heuristic.

One of the main goals of this paper is to investigate the applicability of the ACS-based algorithm in the power system optimization
problems. Test results show that the proposed ACS-based algorithm
can offer a near-optimum solution for switch relocation. The comparisons of the proposed method with a genetic-algorithm-based method
are also shown in the test results to demonstrate the values of the proposed method.
Keywords: Ant colony system, genetic algorithm, customer interruption cost, reliability improvement, switch relocation, distribution
automation.
Preprint Order Number: PE-235PRS (09-2002)
Discussion Deadline: February 2003

Unified Observability Analysis and Measurement

Placement in Generalized State Estimation
Katsikas, PJ.; Korres, G.N.
Author Affiliation: National Technical University of Athens,
Greece.
Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of observability analysis
and measurement placement in generalized state estimation, where substations are modeled at the physical-level (bus-section/switching-device
model) by explicit representation of circuit breakers. The conventional
state estimator is extended by incorporating the active and reactive power
flows through circuit breakers as state variables. The generalized measurement model is transformed to a conventional node frame of reference formulation. Any circuit breaker (flow measured or not) is substituted by two
ficticious nodes and branches, the two pairs of the corresponding voltage
angles and magnitudes, and additional pseudo measurements. A very efficient numerical method is proposed for observability testing and identification of observable islands. When the network is unobservable multiple
measurement placement is accomplished in a noniterative manner. Results
from a test system are presented.
Keywords: Generalized state estimation, circuit breaker,
observability, observable islands, measurement placement.
Preprint Order Number: PE-253PRS (09-2002)
Discussion Deadline: February 2003

Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm

for Optimal Phasor Maesurement Placement
Milosevic, B.D.; Begovic, M.
Author Affiliation: Georgia Institute of Technology.
Abstract: This paper considers a phasor measurement unit (PMU)
placement problem requiring simultaneous optimization of two conflicting objectives, such as minimization of the number of PMUs and
maximization of the measurement redundancy. The objectives are in
conflict, for the improvement of one of them leads to deterioration of
another. Consequently, instead of a unique optimal solution, there exists a set of the best trade-offs between competing objectives, the
so-called Pareto-optimal solutions. A specially tailored nondominated
sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) for the PMU placement problem is
proposed as a methodology to find these Pareto-optimal solutions. The
algorithm is combined with the graph-theoretical procedure and a simple GA to reduce the initial number of the PMU candidate locations.
The NSGA parameters are carefully set by performing a number of trial
runs and evaluating the NSGA performances based on the number of
distinct Pareto-optimal solutions found in the particular run and the distance of the obtained Pareto front from the optimal one. Illustrative results on the 39-bus and 118-bus IEEE systems are presented.
Keywords: Genetic algorithm (GA), nondominated sorting,
multiobjective optimization, phasor measurement unit (PMU),
Pareto-optimal solutions, and topological observability.
Preprint Order Number: PE- 102PRS (09-2002)
Discussion Deadline: February 2003
IEEE Power Engineering Review, December 2002

Windmill Modeling Consideration and Factors

Influencing the Stability of a Grid-Connected
Wind Power Based Embedded Generator
Salman, S.K.; Teo, A.L.J.

Author Affiliation: Robert Gordon University.

Abstract: Generation of electricity using wind power has received
considerable attention worldwide in recent years. In order to investigate
the impacts of the integration of wind farm into utilities' network various windmill models have been developed. One such impact is related
to the critical clearing time (CCT) of the wind power based embedded
generators (WPBEG). The work in this paper has shown that oversimplification of the modeling of windmill mechanical drive train could introduce significant error in the value of the CCT that defines the
stability limit of an integrated wind farm. This paper also reports investigation into the factors that influence the dynamic behavior of the
WPBEGs following network fault conditions. It is shown that wind
farm CCT can be affected by various factors contributed by the host
network. Results obtained from several case studies are presented and
discussed. This investigation is conducted on a simulated grid-connected wind farm using EMTP.
Keywords: Fault currents, wind energy, wind power generation,,
stability, stability criteria, power distribution faults, modeling.
Preprint Order Number: PE-043PRS (09-2002)
Discussion Deadline: February 2003

Energy and Reserve Market Designs with Explicit

Consideration to Lost Opportunity Costs
Gan, D.; Litvinov, E.
Author Affiliation: Zhejiang University; ISO New England, Inc.
Abstract: The primary goal of this work is to investigate the basic
energy and reserve dispatch optimization (co-optimization) in the setting of a pool-based market. Of particular interest is the modeling of
lost-opportunity cost introduced by reserve allocation. We derive the
marginal costs of energy and reserves under a variety of market designs. We also analyze existence, algorithm, and multiplicity of optimal
solutions. The results of this study are utilized to support the reserve
market design and implementation in ISO New England control area.
Keywords: Power system economics, power generation dispatch,
optimization methods.
Preprint Order Number: PE-046PRS (09-2002)
Discussion Deadline: February 2003

Power System Dynamic Performance

Computing Small-Signal Stability Boundaries
for Large-Scale Power Systems
Gomes, S.; Martins, N.; Portela, C.

Author Affiliation: CEPEL; COPPE/JFRJ.

Abstract: This paper describes two algorithms for determining the
value of a given system parameter that causes the crossing of a complex-conjugate eigenvalue pair through the small-signal stability
boundary (Hopf bifurcation). A large-scale test system was utilized to
validate the two proposed Hopf bifurcation algorithms. The results presented demonstrate the computational efficiency and numerical robustness of the algorithms.
Keywords: Small-signal stabillty, Hopf bifurcations, eigenvalue,
Newton-Raphson method, large-scale systems.
Preprint Order Number: PE-0 lPRS (09-2002)
Discussion Deadline: February 2003
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