Derivatives

om

Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules
d
( cf ( x ) ) = cf ( x ) , c is any constant. ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) = f ( x ) g ( x )
dx
d n
d
x ) = nx n -1 , n is any number.
( c ) = 0 , c is any constant.
(
dx
dx
f f g - f g
(Quotient Rule)
ul
ule)
e)
( f g ) = f g + f g (Product Rule) =
g2
g
d
f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) (Chain Rule)
dx
g ( x)
d
d g ( x)
g x
ln g ( x ) ) =
e
= g( x) e ( )
(
dx
g ( x)
dx

.c

( )

d
( cx ) = c
dx

Trig Functions
d
( sin x ) = cos x
dx
d
( sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx

d
sin x
( cos x ) = sin
dx
d
sc x ) = - csc
ccsscc x cot x
( ccsc
dx

Inverse Trig Functions

d
1
sin -1 x ) =
(
dx
1 - x2
d
1
sec -1 x ) =
(
dx
x x2 - 1

d
1
ccos -1 x ) = (
dx
1 - x2
d
1
csc -1 x ) = (
dx
x x2 -1

ce

Common Derivatives
Polynomials
d
d
(c) = 0
( x) = 1
dx
dx

am

.e
x

-1

ra

d n
( x ) nx
dx

d
( cx n ) = ncxn-1
dx

d
( tan x ) = sec2 x
dx
d
( cot x ) = - csc2 x
dx
d
1
tan -1 x ) =
(
dx
1 + x2
d
1
cot -1 x ) = (
dx
1 + x2

d
1
log a ( x ) ) =
, x>0
(
dx
x ln a

Hyperbolic Trig Functions

d
( sinh x ) = cosh x
dx
d
( sech x ) = - sech x tanh x
dx

d
( tanh x ) = sech 2 x
dx
d
( coth x ) = - csch 2 x
dx

poneen
pon
nti
tiaal/
l/Logar
l/L
Exponential/Logarithm
Functions
d x
d x
a ) = a ln ( a )
e ) = ex
(
(
dx
dx
d
1
d
1
n ( x)) = , x > 0
ln x ) = , x 0
(
(
ddxx
x
dx
x
d
( cosh x ) = sinh x
dx
d
( csch x ) = - csch x coth x
dx

Integrals

Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules
cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant.

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
b
b
a f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) a = F ( b ) - F ( a ) where F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx
a

a f ( x ) dx = -b f ( x ) dx
c

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx

If f ( x ) 0 on a x b then

a c dx = c ( b - a )

a f ( x ) dx 0

If f ( x ) g ( x ) on a x b then

f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
a

ce

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx

a f ( x ) dx = 0
b

om

cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant.

Common Integrals
Polynomials

k dx = k x + c

1 dx = ln x + c

am

dx = ln x + c

1 dx = 1 ln ax + b + c

ax + b
a

q
x dx =

1 q +1
q
x +c =
x
p
p+q
q +1

.e
x

Trig Functions
cos u du = sin u + c

1 n +1
x + c, n -1
n +1
1
-n
- n +1
x dx = -n + 1 x + c, n 1

dx
x dx

ra

dx = x + c

-1

.c

p+q
q

+c

in u du = - cos u + c
in
sec u du = tan u + c
ec u +
sec u tan u du = sec
ccsc u cot udu = - csc u + c csc u du = - cot u + c
sec u + c
tan u du = lnn sec
cot u du = ln sin u + c
1
du = ln
ln sec
sseecc u + tan u + c
sec u du
sec u du = 2 ( sec u tan u + ln sec u + tan u ) + c
2

csc

csc
scc u du
du = ln
ln csc u - cot u + c
ccs

u du =

1
( - csc u cot u + ln csc u - cot u ) + c
2

Exponential/Logarithm
E
Ex
xpone
xpon
pone
Functions

du = e + c

au
a du = ln a + c
u

e au
( a sin ( bu ) - b cos ( bu ) ) + c
a2 + b2
eau
au
e
cos
bu
du
=
(
)
( a cos ( bu ) + b sin ( bu ) ) + c

a 2 + b2
au
e sin ( bu ) du =

ln u du = u ln ( u ) - u + c
ue du = ( u - 1) e
u

+c

1 du = ln ln u + c

u ln u

 sin

1
1
u
du = tan -1 + c
2
2
a
a +u
a
1
1

u
du = sec -1 + c

2
2
a
a
u u -a

1
u du = u tan -1 u - ln (1 + u 2 ) + c
2

-1

cos

-1

u du = u cos -1 u - 1 - u 2 + c

Miscellaneous
1 du = 1 ln u + a + c
2
a - u2
2a u - a

-1

2au - u 2 du =

u du
du = - co
co h u + c

am

u-a
a2
a -u
2aauu - u + cos -1
+c
2
2
a

.e
x

u du = tanh
tanh
ta
anh u + c

1 dduu = 1 ln u - a + c
2
u - a2
2a u + a

u 2
a2
2
a + u du =
a + u + ln u + a 2 + u 2 c
2
2
u 2
a2
u 2 - a 2 du =
u - a 2 - ln u + u 2 - a 2 + c
2
2
a2
u 2
u
a 2 - u 2 du =
a - u 2 + si
si - 1 + c
2
2
a
2

.c

cosh u du = sinh u + c
sech
csch coth u du = - csch u + c csch
sech u du = tan sinh u + c

ce

sech tanh u du = - sech u + c

tanh u du = ln ( cosh u ) + c

tan

u du = u sin -1 u + 1 - u 2 + c

ra

Hyperbolic Trig Functions

sinh u du = cosh u + c

-1

om

Inverse Trig Functions

1

u
du = sin -1 + c

a
a2 - u2

Standard Integration
ggrraattiioon
nT
Tee hn
hniques
Note that all bu
butt tth
the
hee fi
ffirst
irrsstt on
one of these tend to be taught in a Calculus II class.
u Substitution
tituuti
tit
tion
on
b

a f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx then the substitution u = g ( x ) will convert this into the

b
g (b)
integral,
iinntteeggrraall,, f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx =
f ( u ) du .
a
g (a)

Given
eenn

IIn
Integration
nt
by Parts
Th
The standard formulas for integration by parts are,

udv = uv - vdu

udv = uv a - vdu
a

Choose u and dv and then compute du by differentiating u and compute v by using the
fact that v = dv .

.c

om

Trig Substitutions
If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula.
a
a2 - b2 x2
x = sin q

and
cos 2 q = 1 - sin 2 q
b
a
b2 x2 - a2

x = sec q
and
tan 2 q = sec2 q - 1
b
a
a2 + b2 x2

x = tan q
and
sec 2 q = 1 + tan 2 q
b
Partial Fractions
P ( x)
dx where the degree (largest exponent) of P ( x ) iiss sm
ssmaller
maall
ller
er tth
than
haa the
If integrating
Q ( x)

Term in P.F.D Factor in Q ( x )

A
ax + b

ax 2 + bx + c

Ax + B
2
ax + bx + c

( axx + b )

am

ax + b

Term in P.F.D
Ak
A1
A2
+
+L +
k
2
aaxx + b ( ax + b )
( ax + b )

ra

Factor in Q ( x )

ce

degree of Q ( x ) then factor the denominator as completely ass possi

poss
possible
ib
bllee aand
nd fi
ffind
ind the partial
he par
ppartial
fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the
he
arti
tiaall frac
ffraction
ract
wee gge
ett tter
erm( in the
erm
decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the denominatorr w
get
term(s)
decomposition according to the following table.

ax + bbxx + c )
( ax

Ak x + Bk
A1 x + B1
+L +
k
2
ax + bx + c
( ax 2 + bx + c )

.e
x

Products and (some) Quotients

eenntttss ooff Trig
Triigg Functions
Tr
Fun
n
m
sin x cos x dx

1. If n is odd. S
Str
sine
St
trr p one
one ssi
inn out and convert the remaining sines to cosines using
2
2
sin x = 1 - cos
cos x , tth
then
hee use the substitution u = cos x
2. If m iss odd.
odd. Strip
Sttrriipp on
S
one cosine out and convert the remaining cosines to sines
2
using
nngg cco
cos
oss x = 1 - sin 2 x , then use the substitution u = sin x
3. IIff n aand
nd m aare both odd. Use either 1. or 2.
4. IIff n aand
nd m are both even. Use double angle formula for sine and/or half angle
formulas
form
fo
rmuullaa to reduce the integral into a form that can be integrated.
ttaann n x sec
secm x dx
tan

IIf n is odd. Strip one tangent and one secant out and convert the remaining
tangents to secants using tan 2 x = sec 2 x - 1 , then use the substitution u = sec x
2. If m is even. Strip two secants out and convert the remaining secants to tangents
using sec2 x = 1 + tan 2 x , then use the substitution u = tan x
3. If n is odd and m is even. Use either 1. or 2.
4. If n is even and m is odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently.

Convert Example : cos 6 x = ( cos 2 x ) = (1 - sin 2 x )

3