2015 AP Bio Fall Final Study Guide

Ch. 2
Different Types of Chemical Bonding (weak vs. strong)
What makes a chemical reaction occur?
High energy bonds
Ch. 3
Polarity of water
Remember all the properties of water (evaporative cooling,
cohesion, insulation, specific heat, etc)
What is the job of buffers?
Ch. 4
Carbon why is it important to life?
Bonds formed with carbon?
Structural components of the macromolecules
Look over functional groups
Ch. 5
Roles of all the macromolecules
Monomers to Polymers = macromolecules
Carbohydrates = mono-, poly- saccharides, and examples
and characteristics of each.
Glucoses structure
Bonds that form carbohydrates
Fats = fatty acid tails, bonds that form them
Saturated vs. unsaturated
What does a phospholipid look like?
Cholesterol structure, and steroid structure
Proteins what makes up a protein
Bonds that hold each level of protein structure together.
(primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary)
Know the different structure levels of proteins
Protein conformation
Nucleic Acids Structure and bonds that hold nucleic acids
together.
Nucleotides monomers and polymers
DNA structure.

Ch. 6
Eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic which structures belong to each
Animal vs. plant which structures belong to each
Know all the organelles and their functions - review
organelles matrix you made
Ch. 7
What does selectively permeable mean?
Review Membrane Structure
Membrane proteins (know the different types)
Passive vs. Active Transport
Water Balance (hyper-, hypo-, iso-tonic)
Water balance in plant vs. animal cells
Na, K pump
Proton pump
Membrane potential
Bulk transport of material across the membrane
Ch. 8
Catabolic vs. Anabolic Pathways
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Exergonic vs. Endergonic
ATP structure and Function
Phosphorylation of ATP and regeneration of ATP
Enzymes what are they? Look in every chapter we have
done at the role of the enzymes
Substrate specific
Effects on enzymes (remember AP lab on enzymes)
How is metabolism (enzymes) controlled?
Ch. 9
Fermentation vs. Respiration
What is a redox reaction? How is cell resp. a redox
reaction?
What happens in the electron transport chain?
Know Glycolysis How many ATP, NADHs, pyruvates
made?
Know the energy invested and the energy released.
Phosphorylation substrate level and oxidative
Pre-Krebs and Acetyl CoAs
Know the Krebs cycle How many ATP, NADHs
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis?
Explain the role of the proton motive force in ATP
generation.
ATP synthases job?
How many ATP are formed in cell respiration?
Know the different types of fermentation.
Where does this all take place?
How is cellular respiration controlled?

Ch. 10
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Chemical equation for photosynthesis
What is a redox reaction? How is cell photosynthesis a
redox reaction?
Importance of the splitting of water
Role of NADP+
What is photophosphorylation?
Role and type of pigments?
Light Reaction photosystems
Noncyclic vs. Cyclic Electron Flow
ETC and Chemiosmosis
Proton motive force
Calvin Cylce and How Carbon is Fixed
Role of Rubisco
Products of the Calvin and Light Reaction
C3 vs. CAM vs. C4 plants
Ch. 16
Structure of DNAWhat are the Monomers? How are they different?
What makes up each Monomer?
How monomers are arranged to form DNA
Process of DNA Replication
All enzymes involved in Replication.
Purpose of Replication

Ch. 19
What are bacteriophages?
Lytic vs. Lysogenic Life Cycles
Vaccines
Retroviruses
Mechanisms of gene transfer
Ch. 27
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic
Thermophiles, halophiles, extremophiles
Compare and Contrast the 3 domains
Bacterial reproduction
Ecological roles
Ch.36
Transpiration
Water Potential
Xylem and Phloem
Basic root structure
Casparian Strip
Review Labs