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ASTME8MeasuringtheTensileStrengthofMetals

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ASTME8MeasuringtheTensileStrengthofMetals
PostedbyRichardGedneyonMon,Feb6,2012@14:02PM

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Tensiontestsprovideinformationonthestrengthandductilityofmetalsunderuniaxialtensilestresses.ASTME8StandardTestMethodsforTension
TestingofMetallicMaterialsspecifieshowtoperformthestrengthandductilitytestsformetals.Strengthreferstotheabilityofastructuretoresistloads
withoutfailureduetoexcessivestressordeformation.Ductilityisameasureofametalsabilitytodeformundertensilestresses.Ductilityisimportantin
metalformingprocesses,asmetalsthatcrackorbreakunderstresscannotbemanipulatedbyhammering,rollingordrawing.
Typicalpointsofinterestwhentestingametalinclude:ultimatetensilestrength(UTS)orpeakstressoffsetyieldstrength(OYS)whichrepresentsapoint
justbeyondtheonsetofpermanentdeformationtherupture(R)orfracturepointwherethespecimenseparatesintopiecesandpercentelongationat
break.

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Fig.1Stressvs.StrainCurve
Theory
Agraphicaldescriptionoftheamountofdeflectionunderloadforagivenmaterialisthestressstraincurve(Fig.1).Engineeringstress(S)isobtained
bydividingtheload(P)atanygiventimebytheoriginalcrosssectionalarea(A)ofthespecimen.
S=P/AEq.1

Engineeringstrain(e)isobtainedbydividingtheelongationofthegagelengthofthespecimen(l)bytheoriginalgagelength(lo).
e=l/lo=(llo)/loEq.2

Figure1depictsatypicalstressstraincurve.Theshapeandmagnitudeofthecurveisdependentonthetypeofmetalbeingtested.PointArepresents
theproportionallimitofamaterial.AmaterialloadedintensionbeyondpointAwhenunloadedwillexhibitpermanentdeformation.Theproportionallimit
isoftendifficulttocalculate,therefore,twopracticalmeasurements,offsetyieldstrength(OYS)andyieldbyextensionunderload(EUL),weredeveloped
toapproximatetheproportionallimit.TheinitialportionofthecurvebelowpointArepresentstheelasticregionandisapproximatedbyastraightline.
Theslope(E)ofthecurveintheelasticregionisdefinedasYoungsModulusofElasticityandisameasureofmaterialstiffness.

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E=S/e=(S2S1)/(e2e1)Eq.3

PointBrepresentstheoffsetyieldstrengthandisfoundbyconstructingalineXBparalleltothecurveintheelasticregion.LineXBisoffsetastrain
amountOXthatistypically0.2%ofthegagelength.PointCrepresentstheyieldstrengthbyextensionunderload(EUL)andisfoundbyconstructinga
verticallineYC.LineYCisoffsetastrainamountOYthatistypically0.5%ofgagelength.Theultimatetensilestrength,orpeakstress,isrepresented
bypointD.Ultimatetensilestrength(UTS),offsetyieldstrength(OYS)andYoung'sModulusofElasticityarepropertiesthatdefineametalsstrength.
Totalelongation,whichincludesbothelasticandplasticdeformation,istheamountofuniaxialstrainatfractureandisdepictedasstrainatpointZ.
Percentelongationatbreakisdeterminedbyremovingthefracturedspecimenfromthegripsfittingthebrokenendstogetherandmeasuringthe
distancebetweengagemarks.Percentelongationatbreakreportstheamountofplasticorpermanentdeformationonly.Thegagelengthusedfor
measurementisreportedwiththeresult.
elongationatbreak(%)=ez=100*(lzlo)/loEq.4

Reductionofarea,likeelongationatbreak,isameasureofductilityandisexpressedinpercent.Reductionofareaiscalculatedbymeasuringthecross
sectionalareaatthefracturepoint(Az).
reductionofarea(%)=(AoAz)/AoEq.5

Topics:TensileTest,metal

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