STRESS

The unit strength of a material is usually

defined as the stress in material.
It is the ratio of the applied force divided by
the resisting area.
force / area

Which material is stronger?

Load capacity per unit area:
Bar 1

Bar 2

500 N

Area 1 = 10mm2

500 N
50 MPa
10 mm 2

5000 N

5000 N
5 MPa
1000 mm 2

Stress is the lead to accurately describe and

predict the deformation of a body.

Area 2 = 1000mm2

Bar 1 is ten times as strong as Bar 2

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SIMPLE STRESS

Simple stress is possible if the

following conditions exist:
- The body is homogenous,
isotropic and prismatic.
- The resultant of the
applied loads passes through
the centroid of the crosssection.
- The section to be
considered must be located at
a distance from the end of the
body at least equal to the its
minimum width.

The condition under

which stress is constant
or uniform throughout
the surface of a body is
known as simple stress
or uniform stress.

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1. NORMAL STRESS under AXIAL LOADING

Simple stress can be classified as normal

stress (axial stress), shear stress, and
bearing stress.

A rectangular bar subjected to

an axial force.
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Axial force is a load that

is directed along the
longitudinal axis of the
member.
Axial tension forces
tend to elongate a
member
Axial compression
forces tend to shorten
a member

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 To investigate the internal effects, a bar is cut

by a transverse plane:

NORMAL STRESS develops on a

surface perpendicular to the
direction of the internal force.

A distribution of internal force

is develop on the exposed cross
section.

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F=P

F

A

The surface area perpendicular

to the longitudinal axis of the
bar is called the cross-section.

internal force
cross-sectional area

= average normal stress at the

cross-sectional area.
F = internal resultant force
which acts through the centroid
of the cross-sectional area.
A = cross-sectional area normal
to the applied load

external force
P

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2. SHEARING STRESS
Two types of normal stresses:

A shearing stress is produced whenever the

applied loads cause one section of a body to
slide past its adjacent section.
It is caused by internal forces acting along or
parallel to the area resisting the forces.
Shearing stress is also called tangential stress

- Tensile stress tends to elongate the bar

- Compressive stress tends to shorten the bar
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The load is transmitted from the axial member

to the support by shear force (a force that
tends to cut) distributed on a transverse cross
section of the pin.

V=P

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Shear stress,

10

V
A

where:
V = resultant shearing force
A = sheared area
(ex. cross-sectional area of the
bolt)

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Shearing stress can be single shear, double shear or

punching shear

Shear stress,

V
A

SINGLE SHEAR:

where:
V = resultant shearing force
A = sheared area
(ex. cross-sectional area of the
plate)

Shearing stress in lap joint

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V
V

A bw

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DOUBLE SHEAR:
P

P
V

A
Abolt

Shearing stress in bolt

V = P/2

V
V

A Abolt

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2
A

A = cross-sectional
area of bolt

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PUNCHING SHEAR:

t
Double Shear Failure
in pin specimen

Single Shear Failure

in pin specimen
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Sheared area = Dt

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V
V

A Dt

V = resultant sheared force

D = diameter of hole
t = thickness of plate

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 Example of Punching Stress:

3. BEARING STRESS
Bearing stress is caused by contact pressure
between separate bodies.
Bearing stress:

P
P

Ab dt

Ab = area of contact between 2

components

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Example of Bearing Stress:

Units:

Quantity

SI

Force

Area

(2)
(1)

P
Ab

(1) Ab = area of base plate

axa
(2) Ab = dia. of bolt x
thickness ofPrepared
plate
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Stress
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m2
mm2
N/m2 = Pa

English
lbs
kips
in2

lbs/in2 = psi
N/mm2 = MPa kips/in2 = ksi
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