IMPERIAL

HANDBOOK VOLUME 3

MULTIAXIS &
MACHINING
THE GUIDE TO MASTERCAM

Handbook Volume 3

To order more books:

Call 1-800-529-5517 or
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Contact your Mastercam dealer

Mastercam 2017 Handbook Volume 3

Copyright: 1998 -2017 In-House Solutions Inc. All rights reserved
Software: Mastercam 2017
Author: In-House Solutions
ISBN: 978-1-77146-567-0
Revision Date: August 19, 2016
Notice
In-House Solutions Inc. reserves the right to make improvements to this manual at any time and without
notice.
Disclaimer Of All Warranties And Liability
In-House Solutions Inc. makes no warranties, either express or implied, with respect to this manual or
with respect to the software described in this manual, its quality, performance, merchantability, or
fitness for any particular purpose. In-House Solutions Inc. manual is sold or licensed "as is." The entire risk
as to its quality and performance is with the buyer. Should the manual prove defective following its
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Trademarks
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Microsoft, the Microsoft logo, MS, and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation;
Windows 7 and Windows 8 are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
This document requires Mastercam Mill Essentials and Solids for Chapter 5.

LEGEND

Legend
Conventions
Key words and Mastercam menu items are shown in bold the first time they are used. Columns on the outside
edges of each page and note pages at the end of each chapter provide ample space for taking notes.
Useful tips, recommended settings, best practices, and detailed instruction on the most important features are
included when possible.
An accompanying CD ROM contains files needed to complete all exercises in this handbook to demonstrate
certain topics and examples.
Extra credit exercises are included on the student CD in PDF format. These will help build your skill to a higher
level.
The following terms are used throughout this book.

Left Click means to click once on the left mouse button.

Click means the same as left click.
Right Click means to click once on the right mouse button.
Scroll means to roll the mouse scroll wheel, or move the scroll index in a list.
Options are Mastercam functions selected from the main menu.
Enter means to select the <Enter> key on your computer keyboard.
Press means to press on a keyboard key.
Choose means to select a menu option or button.
Open/Close means to open or close a dialog or information box.
Dialog Box/Panel is a window that opens to allow input of information and setting of defaults.
Drop Down/Fly Out Menus are menus that expand down, left, right, or up, to reveal more menu lists.
A Function is the same as a menu option or command.
Help means the Mastercam help files loaded with your software.

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LEGEND

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Handbook Volume 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents
Chapters:
Chapter 1: - Introduction To Multiaxis Machining ................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2: - Advanced Multiaxis Common Parameters ......................................................................... 43
Chapter 3: - Multiaxis Curve Toolpaths ................................................................................................ 109
Chapter 4: - Multiaxis Swarf Milling Toolpaths ..................................................................................... 147
Chapter 5: - Multiaxis Parallel Toolpaths .............................................................................................. 161
Chapter 6: - Multiaxis Drill Toolpaths ................................................................................................... 169
Chapter 7: - Multiaxis Along Curve Toolpaths ...................................................................................... 187
Chapter 8: - Multiaxis Morph Toolpaths .............................................................................................. 193
Chapter 9: - Multiaxis Flow Toolpaths................................................................................................... 201
Chapter 10: - Multiaxis Multisurface Toolpaths .................................................................................... 217
Chapter 11: - Multiaxis Port Toolpaths ................................................................................................. 229
Chapter 12: - Multiaxis Triangular Mesh Toolpaths ............................................................................. 241
Chapter 13: - Multiaxis Swarf Toolpaths .............................................................................................. 267
Chapter 14: - Multiaxis Rotary Toolpaths ............................................................................................. 285
Chapter 15: - Multiaxis Project Curve Toolpaths .................................................................................. 299
Chapter 16: - Multiaxis Roughing Toolpaths ........................................................................................ 305
Chapter 17: - Multiaxis Circle Mill Toolpaths ........................................................................................ 311
Chapter 18: - Multiaxis Port Expert & Blade Expert Toolpaths ............................................................ 317

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Introduction to Multiaxis Machining

CHAPTER 11

Introduction To Multiaxis Machining

OBJECTIVES
This chapter introduces the basic concepts and principles of multiaxis machining.
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Identify common Multiaxis machine tool configurations.
Understand the difference between Multiaxis position and Simultaneous Multiaxis toolpaths.
Understand the different types of Multiaxis toolpaths, and the capabilities and advantages they provide
over conventional toolpaths.
Understand basic setup and programming of Multiaxis machine tools, including collision avoidance and
machine envelope limitations.
Use the Right Hand Rule to determine the correct direction sign of an axis of rotation.
Know how to properly select and set the NC program datum and tool length offsets for different multiaxis machine tool configurations.

INTRODUCTION
There are many different Multiaxis machine tool configurations. Most control three linear axes (XYZ) plus two
rotational axes. The rotational axes are some combination of the ABC axes, depending on the machine design.
Multiaxis machines are indispensable for manufacturing parts common in the aerospace, mold, and die
industries.
This chapter presents the basic concepts and knowledge you need to understand Multiaxis machines and
toolpaths. By the time you finish this book, you will have a good understanding of Multiaxis machines. You will
also know how to use Mastercam Multiaxis to program these interesting and versatile machines.

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Introduction to Multiaxis Machining

MULTIAXIS TOOLPATHS
Multiaxis toolpaths can be classified into two broad categories:
Axis Positioning.
Simultaneous Multiaxis.

AXIS POSITIONING
Axis Positioning involves moving one or more rotary axes to orient a feature towards the spindle. The rotary axes
are then locked in position and only the linear axes are moved simultaneously to machine the feature.
Since three axes move and two are fixed, this type of motion is referred to as "3 plus 2" machining. With the right
post processor, any Mastercam mill toolpath will output 3+2 code. Just set the WCS tool plane to any plane other
than Top.
Mastercam Axis Positioning Multiaxis toolpaths include:
Multiaxis Drill.
Multiaxis Circle Mill.
All the toolpaths that can set the Tool Axis Control to a Plane.

SIMULTANEOUS MULTIAXIS MACHINING

Simultaneous Multiaxis Machining controls up to five axes at once: three linear and one or two rotary.
Mastercam Simultaneous Multiaxis toolpaths include:
Curve.
Swarf Milling.
Parallel
Along Curve.
Morph.
Flow.
Multisurface.
Port.
Triangular Mesh.
Swarf.
Rotary.
Project Curves.
Roughing.
Port Expert.
Blade Expert.
Rotary Advanced.
Most of the 5 axis toolpaths can be set to output in the 3 axis format and use an existing Plane.

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CHAPTER 11

The toolpaths are grouped in two families: Pattern and Application.

The Pattern toolpaths are general toolpaths that can be used to machine any kind of shapes. The Application
toolpaths are designed to machine specific parts or features, automating some of the processes.
From the Pattern family toolpaths:
Curve.
Swarf Milling.
Parallel
Drill.
Along Curve.
Morph.
Flow.
Multisurface.
Port.
Triangular Mesh.
From the Application family toolpaths:
Swarf.
Rotary.
Project Curves.
Roughing.
Circle Mill.
Port Expert.
Blade Expert.
Rotary Advanced.
The Multiaxis toolpaths will be described in this book based on how they are grouped in these two families.

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CHAPTER 11

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PATTERN FAMILY TOOLPATHS

Curve
Curve is a 5-axis toolpath that moves the tool tip along a curve while controlling the tool axis.
Mastercam has many methods for controlling the tool axes. The most common is to align the tool axis with the
surface normal at each tool position as the tool moves along the curve.
The tool can also be made to tilt forward or backward in relation to the cut direction. This is called a lead/lag
angle, and it is used to help improve machining efficiency in some cases.
It can also be made to tilt to the left or right in relation to the cut direction. This is called a side tilt angle and is
used to accommodate machine rotary limits or for collision avoidance.
In the illustration below, a 5-axis laser is trimming a formed sheet metal part as shown in Figure 1. The tip of the
tool moves along the trim curve while two rotary axes keep the tool axis normal to the part surface.
Figure 1

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CHAPTER 11

Swarf Milling
Swarf Milling (Side Wall Axial Relief Feed) toolpaths allow you to machine wall surfaces with the side of the tool.
The advantage of this 5-axis toolpath is that you can machine the drive surface with a single cut using the whole
flute length of the tool.
The swarf milling toolpath will keep the tool axis aligned between 2 points on the upper and lower curve which
means that the surface to be machined has to be straight between the points. The system tries to get the upper
and lower curves from the surfaces. If this does not work then the user has to provide the upper and lower curve
separately.
The following graphic shows a Swarf Milling toolpath as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2

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CHAPTER 11

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Parallel
The Parallel toolpath pattern can be set parallel to Curves, Surfaces or aligned at an Angle.
Parallel To Curves
The Parallel to Curves pattern will align the cut direction with a leading curve. Adjacent cuts are parallel to each
other. It is important to note that the cuts will not simply be copied next to each other. Every new cut is created
at an offset from the previous cut.
The curve must be located exactly on the surface edge, so the best curve would be the edge itself. This is very
important for toolpath generation. If you don't have a proper curve, an incorrect toolpath can be generated.
The following graphic shows a Parallel to Curves pattern used to finish the turbine blade fillets as shown in
Figure 3.
Figure 3

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CHAPTER 11

Parallel To Surfaces
The Parallel To Surfaces pattern generates cuts on the drive surface parallel to a check surface. There are special
options for the edge between the check surface and the drive surface. You can define a margin to define the
exact position where the tool is located along the edge, positioned as close as possible to both faces.
The following graphic shows a Parallel to Surfaces pattern used to finish the blade of an impeller as shown in
Figure 4.
Figure 4

Parallel To Angle
The Parallel To Angle pattern lets you create tool motions with cuts that are parallel to each other. The direction
of the cuts is defined by the two angles: the Machining angle in X,Y and the Machining angle in Z.
The following graphic shows a Parallel To Angle pattern used to finish a cam as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5

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CHAPTER 11

Introduction to Multiaxis Machining

Drill
The Drill 5-axis toolpath controlling a trunnion table is an example of a Multiaxis positioning toolpath as shown in
Figure 6. The part is oriented towards the spindle using the rotary axes.
The XYZ axes are used to position the tool over the hole and drill it.
Figure 6

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CHAPTER 11

Along Curve
Along Curve generates the toolpaths orthogonal to a leading curve. This means that when your selected curve is
not a straight line, the cuts are not parallel to each other. The distance between two neighboring cuts (at the
intersection of the curve and toolpath) is the maximum stepover.
The following graphic shows an Along Curve toolpath used to finish an enclosed surface as shown in
Figure 7.
Figure 7

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CHAPTER 11

Introduction to Multiaxis Machining

Morph
The Morph toolpath allows you to choose between two patterns: From Curves and From Surfaces.

Morph - Pattern From Curves

Morph between 2 curves will create a morphed toolpath between two leading curves. A "morphed" toolpath is
one that is approximated between the tilt curves and evenly spread over the surface. This toolpath will ensure a
better finish with less retraction moves.
The following graphic shows a Morph between 2 curves toolpath used to finish a turbine blades surfaces as
shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8

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CHAPTER 11

Morph - Pattern From Surfaces

Morph between 2 surfaces toolpaths create a morphed toolpath on the drive surfaces. The drive surface is
enclosed by two check surfaces. A "morphed" toolpath is one that is approximated between the check surfaces
and evenly spread over the drive surface. The main advantage is the possibility to compensate the tool to the
drive surface and check surface in the left and right corner of the workpiece. All you need to do is set the margin,
or distance between the tool center and the surfaces, equal to the tool radius.
The following graphic shows a Morph between 2 surfaces toolpath as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9

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CHAPTER 11

Introduction to Multiaxis Machining

Flow
Flow 5-axis toolpaths follow the UV Curves of a surface or row of surfaces.
While mostly used to machine a single surface, Flow can sometimes be used to machine across multiple surfaces.
Because they can be very efficient and allow a lot of control, Flow is a widely used toolpath strategy.
Flow provides extensive tool axis and cut control, including lead/lag, side tilt, axis limits and more. It also provides
scallop height stepover control.
The following graphic shows a 5-axis Flow toolpath used to finish machine an aircraft turbine blade as shown in
Figure 10.
Figure 10

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Multisurface
Multisurface 5-axis toolpaths control the tool tip and orientation across multiple surfaces.
Lead/lag, side tilt angle, and check surfaces are supported by this toolpath in Mastercam.
Axis limits, which restrict the tool to a range of angles for one or more axes, can be specified. So can the number
and depth of roughing cuts.
The following graphic shows a 5-axis Multisurface toolpath used to rough an area as shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11

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CHAPTER 11

Introduction to Multiaxis Machining

Port
Port 5-axis toolpaths are designed for cleaning and finishing engine ports, or similar type openings.
Multiple surfaces may be selected provided that the surfaces form a contiguous row or that the surface directions
do not conflict.
The following graphic shows a 5-axis Port toolpath used to machine a head port as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12

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Triangular Mesh
Triangular Mesh toolpaths allow you to generate eleven toolpaths that have strategies similar to Mastercams 3axis strategies, including Rough, Parallel cuts, Parallel curves, Constant Z (contour), Constant cusp (scallop),
Flatlands, Pencil, Geodesic, Projection, Rotary, and Trochoidal. The benefit of these toolpaths is that they have
Multiaxis options such as tool axis control, collision check and linking. You can also use them to output 3-axis
code while supporting undercut machining with lollipops cutters.
The following graphic shows a Rough Triangular Mesh toolpath as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13

A Constant cusp (Scallop) Triangular Mesh toolpath is shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14

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CHAPTER 11

Introduction to Multiaxis Machining

APPLICATIONS TOOLPATH FAMILY

The Application family contains toolpaths dedicated to specific applications. The toolpath settings and geometry
selections are based on the specified application.

Swarf
Swarf means to cut with the side of the tool. Swarf is a 5-axis toolpath used extensively in the aerospace, mold,
and die industries.
Parts with tapered walls and undercuts are ideal for Swarf toolpaths. Some of these shapes could be machined
using a 3-axis mill, multiple setups and many surface passes. Using a 5-axis Swarf toolpath allows them to be
machined much faster and with fewer setups.
The following graphic shows an aircraft structural component machined using 5-axis Swarf as shown in Figure 15.
The walls are tapered and form an undercut near the top of the part. The Swarf path keeps the tool tangent to
the part walls and checks the tip of the tool against the part floor, allowing the walls to be finished in one Swarf
setup and cutting pass.
Figure 15

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CHAPTER 11

Rotary
Rotary 4-axis toolpaths are used to control a single rotary axis.
Since these toolpaths and menus are optimized for this particular machine configuration, they provide a high
degree of tool and cut control with a relatively simple user interface.
Multisurface machining, radial or axial patterns, and lead/lag cutting are supported.
The following graphic shows a multi-surface part being machined using a rotary table mounted parallel to the
machines X axis as shown in Figure 16.
Figure 16

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CHAPTER 11

Introduction to Multiaxis Machining

Project Curves
The Project Curves toolpath pattern generates a single toolpath along a curve or multiple curves.
If the curves lie exactly on the surface, the toolpath has the same shape and position as the curves.
If the curve is located above the surface, the curve has to be within a maximum projection distance above the
surface. This value defines the maximum distance between tilt line end points and the machining contour.
The following graphic shows a Project Curves toolpath used to engrave letters as shown in
Figure 17.
Figure 17

Roughing (Multiaxis)
Roughing toolpaths are used to rough out pocket shaped geometries. The user has to specify the floor, wall and
ceiling surfaces and the system automatically creates the roughing toolpath. The parameters are identical to the
Triangular Mesh toolpath.
The following graphic shows a Multiaxis Rough toolpath used to machine a pocket shape as shown in Figure 18.
Figure 18

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CHAPTER 11

Circle Mill
Circle Mill 5-axis toolpaths are another example of Multiaxis positioning and they allow the tool to create a
circular pocket in planes achievable by your machine. You can align the tool axis normal to a plane, surface or
parallel to a line.

Selecting Points/Lines for the entity type will automatically set the tool axis parallel to the line as shown in
Figure 19.
Figure 19

See DRILL TOOL AXIS CONTROL PLANE.MCAM.

Add on toolpaths
Port Expert toolpaths machine head intake ports of reciprocating engines. You can machine the port from both
ends, the top or the bottom. Mastercam creates as many movements as it can in a plane, generating 3-axis
output, and then tilts the tool to follow the shape of the internal chamber along the spine. This toolpath is an add
on. Contact your dealer to order it.
The Blade Expert add-on greatly simplifies the toolpath creation process for any multi bladed parts, including
fans, propellers, impellers, turbines, marine screws, and more. Blade Expert eliminates guess work, gives you
smooth toolpaths, and dramatically reduces programming time.

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CHAPTER 11

Introduction to Multiaxis Machining

ROTARY AXES
The following diagram shows the standard designation and direction of linear and rotary axes as used by most
Multiaxis machine tools as shown in Figure 20.
Figure 20

The three linear (XYZ) axes are aligned as follows:

The Z axis is parallel to the spindle axis.
The X axis is aligned left to right, as viewed by the machine operator standing at the front of and facing the
machine.
The Y axis is aligned perpendicular to the other two axes.
The rotary axes (ABC) are assigned as follows:
The A axis rotates about the X axis.
The B axis rotates about the Y axis.
The C axis rotates about the Z axis.

These alignments and rotations are shown in terms of tool motion, not table motion.

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CHAPTER 11

RIGHT HAND RULE

Use the Right Hand Rule for determining the direction of positive rotation as shown in Figure 21. Here is how it
works:
Imagine grasping the linear axis with your right hand, with the thumb pointing in the
positive (+) direction of that axis.
The other four fingers curl in the (+) direction of rotary motion for that axis.

Figure 21

Rotational axes starting positions, rotation directions, and limits vary greatly from machine to machine. Some
rotate in only one direction while others rotate in both. The start position may be 0, 180, or 360 degrees. Some
machines allow the axes to rotate just over 360 degrees, while others can spin infinitely.
Some machines even allow the operator to change these values using parameters on the control. Thus, even
two machines of the same make, model and control may have different settings.

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INDEX
Numerics
2d Containment .............................................. 48
3 - Axis Output Format ................................. 130
4 - Axis Output Format ................................. 130
4-axis angle limits ......................................... 278
5-Axis Output Format ................................... 131

Curve Type 3D Curves ................................... 114

Curve Type Surface Edge .............................. 115
Custom Applications ..................................... 317
Cut Pattern ................................................... 113
Cut tolerance ....................... 114, 118, 150, 270
Cylinder Length ............................................. 220
cylinder pattern ............................................ 219
Cylinder Position ........................................... 220

Air Move Safety Distance ............................. 100

Angle From Curve ........................................... 77
Angle increment ...........................122, 133, 278
Angle Limits .................................................. 220
Angle Range .................................................... 55
Angle range ..................................................... 48
Area Type ........................................................ 48
AutoFind ....................................................... 220
Automatic ..................................................... 174
Axis dampening length ................................. 291
Axis Limits ..................................................... 134
Axis Positioning ................................................. 4

Blade expert .................................................. 321

Boundary ...................................................... 211
box cut pattern ............................................. 224
by Branch ...................................................... 276
by Entity ........................................................ 276
by Node ........................................................ 276
by Point ......................................................... 276

Fan Distance ................................................. 279

Fanning ......................................................... 277
Feed Distance ............................................... 100
Flip step over .................................................. 56
Flow ................................................................ 14
Flow Toolpath ............................................... 202
Flowline Data Visual Cues ............................. 205
From Point .................................................... 126
From Start To End ........................................... 79
From start to end for each contour ................ 80
Full, avoid cuts at exact edges ........................ 49
Full, start and end at exact surface edges ...... 50

C
Center Axis .................................................... 220
Chain ............................................................. 127
Change Normals ........................................... 204
Check Surface ............................................... 282
Check surfaces .............................................. 135
Circle Mill ........................................................ 21
Closed walls .................................................. 270
Closest Point ................................................... 76
Closest point on chain .................................. 128
Collision Control ...................................158, 280
Collision Issues ................................................ 25
Compensation direction ...............113, 148, 269
Compensation surfaces ................................ 213
Compensation Type ......................113, 148, 269
Creating Wall Chains ..................................... 274
Cross sort ...................................................... 177
Curve .........................................................6, 109
Curve following method ............................... 118
Curve type .................................................... 113

Depth Filtering .............................................. 175

Determine by number of cuts ........................ 51
Distance ........................................113, 118, 270
Distance increment .......................113, 149, 269
Drill ................................................................. 20

E
Edit ................................................................ 174
Entities .......................................................... 174
Entry/Exit Settings ........................................ 140
Extend/trim .................................................... 48

G
Gouge process .............................................. 135
Gouge Processing ......................................... 138
Gradual Lead Angle Change ............................ 68
Gradual Side tilt Angle Change ....................... 68

H
Horizontal tangential arc ................................ 99

K
Keep Tool Down Within ................................ 139

L
Last ............................................................... 174
Lead/Lag Angle ............................................. 132
Lead/lag angle .............................................. 122
Limit cuts by one or two points ...................... 51

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INDEX
Limits .............................................................. 85
Lines .............................................................. 124

M
Machine by Lanes ........................................... 58
Machine by Regions ........................................ 58
Machine Inside ............................................. 220
Machine Limits ............................................... 25
Manual .......................................................... 276
Manual/Density ............................................ 277
Mask on Arc .................................................. 174
Maximum distance ....................................... 119
Maximum step ............. 114, 118, 150, 152, 270
Maximum/Minimum Radius ......................... 220
Minimize corners in toolpath ....................... 278
Morph between 2 curves .......................12, 193
Morph between 2 surfaces ............................. 13
Msur ............................................................... 15
Msurf Toolpath ............................................. 218
Multiaxis Basic ................................................ 24
Multiaxis Circle Mill ...................................... 311
Multiaxis drilling ........................................... 169
Multiaxis Machine Types ................................ 28
Multiaxis toolpaths ........................................... 4
Multiaxis Wireframe .....................167, 190, 199

N
None ............................................................. 276
Normal to plane ............................................ 119
Normal to surface ......................................... 119
Nutating Head ................................................. 33

O
ordering ........................................................ 325
Orthogonal arc ................................................ 99
Orthogonal line ............................................... 99
Output format .............................................. 277

P
Parallel cuts ..............................................9, 165
Parallel to multiple curves ........................8, 162
Parallel to surface .....................................9, 163
Parallel Triangular mesh ............................... 243
Path Between Lines ...................................... 125
Pencil Triangular mesh ................................. 243
Pivot Length .................................................... 35
Plane ............................................................. 126
Port ................................................................. 16
Port Expert .................................................... 318
Port Toolpath ................................................ 230
Project Curves ................................................. 20

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Project curves ............................................... 299

Projecting Curves .......................................... 121
Projection .............................................114, 119

R
Radial offset ..........................................113, 118
Rapid Distance .............................................. 100
Reverse tangential arc .................................... 98
Reverse tangential line ................................... 99
Reverse vertical profile ramp ......................... 99
Reverse vertical tangential arc ....................... 99
Rib cut ........................................................... 204
Right Hand Rule .............................................. 23
Rotary ............................................................. 19
Rotary Axes ..................................................... 22
Rotary indexing ............................................. 286
Rotation In Head Only .................................... 29
Rotation In Table And Head ............................ 34
Rotation In Table Only .................................... 31
Roughing ....................................................... 101
Round corners ................................................ 48
Run Tool .......................................................... 83

S
Scallop height ............................................... 204
Select drill point position .............................. 174
Servo rotary tables ....................................... 286
Side Tilt Angle ............................................... 132
Side tilt angle ................................................ 122
Side Tilt Definition

Ortho To Cut Direction At Each Contour 69

Simultaneous Multiaxis machining ................... 4
Single edge .................................................... 164
Sorting .......................................................... 174
Sorting Options ............................................. 175
spherical cut pattern .................................... 222
Step across - Distance ................................... 204
Step along - Distance .................................... 203
Step along whole chain ................................. 128
Stock to leave ............................................... 135
Stock to leave on walls .........................148, 269
Surface .......................................................... 125
Surface quality ................................................ 59
Surfaces With Seams .................................... 117
Swarf .....................................................147, 267
Swarf Milling ................................................. 147
Swarf milling ................................................... 18
Swarf Toolpath .....................................158, 268
Sync ............................................................... 275

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INDEX
T
Tangential arc ................................................. 98
Tangential line ................................................ 99
Tilt -Tilt Head .................................................. 30
Tilt-Head Rotary Table .................................... 35
Tilting tool away with max angle .................... 91
Tilt-Rotary Table ............................................. 32
Tip Comp ...............................................113, 269
Tip control ..................................................... 135
To Point ......................................................... 127
Tool ............................................................... 112
Tool Axis Control ........................................... 122
Tool axis control ........................................... 122
Tool Axis Tilting Strategies .............................. 64
Tool Length Compensation ............................. 26

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Tool Vector Length ....................................... 133

Tool vector length .................................122, 278
Triangular Mesh ..........................................7, 17
Triangular mesh ............................................ 241

U
Use center point ........................................... 290
Use wall surface rulings ................................ 270

V
Vector depth .........................................135, 137
Vertical tangential arc .................................... 99

W
Walls ............................................................. 269
Wind/unwind .................................................. 26
Window Points ............................................. 174

Handbook Volume 3