0
43
56
190
167
256
324
0
92
0
81
131
448
566
65
98
525
0
232
81
7
108
39
131
7
0
1
497
201
203
280
278
0
14
0
50
94
405
614
37
111
492
0
163
197
4
87
1
101
25
0
203
1.202
294
175
194
294
0
34
0
99
92
373
380
119
40
504
0
202
259
15
85
113
1
111
189
164
79
0
237
147
248
133
254
286
0
53
185
221
74
448
1.000
81
85
525
0
333
338
11
154
148
238
112
0
233
493
245
199
180
257
0
68
100
203
101
388
850
106
68
547
0
317
139
0
185
173
264
103
45
340
776
248
177
184
289
0
25
100
146
123
252
565
111
18
533
0
248
208
54
173
385
138
136
118
325
450
264
196
149
200
241
17
500
292
48
434
950
84
47
625
169
376
330
60
180
350
375
140
85
220
480
300
200
170
215
245
100
200
250
140
700
1.050
100
100
750
175
250
300
100
190
400
300
140
100
250
650
276
200
180
220
250
130
200
250
150
550
750
120
100
750
175
250
300
100
Canada
Mexico
Cuba
Haiti
Colombia
Peru
Brazil
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Belgium-Luxembourg
France
Germany
Spain
Russia
Turkey
Syria
Iraq
Iran
Jordan
Kuwait
Saudi Arabia
Yeman, United
United Arab Emirates
Sri Lanka
Khmer Rep.
1
126
247
177
153
241
327
0
37
0
85
96
280
681
93
106
543
0
82
150
0
1
168
98
0
116
85
214
196
192
268
0
36
0
175
90
515
895
87
90
510
0
289
108
0
162
53
40
19
110
237
137
185
286
0
17
175
67
125
547
400
146
67
510
0
224
184
0
continued
O)
Ci
ro
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
196
267
131
20
1
429
17
409
76
115
80
47
289
274
50
16
152
421
16
372
0
125
94
33
2.103
209
108
16
160
36
344
65
50
107
216
218
242
378
284
385
14
228
1.042
23
384
21
130
141
89
2.668
432
177
103
386
100
164
92
75
121
252
104
292
298
227
77
31
538
57
11
363
27
135
106
53
2.148
332
88
111
263
69
224
73
82
96
217
79
295
367
207
192
22
91
67
34
418
194
140
133
87
2.330
433
47
57
169
95
296
129
62
128
199
70
360
444
230
650
27
0
93
17
400
10
160
186
160
2,651
360
130
50
290
110
440
43
109
120
118
100
375
400
230
50
30
250
150
220
400
150
160
186
160
2.791
385
200
100
295
130
300
130
100
130
125
100
385
400
230
50
30
200
50
2,000
400
200
160
190
160
2.591
375
150
75
310
120
300
100
75
130
130
100
400
c
CO
o
o
<
m
u
z
m
z
H
-a
z
H
Z
O
o
o
m
c
CO
o
CD
5"
Q.
C
CO
>
m
3D
I
o
o
388
221
1.068
18
0
61
14
361
11
88
92
43
2.519
322
76
64
308
16
903
83
53
47
74
187
158
424
223
419
14
212
131
169
376
0
103
59
28
2.764
344
37
8
291
29
629
85
85
53
104
340
186
420
201
53
18
528
201
18
323
0
110
90
31
2,391
300
43
82
23
44
569
71
35
62
177
188
178
212
263
24
22
5
352
20
305
28
115
161
55
2.914
363
113
103
217
21
462
102
109
88
190
262
190
2.901
263
84
52
401
37
642
106
105
96
263
123
268
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.)
Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-5881 (voice) or (202) 720-7808 (TDD).
To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, DC 20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202) 720-1127 (TDD). USDA
is an equal employment opportunity employer.