&

&

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CMFD-2015b-01

Copyright ... - 2015

. . 002
.

, , ,
, .
, ,
,
.

________________________________________________
. . , , antogian@central.ntua.gr, 210-7721524
. . , , chryiako@central.ntua.gr, 210-7722332

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1. - :

1. - :

. . .

. . .

, ,

. . .
. . .

. . .

. . .

...

1. - :

2.

2.

CM

CM (corrective/reactive
maintenance)

PM

PM (preventative
maintenance)

PdM

PdM (predictive
maintenance)

-

,
-
-

/

2. :

2.

2.

(/
(
) )

()

(
)

(

)

2.

: ISO machine condition monitoring diagnosis (vibration category ) Vibration Research Association

2.

3.

3. :

, ...?

3. :

& :

3. :

(/mobility)

Hz
:

Hz

(structural parameters):

(stiffness)
(damping)

Hz
:
(acceleration)
(velocity)
(displacement)

3. :

3. :

(proximity probe)

(accelerometer)

1. /
2.
3.

1.
2.

3.

3. :

D
T

3. :

1

3. :
,

(msec)

(msec)

3. :

3. :


(carrier)

Hz

3. :

sec

1.
2.

3.

sec

sec

Vibration Analysis - Demystifying Modulation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yp_gnvvct6E

3. :

Ax

The Reason for Condition Monitoring

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maTUBxgSyno

3. :

3. :

fmesh:

*fshaft:

fshaft

fshaft:

= # * (n x fr1)

BPFO:
= ( )*

3. :

. . .

. . .

3. :

. . .

. . .

t1

t1
t2

t2

Ad

t1
Td

t2
t1
t2

t1

3. :

t2

.....

An,s
t1

t2

Ad,s

Ad,s >> An,s

4.

An Animated Introduction to Vibration Analysis Mobius

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUznmZvSQOU&index=11&list=PLPTeV3jqPPlwitQ95kOE2swNoEbwBUg2P

4. :

1.

&

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

4.1. &
i

BPFO, BPFI,, fs

BPFO, BPFI,, fr

fr
fs
BPF: , fr

RBPF: , fs , fL

BPF: , fr

fr
fmesh : , fs, fr

4.2.

()


/ /

Vibration Testing How to Select Correct Measurement Locations on a Machine

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPFfjPOCDLo

4.2.

ISO machine condition monitoring diagnosis vibration category

Vibration Research Association

4.2. : !

1. ,
2.
3.
4.
5.

4.3. : !

4.3. :

(sec)

(sec)

4.3. :
,

(Hz)

4.3. :

4.3. :

. . .
(flattest response)

(dynamic range)

. . .

4.3. :

(CPM)

4.3. :

4.3. :

(velocity)
Hz

(accelerometer)

(velocity)

Hz

(proximity transducer)

(velocity)

Hz

4.3.

1.

2.

A/D

3.

4.3. :

2
(=0,707)

3
(=1,0)

1
(=0,0)
[sec]

(sampling rate/frequency)

(DAQ card)

4.3. :

[sec]

dt=1/fs

. / fs

. / fs

. / fs

4.3. :
s=T
: fs=1/Ts=1/T

s=3/2 T
: fs=1/Ts=2/(3T)

s=3/4T
: fs=1/Ts=4/(3T)

4.3. :

s=T/2

: fs=1/Ts=2/T

s=T/2

: fs=1/Ts=2/T

4.3. :
s=T/4
: fs=1/Ts=4/T

fs
fmax x(t)
. . .

. . . (aliasing)

fNiquist=fs / 2
f3
f1

f2

fs

f2

f3
Hz

4.3. :

fs >2 F4

Hz
Fi < Nyquist

Fi,alias

(Alias frequency) AF
=| / . Fi - Fi|
(=|closest integer multiple of sampling freq.-input freq.|=CIMSF-IF)
F2alias =|k1*fs-F2|=|1*100-70|=30 Hz
F3alias =|k2*fs-F3|=|2*100-160|=40 Hz

F4alias =|k3*fs-F4|=|5*100-510|=10 Hz

Hz
Nyquist

4.3. :

A/D

bits A/D

22 bits

16 bits

8 bits

4.3. :
V
V=U/(g*2b)
: U , g , b a ADC bits)
b =1 bit

b = 2 bits

b = 3 bits
V

dt

4.3. :

4.3. :

4 bits
V

3 bits

2 bits

d2 < V

d1 > V
do< V

d < V
4

d :

d3~ V

dt
d2> V

do< V

d1> V

4.3. : . . .
pi

dt=1/fs

To=Po/fs
T1=P1/fs

T1=P1/fs

> T1

4.3. : . . .

f3=13,42

P=4096
fso=5 KHz

dfo=1,22 Hz

f1=8,54

f2=10,98

df=fs/P . . .

Hz
................

P=4096
fs1=20 KHz

df1=4,88 Hz

f4=9,76

df 2df 3df 4df 5df 6df 7df 8df 9df 10df 11df 12df 13df

Hz
df1

2df1

3df1

................

4.4. /

(accelerometer)

(power supply/conditioner)

(antialising filter)

(DAQ card)

4.4. / :

(low-pass)

Hz

(high-pass)

Hz

(band-pass)

Hz

(band-stop)

Hz

4.4. / :
(low-pass filter) 1 (1st order)

Vin

VR
C

VC

XC (capacitive
reactance)

.
, RC


,
.

(f < fc) XC

Vin = Vout
(f > fc) XC

Vout Vin 0
6dB/

4.4. / :
(low-pass filter) 2 (2nd order)
1o RC

Vin

2o RC

Vout

n:

4.4. / :
(low-pass filter) 1 (1st order)
C

Vin

VC
R

VR

Vout

(gain) [Av =Vout/Vin]

RC :
(f < fc) XC

Vout Vin 0
6dB/ f=fc (R=Xc)
: Vout=0
:
Vout=Vin

(f > fc) XC

Vout = Vin

4.5. :
...

OA =

..

2
.+ Ak+

...

...

OAw = / w

2
+Am +

...

2
+ An +

. . . + At + . . . +

Hanning : Nw = 1,5
() : Nw =1,0
Flat Top : Nw =3,8
Az

Ap
Am

At

Aj 0
Ao

Ak

Aq

Ar

As
Aw

An

Hz
10 Hz

1000 Hz

4.5. :

OA [mm/sec rms]

4.5. :

alarm

FFA alarm

: overall amplitude
FFA: fault frequency amplitude

4.5. :
1 2

2
1 2

4.5. :

4.5. :

4.5. :

4.5. :

ISO 10816-3 & ISO 2372

4.5. :
. . .

4.5. :
. . .

IEC 34-14

Limits for RMS values of vibration velocity

for shaft heights H in mm
Nominal
service speed

High-tuned,
Machine installed on low-tuned, soft
rigid
foundations (e.g. vibration isolators)

in rpm

foundations
56H132

132H225

H>225

H>400

(mm/sec)

(mm/sec)

(mm/sec)

(mm/sec)

600 1800

1,8

1,8

2,8

2,8

>1800 3600

1,8

2,8

4,5

2,8

4.5. :
. . . Fourier

T2
A2
A1

T1
To

Ao

f2
f1

fo

fi =1/Ti

4.5. :

An Animated Introduction to Vibration Analysis Mobius

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUznmZvSQOU&index=11&list=PLPTeV3jqPPlwitQ95kOE2swNoEbwBUg2P

4.5. :
. . .
-

2RBPF

RBPF

2fmesh

3BPFI
fmesh

fshaft

1.5

BPFO
BPFI
BPF

1
0.5
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

3500

4000

. . .

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

4.5. :

Rotor zone
http://www.rotor.zone/vibrationanalysis/VibrationGallery/index.html

4.5. :

5.

5. :

5. : &

__________________________

__________________________

DC

5. :
(shear)

/ (
)

(compression)

( )

(flexure)

5. :

q = d33 F
u = d33/e33 d/AF
F=ma
d33 , e33

: q/a
: u/a

5. :

(g) = /

( SNR)

90%

1.
2.
3. ( SNR)

5. :

. . .

.
.

5. :

30% 3 dB

1/3 fo,
12% 1 dB

5. :

5. :

1/10
.

5. :

5. :

5. :

. . .

2-
. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

(CPM)

5. : ! . . .
(screen of cable)

. . .

5. : !

gs

5. :

Maximum Sensor Amplifier Range = 10 volts

VB = Sensor Bias Voltage = 10 VDC
VS1 = Supply Voltage 1 = 24 VDC
VE1 = Excitation Voltage 1 = VS1 -1 = 23 VDC
VS2 = Supply Voltage 2 = 18 VDC
VE2 = Excitation Voltage 2 = VS2 -1 = 17 VDC

Positive Range = (Vs - 1) - VB = VE - VB

Negative Range = VB-2

5. :

V=5 volts
Ic=2 mA

10,2 KHz

cable length=100 ft (30,5 m)

capacitance=30 pF/ft
total capacitance=30000 pF

6.

6. -

AC 1,5 MHz
1,5 MHz

,
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.

AC

What Is Eddy Current

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ23gmS3KHY

6. -

_______________________________
1. DC
2. ,
3.

____________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

6. -

50 mm

2

6. :

Orbit Plots and Centerline Diagrams - Webinar

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXtOYtI_qqw

7.

7. :

ICP . . .

7. :

f > fn ( )

7. :

1.
2.
3.
4.

SNR
10 1500 Hz

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.


Avenir echnologies
http://www.avenirtechnologies.co/accelerometer-internal-structure/
Introduction to Shock and Vibration by Bruel &Kjaer
Vibration Measurement and Analysis by Bruel &Kjaer
Vibration Transducers and Condition Monitoring by Bruel &Kjaer
Measuring Vibration by Bruel &Kjaer
http://www.slideshare.net/m4rcel02005/measuring-vibration
Innomic - Piezoelectric Principle
http://www.innomic.com/en/service/training/training_materials/user_guide_piezoelectric_accelero
meters/piezoelectric_principle.html
Vibration analysis by TIMKEN
http://www.slideshare.net/DrTodCotter/vibration-analysis-49887217?related=1
Machine diagnosis: Quick and easy through FFT analysis by PRFTECHNIK AG


Effective Machinery Measurements using Dynamic Signal Analyzers by Hewllet Packard
Basics of vibration technology Basics of vibration technology Measurement & Analysis
Measurement & Analysis by SCHENC
Condition Monitoring Sensing Technologies Used to Detect Small Changes in Equipment Health by
National Instruments
http://www.ni.com/white-paper/52461/en/
Web Audio API Overview by Gatan Renaudeau
http://greweb.me/webaudioapi-introduction/#/
Macquarie University, Sidney, Australia
http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/acoustics/waveforms/adding_waveforms.html
Measuring Vibration - How to Select the Right Sensor
http://www.slideshare.net/chris_engdahl/measuring-vibration-how-to-select-the-right-sensor-24480292
Sensors online
http://www.sensorsmag.com/sensors/electric-magnetic/an-introduction-analog-filters-1023


Vibration Analysis
http://freevibrationanalysis.blogspot.gr/2011/08/brief-introduction-to-vibration_7218.html
electronics-tutorials
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_2.html
IMV Corporation
https://www.imv.co.jp/e/pr/vibration_measuring/
Beginning Vibration Analysis by Connection Technology Center, Inc
online_failure detection by PRUFTECHNIK
http://www.slideshare.net/syedfarukh180/onlinefailure-detection
nexusplus
http://www.nexusplus.sk/en/mechanical-looseness
CMP - Condition Monitoring Pod
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SpidwJcP0g&list=PLPTeV3jqPPlz0P0vHKD0Ra3ZajZEyp2u2
Vibration analysis orbits orbit plots journal bearing vibration.mp4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfN4-kMsa9U


Vibration Analysis 101
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvDXZSIusOc
Condition Based Maintenance Webinar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDzxv4nSiuo
Vibration Analysis Tutorial Part 1 & 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzjZ_yXUiXU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64S2AHmtEpg

&

. . . . . . antogian@central.ntua.gr
. . . . . chryiako@central.ntua.gr