Professional Documents
Culture Documents
on
Complex Analysis
A. Swaminathan
I.I.T. Roorkee, India
and
V.K. Katiyar
I.I.T. Roorkee, India
Complex Analysis
1 / 24
Complex Analysis
Module: 1: Introduction
Lecture: 2: Algebra of Complex Numbers
Complex Analysis
2 / 24
Complex Analysis
3 / 24
Complex Analysis
3 / 24
z1 + z2
z2
z2
z1
-x
Complex Analysis
4 / 24
Complex Analysis
5 / 24
Complex Analysis
5 / 24
Complex Analysis
5 / 24
C,
Complex Analysis
6 / 24
C,
z1 + (z2 + z3 ) = (z1 + z2 ) + z3 ,
Complex Analysis
6 / 24
C,
z1 + (z2 + z3 ) = (z1 + z2 ) + z3 ,
z1 (z2 z3 ) = (z1 z2 )z3 .
0 is the identity element under addition z1 + 0 = z1 and 1 is
the identity element under multiplication z1 1 = z1 .
For every z1 C, there exists z2 C such that z1 + z2 = 0.
Distributive law: z1 (z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 .
Complex Analysis
6 / 24
Complex Analysis
7 / 24
Complex Analysis
8 / 24
Notation
In general, for a complex number z = x + iy its conjugate is given by
x iy and it is denoted as z.
Complex Analysis
8 / 24
Complex conjugate
Geometrical meaning
y
z 6 z
TT
T
O
Re z T
T
T
z
Tz
-x
Complex Analysis
9 / 24
Complex conjugate
Properties
z = z.
z1 z2 = z1 z2 .
z = z if and only if z is real (i.e. Im z = 0).
Re z = Re z.
z1 z2 = z1 z2 .
z1
z1
=
, if z2 6= 0.
z2
z2
z + z = 2Re z.
z z = 2iIm z.
Complex Analysis
10 / 24
Geometric visualization
Complex Analysis
11 / 24
Geometric visualization
Complex Analysis
12 / 24
Geometric visualization
Complex Analysis
13 / 24
Geometric visualization
z
|z|
Complex Analysis
14 / 24
Geometric visualization
Complex Analysis
15 / 24
Geometric visualization
Complex Analysis
16 / 24
Geometric visualization
Complex Analysis
and
17 / 24
Geometric visualization
Argument of a complex number
Note that tan = y /x implies = tan1 (y /x) is invalid in the
second and third quadrant.
The main reason is when we find the value of tan1 (or
arctangent) of some number, it gives a value, which is either first
or fourth quadrant.
To adjust this when we find tan1 (y /x), we add or subtract
radians to get an appropriate value between 0 and 2.
Moreover, since sin and cos functions are periodic functions with
period 2, the value of tan1 (y /x) will be the same for every
+ 2k , k Z.
This is defined as argument of z and denoted by arg z.
Complex Analysis
18 / 24
Geometric visualization
(0, 2)
(, )
Complex Analysis
19 / 24
Geometric visualization
Complex Analysis
20 / 24
Geometric visualization
Complex Analysis
21 / 24
Geometric visualization
Remark
While solving particular examples including argument of z, the
principal argument must be defined.
Complex Analysis
21 / 24
Geometric visualization
Argument of a complex number
Hence
arg z = Argz + 2k ,
k Z,
where
undefined
if
x=
6 0,
x = 0, y =
6 0,
x = 0, y = 0,
a > 0,
+1, if
0
if
a = 0,
sgn(a) =
1 if
a < 0.
Complex Analysis
22 / 24
Geometric visualization
Complex Analysis
z = x + iy .
23 / 24
Geometric visualization
Complex Analysis
24 / 24
Geometric visualization
Example
(i). For z =
Complex Analysis
24 / 24