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owners, operators, and occupants. Sustainable buildings typically have lower annual
costs for energy, water, maintenance/repair, churn (reconfiguring space because of
changing needs), and other operating expenses. These reduced costs do not have
to come at the expense of higher first costs. Through integrated design and
innovative use of sustainable materials and equipment, the first cost of a
sustainable building can be the same as, or lower than, that of a traditional building.
Some sustainable design features have higher first costs, but the payback period for
the incremental investment often is short and the lifecycle cost typically lower than
the cost of more traditional buildings. In addition to direct cost savings, sustainable
buildings can provide indirect economic benefits to both the building owner and
society. For instance, sustainable building features can promote better health,
comfort, well-being, and productivity of building occupants, which can reduce levels
of absenteeism and increase productivity. Sustainable building features can offer
owners economic benefits from lower risks, longer building lifetimes, improved
ability to attract new employees, reduced expenses for dealing with complaints, less
time and lower costs for project permitting resulting from community acceptance
and support for sustainable projects, and increased asset value. Sustainable
buildings also offer society as a whole economic benefits such as reduced costs
from air pollution damage and lower infrastructure costs, e.g., for avoided landfills,
wastewater treatment plants, power plants, and transmission/distribution lines.
Lower (or Equal) First Costs
Sustainable design must begin at the conceptual stage of a project to realize the full
benefits. The first step is to form a design team including the owners; architects;
engineers; sustainable design consultants; landscape designers; O&M staff; health,
safety and security experts; the general contractor and key subcontractors; cost
consultants and value engineers; and occupant representatives. This team needs to
work together from the start, seeking an "integrated" design. The team develops
innovative solutions that meet energy, environmental, and social goals while
keeping costs within budget. In a sustainable design project, the design team
conducts a tradeoff exercise trading off the cost of optional features against the cost of
features that will result in energy, environmental, or social improvements. Focusing on integrated
solutions and explicitly evaluating tradeoffs can result in a sustainable facility built for the same (or an
even lower) cost than a more traditional building. In most of the government case studies of sustainable
buildings included in this document, the first costs were not higher than the original budgeted amount.
The following are some design and construction strategies that a team can use to reduce first costs.
Use construction waste management approaches.
In some locations, waste disposal costs are very high because of declining
availability of landfill capacity. For instance, in New York City, waste disposal costs
about $75.00 per ton.11 In such situations, using a firm to recycle construction
waste can decrease construction costs because waste is recycled at no cost to the
general contractor, thereby saving disposal costs.