Professional Documents
Culture Documents
National Parks
103
National park is a representative area of natural ecosystem and natural and cultural landscape,
designated and managed based on Natural Park Act. National park of Korea covers a core
area of rich biodiversity. According to the Nature Park Act, National parks must meet the
following five requirements.
- Ecosystem: Preservation of the natural ecosystem must be satisfactory or the area must be
inhabited by endangered species, Natural Treasures, or protected plant or animal species.
- Natural scenery: The natural scenery must be preserved beautifully with little damage and
pollution
- Cultural scenery: There must be cultural or historic artifacts that have preservation value in
harmony with the natural scenery.
- Land preservation: There must be no threats to the scenery from industrial development.
- Location and convenience of use: The location of the national park must be in balance with
overall national territory preservation and management.
105
KNPS is making every effort to improve park management; five nation five national
parks(Seraksan, Jirisan(Mt.), Odaesan(Mt.), Sobaeksan(Mt.) and Woraksan(Mt.) national park)
have been reassigned to IUCN Category (National Park) from Category (Protected
Landscape/ Seascape). KNPS is making every effort to improve park management so that it
has cooperative relationships with many foreign park agencies and is also implementing MEE
project with IUCN for effective management of national park.
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107
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species compared to that in 1993. Monitoring project on the overall ecosystem change has
been implementing since 2001. Also longterm monitoring on special protected areas and
damaged areas is being implemented.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park
Service estimated Jirisan(Mt.) National Park's annual asset value in 2006.
Park
Jirisan
(Mt.)
Economic Value
Preservation Value
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(E)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(F)
Total
Value
Per annum
(million
USD)
(B+E)
17
49.2
1,033.4
14
201
4,220.1
250.2
Use Value
Total
Asset
Value
(million
USD)
(C+F)
5,253.5
Conservation Management : Conservation activities in Jirisan(Mt.) national park are carried out
in accordance with relevant laws, National Plan for Natural Park, Management Plan for
Jirisan(Mt.) National Park. The park is divided by 5 different zone and its nature preservation
zone(31.8%), the core area for the habitat of park's wildlife, is strictly managed by the park
managers. Indigenous people's livelihood is protected and their business activities are conducted
with the permission of the park authorities so long as it doesn't harm the natural environment
of the park. Most of wildfires are caused not by natural phenomenon but by human being. To
suppress the wildfires during the dry season which lasts about 3 months, the park managers
make every effort with local community. One of conservation plans is to designate some park
areas for nature selfrestoring period. During this period visitors are not allowed to enter in
these areas. Restoration project of Ursus thibetanus ussuricus has conducted since 2002.
Management Constraints: There are several factors that affect the management of the park.
Firstly, the concentrated park use of visitors mostly takes place from July through August.
Secondly, it is the fragmentation of wildlife habitat which was caused by the road across
Jirisan(Mt.) national park. Lastly, temples situated around the park entrance. The long historic
temples represent Jirisan(Mt.)s cultural heritage but religious activities mainly carried out by
temples in the park can cause problems in park management. Park managers carry out various
efforts to minimize the impact of these factors.
Staff: Permanent Job: 151, Irregular Job: 80
Budget: 14.6million USD, 2007
Local Addresses
Jirisan(Mt.) National Park Office:
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111
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tschonoskii, Carpinus laxiflora and Pinus densiflora. Main vegetation for each district is as
belows.
District
Main Vegetation
Tohamsan(Mt.)
district
Namsan(Mt.)
district
Daebon district
Seoak
District
Hwarang
District
community
and
Pinus
Sogeumgant
(river) district
Danseoksan(Mt.)
district
Gumisan(Mt.)
district
Flora: 119 families, 390 genera and 729 species have been recorded from research. As for
woody plants, there are Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, Quercus aliena, Quercus variabilis,
Quercus mongolica, Quercus dentata, Quercus acutissima, Pinus thunbergii, Fraxinus
rhynchophylla, Carpinus laxiflora, Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Robinia pseudoacacia. At the
forest floor, there are Callicarpa japonica, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Rhododendron
schlippenbachii, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Aster scaber, Isodon japonicus, Ainsliaea acerifolia,
Syneilesis palmata including Paeonia obovata and Iris koreana.
Fauna: 20 species of mammal, 94 species of bird, 29 species of reptile and amphibian, 273
species of insect and 18 species of fish have been recorded. As for dominant mammal species,
there are Hydropotes inermis, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Sciurus vulgaris, Tamias sibiricus, and
Prionailurus bengalensis. For dominant bird species, there are Larus crassirostris, Passer
montanus, Paradoxornis webbiana, Veratrum parulum and Hypsipetes amaurotis, Bubo bubo,
Strix aluco, Accipiter soloensis, Falco tinnunculus, Otus scops and Aix galericulata. For
dominant species of reptile and amphibian, there are Bombina orientalis, Rana nigromaculata,
Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus and Agkistrodon brevicaudus, Rana plandyi chosenica, Chinemys
reevesii and Kaloula borealis. Also, 95 species of invertebrates have been recorded.
113
Cultural Heritage: Gyeongju Historic Areas within the park including Bulguksa(Historic and
Scenic Sites1), Seokguramseokgul(Seolkguram stone grotto and Buddha statue, National
Treasure No. 24) and Gyeongju Namsan(Mt.) are designated as World Heritage by UNESCO.
Gyeongju national park is famous for its rich cultural and historical assets that are widely
distributed through the park. As for designated cultural assets, there are 11 national treasures,
23 treasures and 13 historical relics. Also many undesignated cultural assets are widely
distributed in the park. Important cultural properties from the United Silla period include
threestory stone pagodas, Dabotop and Seokgatop, Cheongungyo and Baegungyo Bridges,
which are actually staircases, to Jahamun Gate, and Yeonhwagyo and Chilbogyu leading to
Geungnakjeon Hall, representative stone work of Silla. The Seokguram Grotto is the
masterpiece built during the golden age of the Buddhist art in Shilla. What makes it stand
out is a perfect combination of architecture, mathematics, geometry, religion and art. It was
registered at the UNESCO as a world heritage in 1995. Mainly stone constructions consist of
designated cultural assets with wooden construction, sculptures and war relics.
Local Human Population: There are 2 village zones within the park: nature village zone of
686,242 with 416 residents and overpopulated village zone of 236,390 with 680 residents.
Most of them engage in traditional farming and also running business including restaurants,
lodging facilities and souvenir shops.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: About 8.5 million people visit the park annually with 6% of
foreign visitors. The number of visitors increases annually for recreation, hiking, sightseeing of
cultural assets, climbing and excursions. Park visitors are provided with a number of park
facilities including 2 access roads, 7 trails, 2 parking lots and 1 observatory.
Scientific Research and Facilities: Research on the park has been conducted several times
since 1994 for afforestation, study on ecosystem and research on natural and cultural
resources. In 2005, research on areas including human and cultural resources, geographical
features, soil, vegetation, mammalian, aves, amphibian, reptilian, fishes and insects was
conducted and 985 species of flora and fauna have been recorded. Research on natural
resources in the park is now being conducted by Gyeongju National Park Office.
Conservation Management: Conservation activities in Gyeongjusan national park are carried out
in accordance with relevant laws: Plan for Natural Park, Management Plan for Gyeongju
National Park and LongTerm Development Plan of Gyeongju. The park has 3 zones: nature
conservation zone, nature environment zone and nature village zone. The nature conservation
zone of 30.86 is habitat for parks wildlife with rich biodiversity. Nature environment zone
of 99.183 allows park facilities at a minimum level for the safety of visitors. Gyeongju
national park is the only one historic park with scenic and ecological value as well as cultural
and historic value.
114
Management Constraints: There are several factors that affect the management of the park.
Firstly, it is widely distributed park: 8 park districts over Gyeongju city. Secondly, it is
concentrated park use of visitors resulting in damage on natural resources and illegal activities.
Thirdly, rampant business activities such as restaurants, lodging facilities and souvenir shops at
the entrance and along the trails of the park, and car access to the temples and residents
villages within the park make park management even harder. In order to deal with those
problems, systematic visitor management plan and cultural and natural resources management
plan are needed.
Staff: Permanent Job: 23, Irregular Job: 28
Budget: 3.3million USD(based in 2008)
Local Addresses: Gyeongju National Park Office: 9586, Younggangdong, Gyeongjusi
References:
Ministry of Environment. 2003. National Plan for Nature Park
Gyeongju. 2005. The Management Plan for Gyeongju National Park
Gyeongju. 2006. 2006~2020. The LongTerm Development Plan of Gyeongju
Gyeongju. 2008. Annual Report of Gyeongju Statistics.
National Science Museum. 1997. Research on Ecosystem in Gyeongju National Park.
Ministry of Environment. 2001. Survey on Natural Resources of Korea: Natural Environment
of Gyeongju and Ulsan Region.
Ministry of Environment. 2002. Survey on Natural Resources of Korea: Natural Environment
of Gyeongju and Pohang Region.
Dongku University, Lee, JungIl. Cheong, Chulun. 2003. Mammals in Gyeongju National Park
(Toham Area)
Date: 2008
115
latitude of mid part of Pinus densiflora along with ridges. Main vegetation communities are
Quercus mongolica community, Quercus serrata community, Carpinus laxiflora community,
Quercus variabilis community, Quercus acutissima community and Pinus densiflora community.
Flora: The park contains 1,121 species of flora. In terms of designated species by CITES,
there are Securinega suffruticosa, Amitostigma gracilis, Cephalanthera longibracteata, Liparis
krameri, Cephalanthera falcate, Goodyera schlechtendaliana, Cymbidium goeringii, Sapium
japonicum and Euphorbia supine. As for endemic plants of Korea, there are Sasa coreana,
carex okamotoi, Polygonatum lasianthum var. coreanum, Salix hallaisanensis, Salix hulteni,
Clematis trichotoma, Deutzia coreana, Lespedeza thunbergii var. intermedia, Vaccinium
koreanum, Forsythia koreana and Weigela subsessilis. As for endemic flora community, there
are Sasa borealis community, Disporum smilacinum community, Adonis amurensis community,
Ajuga spectabilis community, Cephalanthera falcate community, Carpinus laxiflora community,
Hovenia dulicis community, Sapium japonicum community and Potentilla freyniana community.
Fauna: According to Natural Resources Survey of Gyerongsan national park(2007), there are
28 mammal species, 104 bird species, 13 amphibian species with dominant species of Rana
dybowskii and Rana rugosa, 11 reptile species with dominant species of Takydromus amurensis,
Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus and Agkistrodon ussuriensis, 27 fish species with dominant species
of Moroco oxycephalus, 138 invertebrate and 1,867 insects. As for endangered species of
mammal, there are Lutra lutra(natural monument), Prionailurus bengalensis and Martes
flavigula. Also there are Accipiter gentiles, Dyrocpus martius and Strix aluco as for
endangered species of birds.
Cultural Heritage: Gyerongsan(Mt.) was a place for religious service for the god of a
mountain along with Myohangsan(Mt.) and Jirisan(Mt.). It has been an important area for
spiritual and traditional reasons in Korea. Representative cultural heritages in Gyeryongsan(Mt.)
are Gapsa(temple), Shinwonsa(temple) and Donghaksa(temple) which are more than 1,000 years
old. Buddhism remains are widely distributed in Gyeryongsan(Mt.); 31 cultural assets including
2 national treasures, 7 treasures, 1 historical relic are protected by Cultural Property Protection
Law.
Local Human Population: Approximately 1,694 people are residing in the park. There are 5
zones in the park: nature preservation zone, nature environment zone, natural village zone,
overpopulated village zone and facilityconcentrated zone. There are around 208 residents in
facilityconcentrated zone of whom engage mostly in business such as lodging facilities and
restaurants. Around 1,320 residents engage in traditional farming in overpopulated village zone
and natural village zone. There are 138 residents in nature environment zone and 28 in nature
preservation zone. Among those, 450 buddhist monks reside in temples within the park.
117
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: About 1,960,000 people visit the park annually for recreation,
hiking, climbing and religious activities. Park visitors are provided with a number of park
facilities including 3 access roads, 1 visitor center, 14 trails(43km), 4 parking lots, 1 campsite
and 464 information boards.
Scientific Research and Facilities: In 1993 and 2003, the park office conducted natural
resources survey for the entire park area. The survey in 2003 included human environment,
cultural assets, geological and geographical features, vegetation, mammalian, aves, amphibian,
reptilian, fish, insect, invertebrate and mycomycete with 39 experts for one year. Also long
term monitoring has been implemented on soil, mycomycetes, output of fallen leaves and
vegetation, land insect(daytime), land insect(night), invertebrate, fish, amphibian, reptilian and
mammalian with relevant experts and those data are used for the management of natural
resources of the park.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contingent valuation method, Korea National Park
Service estimated that Gyeryongsan(Mt.) National Park's minimum annual asset value was
15billion USD in 2007.
Economic Value
Use Value
Park
Gyeryongsan
(Mt.)
Preservation Value
Single
Use
Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(E)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(F)
13
17
357
140.9
2,958.3
Total
Value
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B+E)
Total
Asset
Value
(million
USD)
(C+F)
157.9
3,315.3
managing the park. Firstly, it is the visitor's concentrated use of the park. During spring
blossom, summer vacation and autumnal tints, many people come to the park to visit its main
valleys and mountains. Secondly, roads that run across Gyeryongsan(Mt.) national park hinder
animals movements, cause pollution problem and has been in inflow route of foreign animals
and plants. Thirdly, religious activities based on shamanism in the park make significant harm
on the park with the leftovers of the activities. Lastly, religious activities from temples also
make it difficult for park managers to manage the park. The park office is continuing its
efforts to minimize negative impacts of park use to the natural environment of the park by
focusing management capacity to these areas.
Staff: Permanent Job: 35, Irregular Job: 24
Budget: 1.8million USD, 2007
Local Addresses:
Gyeryongsan(Mt.) National Park Office: 777 Hakbongri, Banpomyeon, Kongjusi,
Chungcheonnamdo (Province)
Gapsa Branch Office: 3341, Jungjangri, Gyeryongmyeon, Kongjusi, Chungcheonnamdo
(Province)
Sutonggol Branch Office: 2198, Deokmyongdong, Yuseonggu, Daejeon
References:
Ministry of Environment. 2003. Basic Plan for Natural Park
Korea National Park Service. 2004. Research on park management plans customized for each
national park II
Korea National Park Service. 2004. Natural resources survey of Gyeryongsan(Mt.) national
park
Gyeryongsan(Mt.) National Park Office. 2006. The Management Plan for Gyeryongsan(Mt.)
National Park II(2006~2010)
Korea National Park Service. 2007. National Park Statistical Data
Date: Jan. 2008.
119
14.2 in Tongyoung,
lowest temperature of
1,797.1mm and more
is 67.6%~68.7% and
Vegetation: Main vegetation communities are Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergiiPinus
densiflora community, Camellia japonica community and Pinus thunbergiiCamellia japonica
community. Mixed forest of needleleaf tree and broadleaved tree is distributed in Bijindo(Is.) and
120
Geojedo(Is.). Typical evergreen broadleaved forest covers most part of the area in warm area.
Camellia japonica community is widely distributed in Odongdo(Is.). In the seashore area, Pinus
thunbergii community is widely distributed but evergreen broadleaved forest is gradually
increasing in this area.
Flora: The park contains 1,163 species of flora. As rare plants, there are Majanthemum
dilatatum, Arisaema negishii, Tricyrtis dilatata, Calanthe discolor, Neofinetia falcate, Corylopsis
coreana, Ligularia taquetii, Ajuga spectabilis, Milletia japonica and Cymbidium nipponicum.
Fauna: 26 species of mammal, 122 species of bird, 9 species of amphibian, 19 species of
reptile, 1,610 species of insect and 24 species of fresh fish are recorded in the park. As
endangered species of mammal, there is Lutra lutra. As for endangered species of bird, there
are Falco peregrinus, Haliaeetus pelagicus, Circus aeruginosus, Terpsiphone atrocaudata,
Milvus migrans and Pitta brachyuran. Threre is Kaloula borealis, Elaphe schrenckii and
Callipogon relictus and Gymnopleurus mopsus, respectively for endangered species of
amphibians, reptiles and insects.
Cultural Heritage: 42 cultural properties are protected under Cultural Property Protection Law.
There are 29 national cultural properties(5 historical sites, 2 scenic spots, 21 natural monuments and 1
important folklore material) and 9 local cultural properties(1 local tangible cultural property and 8 local
monuments)
Local Human Population: There are 14,353 residents in 103 towns. Most of them engage in
traditional farming, fishing and businesses including restaurants, lodging facilities, and souvenir
shops
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: About 1,910,000 people visit the park annually for recreation,
climbing and religious activities. Park visitors are provided with a number of park facilities
including 10 trails, 9 parking lots, 4 access roads and 295 information boards.
Scientific Research and Facilities: In 1994 and 2005, the park office conducted natural
resources survey for the entire park area and southern park of Geojedo(Is.). 89 experts
participated in the survey on 28 areas including vegetation, climate, geological and
geographical features, mammalian, aves, invertebrate and ocean fish. Also monitoring on
natural ecosystem has been conducting annually.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park
Service estimated that Hallyeohaesang (Marine) National Park's annual asset value was
22billion USD in 2006.
121
Economic Value
Use Value
Park
Hallyeohaesang
(Marine)
Per
Single
Use Per annum
Visitor (million
(USD)
USD)
(A)
(B)
15
43.9
Total
Value
Per
Total
annum
Asset
(million
(million
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
Preservation Value
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(E)
920.0
12
183.6
(F)
3,855
227.4
Total
Asset
Value
(million
USD)
(C+F)
4,775.9
122
Korea National Park Service. 2004. Research on park management plans customized for each
national park
Hallyeohaesang National Park Office. 2003. The Management Plan for Hallyeohaesang Natural
Park
Korea National Park Service. 2003. White Paper of National Park.
Korea National Park Service. 2005. Natural Resources Survey of Hallyeohaesang National Park
Hallyeohaesang National Park Office, Hallyeohaesang National Park Eastern Office. 2006.
Monitoring on Natural Resources of Hallyeohaesang National Park
Hallyeohaesang National Park Office, Hallyeohaesang National Park Eastern Office. 2006.
Monitoring on Natural Resources of Hallyeohaesang National Park
Date: revised in Jan. 2008
123
are extreme microclimatic differences in limited areas due to its proximity to the east sea. The
mean temperatures of Sokcho and Inje, two of the regions adjacent to the park, are 12.1,
and 9.9, respectively. Sokcho has an oceanic climate and Inje has a continental climate
characterized by heatwave in summer and severe cold in winter. Average annual precipitation
of Sokcho and Inje are 1,324mm and 1,114mm respectively. More than 46% and 58.8% of the
precipitations in the two regions occur in the summer. Average annual wind speed of Sokcho
m
m
and Inje are 3.1 /s, and 1.9 /s, respectively.
Vegetation: There are a total of 22 vegetation communities including Quercus mongolica
community, Quercus mongolicaPinus densiflora community, Quercus mongolicaPinus koraiensis
community, Quercus mongolicaTilia amurensis community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus
densifloraQuercus mongolica community, Pinus densifloraQuercus serrata community, Pinus
densifloraCastanea crenata var. dulcis community, Pinus densifloraQuercus dentata community,
Pinus koraiensis community, Pinus koraiensisQuercus mongolica community, Larix leptolepis
community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus serrataQuercus variabilis community, Quercus
variabilis community, Quercus variabilisPinus densiflora community, Tilia amurensisQuercus
mongolica community, Tilia amurensisAcer pseudosieboldianum community, Carpinus laxiflora
Quercus mongolica community, Betula ermaniiAbies nephrolepis community, Pinus pumila
Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz. var. ciliatum Nakai community, and Abies nephrolepis
Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz. var. ciliatum Nakai community. There are virtually no
differences in vegetation patterns in the eastern and western region of the park. However,
vegetation patterns vary according to altitude, geograhical features, and human intervention.
Seoraksan(Mt.) is located at the heart of the Korean peninsula, and it has a significant academic
value. The park, designated as a national park, nature reserve area, and biosphere reserve, is a
great reservoir of Korea's plant resources. In addition, it is one of the most notable forest areas
in the middle temperate zone.
Flora: As a region where virgin forests of the middle temperate zone are located, the park contains
1,292 species of flora. In particular, in the alpine region of more than 1300m, due to climatic
factors such as wind, temperature and humidity, mixed forests of deciduous forest and evergreen
needleaf forest are developed. However, in some parts of the park pure forests are found.
Fauna: Some 44 mammal species, 109 bird species, 10 amphibians, 19 reptilians, 43 fishes,
and 1,683 insects have been recorded. Most commonly seen mammals include Talpa robusta,
Sus scrofa, Sciurus vulgaris and Nyctereutes procyonoides. Resident but rarely seen are Ursus
thibetanus, Lutra lutra, Pteromys volans, Felis bengalensis and Martes flavigula. Parus major,
Parus palustris, Halcyon coromanda, Sitta europaea and Parus varius varius(birds), Bombina
orientalis and Hyla japonica(amphibians), Takydromus amurensis and Natrix tigrina
lateralis(reptilians), Zacco temminckii, Moroco kumgangensis Uchida and Zacco platypus(fish)
are most commonly seen.
125
Seoraksan
(Mt.)
Preservation Value
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(E)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(F)
17
53.8
1,129.3
14
211.3
4,437.1
126
Total
Value Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B+E)
Total
Asset
Value
(million
USD)
(C+F)
265.1
5,566.3
Korea National Park Service. 1998. The 30year history of Korea's national parks
Ministry of Construction & Transportation. 1988. The plan for Seoraksan(Mt.) national park
HongJun Yang. 1999. Problems caused by introduction of foreign species and countermeasures
Korean National Commission for UNESCO. 1999. UNESCO biosphere reserves data
IUCN/SSC. 1999. Plant conservation strategy for the 21st century
Cultural Heritage Administration. 1999. Map on natural & cultural heritage
Gangwon Institute of Health & Environment. 1999. Research on Seoraksan(Mt.)'s tourist
attraction
Korea National Park Service. 1999. Research on the development of national parks' nature
learning program and environment interpretation technique
Korea National Park Service. 1999. Detailed survey of national parks' sabbatical year area
Korea National Park Service. 1999. Longterm & comprehensive plan for survey and research
projects of national parks
Korea National Park Service. 1999. Research on maintenance and building methods
development of park facilities with emphasis on conservation of ecosystem
Korea National Park Service. 1999. Detailed survey on vegetation of Seoraksan(Mt.)'s subalpine
zone and geological features
Korea National Park Service. 2000. Research on park management plans customized for each
national park
Korea National Park Service. 2001. Research on opinion gathering with regard to building
park facilities in national parks
Korea National Park Service. 2001. Natural resources survey of Seoraksan(Mt.) national park
Gangwondo provincial government. 2002. Measures to make natural parks management more
efficient and systematic
Korea National Park Service. 2002. Research on proper management plan for wild animals in
national parks
Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements. 2002. Report on efficient management plan
research of Baekdudaegan(2nd year)
Korea National Park Service. 2003. White Paper on National Parks
Korea National Park Service. 2003. The Management Plan For Seoraksan(Mt.) national park
Korea National Park Service. 2005. National Park Statistical Data
Date: 1982, revised in 2005 and 2008.
128
Flora: The park shows typical central inland climate and features with trees from warm latitude.
Main species of trees includes Pinus densiflora but Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis,
Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora are distributed highly in alpine regions and valleys. The
park contains 1,055 species of flora. Due to wet air, it shows stable status of flora.
Fauna: There are 20 species of mammal, 97 species of bird, 14 species of amphibian, 11
species of reptile, 34 species of fish and 1,335 species of insect.
Cultural Heritage: There are temples that are more than 1,000 years old such as
Beopjusa(temple) and cultural resources are widely distributed in the park. There are 3 national
treasures, 16 treasures, 25 local cultural assets and 13 natural monuments designated and
protected by the Cultural Properties Protection Act.
Local Human Population: In nature environment zone, 84 people are residing in 33 towns
within the park's buffer zone. Some of them engage in traditional farming and others own
businesses including restaurants, lodging facilities and souvenir shops.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: About 120,000 people visit the park annually for recreation,
hiking, mount climbing and religious activities. Park visitors are provided with a number of
park facilities including 6 access roads, 4 park offices, 13 trails(115km), 5 parking lots, 3
campsites, 4 park information centers and 447 information boards.
Scientific Research and Facilities: In 2002, the park office conducted natural resources survey
on human and cultural environment, visitor pattern, geological and geographical features,
natural landscape, climate, soil, vegetation, mammalian, aves, amphibian, reptilian, fishes,
invertebrate and insects. 2,897 species of flora and fauna have been recorded. Monitoring has
been implemented from 2003 to 2007.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park
Service estimated that Songnisan(Mt.) National Park's annual asset value was 13billion USD in
2006.
Economic Value
Use Value
Park
Songnisan
(Mt.)
Preservation Value
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(E)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(F)
10
12.3
258.4
120.9
2,538.9
130
Total
Value Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B+E)
Total
Asset
Value
(million
USD)
(C+F)
133.2
2,797.3
is
of
by
in
autumn and 5.6 in winter. Average annual precipitation is 4,000 in the area of more than
1,500m altitude and 3,0004,000 in the area of 6001,400m altitude. The average annual
precipitation in Baengnokdam(lake) is 4,575 and 4,749 in the area of 1,500m altitude.
Vegetation: Vegetation in an area of 600m is evergreen broadleaved forest, deciduous forest in
an area of 600m~1,400m and subalpine zone in an area of more than 1,400m. Natural
conservation area is mostly subalpine zone and southern boundary area with Abies koreana
community. Main vegetations are Carpinus laxiflora community, Pinus densiflora community,
Abies koreana community, Quercus serrata community, Rhododendron mucronulatum var.
ciliatumRhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense community and haugh. In Carpinus laxiflora
community, there are Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii
and Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus laxiflora, Ilex crenata, Daphniphyllum macropodum as
dominant species and Cornus kousa, Asarum maculatum, Styrax japonica, Smilax china,
Quercus serrata and Taxus cuspidata as appearance species. In Quercus serrata community,
there are Quercus serrata, Carpinus tschonoskii, Styrax japonica, Ilex crenata as dominant
species and Lindera erythrocarpa, Styrax japonica, Ilex crenata, Viburnum erosum, Smilax chin,
Carpinus laxiflora, Viburnum dilatatum, Smilacina japonica and Asarum maculatum as
appearance species. In Abies koreana community, there are Abies koreana, Taxus cuspidata,
Carex ciliatomarginata, Sorbus commixta as dominant species and Abies koreana, Taxus
cuspidata, Carex ciliatomarginata, Asarum maculatum, Sorbus commixta and Quercus
mongolica as appearance species.
In Pinus densiflora community, there are Pinus densiflora, as dominant species and Styrax
japonica, Ilex crenata, Quercus serrata, Smilax china, Pourthiaea villosa, Cornus kousa,
Elaeagnus umbellate and Hedera rhombea as appearance species. In Rhododendron
mucronulatum var. ciliatumRhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense community, there are
Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense and
Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum as dominant species, and Agrostis flaccida var. trinii,
Cirsium rhinoceros, Galium pusillum, Deschampsia caespitosa, Empetrum nigrum var.
japonicum and Thymus quinquecostatus as main species.
Flora: As for vascular plants, there are 1,990 taxa: 167 families 770 genera 1,818 species 121
variants and 50 breeds including 93 of endemic plants. As for endemic plants, there are 27
families 49 genera and 53 taxa including both endemic plants of Korea and Jeju. There are
Abies koreana, Carex erythrovasis, Salix hallaisanensis, Betula ermani var. saitoana, Clematis
chiisanensis, Hepatica insularis, Megaleranthis saniculifolia, Thalictrum uchiyamai, Saxifraga
fortunei var. pilosissima, Potentilla dickinsii var. breviseta, Weigela subsessilis, Scabiosa
mansenensis for. alpina, Adenophora triphylla var. hirsuta as Korean endemic plants. As Jeju
endemic plants, there are Chrysosplenium grayanum, Cimicifuga acerina, Prunus yedoensis,
Cirsium rhinoceros and Taraxacum hallaisanensis. As for rare plants, 43 families 92 genera
133
116 taxa are recorded in the park: 15 taxa of Pteridophyta, 2 taxa of gymnosperm, 99 taxa of
angiosperm which are relict of ice age as alpine flora in circumpolar. Diapensia, endangered
wild plant designated and protected by Ministry of Environment, has been found including
Crypsinus hastatus, Gastrodia elata, Paeonia obovata.
Fauna: There are 11 orders 20 families and 24 species. Among these, there are Jeju Mustela
sibirica coreana, JejuRhinolophus ferrumequinum, JejuCrocidura lasiura, JejuApodemus
agrarius, JejuMicromys minutus as endemic species of Jeju and Myotis formosus as endangered
species. There are 64 orders 167 families 364 species of bird in the park. 29% is resident
bird, 23.4% is summer migratory bird, 22% of winter migratory bird, 12.9% of migratory bird
and 9.8% of vagrant. As endangered species of bird, there are Aquila chrysaetos, Aegypius
monachus, Buteo buteo, Pernis apivorus, Terpsiphone atrocaudata, Falco subbuteo, Falco
tinnunculus and Pitta brachyura. There are 11 orders 18 families and 20 species of amphibian
and reptile. As dominant species of amphibian, there are Rana dybowski, Bombina orientalis
and Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus. There are Elaphe dione and Agkistrodon ussuriensis as for
dominant species of reptiles. Sibinophis colaris is endangered species. There are 20 orders 230
families and 2,588 species of insects. As natural monument, Eumenis autonoe inhabit in
subalpine zones with more than 1,500m of altitude. Also there are endangered species
designated by Ministry of Environment such as Eumenis autonoe, Prosopocoilus astacoides
blanchardi, Buprestidae, Copris tripartitus, Gymnopleurus mopsus and Fabriciana nerippe.
Cultural Heritage: There are 3 national cultural properties including Hallasan(Mt.) nature
reserve(Natural Monuments No. 182) and 3 local cultural properties. Hallasan(Mt.) nature
reserve covers 90.93 of top of Hallasan(Mt.) and also part of Jeju Volcanic Island and
Lave Tubes, world heritage of Jeju.
Table 5> Cultural Properties in Hallasan(Mt.) National Park
Category
Cultural Property
134
135
References:
Jeju Special SelfGoverning Province Hallasan(Mt.) Institute. 2007. Data of Hallasan(Mt.)
Jeju Special SelfGoverning Province Hallasan(Mt.) Institute. 2002. Research Report
Jeju Special SelfGoverning Province Hallasan(Mt.) Institute. 2003. Research Report
Jeju Special SelfGoverning Province Hallasan(Mt.) Institute. 2004. Research Report
Jeju Special SelfGoverning Province Hallasan(Mt.) Institute. 2005. Research Report
Jeju Special SelfGoverning Province Hallasan(Mt.) Institute. 2006. Research Report
Jeju Special SelfGoverning Province Hallasan(Mt.) Institute. 2007. Research Report
Jeju Special SelfGoverning Province Hallasan(Mt.) Institute. 2008. Research Report
Hallasan(Mt.) National Park Office. 2004. The Management Plan for Hallasan(Mt.) National
Park.
Jejudo. 2006. Series of Hallasan(Mt.)
Korea National Park Service. 2008. Statistics of National Park.
Jeju Special SelfGoverning Province Hallasan(Mt.) Institute. 2005. Status of Wildlife in
Hallasan(Mt.) and Management Plan
Korea National Park Service. 2002. Natural Resources Survey of Hallasan(Mt.) National Park.
Jejudo. 2005. Management Plan of World Natural Heritage of Jejudo.
Jejudo. 2003. Biosphere Reserves of Jejudo
Jeju Special SelfGoverning Province Hallasan(Mt.) Institute. 2006. Report on Nature Reserve
of Hallasan(Mt.).
Ministry of Construction. 1987. Management Plan of Hallasan(Mt.) National Park.
Date: 2008.
136
Date and History of Establishment: Naejangsan(Mt.) national park was designated as the 8
national park on Nov 17, 1971. Since its designation, the land size of park has increased to
8171.5ha(81.715) in 2003.
Area: 8,172ha
Land Tenure: Large part of the park is temple with 32.5(39.8%), state and public land is
29.3(35.8%) and private land is 19.9(24.4%). Most of forest land is state and public land
and most of farmland is owned by private.
Altitude: 50m ~ 763m
Physical Features: Naejangsan(Mt.) national park consists of steep mountainous district with
Noryeong mountain range running across the middle of the park. As a vein of Noryeong
mountain range, the park passes Naejangsan(Mt.), Baegamsan(Mt.) and Honamjeongmaek
(mountain range). Granite and gneiss are distributed in the part of southeast, southwest and
northwest of the park, showing low geographical features. Most of the areas consist of
volcanic rocks showing steep mountains.
Climate: The park has inland climate area with mean temperature of 14.8. The highest
temperature is 29.3 and lowest temperature is 5.9. Average annual precipitation is 1,153,
showing concentrated precipitation of 40% in July. Average humidity is 66%, lower compared to
the average one of Korea. Annual sunshine hour is 1,512hr.
Vegetation: Naejangsan(Mt.) is an area where mixed plants of North and South coexist. Main
vegetation communities in the park include Torreya nucifera community, Pinus densiflora
community, Quercus variabilis community, Carpinus laxiflora community and Acer palmatum
community. Plants of North and South are Coniogramme japonica, Cyrtomium fortunei,
137
138
Economic Value
Use Value
Park
Naejangsan(Mt.)
Single
Per
Use Per annum
Visitor (million
(USD)
USD)
(A)
(B)
13
16.5
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
annum
Value
Single
Per
Total
(million (million
Household annum
Asset
Per Year (million (million
USD)
USD)
(USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
Preservation Value
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
345.9
(D)
11
(E)
165
(F)
3,465.2
181.5
3,811
Korea National
Park
Korea National
National Park
Korea National
National Park
Korea National
National Park
Korea National
Korea National
Date: 2008
140
Gayasan(Mt.)
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
annum
Value
Per
Total
(million (million
annum
Asset
(million (million
USD)
USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
Preservation Value
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
14
8.4
177
15
(E)
218.1
(F)
4,579.4
226.5
4,756.5
Conservation Management: Conservation activities in Gayasan(Mt.) national park are carried out
in accordance with relevant laws, National plan for Natural Park, Management Plan for
Gayasan(Mt.) National Park. The park is divided to 4 zones. The park has rich biodiversity
and its nature preservation zone(35.3%), the habitat for park's wildlife, is strictly managed by
the park managers. Cultural assets such as Palmandaejanggyueong(Buddhist scriptures) and
Haeinsajanggyeongpanjeon(Storage halls for the Tripitaka Koreana woodblocks at Haeinsa
Temple) are protected by Cultural Property Protection Law. Indigenous people's livelihood is
protected and their construction and business activities are conducted with the permission of
the park authorities so long as it doesn't harm the natural environment of the park. The park
management carries out forest fire prevention activities in collaboration with communities
during dry season(5months). The park management carries out natural resources survey and
various monitoring projects including nature self-restoring program, observation of ecosystem
change, survey of Wild animal roadkill, damaged area under restoration, and migration path
for wild animals. Other activities include operations of wildlife protection team, environment
interpreter and visitor safety management team
143
Management Constraints: There are several factors that affect the management of the park.
Firstly, it is concentrated park use of visitors during Summer holiday season (JulyAugust) and
autumn season(OctoberNovember). Secondly, it is road that runs across Gayasan(Mt.): roads
were constructed for practical reasons but it caused the creation of isolated ecosystems thus
hindering animals' movements and has been an inflow route for foreign animals and plants.
Thirdly, farming lands, recreation areas and facilities near the park are deemed to cause
significant effects on water environment. Those facilities are located in and around the park,
however, it is considered that they make effects on the habitat of wildlife in Gayasan(Mt.)
Lastly, religious activities mainly carried out by temples in the park can cause problems in
park management. Park managers carry out various efforts to minimize damages incurred from
those activities.
Staff: Permanent Job: 27, Irregular Jobs: 13
Budget: 1.3 million USD(2007)
Local Addresses
Gayasan(Mt.) National Park Office
1231, Guwonlee, Gayamyon, Hapchungun, Gyongsangnamdo
References:
Korea National Park Service. 1997, Suvery on Natural Resources of Gayasan(Mt.)
Park
Gayasan(Mt.) National Park Office. 2003. Management Plan for Gayasan(Mt.) National
Ministry of Environment. 2003. National Plan for Nature Park
Korea National Park Service. 2004. Research on park management plans customized
national park II
Korea National Park Service. 2007. Suvery on Natural Resources of Gayasan(Mt.)
Park
Date: 2008
144
National
Park.
for each
National
Deogyusan(Mt.)
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
annum
Value
Single
Per
Total
(million
(million
Household annum
Asset
USD)
USD)
Per Year (million (million
(USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
Preservation Value
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
14
12.7
266.5
(D)
146
(E)
132.7
(F)
2,786.7
145.4
3,053.2
147
148
Climate: Odaesan(Mt.) is divided by Woljeongsa zone and Sogeumgang zone. Woljeongsa zone
affected by continental climate has an average annual temperature of 10.1 and Sogeumgang
zone affected by oceanic climate has an average annual temperature of 12.9. Woljeongsa
zone shows average mean temperature of 14.1(low) in winter with average annual snow day
of 46 while Sogeumgang zone shows average mean temperature of 5.0(low) with average
annual snow day of 12. Highest temperature in summer for Woljeongsa zone is 25.2
showing cooler temperature than Sogeumgang zone with 30.6. Average annual precipitation
of Woljeongsa and Sogeumgang is 1720 and 1404 respectively. Average annual wind
speed of Woljeongsa is 4.6m/sec and 2.6m/sec for Sogeumgang. As shown, the two districts
show dramatic difference in weather pattern.
Vegetation: Among plant communities, Quercus mongolica accounts for the largest area of
Woljeongsa zone: upper mountains and ridges in high altitude. Abies holophylla is distributed
near Woljeongsa and Sangwonsa: it is distributed solely or mixed with Quercus mongolica and
other broadleaved trees near Sangwonsa areas, Birobong and western area of Horyeongbong.
In the middle and lower mountain in Woljeongsa zone, where the altitude is relatively low, a
number of species of trees are distributed with Quercus mongolica: Tilia amurensis, Betula
costata, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Acer
mono, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and so on. Sogeumgang zone shows variation of altitude from
low altitude area (100m) to Noinbong. Quercus mongolica alone is mainly distributed in the
area of high altitude. For middle and lower area of the mountain, either Pinus densiflora
solely or with Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis is distributed in the area. Ranch is
located in the southern ridge that reaches through Hwangbyeongsan, Sohwangbyeongsan and
Maebong. This area is composed of meadow with Quercus mongolica being scattered
Flora: The park contains 655 taxa in total. 30 kinds of Korean special plants and 17 species
of rare plants are distributed in the park. Representative rare plants community such as
Hanabusaya asiatica, Acanthopanax senticosus, Populus koreana, Taxus cuspidate, Sorbus
commixt and Abies holophylla community are found in the park.
Resources
Flora
Legally
Protected Plants
149
Main Plant
Community
Scientific Name
Total
Polypodiaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Ranales, Ranunculales
40
Crypsinus hastatus
Silene koreana
Anemone koraiensis
Clematis chiisanensis
Eranthis stellata
Anemone narcissiflora
Paeonia japonica
Paeonia obovata
Aristolochia manshuriensis
Cardamine koreana
Penthorum chinense
Iris ensata varspontanea
Iris odaesanensis
Rodgersia podophylla
Saxifraga penctata
Viola albida
Viola diamantica
Acanthopanax chiisanensis
Acanthopanax senticosus
Rhododendron brachycarpum
Lysimachia coreana
Syringa velutina var.
kamibayashii
Syringa wolfi
Scopolia japonica
Scrophularia koraiensis
Pedicularis manshurica
Patrina saniculaefolia
Adenophora grandiflora
Hanabusaya asiatica
Allium victorialis var.
platyphyllum
Aristolochia contorta
Cruciferae
Sedum sarmentosum
Mirabilis jalapa
Saxifragaceae
Viola mandshurica
Aralia elata
Ericaceae
Primulaceae
Oleaceae
Solanaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Valerianaceae
Campanulaceae
Liliaceae
Endangered
(Cat. 1)
150
Endangered
(Cat. 2)
4
Protection
Species
Designated by
Forest of
Administration
40
Orchidaceae
Rosaceae
Umbelliferae
Pyrolaceae
Lilium distichum
Trillium kamtschaticum
Trillium tschonoskii
Disporum ovale
Cypripedium macranthum
Gastrodia elata
Rosa marretii
Glehnia littoralis
Cnidium tachiroei
Monotropa uniflora
Fauna: Various biomes inhabit in the park: 5 orders 11 families 19 species of mammal, 99 species
of bird, 2 orders 5 families 6 genera 12 species of amphibian, 3 families 4 genera 8 species of
reptile, 9 families 26 species of fishes and 23 families 82 genera 117 species of insecta.
<Table 3> Natural Resources in Odaesan(Mt.) National Park
Category
Natural Resources
Mammalian
Aves
Amphibian
Reptilian
Bufo stejnegeri, Zamenis spinalis, Elaphe schrenckii, Amphiesma vibakari ruthveni, Elaphe
schrenckii, Enhydris rufodorsata, Agkistrodon brevicaudus, Agkistrodon saxatilis etc.
Fish
Insecta
Rare
animals
Pteromys volans, Lutra lutra, Nemorhaedus caudatus, Cuculus micropterus, Bubo bubo,
Falco tinnunculus, Strix aluco, Moroco kumkangensis, Ladislavia taczanowskii,
Hemibarbus mylodon, Brachymystax lenok, Oncorhynchus masou ishikawai etc.
Scientific Name
Category
Endangered
(Cat.1)
Endangered
(Cat.2)
Natioanl
Monument
Total
< Mammalian >
Tamias sibiricus
Hydropotes inermis
Bovidae
7
Pteromys volans
Moschus moschiferus
Nemorhaedus caudatus
151
Mustela
Felis catus
<Aves>
Buteo buteo
Falco subbuteo
Picidae
Strix aluco
Anas poecilorhyncha
<Fishes>
Cyprinidae
Cottidae
Gasterosteus aculeatus
<Insecta>
Martes flavigula
Lutra lutra
Mustela nivalis
Prionailurus bengalensis
12
Aquila chrysaetos
Buteo buteo
Accipiter soloensis
Accipiter gentilis
Accipiter nisus
Falco tinnunculus
Dyrocpus martius
Otus scops
Otus bakkamoena
Strix uralensis
Strix aluco
Aix galericulata
Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpus
Cottus poecilopus
Pungitius sinensis kaibarae
Callipogon relictus
Osmodera opicum
Damaster mirabilissimus
Fabriciana nerippe
Cultural Heritage: Odaesan(Mt.) is known as one of the greatest mountains along with
Geumgangsan(Mt.), Hallasan(Mt.) and Jirisan(Mt.) in Korea, and also holy place of Budda
because Jeongmyeolbogung(Tangible cultural properties 28) is located in the Mountain with
Budda's real saria in it. In Odaesan(Mt.) National Park, there are old temples such as
Woljeonsa(temple) and Sangwonsa(temple), 4 national treasures, 4 treasures, 5 cultural
properties, 1 national monument, 1 historical relic and 1 scenic spot. Cultural properties are
managed by Cultural Heritage Administration based on Cultural Property Protection Law. As
for cultural properties in the park, owners of the properties (temple managers) impose
entrance fee and also manage those properties based on Cultural Property Protection Law.
<Table 5> Cultural Properties in Odaesan National Park
Category
No
Cultural Property
National
Treasure
Treasure
152
Local
Cultural
Property
Woljeongsa:Jeongmyeolbogung(No.28),Budo(No.42), Bodhisattva
Palmandaejanggyeong(Tripitaka Koreana) (No.54)
Sangwonsa : Seated wooden bodhisattva statue (No.52)
Natural
Monument
Historic
and Scenic
Sites
etc
statue(No.53),
Local Human Population: There are around 730 residents in the park. Some of them engage
in traditional farming and others run businesses including restaurants, lodging facilities, and
souvenir shops.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: About 1.1 million people visit the park annually for recreation,
hiking, mountain climbing, and religious activities. Park visitors are provided with a number of
park facilities including 1 access road(1line), trailers(5lines, 33.7km), 1 mountain shelter, 5
parking lots, 17 toilets, 2 campsites and 413 information boards.
Scientific Research and Facilities: Research on natural resources in the entire Odaesan(Mt.)
area was conducted from 1994 and 2004. In particular, 50 experts participated in the research
on 16 areas including human and cultural resources, geographical features, soil, vegetation,
mammalian, aves, amphibian, reptilian, fishes, insects, invertebrates and mycomycetes in the
oneyear survey in 2004. 3,614 fauna and flora species were identified, which was increased
from 2,033 species in 1994.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contingent valuation method, Korea National Park
Service estimated that Odaesan National Parks annual asset value is 13 billion USD in 2006.
<Table 7> Economic Value of Odaesan National Park
Economic Value
Use Value
Preservation Value
Park
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(E)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(F)
Odaesan(Mt.)
5.9
124.4
133.8
2,810.6
153
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
annum
Value
(million (million
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
139.8
2,935
Conservation Management: Conservation activities in Odaesan National Park are carried out in
accordance with relevant laws, National Plan for Natural Park, Management Plan for
Odaesan(Mt.) National Park. The national park has 5 zones and the nature preservation
zone(44.5%), the habitat for parks wildlife with rich biodiversity, is strictly managed by the
park managers. Residents livelihood is protected and their business and construction activities
are conducted with the permission of the park authorities so long as it doesnt harm the
natural environment of the park. The park management carries out prevention of forest fire in
collaboration with communities during dry season. Other conservation activities include natural
resources survey and various monitoring projects including sabbatical year program, restoration
of damaged area, elimination of foreign plants and animals.
Management Constraints: There are several factors that affect management of the park. Firstly,
it is concentrated park use of visitors during Summer holiday season (JulyAugust) and autumn
season(OctoberNovember). Secondly, it is road that runs across Odaesan(Mt.): 444 road that
runs from Woljeongsa to Hongcheonggun and 6 national highway from Woljeongsa to
Sogeumgang cause damages on natural resources, illegal activities, inflow route for foreign
animals and plants, and hindrance of animals movements. Thirdly, private lands in the park
area cause complaints of residents as national park laws limit exercise of property rights. Thus
consents with the owners of private lands are always needed for systematic park management.
Lastly, temples religious activities conflict with the management policy of the park, even
though a number of temples including Woljeongsa which has been in Odaesan(Mt.) more than
1,000 years are symbols of cultural properties of the park. Park managers carry out various
efforts to minimize the damages incurred from those activities.
Staff: Permanent Job: 33, Irregular Job: 26
Budget: 5.5million USD(based in 2007)
Local Address:
Odaesan National Park Office:
756, Ganpyoenglee, Jinbumyun, Pyeongchanggun, Kangwondo, Republic of Korea
References:
Korea National Park Service. 1994. Survey on Natural Resources of Odaesan National Park
Korea National Park Service. 1999. Scrutiny on Wetland Ecosystem of Odaesan National Park
Korea National Park Service. 2000. Research 1 on the Monitoring of Weltand Ecosystem of
Odaesan National Park
Korea National Park Service. 2000. Study on the Management Policy by Each National Park
Korea National Park Service. 2001. Report on the Monitoring of Natural Resources of
Odaesan National Park
154
Korea National Park Service. 2003. Longterm Monitoring of Woljeongsa and Sangwonsa
EcoRoad.
Korea National Park Service.2003. The Management Plan for Odaesan National Park
Ministry of Environment. 2003. Plan of Nature Park
Korea National Park Service. 2004. Survey on Natural Resources of Odaesan National Park
Korea National Park Service. 2005. First Monitoring of Natural Resources of Odaesan National
Park
Korea National Park Service. 2006. Second Monitoring of Natural Resources of Odaesan
National Park
Date: 1982 and revised in December 2006 and February 2008.
155
Flora: The park contains 114 families and 888 species of flora. Woody plants near valleys
include Morus bombycis, Acer ginnala, Zelkova serrata, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Philoadelphus
schrenckii and Acer mono and as for herbage, there are C. flexuosa var.hebecarpa, Commelina
communis and Sedum rotundifolium. Woody plants more than 400m include Quercus variabilis,
Fraxinus sieboldiana, Juniperus rigida, Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima and Lindera
obtusiloba. As for herbage, there are Carex humilis, Melandryum seoulense, Angelica decursiva
and Carex siderosticta. Woody plants more than 550m include Fraxinus sieboldiana,
Securinega suffruticosa, Rhus chinensis, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Acer mono and Quercus
mongolica. Herbage of this area includes Potentilla freyniana, Carex siderosticta, Carex
neurocarpa, Trigonotis nakaii, Sedum erythrostichum and Aristolochia contorta.
Fauna: There are 13 species of mammal, 58 species of bird, 8 species of amphibian, 9 species
of reptile, 17 species of fish and 798 species of insect. As for protected wildlife, there are
Lutra lutra and Pteromys volans.
Cultural Heritage: There are Daejeonsa(temple), Juwangam(temple) and Baekyurnam(temple)
with 2 local tangible cultural properties in the temples.
Local Human Population: In nature environment zone, 350 people are residing in 3 towns
within the park's buffer zone. Most of them engage in traditional farming and businesses
including restaurants, lodging facilities and souvenir shops.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: About 600,000 people visit the park annually for recreation,
hiking, mount climbing and religious activities. Park visitors are provided with a number of
park facilities including 1 visitor center, 7 trails(38km), 2 parking lots, 1 campsites, 2 park
information centers and 310 information boards
Scientific Research and Facilities: In 1997, natural resources surveys were conducted for the
entire Juwangsan(Mt.) area for one year. The fields of survey included human and social
resources, geographical features, soil, vegetation, mammals, aves, amphibian, fishes and insects.
From this survey 1,791 fauna and flora species were identified
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park
Service estimated that Juwangsan(Mt.) National Park's annual asset value was 49billion USD in
2006.
Use Value
Park
Juwangsan(Mt.)
Single
Per
Use Per annum
Visitor (million
(USD)
USD)
(A)
(B)
4
2.3
Economic Value
Preservation Value
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
47.6
157
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
Per
Total
annum
Value
annum
Asset
(million (million
(million (million
USD)
USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
(E)
(F)
47.3
993.4
49.6
1,041
Park
Office:
406,
Sangeuiri,
Budongmyeon,
Cheongsonggun,
References:
Korea National Park Service. 1997. Natural resources survey of Juwangsan(Mt.) National Park
National Park Service. 2005. The Management Plan for Juwangsan(Mt.) National Park
Korea National Park Service. 1995. Tracheophyta of Juwangsan(Mt.) National Park Area.
Date: revised in 2008
158
Flora: There are 774 species of flora in the lands. Deciduous forest is widely distributed in
the southern area of the park with Ilex integra, Ilex cornuta, Camellia japonica, Meliosma
myriantha and Pseudosasa japonica. In the seashore sand dune, there are sand dune plants
such as Glehnia littoralis, Calystegia soldanella, Lathyrus japonica, Rosa rugosa, Vitex
rotundifolia, Carex kobomugi, Carex pumila, Elymus mollis and Ischaemum anthephoroides.
Pinus thunbergii is distributed in the seashore area. Salt area in Anmyeondo(Is.), salt plant
such as Zoysia sinica, Limonium tetragonum and Suaeda maritima are distributed. Also 200
species of marine plants have been surveyed including 54 species of phytoplankton, 114
species of marine plants and 2 species of seaweeds.
Fauna: Land covers only 11%(37) of the park so not many mammals live in this area. 19
species of mammal live in farming and forest lands. 113 species of bird including Cygnus
Cygnus, Accipiter soloensis and Haematopus ostralegus, 9 species of ampibian, 9 species of
reptile, 85 species of arachnida and 960 species of insects have also been recorded.
Cultural Heritage: For its geographical characteristics, fishing culture is developed from
seashore and marine areas. Representatively, Pungeoje(Important Intangible Cultural Properties
No.82) is a rite and festival for big catch of fish and environmental way of poisoning of fish
is very well developed. Poisoning of fish is to build halfmoonshaped rocks at sand shore
using the difference between the rise and fall of the tide, catching fish at low tide.
Local Human Population: 2,369 people are residing in 994 towns in 5 facilityconcentrated
zones and 36 overpopulated village zones in the park. Most of them engage in trading
farming and businesses including restaurants, lodging facilities and souvenir shops
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: About 500,000 people visit the park annually for recreation,
hiking, mount climbing and religious activities. Park visitors are provided with 3 trails, 7
trails, 3 parking lots and 2 campsites.
Scientific Research and Facilities: Research on natural resources in the entire Taeanhaean
(Seashore) National Park was conducted in 1995. The second research on natural resources
from 2005 to 2007 includes human and cultural resources, geographical features, soil,
vegetation, flora, mammalian, aves, amphibian, reptilian and insects. Also research on marine
wetlands including sand dune and foreshore, salt plant in the seashore and monitoring on sand
dune have been conducted.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park
Service estimated that Taeanhaean (Seashore) National Park's annual asset value was 18billion
USD in 2006.
160
Economic Value
Use Value
Park
Taeanhaean
(Seashore)
Total
Value Per
annum
Single
Per
Total
(million
Household annum
Asset
Per Year (million (million
USD)
(USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
Preservation Value
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
57
2.5
51.5
(D)
13
(E)
187.2
(F)
3,930.9
189.6
Total
Asset
Value
(million
USD)
(C+F)
3,982.4
National
Park
Office:
161,
Jangsanri,
Taeanyup,
Taeangun,
References:
Korea National Park Service. 1996. Natural Resources Survey of Taeanhaean (Seashore) National
Park
Korea National Park Service. 2001. Research on Vegetation of Seashore Salt Grass of Taeanhaean
(Seashore) National Park
Korea National Park Service. 2005. Natural Resources Survey of Taeanhaean (Seashore) National
Park
161
162
Cyrtomium falcatum group and Pittosporum tobira Euonymus japonica group in the seashore
area.
Flora: The park contains 1,543 species of flora, most of them consist of Evergreen Broad
Leaved Forest and Japanese Black Pine Forest. Current vegetation is divided into natural virgin
forest and second growth. Natural virgin forest is distributed around uninhabited island, steep
seashore and mountain ridges.
Fauna: There and 18 species of mammal including Lutra lutra(endangered species) and
Myotis formosus(endangered species), 341 species of bird such as Hypsipetes amaurotis,
Zosterops japonica and Monticola solitarius, 997 insects such as Paplio protener and
Luehdorfia puziloi. As for herptile, there are 17 species including Elaphe schrenckii designated
as endangered species by Ministry of Environment, 149 fish and 11 fresh water fish.
Cultural Heritage: In the park, there are 26 natural monuments, 2 historical sites, 3 local
monuments, 6 tangible cultural assets and 6 local intangible cultural assets. Representative
cultural assets of Dadohaehaesang (Marine) national park are Hongdo(Is.) nature reserve(Natural
Monuments No. 170) and Baekdo(Is.) (Scenic Site No. 7).
Local Human Population: Approximately 22,400 people are residing at natural village zone and
overpopulated village zone in the park. Most of them engage in traditional farming, fishing
and businesses including restaurants, lodging facilities and souvenir shops
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: Park visitors amount to about 1,157,000 annually for the
purpose of recreation, hiking, mount climbing and swimming. Park visitors are provided with a
number of park facilities including 10 trails(25.32km), 6 parking lots, 1 campsite and 377
information boards
Scientific Research and Facilities: Natural resources survey was conducted for the western and
southern are of the park in 1997. The survey area was divided to ecosystem resources and
scenery resources. Ecosystem resources include fauna, flora, macrophyte, fish, plankton, and
ocean environment and scenery resources include topography, geological feature, valley, peak
and curious rock. Migratory Birds Research Center was established in Hongdo(Is.) in 2005.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park
Service estimated that Dadohaehaesang (Marine) National Park's annual asset value was
16billion USD in 2006.
164
Economic Value
Use Value
Park
Dadohaehaesang
(Marine)
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
annum
Value
Single
Per
Total
(million (million
Household annum
Asset
Per Year (million (million
USD)
USD)
(USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
Preservation Value
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
3.5
73.6
(D)
11
(E)
161
(F)
3,381.7
164.5
3,455.3
165
166
Flora: The park contains 692 species of flora such as Sorbus alnifolia, Quercus serrata Quercus,
mongolica Quercus acutissima and Alnus hirsuta. As endenmic plant, forsythia saxatilis has been
found in Songchu area and Abeliophyllum distichum has been found in Hyojari valley.
Fauna: 20 species of mammal, 114 species
reptilians and 1,350 species of insects have
migrans, Falco tinnunculus, Eremias argus,
There shows a strongly increased community
Cultural Heritage: In Bukhansan(Mt.) national park, there are 6 Treasures, 21 tangible cultural
assets, 4 historical areas and 12 natural monuments. Bukhansanseong(mountain fortress wall
Historical area No.162) has a firth of 9.7km and there are 14 gates around the wall. There is
a temple(Dosunsa) built 1,100 years ago at the end of Silla Dynasty by Doseonguksa who is
well acquainted with the law of Budda, stronomy and geography. He traveled around the
country to find the best place for a temple and he chose this place in Bukhansan(Mt.) area.
Local Human Population: Approximately 4,000 people are residing within the park's buffer zone.
Most of them engage in businesses including restaurants, lodging facilities and souvenir shops.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: Park visitors amount to about 5,700,000 annually showing gradual
increase due to abolishment of entrance fee and fiveday work week. They visit the park for the
purpose of recreation, hiking, mount climbing and religious activities. Park visitors are provided
with a number of park facilities including 2 access roads, 1 visitor center, 74 trails, 4 mountain
shelters, 8 parking lots, 2 campsites and 1,312 information boards.
Scientific Research and Facilities: In 1991 and 2001, natural resources surveys were conducted
for the entire Bukhansan(Mt.) area. From the research in 2001, 1,837 fauna and flora species
were identified from the research on 12 areas including human and cultural resources,
geographical features, soil, vegetation, mammalian, aves, amphibian, reptilian, fishes, insects,
invertebrates and mycomycetes The number of inhabitant species increase gradually due to
continued monitoring and implementation of sabbatical year program(special preserved area).
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park Service
estimated that Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park's annual asset value was 29billion USD in 2006.
Use Value
Park
Bukhansan(Mt.)
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
11
58.1
Economic Value
Preservation Value
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
Total
Single
Per
Total
annum
Value
Asset
Household annum
Asset
(million (million
(million Per Year (million (million
USD)
USD)
USD)
(USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
(C)
(D)
1,219.1
16
168
(E)
233.1
(F)
4,895.2
291.2
6,114.3
Conservation Management: Conservation activities in Bukhansan(Mt.) national park are carried out
in accordance with relevant laws, National Plan for Natural Park, Management Plan for
Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park. The park is dividend by 5 different usage zones and its nature
preservation zone (37.22%), the core area for the habitat of park's wildlife, is strictly managed by
the park managers. Indigenous people's livelihood is protected and their construction and business
activities are conducted with the permission of the park authorities so long as it doesn't harm the
natural environment of the park. Most of wildfires are caused not by natural phenomenon but by
human being. To suppress the wildfires during the dry season, park managers make every effort
with local community. Other conservation activities include implementation of specialpreserved
area, monitoring programs and restoration of damaged area.
Management Constraints: There are several factors that affect management of the park. Firstly,
the concentrated park use of visitors. It has record of the most highly visited park in the
Guinness Book of Records in 1994. In particular, the number of visitors has increased as
much as twice since the abolishment of entrance fee in 2007. Secondly, unregistered trails
have been made by visitors to avoid busy trails and they distract ecosystem by making it
possible to inflow alien species. Thirdly, urbanization of nearby areas makes a significant
affect on ecosystem in the park. Lastly, temples situated in and around the park. The long
historic temples represent Bukhansan(Mt.)s cultural heritage but religious activities mainly
carried out by many temples in the park can cause problems in park management. Park
managers carry out various efforts to minimize the impact of these factors.
Staff: Permanent Job: 126, Irregular Job: 113 (Jan. 2008)
Budget: 22million USD, 2007
Local Addresses:
Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park Office: 11, Jeongrung 4dong, Seongbukgu, Seoul, Korea
Bukhansan(Mt.)Dobong National Park Office: 229104, Howondong, Uijeongbusi, Gyeongido,
Korea
References:
Korea National Park Service. 2001. Natural resources survey of Bukhansan(Mt.) national park
Bukhansan(Mt.) National Park Office. 2003. The Management Plan for Bukhansan(Mt.) national
park
Ministry of Environment. 2003. The General Planning for Natural Parks
Korea National Park Service. 2003. White Paper on National Parks
Korea National Park Service. 2004. Research on park management plans customized for each
national park
Ministry of Environment, 2003. The general planning for natural parks
169
170
vegetation includes broadleaved trees such as Quercus mongolica, Quercus aliena and
Carpinus laxiflora, and needleleaved trees such as Pinus densiflora for. Erecta Uyeki, Abies
nephrolepis, Abies holophylla and Robinia pseudoacacia.
Flora: 4 times of survey on natural resources have been implemented, and 102 families and
821 species have been recorded from the survey. Among these, there are Iris odaesanensis,
Iris koreana and Acanthopanax senticosus that are designated as protection species by Ministry
of Environment. Main vegetation community includes Quercus mongolica community and
Carpinus laxiflora community. Chiaksan(Mt.) national park is a representative warmleaf forest
with various vegetations. There is a tutelary forest of Seongnamri(Natural Monument No. 93)
and 307 kinds of vegetation such as Pinus densiflora, Acer triflorum, Ulmus davidiana var.
japonica, Fraxinus mandshurica and Kalopanax pictus are distributed in the park.
Fauna: 31 species of mammal, 74 species of arachnida, 1,641 species of insect, 14 species of
amphibian, 14 specie of reptiles, 23 species of fish and 146 species of bird have been
recorded. Among the species, there are endangered species in each species; Martes flavigula,
Prionailurus bengalensis and Pteromys volans for mammals, Aporia crataegi and Fabriciana
nerippe for insects, Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpus, Cottus poecilopus and Hemibarbus mylodon
for fishes, Dyrocpus martius, Aegypius monachus, Buteo buteo, Falco vespertinus for
endangered species and Terpsiphone atrocaudata and Aix galericulata, Accipiter soloensis,
Aegypius monachus and Falco tinnunculus for natural monuments of bird.
Cultural Heritage: Many temples such as Bomunsa(temple), Gyryongsa(temple) and
Kwanumsa(temple) are located in Chiaksan(Mt.). Daewoongjeon(temple) and Bokwangru(temple)
are designated as local cultural properties. There are 3 Gangwondo local cultural properties, 1
Gangwondo monument, 3 Gangwondo cultural data and 1 natural monument (tutelary forest of
Seongnamri, Natural Monument No. 93) are designated and protected under Cultural Property
Protection Law.
Local Human Population: In nature environment zone, 916 people are residing in 14 towns.
Most of them engage in trading farming and businesses including restaurants, lodging facilities
and souvenir shops
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: About 450,000 people visit the park annually for recreation,
hiking, mount climbing and religious activities. Park visitors are provided with a number of
park facilities including 1 park information center, 7 trails, 5 parking lots, 3 campsites and
415 information boards
Scientific Research and Facilities: Research on Chiaksan(Mt.) region in 1976 and Resources
Survey on Chiaksan(Mt.) national park in 1996 and 2006 were conducted. Monitoring on
172
natural resources on 10 areas has been implementing from 2007 and it will continue until
2017.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park
Service estimated that Chiaksan(Mt.) National Park's annual asset value was 83billion USD in
2006.
Economic Value
Use Value
Park
Chiaksan(Mt.)
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
annum
Value
Total
(million (million
Asset
(million
USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
Preservation Value
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(E)
3.3
68.4
80
(F)
1,679.7
83.2
1,748
173
Local Addresses:
Chiaksan(Mt.) National Park Office: 900, Hakgokri, Sochomyeon, Wonjusi, Gangwondo
References:
Korea Nature Conservation Committee. 1976. Research on Chiaksan(Mt.) National Park Area.
Korea National Park Service. 1996. Natural Resources Survey of Chiaksan(Mt.) National Park
Chiaksan(Mt.) National Park Office. 2003. The Management Plan for Chiaksan(Mt.) National
Park
Korea National Park Service. 2003. White Paper of Each National Park.
Ministry of Environmnet. 2003. The Management Plan for Natural Park.
Korea National Park Service.2006. Survey on Natural Resources of Chiaksan(Mt.) National
Park
Korea National Park Service.2007. Monitoring of Natural Resources of Chiaksan(Mt.) National
Park.
Date: 1982. revised in 2005and 2008
174
annual precipitation of Jecheon, Chungju and Danyang are 1,386, 1,305 and 1,394,
respectively. In addition, more than 60% of the precipitation in the region occurs in summer.
Average annual wind speed and relative humidity is 1.5m/s and 67%, respectively.
Vegetation: There are 9 vegetation communities including Pinus densifloraQuercus mongolica
community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis
community, Carpinus laxiflora community, Quercus serrata community, Koelreuteria paniculata
community, Symplocarpus nipponicus community and Thymus quinquecostatus community.
Quercus mongolica community is the main type of trees distributed in altitudes of about 600m,
and is mostly found in Munsubong, Maedumak and Haseolsan areas. At subtree layers,
Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Ulmus davidiana
var. japonica, Styrax obassia, Acer pseudosieboldianum and Lindera obtusiloba are distributed.
Carpinus laxiflora community is consisted of 4 layers including tree, subtree, shrub and herb
layers. Along with Zelkova serrata and Quercus serrata community it is found in valleys of
altitude lower than 500m. Quercus serrata community distributed in these areas is expected to
be replaced by Carpinus laxiflora community. In addition, Quercus variabilis community is
distributed in areas that are dry and has very steep inclination. It is mostly found at ridges
from 400m to 700m in Namsamyeon.
Flora: The park contains 779 species of flora. Different species of trees are distributed in the
park according to altitude. There are Pinus densiflora(200~400m), Quercus serrata(300m),
Quercus acutissima, Zelkova serrata(lower than 400m), Rhododendron schlippenbachii (400m),
Quercus variabilis(500m), Quercus mongolica (higher than 700m), Pinus koraiensis(1,000m) and
Abies nephrolepis(higher than 1000m)
Fauna: 21 species of mammal, 67 species of bird, 10 species of amphibian, 14 reptilian, 27
species of fish and 732 species of insect have been recorded. The most commonly seen
mammals include Nyctereutes procyonoides, Lepus sinensis coreanus, Talpa micrura coreana,
Mustela sibirica coreana, Lutra lutra, Sciurus vulgaris and Tamias sibiricus. As most
commonly seen birds, there are Dendrocopos kizuki, Phoenicurus auroreus, Streptopelia
orientalis, Hypsipetes amaurotis, Paradoxornis webbiana, Aegithalos caudatus, Parus palustris,
Parus varius and Emberiza elegans. As for amphibians, there are Hynobius leechii, Bombina
orientalis, Hyla japonica and Rana rugosa. As for reptilians, there are Takydromus amurensis,
Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus and Agkistrodon saxatilis. As for fish, there are Coreoleuciscus
splendidus, Gobiobotia brevibarba, Cobitis rotundicaudata, Iksookimia koreensis, Silulus
microdorsalis, Liobagrus andersoni and Coreoperca herzi. There are Chrysorithrum amatum,
Oedaleus infernalis, Anomala viridana and Menida violacea for commonly seen insects.
Cultural Heritage: Due to its steep physical features and ferociously tall cliffs, the park was often
called "Yeongbong" meaning divine mountain. It has a number of cultural assets including Maae
176
Scientific Research and Facilities: In 2006, the park office conducted the 2 natural resources
survey for the entire Woraksan(Mt.) area. The survey included human environment, visitor
pattern, geological and geographical features, natural landscape, climate, soil, vegetation,
mammalian, aves, amphibian, reptilian, fish and insects. The park's 3rd natural resources survey
will be carried out in 2016.
Conservation Value: Using a discrete choice model, Korea National Park Service estimated that
Woraksan(Mt.) National Park's minimum annual asset value was 13billion USD in 2006.
Economic Value
Use Value
Park
Woraksan(Mt.)
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
annum
Value
Per
Total
(million (million
annum
Asset
(million (million
USD)
USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
Preservation Value
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
5.6
118
(E)
126.8
(F)
2,663.1
132.4
2,781.1
and during about 5 monthperiod of dry seasons, the park office conducts forest fire
prevention activities with close cooperation from the local community. Other conservation
activities include sabbaticalyear program and antelope restoration project.
Management Constraints: Woraksan(Mt.) national park office faces some challenges in
managing the park. Firstly, it is the visitor's concentrated use of the park. During summer
vacation(Jul~Aug) and autumnal tints(Oct~Nov) many people come to the park to visit its
main valleys and mountains. Due to increased visitation during this period, the park's natural
resources and ecosystem come under threat by waste, noise and water pollution generated by
park visitors. Secondly, a number of issues have been raised resulting from several planned
development projects adjacent to the national park area. Finally, roads constructed in the park
caused the creation of isolated ecosystems thus hindering animals' movements and has been an
inflow route for foreign animals and plants. The park office is continuing its efforts to
minimize negative impacts of park use to the natural environment of the park by focusing
management capacity to these areas.
Staff: Permanent Job: 32, Irregular Job: 21
Budget: 3.2million USD, 2007
Local Addresses
Woraksan(Mt.) National Park Office : 6931 Songaeri, Hansumyeon, Jecheonsi, Chungcheonbukdo
References:
Korea National Park Service. 1996. Natural resources survey of Woraksan(Mt.) national park
Woraksan(Mt.) National Park Office. 2003. The Management Plan for Woraksan(Mt.) National
Park
Korea National Park Service. 2004. Research on park management plans customized for each
national park II
Ministry of Environment. 2003. Basic Plan for Natural Park
Korea National Park Service. 2004. National Park Statistical Data
Date: 2006, revised in 2008
178
Sobaeksan(Mt.) region has distinctive four seasons. The mean temperature at the highest peak
of Sobaeksan(Mt.) is 17.1 for summer, 9.3 below zero for winter, and the mean yearly
temperature is 4.6. Average annual precipitation is 1,763.3mm that is much more than
Korean average annual precipitation of 1,159mm. Precipitation can be observed for 114 days
out of 365 days and relative humidity is 74%. Average annual wind speed is 2.4m/s.
Northeasterly wind is more prominent than northwesterly wind in summer and viceversa in
winter.
Vegetation: There are a total of 9 vegetation communities including yew trees community,
Pinus densiflora community, Quercus mongolica community, Rhododendron schlippenbachii
community, grassland community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus variabilis community,
Ulmaceae community and Fraxinus mandshurica community. There are evergreen needleleaf
forests such as Abies nephrolepis community and shrub community such as Rhododendron
schlippenbachii community distributed in subalpine zone. There is a deciduous broadleaf
community such as Quercus mongolica community, Carpinus tschonoskii community, Quercus
serrata community and Quercus variabilis community.
Stewartia koreana community and
Cornaceae community are distributed in some part of valley areas and widely distributed in
areas where Larix leptolepis are planted.
Flora: The park contains 1,067 species of flora. Different kinds of vegetations is distributed all
over regardless of the altitude, 34% of them grows in the middle part of the mountain of
1,000m, 18% can be seen around the high ridge and peak, and the rest of them doesnt have
a distinctive distribution limitation. In particular, in the alpine region of 1,200~1,350m to the
northwest slope of the mountain, yew trees community which is natural monument 244 in
Korea, is distributed.
Fauna: 23 species of mammal, 82 species of bird, 8 species of amphibian, 6 species of
reptile, 29 species of fish, 2 rare species and 1,560 species of insects have been recorded.
Most commonly seen mammals include Lepus coreanus, Sciurus vulgar and Tamias sibiricus.
Rarely seen are Nyctereutes procyonoides, Meles meles, Erinaceus amurensis and Capreolus
capreolus. As natural monuments, there aree Accipiter nisus and Falco tinnunculus(natural
monument 323), Otus scops(natural monument 324) and Dyrocpus martius(natural monument
242). As for rare species, there are Dendrocopos leucotos and Turdus hortulorum. Hynobius
leechii, Hyla japonica and Rana ornativentris are most commonly seen amphibians.
Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus, Agkistrodon brevicaudus and Agkistrodon saxatilis are commonly
seen reptiles and there are Dinodon rufozonatus rufozonatus and Onychodactylus fisheri as rare
reptiles. As for fish, Moroco oxycephalus, Liobagrus andersoni, Liobagrus mediadiposalis,
Coreoperca herzi and Odontobutis platycephala, all of which are Korean indigenous species,
are found.
180
Cultural Heritage: In Sobaeksan(Mt.) national park, there are historic temples including
Buseoksa(temple), Birosa(temple), Sunghyulsa(temple), Choamsa(temple) and Huibangsa(temple).
The cultural assets are widely located throughout the Sobaeksan(Mt.) national park. In the
park, there are 5 national treasures, 6 treasures, 6 natural monuments and 8 cultural properties
designated and protected by Cultural Property Protection Law.
Local Human Population: Approximately 735 people are residing within the park's buffer zone.
Some of them engage in traditional farming and others own businesses including restaurants,
lodging facilities and souvenir shops.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: About 650,000 people visit the park annually for recreation,
hiking, mount climbing and religious activities. Park visitors are provided with a number of
park facilities including 1 access road, 2 park offices, 6 visitor information booth, 1 mountain
shelter, 6 parking lots, 4 campsites and 703 information boards.
Scientific Research and Facilities: In 1998, natural resources survey was conducted for the
entire Sobaeksan(Mt.) area. The fields of survey included human and social resources,
geographical features, soil, vegetation, special botanical species, ecology of vegetation,
mammalian, aves, amphibian, reptilian, fresh water fishes and insects. 11 experts participated in
this oneyear survey and 2,775 fauna and flora species were identified.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park
Service estimated that Sobaeksan(Mt.) National Park's annual asset value was 14billion USD in
2006.
Economic Value
Use Value
Park
Sobaeksan(Mt.)
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
1.1
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
annum
Value
Total
Single
Per
Total
Asset
Household annum
Asset
(million (million
(million Per Year (million (million
USD)
USD)
USD)
(USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
Preservation Value
(C)
(D)
22.8
10
(E)
142
(F)
2,981.3
143.1
3,004.1
so long as it doesn't harm the natural environment of the park. Most of wildfires that have
been occurred in Korea are caused not by natural phenomenon but by human. To suppress the
wildfires during the dry season which lasts about 3 months, the park managers make every
effort with local community. One of conservation plans is to designate some park areas for
nature selfrestoring period, in which no visitor can get an access to these areas during the
period.
Management Constraints: There are several factors that affect management of the park. Firstly,
it is the concentrated park use of visitors. The concentrated visit takes pace in two seasons;
blooming season for the royal azalea(from May to June) and summer vacation(from July to
August). Secondly, synthesized fertilizers and agricultural chemicals that farmers use in
orchards considerably contaminate streams in Sobaeksan(Mt.) and the wild habitats for the
fauna and flora. Lastly, longhistoric temples situated around the park entrance represent
Sobaeksan(Mt.)s cultural heritage but religious activities cause problems in park management.
Park managers carry out various efforts to minimize the impact of these factors.
Staff: Permanent Job: 49, Irregular Jobs: 30
Budget: 3.1 million USD(2007)
Local Addresses
Sobaeksan(Mt.) National Park Office:
San 8651, Soocheol Ri, Poong Ki Eop, Young Joo Si, North Gyoungsang province
(http://www.knps.or.kr/sobaek/index.asp)
Sobaeksan(Mt.) National Park North Office:
San 91, Cheon Dong Ri, Dan Yang Eop, Dan Yang Goon, North Choongchung province
References
Korea National Park Service. 1998. Natural resources survey of Sobaeksan(Mt.) national park
Korea National Park Service. 2003. The Management Plan For Sobaeksan(Mt.) national park
Korea National Park Service. 2004. Research on park management plans customized for each
national park II
Ministry of Environment, 2003. The general planning for natural parks
Date 2005 revised in 2007 and 2008.
182
Needleshaped Leaved Forest, there are Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densifloraQuercus
variabilis community, Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus rigida afforestation, Abies holophylla
afforestation and Pinus koraiensis afforestation. Other special vegetations include Lycoris
flavescens community and Abeliophyllum distichum community.
Flora: 881 species of vascular bundle are distributed in the park. As a flora region, the park
is warmlatitude district in the southern area and boundary line as distribution of flora in the
northern area.
Fauna: There are 21 species of mammal including Lutra lutra(endangered species) and 95
species of bird such as Parus major, Phoenicurus auroreus and Aegithalos caudatus. Also 11
species of amphibian, 14 species of reptile, 24 species of fish, 151 of marine animals and 832
insect have been found.
Cultural Heritage: In the park, there are 4 natural monuments, 6 treasures, 1 scenic site and 7
local monuments. Representative cultural assets are Naesosa(temple) and Gaeamsa(temple).
Local Human Population: Approximately 1,800 people are residing in 28 towns within the
park. Most of them engage in traditional farming, fishing or businesses including restaurants,
lodging facilities and souvenir shops
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: There are about 150,000 visitors annually for the purpose of
recreation, hiking, mount climbing, swimming and religious activities. Park visitors are
provided with a number of park facilities including 10 trails(29km), 4 parking lots, 2
campsites, 2 access roads and 250 information boards
Scientific Research and Facilities: Natural resources survey was conducted for the whole area
of the park in 1999. 30 experts participated in the research on human and cultural resources,
geographical features, soil, vegetation, mammalian, aves, amphibian, reptilian, fishes, insects,
invertebrates and mycomycetes in the oneyear survey in 1999. 2,029 flora and fauna have
been found from the survey.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park Service
estimated that Byeonsan Peninsular National Park's annual asset value was 15billion USD in 2006.
Use Value
Park
Byeonsan
Peninsular
Economic Value
Preservation Value
Single
Use Per
Visitor
(USD)
(A)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(B)
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
Single
Household
Per Year
(USD)
(D)
Per
annum
(million
USD)
(E)
14
16.9
355.1
10
139.1
184
Total
Value Per
Total
annum
Asset
(million
(million
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(F)
2,933.9
156.6
Total
Asset
Value
(million
USD)
(C+F)
3,289
Conservation Management: Conservation activities in the park are carried out in accordance
with relevant laws, National Plan for Nature Park, Management Plan for
Byeonsanbando(Peninsula) National Park. The park is dividend by 5 different zones. Nature
preservation zone(14.38%), the core area for the habitat of park's wildlife, is strictly managed
by the park managers. Indigenous people's livelihood is protected and their construction and
business activities are conducted with the permission of the park authorities so long as it
doesn't harm the natural environment of the park. The park management carries out prevention
of forest fire in collaboration with communities during dry season (5 months). Other
conservation activities include natural resources survey and various monitoring projects
including temporary closure program.
Management Constraints: There are several factors that affect the management of the park.
Firstly, it is concentrated park use of visitors during Summer holiday season (JulyAugust) and
autumn season(OctoberNovember). Secondly, it is road that runs across the park. The roads
were constructed for practical reasons but they cause damages on natural resources, illegal
activities, inflow route for foreign animals and plants, and hindrance of animals movements.
Lastly, dam and reservoir within the park make significant affects on the wildlifes habitat.
Park managers carry out various efforts to minimize the damages incurred from those
activities.
Staff: Permanent Job: 36, Irregular Job: 19
Budget: 2.7million USD(based in 2007)
Local Addresses:
Byeonsanbando(Peninsula) National Park Office: 41524 Daehangri, Byeonsanmyeon, Buangun,
Jeollabukdo
References:
Korea National Park Service. 1997. Plan of Natural Ecosystem of Byeonsanbando(Peninsula)
National Park
Korea National Park Service. 1999. Survey on Natural Resources of Byeonsanbando(Peninsula)
National Park
Ministry of Environment. 2003. Plan of Nature Park
Byeonsanbando(Peninsula) National Park Office. 2006. The Management Plan for Byeonsanbando
(Peninsula) National Park
Korea National Park Service.2006. Statistics of Byeonsanbando(Peninsula) National Park
Date: 2008
185
Quercus acuta community and Camellia japonica community. Miscanthus sinensis var.
purpurascens community is widely distributed in Miwangjae in the park.
Flora: There are 131 families and 693 species of flora in the park. As for plant distribution
canal system, the area is mixed with warmlatitude and warmtemperature areas. Mostly
warmlatitude plants are featured but warmtemperature plants such as Camellia japonica,
Quercus acuta, Eurya japonica, Vaccinium bracteatum, Ardisia japonica, Neolitsea sericea and
Thea sinensis are distributed partly in the park.
Fauna: 19 species of mammal, 79 species of bird, 9 species of amphibian, 5 species of
reptilian, 31 species of fish and 678 species of insect have been recorded.
Cultural Heritage: There were 99 temples in the park in the past. Dogapsa(temple) and
Muwisa(temple) have cultural assets that have been more than 1,000 years old and other Buddhism
relics are widely distributed in the park. 3 national treasures and 10 treasures are designated and
protected under Cultural Property Protection Law.
Local Human Population: In nature environment zone, 64 people are residing in 2 towns
within the park's buffer zone. Most of them engage in businesses including restaurants, lodging
facilities and souvenir shops.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities: About 280,000 people visit the park annually for recreation,
hiking, mount climbing and religious activities. Park visitors are provided with a number of
park facilities including 1 access road, 6 trails(19.9km), 3 parking lots, 2 campsites and 333
information boards
Scientific Research and Facilities: In 1998, the park office conducted natural resources survey
on human and cultural environment, geological and geographical features, climate, soil,
vegetation, mammalian, aves, amphibian, reptilian, fishes and insects. 1,541 species of flora
and fauna have been recorded.
Conservation Value: Using a dichotomous contigent valuation method, Korea National Park Service
estimated that Wolchulsan(Mt.) National Park's annual asset value was 14billion USD in 2006.
Economic Value
Use Value
Park
Wolchulsan(Mt.)
Single
Per
Use Per annum
Visitor (million
(USD)
USD)
(A)
(B)
11
2.7
Total
Total
Value Per Asset
annum
Value
Single
Per
Total
(million (million
Household annum
Asset
Per Year (million (million
USD)
USD)
(USD)
USD)
USD)
(B+E)
(C+F)
Preservation Value
Total
Asset
(million
USD)
(C)
(D)
57.6
187
(E)
138.9
(F)
2,917.5
14.17
2,975.1
Park
Office:
48450,
Gaesinri,
Youngapyup,
Youngamgun,
References:
Wolchulsan(Mt.) National Park Office. 1997. Conservation Plan of Natural Ecosystem of
Wolchulsan(Mt.) National Park
Korea National Park Service. 1998. Natural resources survey of Wolchulsan(Mt.) National Park
Wolchulsan(Mt.) National Park Office. 2003. The Management Plan for Wolchulsan(Mt.)
National Park Korea National Park Service. 2004. Research on Park Management Plans
Customized for Each National Park II
Ministry of Environment, 2003. The General Planning for Natural Parks
Wolchulsan(Mt.) National Park Office. 2005. The Management Plan for Wolchulsan(Mt.)
National Park Wolchulsan(Mt.) National Park Office. 2006(2006~2010). The Management Plan
for Wolchulsan(Mt.) National Park
Date: 1982. revised in 2005 and 2008
188