Civil Engineering Department

STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 2
CIVIL0013

STRUCTURAL MECHANICS COURSEWORK

Submitted By:
12f9464
Session A
Submitted To:
Fall 2015

Contents
1.0 Part 1: the Beam at section C...............................................................................3
1.1 Step: 1 Fined the load of the beam at Section C .............................................3
1.2 Step2:Moment Distribution Method:..................................................................5
1.2.1

Member Stiffness (K)............................................................................... 5

1.2.2 Joint Stiffness Factor (K)..............................................................................5

1.2.2

Distribution Factor (DF)............................................................................6

1.2.3 Distribution of Fixed-End Moment...............................................................7

1.3 The moments at supports.................................................................................8
1.4 The moment at mid-span.................................................................................. 9
1.5Bending moment diagrams :................................................................................. 9
1.5.1: manual bending moment diagrams :.........................................................9
1.5.2: Final bending moment diagrams.............................................................10
1.6: Deflection at mid span................................................................................... 10
1.6: STAAD PRO SOFTWARE :.................................................................................... 11
1.6.1: bending moment diagrams :...................................................................11
1.6.2: the moment at mid span........................................................................11
1.6.3 The deflection:.......................................................................................... 11
1.7: Analysis............................................................................................................. 13
2.0 : PART2: The Bean at section 3-3........................................................................14
2.1 Step 1: calculate the load of beam ( 3-3)........................................................14
2.2: STEP2 :fixed end moments( FEM)...................................................................15
2.3 STEP3: MOMENTS AT SUPPORTS......................................................................15
2.4: The moment at mid-span.............................................................................. 19
2.5: Deflection at mid span................................................................................... 20
2.6Bending moment diagrams :............................................................................... 20
2.6.1: manual bending moment diagrams :.......................................................20
2.6.2 : Final bending moment diagrams ,..........................................................21
2.7: STAAD PRO SOFTWARE :.................................................................................... 21
2.7.1: bending moment diagrams :...................................................................21
2.7.3 The deflection:.......................................................................................... 21
2.8 Analysis :............................................................................................................ 23

Figure 1: Building plan showing column positions and beam span of a

school building
Given from the excel sheet

span L1 = 4526 mm = 4.526 m

span L2 = 7412 mm = 7.412 m

span L3 = 2482 mm = 2.484 m
Beam Dimensions

= b x t = 200mm x 400mm = 0.20m x 0.40m

Column Dimensions

= bxt

= 350mm x 350mm

= 0.35m x 0.35m

1.0 Part 1 The Beam at Section C

From the Figure 1 shown above , we draw the free body diagram for beam at
Section C

Figure 2: Free Body Diagram of Beam and Columns at Section C

1.1 Given Beam Load

3

Note : The uniform load w = 16.5 KN / m was given in the excel sheet

1.2 Step 2: Moment Distribution Method:

Moment distribution is the method used to conduct the structural analysis method
for statically indeterminate beams, using the following steps .
1.2.1 Member Stiffness Factor (K) : If the supports at end beam is fixed and at

internal members , use

K i=

4 EI
L

. However , when the end member

is pinned or roller at the end support use ,

K i=

3 EI
L

. where L is the

length of each span.

i.

K AB=K BA=

4 EI
0.88378 EI
4.526 =

ii.

K BC =K CB =

4 EI
0.88378 EI
4.526 =

iii.

K CD =K DC =

4 EI
0.88378 EI
4.526 =

iv.

K DE =K ED=

4 EI
0.88378 EI
4.526 =

v.

K EF =K FE=

4 EI
0.88378 EI
4.526 =

Note : Flexural rigidity EI is assumed constant all throughout the beam ,

That is , beam is made of same homogeneous material , hence constant
modulus of elasticity ( E ) and beam is formed to have the same cross
section of 0.20m x 0.40m all throughout , hence same moment of inertia ( I )

1.2.2 Joint Stiffness Factor (K)

Used the equation :
K joint = KT = K members
1- KA = 0 ( this end is fixed)
2- KB= KBA+KBC = 0.88378EI + 0.88378EI = 1.76756EI
4

3456-

1.2.2

KC= KCB+KCD =0.88378EI + 0.88378EI = 1.76756EI

KD= KDC+KDE =0.88378EI + 0.88378EI = 1.76756EI
KE= KED+KEF =0.88378EI + 0.88378EI = 1.76756EI
KF = 0 ( this end is fixed).

Distribution Factor (DF)

used the formula

DF=

K
K

Notes:
- far-end pinned (DF = 1)
- far-end fixed (DF = 0)

Figure 3 Diagram for Distribution Factors for each Span

1-

DF AB=0

2-

DF BA =

KBA 0.88378 EI
=
=0.50
KB 1.76756 EI

3-

DF BC =

KBC 0.88378 EI
=
=0.50
KB 1.76756 EI

4-

DF CB =

KCB 0.88378 EI
=
=0.50
KC 1.76756 EI

5-

DF CD =

KCD 0.88378 EI
=
=0.50
KC 1.76756 EI

6-

DF DC =

KDC 0.88378 EI
=
=0.5 0
KD 1.76756 EI

7-

DF DE=

KDE 0.88378 EI
=
=0.50
KD 1.76756 EI

8-

DF ED=

KED 0.88378 EI
=
=0.50
KE 1.76765 EI

( this end fixed )

910-

DF EF=

KEF 0.88378 EI
=
=0.50
KE 1.76756 EI

this end
DF FE =0()

1.2.3 Calculation of Fixed-End Moments

Table 1: Fixed End Moments

FEM AB=

W L2 16.5 ( 4.526 )
+W L2 16.5 ( 4.526 )
=
=28.17
FEM BA =
=
=+28.17
12
12
12
12

FEM BC =

W L2 16.5 ( 4.526 )
+W L2 16.5 ( 4.526 )
=
=28.17
FEM CB =
=
=+28.17
12
12
12
12

W L2 16.5 ( 4.526 )
+W L2 16.5 ( 4.526 )
FEM CD =
=
=28.17
FEM DC =
=
=+28.17
12
12
12
12

W L2 16.5 ( 4.526 )
+W L2 16.5 ( 4.526 )
FEM DE=
=
=28.17
FEM ED=
=
=+28.17
12
12
12
12

FEM EF=

W L2 16.5 ( 4.526 )
+W L2 16.5 ( 4.526 )
=
=28.17
FEM FE =
=
=+28.17
12
12
12
12

1.3 Calculate the Moments at the Supports by Moment Distribution Method

Table 2 : Finalize the moments at the supports

1.4

Calculate the Moments at midspan

mid ( AB )=

WL2
8

MA+ MB
2

MB+ MC
2

MB+ MC
2

MB+ MC
2

16.5 X 4.5262
=
8

-(

28.17 +28.17
= 42.25 2

16.5 X 4.5262
=
8

-(

28.17 +28.17
= 42.25
2

28.17 +28.17
16.5 ( 4.526 )2
= 42.25 =
(
2
8

16.5 ( 4.526 )
=
8

28.17 = 14.08 KN m
2

WL
mid ( BC ) =
8

28.17 = 14.08 KN m
*

mid (CD )=

WL 2
8

28.17 = 14.08 KN m
2

mid ( DE )=

WL
8

28.17 = 14.08 KN-m

-(

28.17 +28.17
= 42.25 2

WL
mid ( EF )=
8

MB+ MC
2

16.5 ( 4.526 )2
=
8

28.17 = 14.08 KN-m

1.5 Bending moment diagrams :

1.5.1

Manual Bending Moment Diagrams :

Show is the figure below

Figure 4
1.5.2

Manual Bending Moment Diagram

: Final Bending Moment Diagrams

Show the moments at supports and mid spans

- (

28.17 +28.17
= 42.252

Figure 5: Final Bending Moment Diagram

1.6:

Calculate the Deflection at mid span

* Note : Assume the beam is of rectangular concrete section

0.20m x 0.40m
-The value of Moment of Inertia (I) =

0.20 x 0.40
12

0.0010667m46
Youngs Modulus (E): 21.718 10

KN/m2
Figure 6 : Beam Section

The maximum deflection is at the mid span using the formula = WL4 / (384 EI)
4

Deflection ( AB )=

WL
384 EI

16.5 X 4.526
= 384 X 21.718 X 10 6 X 0.0010667 =0.000778 m=0.778mm

WL4
Deflection ( BC )=
384 EI

16.5 X 4.5264
= 384 X 21.718 X 10 6 X 0.0010667 =0.000778 m=0.778mm

10

WL4
384 EI

16.5 X 4.5264
= 384 X 21.718 X 10 6 X 0.0010667 =0.000778 m=0.778mm

4
WL
(
)
Deflection DE =
384 EI

16.5 X 4.526
= 384 X 21.718 X 10 6 X 0.0010667 =0.000778 m=0.778mm

WL 4
384 EI

16.5 X 4.5264
= 384 X 21.718 X 10 6 X 0.0010667 =0.000778 m=0.778mm

Deflection ( CD )=

Deflection ( EF )=

1.6: USING STAAD PRO SOFTWARE :

1.6.1: Bending moment diagrams :
Show figure below

Figure 7 : Bending moment diagrams by Staad Pro .

1.6.2
123456-

: The moments at supports from STAAD Pro

MA = 28.166KNm
MB = 28.166KNm
MC = 28.166KNm
MD = 28.166KNm
ME = 28.166KNm
MF = 28.166KNm

1.6.3
12345-

: The moments at mid span from STAAD Pro

Mmid(A-B) = 14.083KNm
Mmid(B-C) = 14.083KNm
Mmid(C-D) = 14.083KNm
Mmid(D-E) = 14.083KNm
Mmid(E-F) = 14.083KNm

11

1.6.4 The deflection from STAAD Pro :

Figure 7: Deflection Curve by Staad Pro

The maximum deflection is at mid span as taken from STAAD Pro
1- mid(A-B) = 0.757mm = 0.000757m
2- mid(B-C) = 0.757mm = 0.000757m
3- mid(C-D) = 0.757mm = 0.000757m
4- mid(D-E) = 0.757mm = 0.000757m
5- mid(E-F) = 0.757mm = 0. 000757m
1.6.5 The Shear Force from STAAD Pro :

Figure 8: Shear Force Diagram by Staad Pro

1.6.5 The values of Shear force from STAAD Pro :

Bea
m
1
2
3
4
5

12

Shear-Y
Node kN
Moment-Z kNm
1
37.34
28.166
2
-37.34
28.166
2
37.34
28.166
3
-37.34
28.166
3
37.34
28.166
4
-37.34
28.166
4
37.34
28.166
5
-37.34
28.166
5
37.34
28.166
6
-37.34
28.166

Table 3:

1.7: Analysis
In close observation of the results as shown above comparing Sections 1.50 and 1.60 , we can
conclude that the difference between the results of theoretical calculations and the results from
.STAAD Pro is not significant
This little difference because the between the numbers due to round off and usage of theories, we can
. say there is big similarity between the results

PART 2:

The Beam at Section 6-6

2.1 Step 1: The load of beam at Section 6-6 given to be 16.5 KN/m
Shown below is the free body diagram of this beam at Section 6-6

Figure 9 : Free Body Diagram of beam at Section (6-6)

13

From the beam above, notice that both ends are fixed , fixed end moments( FEM)
2

for uniform loads will be used with the equations

FEM AB=

W L
WL
, FEM BA =
12
12

Since ends A and C are fixed, the rotation at the fixed supports is zero,

A=C

=0

2.2: STEP 2 : Calculate the Fixed End Moments ( FEM ) Table 4

FEM AB=

W L2 16.5 ( 7.412 )
+W L2 16.5 ( 7.412 )
=
=75.54
FEM BA =
=
=+75.54
12
12
12
12

W L2 16.5 ( 2.484 )
+W L2 16.5 ( 2.484 )
FEM BC =
=
=8.48
FEM CB =
=
=+8.48
12
12
12
12

2.3 STEP 3: Calculate the Moments at Supports by Slope Deflection Method

To calculate the moment of beam at Section ( 6-6) using the slope deflection
equations for the moment at joint ( i) of member ( ij) , when the fixed support the
angle ( i = 0 but when the hinged , hence j0 ,
Using the slope deflection method

14

M ij =FEM ij +

4 EI
2 EI
6 EI
i +
j
x
L
L
L
L

Note that since A and C are supports , deflection

= 0 at those ends .

Also , since boths ends A & C are fixed, the rotation at fixed supports is zero,
A=C = 0
M AB=FEM AB +

4 EI
2 EI
A+
B
L
L

M AB=75.54+

4 EI
2 EI
A+
B , but
7.412
7.412

M AB=75.54+

2 EI
B .. equation(1)
7.412

M BA =FEM BA +

4 EI
2 EI
B+
A
L
L

M BA =+ 75.54+

4 EI
2 EI
B+
A ,but A=0
7.412
7.412

M BA =+ 75.54+

4 EI
B equation(2)
7.412

M BC =FEM BC +

M BC =8.48+

15

but C =0

4 EI
B equation .(3)
2.484

M CB=FEM CB +

M CB=8.48+

4 EI
2 EI
B+
C
L
L

A=0

4 EI
2 EI
C+
B
L
L

but C=0

2 EI
B . equation .( 4)
2.484

At joint B considering equilibrium / stability condition we have

M BA + M BC =0
Substituting equations 2 and 3

+75.54+

4 EI
4 EI
B+(8.48+
B)=0
7.412
2.484

Simplify solving for B

+75.54+

0.54 EI
1.61 EI
B8.48+
B=0

2.15 EI
B+67.06=0

B=

31.19
EI

Substitute

1)

B=

31.19
EI

M AB=75.54+

2 EI
B
7.412

M AB=75.54+

2 EI
31.19
x(
)
( 7.412
EI )

to equations 1, 2, 3 and 4

M AB=75.54+ (8.42 )=83.96 KNm

2)

M BA =+ 75.54+

4 EI
B
7.412

4 EI
31.19
x(
)
( 7.412
EI )

M BA =+ 75.54+

M BA =+75.54+ (-16.83) = 58.71 KNm

16

3)

M BC =8.48+

4 EI
B
2.484

M BC =8.48+

4 EI
31.19
x(
)
( 2.484
EI )

M BC =8.48+ (-50.23) = - 58.71 KNm

4)

M CB=+ 8.48+

2 EI
B
2.484

2 EI
31.19
x(
))
( 2.484
EI

M CB=+ 8.48+

M CB=+ 8.48+ (-25.11) = - 16.63 KNm

Table 5: The final moment at all supports

M AB=83.96 KNm

M BA

M BC = 58.71 KNm

= 58.71 KNm

M CB=16.63 kNm

2.4: Calculate the moments at mid-spans

mid ( AB )=

WL2
8

MA+ MB
2

16.5 X 7.4122
=
8

MB+ MC
2

16.5 X 2.484
=
8

-(

83.96+58.71
= 113.312

-(

58.71+(16.63)
=12.73 2

71.34 = 41.97 KN m
2

WL
mid ( BC ) =
8

21.04 = -8.31 KN m

17

2.5: Deflection at mid span

* Note : Assume the beam is of rectangular concrete section 0.20m x
0.40m
-The value of Moment of Inertia (I) =

0.20 x 0.403
=
12

0.0010667m46
Youngs Modulus (E): 21.718 10

KN/m2
Figure 10 : Beam Section 6-6

The maximum deflection is at the mid span using the formula = WL4 / (384 EI)

WL 4
(
)
Deflection AB =
384 EI

Deflection ( BC )=

WL
384 EI

16.5 X 7.4124
= 384 X 21.718 X 10 6 X 0.0010667 =0.0056 m=5.6 mm
16.5 X 2.484 4
= 384 X 21.718 X 10 6 X 0.0010667 =0.000071 m=0.071 mm

2.6 Bending moment diagrams :

2.6.1: Manual Bending Moment Diagrams :
Shown figure below

18

Figure 11 : Bending Moment Diagram ( Manual )

2.6.2 : Final bending moment diagrams , Show the moments at mid span

19

Figure12 : Final Bending Moment Diagram

2.7: STAAD PRO SOFTWARE :

2.7.1: bending moment diagrams :
Show figure below .

Figure 13: B . M diagrams by Staad .pro (( beam 6-6)

2.7.3 Calculate the deflection by STAAD Pro :

20

Figure14 : Deflection of beam by staad.pro Beam Section (6-6)

. Figure : deflection by staad. Pro

* Note ( assume the beam -6 is of rectangle concrete section 0.20mX0.40m )
-The value of Second Moment of Area (I)=
6

- Youngs Modulus (E): 21.718 10

KN/m2

Table 6 : Reactions and moment at end ( beam6-6)

Node
1
2
3

Fy (kN)
64.67
107.58
-8.96

Mz (kNm)
84.19
0
15.03

Figure 15: Shear force diagram

21

0.20 X 0.40
12

= 0.0010667m4

: Analysis 2.8

With observation of the results as shown above comparing Sections 1.50 and 1.60 , we can conclude
that the difference between the results of theoretical calculations and the results from STAAD Pro is
.not significant
This little difference because the between the numbers due to round off and usage of theories, we can
. say there is big similarity between the results

22