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Chapter - 2

Optical Fibers: Structures, Wave


guiding and Fabrication

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

What is the important component in


any optical fiber system?
1)LED source/Laser source
2)Optical fiber itself
3)Photodiode/Photo detector

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Some Questions
1)What is the structure of optical fiber?
2)How does light propagate along a fiber?
3)Of what materials are fibers made?
4)How is the fiber are fabricated?
5)How are fibers incorporated into cable structure?
6)What is the signal loss or attenuation mechanism
in fiber?
7)Why and to what degree does a signal get
distorted as it travels along a fiber?
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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Nature of light
Light:It is stream of minute particles eliminated by
light source.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Wavefront
a wavefront is the locus of points having the
same phase.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

29/08/2013

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Plane Wavefront
The simplest form of a wavefront is the plane
wave, where the rays are parallel to one
another.
sunlight strikes the earth with a spherical wave
front that has a radius of about 150 million
kilometers .

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

A lens can be used to change the shape of wave


fronts. Here, plane wave fronts become
spherical after going through the lens.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Lens and wave fronts

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

A dielectric slab waveguide consists of


three dielectric layers with different
refractive indices.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

optical waveguide
An optical waveguide is a physical structure that
guides electromagnetic waves in the optical
spectrum.
Common types of optical waveguides
include optical fiber and rectangular
waveguides.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Numerical Aperture

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Numerical Aperture

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

The propagation of light through a


multi-mode optical fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

In conventional optical fibers, light is guided


through the effect of total internal reflection.
The guiding occurs within a core of refractive
index higher than refractive index of the
surrounding material (cladding). The index
change is obtained through different doping of
the core and the cladding or through the use
of different materials.
29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Types of Fiber

29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Types of Fiber

29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Types of Fiber

29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Types of Fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Single mode fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Multimode fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Single Mode Fiber


single-mode fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, unimode fiber.
Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate
and up to 50 times more distance than multimode,
but it also costs more.
Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than
multimode.
The small core and single light-wave virtually eliminate
any distortion that could result from overlapping light
pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and the
highest transmission speeds of any fiber cable type.

29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Multimode Fiber
Multimode cable is made of of glass fibers,
with a common diameters in the 50-to-100
micron range for the light carry component
(the most common size is 62.5).
POF is a newer plastic-based cable which
promises performance similar to glass cable
on very short runs, but at a lower cost.
Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at
high speeds over medium distances.
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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Multimode Fiber
Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths,
or modes, as they travel through the cable's core
typically 850 or 1300nm.
Typical multimode fiber core diameters are 50,
62.5, and 100 micrometers.
However, in long cable runs (greater than 3000
feet), multiple paths of light can cause signal
distortion at the receiving end, resulting in an
unclear and incomplete data transmission.
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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

How do I know what type of fiber I


need?
This is based on transmission distance to be covered as
well as the overall budget allowed. If the distance is
less than a couple of miles, multimode fiber will work
well and transmission system costs (transmitter and
receiver) will be in the $500 to $800 range.
If the distance to be covered is more than 3-5 miles,
single mode fiber is the choice. Transmission systems
designed for use with this fiber will typically cost more
than $1000 (due to the increased cost of the laser
diode).

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

What is the difference between


multimode and single mode fiber?
Multimode fiber has a relatively large light
carrying core, usually 62.5 microns or larger in
diameter. It is usually used for short distance
transmissions with LED based fiber optic
equipment.
Single-mode fiber has a small light carrying core
of 8 to 10 microns in diameter. It is normally used
for long distance transmissions with laser diode
based fiber optic transmission equipment.
29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Should we install single-mode or


multimode fiber?
Multimode fiber will allow transmission distances of
up to about 10 miles
It will allow the use of relatively in expensive fiber
optic transmitters and receivers.
There will be bandwidth limitations of a few
hundred MHz per Km of length.
10 mile link will be limited to about 10 to 30 MHz
CCTV this will be fine but for high speed data
transmission it may not be.
29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Should we install single-mode or


multimode fiber?
Single-mode fiber on the other hand will be
useful for distances well in excess of 10 miles
It will require the use of single-mode
transmitters which normally use solid-state
laser diodes .
The higher cost of these optical emitters mean
that single-mode equipment can be anywhere
from 2 to 4 times as expensive as multimode
equipment.
29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

We already have single-mode fiber


installed, but we are only going a
short distance. Can we use lower cost
multimode equipment?
No. Multimode equipment will not launch (inject) enough
light into a single-mode fiber
since the light carrying core of this fiber is only 9 microns in
diameter compared to 62.5 microns in diameter for
multimode fiber.
Unfortunately you must use single-mode equipment.
If the fiber distance is short however, the cost for replacing
the single-mode fiber with multimode fiber may be more
economical than the higher cost for the single-mode
electronics.
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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

There are two basic types of fiber:multimode


fiber optic cable and single-mode fiber optic
cable.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Multimode fiber is best designed for short


transmission distances, and is suited for use in
LAN systems and video surveillance.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Single-mode fiber is best designed for longer


transmission distances, making it suitable for
long-distance telephony and multichannel
television broadcast systems.

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Multimode Fiber
This fiber type has a much larger core diameter,
compared to single-mode fiber, allowing for
the larger number of modes, and multimode
fiber is easier to couple than single-mode
optical fiber.

29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Types of Multimode Fiber


Multimode fiber may be categorized as stepindex or graded-index fiber.

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Types of Fiber
Fiber

Single Mode Fiber

Multimode Fiber

Step index Fiber


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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Graded Index Fiber

Single Mode Fiber

Multi mode Fiber

1)It is suitable for shorter distance


communication not more than 10 miles

1)It is suitable for longer distance


communication more than 10 miles

2)Refractive index of the fiber is uniformly


constant

2)Refractive index of the fiber is not uniformly


constant it is at core and cladding at boundary.

3)It has only one mode of propagation

3)It has Number of modes of propagation

4)Single mode fiber excited by only Laser


Source

4)Multi mode fiber excited by only LED Source

5)Intermodal dispersion does not happen in


single mode fiber

5)Intermodal dispersion happen

6)It support larger bandwidth application

6)It support larger bandwidth application

7)It has high data rate transmission capability

7)It has LOW data rate transmission capability

8)It has costly tx side because of laser source.

8)It has cheaper tx side because of LED


source.

9)It does not have types

9)It have types

29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Types of Fiber

29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Types of Fiber

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

29/08/2013

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

29/08/2013

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Optics Rays representation


1)Meridioanal rays
2)Skew rays

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Meridioanal Rays
A meridional ray is a ray that passes through the
axis of an optical fiber.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Skew Rays
A skew ray is a ray that travels in a non-planar
zig-zag path and never crosses the axis of an
optical fiber

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Skew Rays
A skew ray is a ray that does not propagate in a
plane that contains both the object point and
the optical axis. Such rays do not cross the
optical axis anywhere, and are not parallel to
it

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Meridioanal Rays

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Skew Rays

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Comparison between meridional rays


and skew rays
Meridional rays

Skew rays

1)It follows meridional plane path

1)It follows helical path

2)The light rays only passes through the


axis of the fiber

2)The light rays does not passes through


the axis of the fiber

3)Easy to track the path of the light rays

3)Not easy to track the path of the light


rays

4)It follows zig zag path

4)It does not follow zigzag path

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Ray optics representation of skew rays


travelling in a step-index optical fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Meridional optics representation of


the propagation mechanism in an ideal
step-index optical waveguide

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Numerical Aperture
It is maximum critical angle at which the rays incident
at the core of the fiber and total internal reflection of
the light take place and it gets travel in proper manner

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Multimode glass fibers

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Overview of modes

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Cross sectional view of the transverse electric


field vectors for the four lowest-order modes in a
step index fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Power flow in step index fiber

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Single mode fiber


Mode-Field Diameter
Di stribution of light in single mode fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Propagation of light in single mode


fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber birefringence
The mode propagate with different phase velocities,
and the difference between the or effective
refractive indices is called the fiber birefringence.
B=K(ny-nx)=Wavelength of the light/LP
B=fiber birefringence
ny-Vertical polarisation mode
nx-Horizontal polarisation mode
k-Freespace prapogation constant
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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber beat length


Phase difference between two polaraisation
mode is integral multiple of 2pi then two
polarization mode beat and internal
polarization state will reproduced legth of the
fiber at which it occur known as fiber beat
length.
Lp=2*pi/B
B=K( ny nx )
29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Q.As single mode optical Fiber has a beat length


of 8cm at 1300nm.Find modal birefringence?
-
Bf=ny-nx=wavelegth of light /Lp
=1.3 x10^-6/8x10^-2
=1.63x10^-5
B=2pi/Lp=2xPi/0.08=78.5m^-1
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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Graded index fiber structure

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Manufacturing of Fiber

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber
Two material have satisfied above requirement
1)Glass material
2)Plastic Material
Glass fiber made up of silica or silicate have low
losses over long haul transmission of signal ,
high losses for short distance transmission
signal .

29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber
Plastic fiber made up of plastic material have
high attenuation , high distortion, several
hundred meter communication and high
mechanical strength .
Since, Glass fiber is suitable for transmission of
light signal

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Glass Fiber
Glass fiber made up of fusion mixture of metal
oxide,sulphides,selenides .The resulting
network randomly connected molecular
network of crystalline material.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber
When glass heated from room temperature it
remains hard solid up up to several hundred
degree centigrade as the temperature
increases further glass gradually begins a
soften until at very high temperature it
becomes viscious liquid. The expression
melting temperature commonly used in glass
manufacture.
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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber
Most of the common fiber silica(SiO2) has
standard refractive index is 1.458 at 850nm.
Refractive index of core should be greater
than the refractive index of cladding.
By dopping process it can be vary the
refractive index of cladding .B2O3,Fluorine
dopping refractive index of cladding
decreases.
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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber
By dopping process it can be vary the
refractive index of cladding .P2O5,GeO2
dopping refractive index of cladding
decreases.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Doping in Core cladding Glass fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Variation in refractive index as different


concentration in refractive index

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Types of fiber
1)Halide Glass Fiber
2)Active Glass Fiber
3)Chalgenide Glass Fiber
4)Plastic Optical Fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber Fabrication
1) Vapor phase oxidation method
Metal halide (SiCl4,GeCl4 and Oxygen)
2)Direct melt method

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Schematic of Fiber Drawing apparatus

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber drawing mechanism

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber drawing steps


Clear glass rod or tube is called as preform
Preform-10-25mm diameter
60-120cm long
Preform is precision fed into circular heater called drawing furnace
Preform end is softened to the point where it can be drawn into very
thin filament which becomes optical fiber .
Turning speed of take up drum determine how fast optical fiber will
drawn.
Optical fiber thickness measurement used in feed back loop for this
speed regulation.
To protect the bare glass fiber it require the elastic coating for
protection against dust and vapor.
Elastic coating is applied to the fiber immediately after fiber is drawn.

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Modified Chemical Vapor


deposition

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Vapor phase axial depostion

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber fabrication(Modified
Chemical Vapor
Deposition)(MCVD)

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Plasma Activated Chemical Vapor Deposition

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber fabrication (direct melt)


(Double Crucible)

Double crucible method drawing furnace from


molten glass

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Double crucible method

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Double crucible method


1)Silica, chalgenide and halide od glass fibers can all be made
using a direct-melt double crucible method.
2)In this method glass rods are made by melting mixture of
purified powder. To appropriate glass composition.
3)The rods are then used as a feedstock for each of two
crucible
4)Inner crucible contain molten state of core glass and outer
crucible contain molten state of cladding glass.
5)The fibers are drawn from the molten state through orifices
in the bottom of concentric two crucible in the continuous
production process.
6)Advantages of continuous process , careful attention to
avoid contamination process.
29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Double crucible method


Contamination-impurities in the glass material
7)Main source of contamination arises from
furnaces environment and crucible .
8)Silica crucible normally used for in preparing
glass feed rods.
9)Double concentric crucible method used in
drawing furnace are made from platinum.

29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Mechanical Properties of optical


waveguide
1)Transmission properties of optical waveguide,
their mechanical characteristics play a very
important role when they are used in
transmission medium in optical
communication systems.
2)Stresses and strain occur during cabling
process and load induced during installation
and service of the cable.
29/08/2013

S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Mechanical Properties of optical


waveguide
3)Load applied to the fiber is impulsive and gradually
varying which can arise from temperature variations
4)Strength and static fatigue are two basic properties of
optical fiber
5)Difference between glass and metal
Glass will extend elastically up to its braking strength
6)Metal stretched plastically well beyond their true elastic
range
7)Copper wire elongate 20% more before they facture
8)Glass fiber elongated 1% plastically before facture occur
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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Hypothetical model of a micro crack in


an optical fiber

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Stress intensity factor


K=Y x (X.^1/2) x
K=stress intensity factor
=stress in megapascal
X=crack depth in millimeter
Y=Dimentionless constant

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber optics cable


1)The cable structure will vary greatly , depend
on cable in to be pulled in to the underground
or intrabuilding duct, buried directly in the
ground, install outdoor pole or submerged
under water.
2)Non metallic waveguide structure is used for
to avoid electromagnetic induction and
reduce cable weight.
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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber optic cable

BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF FIBER

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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

Fiber optic cables


A typical six fiber cable created by standing six basic
building blocks around a central strength member

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S.S.PATIL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ADCET,ASHTA

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