Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Materials
Masonry Assemblage, Strengths and Properties
Loads
Distribution and Analysis for Lateral Forces
Design of Structural Members by Allowable
Stress Design
Design of Structural Members by Strength Design
Details of Reinforcing Steel
Building Details
Special Topics
Formulas for Reinforced Masonry Design
Retaining Walls
This book is intended to assist the designer in understanding masonry
design. Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook, 6th Edition provides
hundreds of drawings to maximize your ability in the practice of masonry
engineering.
MASONRY INSTITUTE
OF AMERICA
REINFORCED
HANDBOOK
CLAY AND CONCRETE MASONRY
6th Edition
SIXTH
EDITION
MASONRY INSTITUTE
OF AMERICA
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REINFORCED
MASONRY
ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
CLAY AND CONCRETE MASONRY
SIXTH EDITION
Published by
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Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook
Clay and Concrete Masonry
Sixth Edition
ISBN-10: 0-940116-02-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-940116-02-3
Cover Design:
Publication Manager:
Project Editor:
Illustrator/Interior Design:
Typesetting:
Thomas Escobar
John Chrysler
John Chrysler
Thomas Escobar
Thomas Escobar/Luis Dominguez
COPYRIGHT 2009
Portions of this publication are reproduced, with permission, from the 2006 International Building Code, copyright
International Code Council, the ASCE/SEI 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, copyright
American Society of Civil Engineers, ACI 530-05/ASCE 5-05/TMS 402-05 Building Code Requirements for Masonry
Structures, copyright American Concrete Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, The Masonry Society.
In this publication the Masonry Standards Joint Committees (MSJC) Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures
(ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 is hereafter referred to as the MSJC Code, and the MSJCs Specification for Masonry
Structures (ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602) is hereafter referred to as the MSJC Specification.
This book was prepared in keeping with current information and practice for the present state of the art of masonry design
and construction.
The author, publisher and all organizations and individuals who have contributed to this book cannot assume or accept any
responsibility or liability, including liability for negligence, for errors or oversights in this data and information and in the use
of such information.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED: This publication is a copyright work owned by the Masonry Institute of America and the
International Code Council. Without advance written permission from the copyright owners, no part of this book may be
reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic, optical or
mechanical means (by way of example and no limitation, photocopying, or recording by or in an information storage and
retrieval system). For information on permission to copy material exceeding fair use, please contact: Masonry Institute of
America, 22815 Frampton Ave., Torrance, CA 90501-5034, Phone: 800-221-4000 or ICC Publications, 500 New Jersey
Avenue, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001-2070, Phone: 888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233).
Information contained in this document has been obtained by the Masonry Institute of America (MIA) from sources believed
to be reliable. Neither MIA nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of this
information. This work is published with the understanding that MIA and its authors are supplying information but are not
attempting to render professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional
should be sought.
Trademarks: Masonry Institute of America, and the MIA logo, International Code Council and the ICC logo are
trademarks of the Masonry Institute of America and the International Code Council, Inc. respectively.
First Printing: September 2009
Printed in the United States of America
MIA 602-09
09-09 1.5M
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xix
AUTHORS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xx
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xxii
SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xxvii
INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xxxix
CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1
1.2
1.3
General-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Masonry Units---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2.1 Clay Masonry-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.2.1.1 Solid Clay Units-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.2.1.1.1
Grades of Building and Facing Bricks-----------------------------------------3
1.2.1.1.2
Types of Facing Bricks------------------------------------------------------------3
1.2.1.1.3
Solid Clay Brick Sizes-------------------------------------------------------------4
1.2.1.2 Hollow Clay Units-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.2.1.2.1
Grades of Hollow Brick------------------------------------------------------------4
1.2.1.2.2
Types of Hollow Brick-------------------------------------------------------------4
1.2.1.2.3
Classes of Hollow Brick-----------------------------------------------------------4
1.2.1.2.4
Sizes of Hollow Brick--------------------------------------------------------------5
1.2.1.3 Physical Requirements of Clay Masonry Units----------------------------------------------5
1.2.1.3.1
General-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.2.1.3.2
Water Absorption and Saturation Coefficient--------------------------------5
1.2.1.3.3
Tolerances---------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.2.1.3.4
Initial Rate of Absorption, I.R.A.------------------------------------------------5
1.2.2 Concrete Masonry----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
1.2.2.1 Concrete Brick--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
1.2.2.1.1
Physical Property Requirements-----------------------------------------------6
1.2.2.2 Hollow Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units-----------------------------------------------6
1.2.2.2.1
Physical Property Requirements-----------------------------------------------7
1.2.2.2.2
Categories of Hollow Concrete Units------------------------------------------7
1.2.2.2.3
Sizes of Hollow Concrete Masonry Units-------------------------------------7
1.2.2.3 Moisture Content for Concrete Brick and Hollow Masonry Units----------------------8
Mortar-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
1.3.1 General------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
1.3.2 Types of Mortar--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
1.3.2.1 Selection of Mortar Types------------------------------------------------------------------------9
1.3.2.2 Specifying Mortar---------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
1.3.2.2.1
Property Specifications----------------------------------------------------------10
1.3.2.2.2
Proportion Specifications-------------------------------------------------------12
1.3.3 Mortar Materials------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
1.3.3.1 Cements--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
1.3.3.1.1
Portland Cement------------------------------------------------------------------12
1.3.3.1.2
Masonry Cement-----------------------------------------------------------------13
1.3.3.1.3
Mortar Cement--------------------------------------------------------------------13
1.3.3.2 Hydrated Lime-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
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1.4
1.5
1.6
General---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
Verification of, fm, the Specified Design Strength-----------------------------------------------------------------31
2.2.1 Verification by Prism Tests-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
2.2.1.1 Prism Testing--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
2.2.1.2 Construction of Prisms--------------------------------------------------------------------------33
2.2.1.3 Standard Prism Tests----------------------------------------------------------------------------34
2.2.1.4 Test Results----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
2.2.1.5 Strength of Component Materials-------------------------------------------------------------36
2.2.1.5.1
Hollow Concrete Masonry------------------------------------------------------36
2.2.1.5.2
Clay Brick and Hollow Brick Masonry----------------------------------------36
2.2.1.5.3
Mortar-------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
2.2.1.5.4
Grout---------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
2.2.2 Verification by Unit Strength Method----------------------------------------------------------------------37
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
CHAPTER 3 LOADS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
General---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
Load Combinations------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53
Dead Loads----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
Live Loads------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
3.4.1 Floor Loads------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
3.4.2 Concentrated Loads------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61
3.4.3 Roof Loads------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61
3.4.3.1 Snow Loads----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62
3.4.3.2 Rain Loads-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65
3.4.3.3 Flood Loads----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66
3.4.3.4 Special Roof Loads-------------------------------------------------------------------------------66
3.4.3.5 Special Anchorage Loads and Design Requirements-----------------------------------66
Wind Loads----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66
3.5.1 Velocity Pressure Determinations-------------------------------------------------------------------------66
3.5.1.1 Definitions------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67
3.5.1.2 Velocity Pressure Coefficient, Kz--------------------------------------------------------------68
3.5.1.3 Topographic Factor, Kzt--------------------------------------------------------------------------69
3.5.1.4 Wind Directionality Factor, Kd------------------------------------------------------------------71
3.5.1.5 Basic Wind Speed, V-----------------------------------------------------------------------------71
3.5.1.6 Importance Factor, I------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
3.5.2 Wind Exposure Conditions for the Main Wind Force Resisting System--------------------------72
3.5.3 Wind Loads for Components and Cladding-------------------------------------------------------------73
3.5.4 Wind and Seismic Detailing---------------------------------------------------------------------------------86
Seismic Loads-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
3.6.1 General-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
3.6.1.1 Principles of Seismic Design-------------------------------------------------------------------88
3.6.1.2 The Design Earthquake-------------------------------------------------------------------------89
3.6.1.3 Structural Response-----------------------------------------------------------------------------89
3.6.1.4 Introduction to ASCE 7--------------------------------------------------------------------------90
3.6.2 Base Shear, V--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91
3.6.2.1 Design Ground Motion (SDS, SD1)-------------------------------------------------------------92
3.6.2.1.1
MCE Ground Motion (SS, S1)--------------------------------------------------92
3.6.2.1.2
Site Class and Coefficients (Fa, Fv)------------------------------------------92
3.6.2.2 Seismic Design Category (SDC)-------------------------------------------------------------95
3.6.2.3 Response Modification Factor (R)------------------------------------------------------------95
3.6.2.4 Building Period (T)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------96
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3.7
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
General--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------105
Horizontal Diaphragms------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------106
4.2.1 Diaphragm Anchorage Requirements------------------------------------------------------------------107
4.2.2 Deflection of Diaphragms and Walls--------------------------------------------------------------------109
4.2.3 Types of Diaphragms----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------110
4.2.3.1 Flexible Diaphragms----------------------------------------------------------------------------110
4.2.3.2 Rigid Diaphragms-------------------------------------------------------------------------------113
Wall Rigidities------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------114
4.3.1 Cantilever Pier or Wall--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------114
4.3.2 Fixed Pier or Wall---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------115
4.3.3 Combinations of Walls--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------116
4.3.4 High Rise Walls-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------117
4.3.5 Relative Stiffness of Walls----------------------------------------------------------------------------------117
Overturning---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------120
Diaphragms, Chords, Collectors, Building Irregularities, and Wall Connections------------------------122
Drift and Deformation--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------126
Torsion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------127
4.7.1 General---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------127
4.7.2 Torsion Categories-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------128
4.7.2.1 Inherent Torsion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------128
4.7.2.2 Accidental Torsion------------------------------------------------------------------------------128
4.7.2.3 Amplification of the Accidental Torsion-----------------------------------------------------128
Base Isolation------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------133
4.8.1 General---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------133
4.8.2 Principles of Seismic Reduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------134
Questions and Problems----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------135
5.4
History---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------137
Principles of Allowable Stress Design------------------------------------------------------------------------------137
5.2.1 General, Flexural Stress------------------------------------------------------------------------------------137
Derivation of Flexural Formulas-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------138
5.3.1 Location of Neutral Axis------------------------------------------------------------------------------------139
5.3.2 Variation of Coefficients k, j and Flexural Coefficient Kf --------------------------------------------139
5.3.3 Moment Capacity of a Section----------------------------------------------------------------------------140
5.3.4 Summary-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------141
5.3.4.1 Strain Compatibility-----------------------------------------------------------------------------142
5.3.4.2 Variation in Stress Levels of the Materials------------------------------------------------144
5.3.4.3 Maximum Amount of Reinforcement-------------------------------------------------------146
5.3.5 Design Using nj and 2/jk Values------------------------------------------------------------------------146
5.3.6 Partially Grouted Walls-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------147
5.3.7 Compression Reinforcement------------------------------------------------------------------------------149
5.3.7.1 Compression Steel Modular Ratio--------------------------------------------------------150
Shear----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------152
5.4.1 General---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------152
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6.4
6.5
General--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------211
Development of Stress Conditions---------------------------------------------------------------------------------212
Strength Design Procedure-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------213
6.3.1 Load Parameters---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------213
6.3.1.1 Load Factors-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------213
6.3.1.2 Strength Reduction Factor, -----------------------------------------------------------------214
6.3.2 Design Parameters------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------215
Derivation of Flexural Strength Design Equations--------------------------------------------------------------216
6.4.1 Strength Design for Sections with Tension Steel Only-----------------------------------------------216
6.4.1.1 Balanced Steel Ratio---------------------------------------------------------------------------217
6.4.2 Strength Design for Sections with Tension and Compression Steel-----------------------------223
6.4.3 Strength Design for Combined Axial Load and Moment--------------------------------------------226
6.4.3.1 Derivation for P-M Loading-------------------------------------------------------------------226
Tall Slender Walls-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------227
6.5.1 General---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------227
6.5.2 Slender Wall Design Requirements---------------------------------------------------------------------227
6.5.2.1 Effective Steel Area-----------------------------------------------------------------------------228
6.5.2.2 Nominal Moment Strength--------------------------------------------------------------------228
6.5.3 Design or Factored Strength of Wall Cross-Section-------------------------------------------------228
6.5.3.1 Deflection Criteria-------------------------------------------------------------------------------228
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CHAPTER 7
7.1
7.2
7.3
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7.3.4
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
CHAPTER 8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
General Connections--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------295
Wall to Wall Connections----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------295
Lintel and Bond Beam Connection---------------------------------------------------------------------------------297
Wall to Wood Diaphragm Connections----------------------------------------------------------------------------297
Wall to Concrete Diaphragm Connections------------------------------------------------------------------------299
Wall to Steel Diaphragm Connections-----------------------------------------------------------------------------300
Wall Foundation Details-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------301
CHAPTER 9
9.1
BUILDING DETAILS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------295
SPECIAL TOPICS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------303
Movement Joints--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------303
9.1.1 General---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------303
9.1.2 Movement Joints for Clay Masonry Structures--------------------------------------------------------303
9.1.2.1 General--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------303
9.1.2.2 Vertical Expansion Joints----------------------------------------------------------------------303
9.1.2.3 Location and Spacing of Expansion Joints------------------------------------------------304
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9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
CHAPTER 10
10.1 General--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------319
10.2 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Formulas------------------------------------------------------------------------319
Table 10.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Equations---------------------------------------------------------319
Table 10.2 Design Formulas Allowable Stress Design-----------------------------------------------------323
10.3 Strength Design (SD) Formulas-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------325
Table 10.3 Strength Design (SD) Equations----------------------------------------------------------------------325
Table 10.4 Design Formulas Strength Design----------------------------------------------------------------330
CHAPTER 11
11.1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
xi
CHAPTER 12
12.1 General--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------353
12.1.1 Design Criteria, Elevation and Plan----------------------------------------------------------------------354
12.1.2 Floor and Roof Systems------------------------------------------------------------------------------------354
12.1.3 Structural Wall System--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------356
12.1.4 Dead and Live Loads on the Masonry Walls-----------------------------------------------------------356
12.1.5 Seismic Loading----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------360
12.1.6 Wind Design---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------364
12.2 Design of Wall j on First Story, Base Level Allowable Stress Design-----------------------------------365
12.2.1 Load Combinations------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------365
12.2.2 Shear------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------365
12.2.3 Compression Limit: Equation 16-20---------------------------------------------------------------------366
12.2.4 Tension Limit: Equation 16-21----------------------------------------------------------------------------366
12.2.5 Limits on Reinforcement------------------------------------------------------------------------------------367
12.3 Design of Wall j on First Story, Base Level Strength Design---------------------------------------------367
12.3.1 Load Combinations------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------368
12.3.2 Shear------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------368
12.3.3 Compression Limit-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------369
12.3.4 Tension Limit---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------369
12.3.5 Limits on Reinforcement------------------------------------------------------------------------------------369
12.4 Design of Wall f on First Story, Base Level----------------------------------------------------------------------370
12.4.1 General---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------370
12.4.2 Allowable Stress Design------------------------------------------------------------------------------------370
12.4.3 Limits on Reinforcement------------------------------------------------------------------------------------374
12.5 Strength Design---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------374
12.5.1 Load Combinations------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------374
12.5.2 Shear------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------374
12.5.3 Compression Limiting---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------375
12.5.4 Tension----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------376
12.5.5 Limits on Reinforcement------------------------------------------------------------------------------------378
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CHAPTER 13
RETAINING WALLS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------383
13.1 General--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------383
13.2 Types of Retaining Walls----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------383
13.2.1 Gravity Walls----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------383
13.2.2 Counterfort or Buttress Walls------------------------------------------------------------------------------383
13.2.3 Cantilever Retaining Walls---------------------------------------------------------------------------------385
13.2.4 Supported Walls----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------385
13.3 Design of Retaining Walls---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------386
13.3.1 Effect of Corners on Lateral Supporting Capacity of Retaining Walls----------------------------386
13.3.2 Preliminary Proportioning of Retaining Walls----------------------------------------------------------387
13.4 Cantilever Retaining Wall Design Example-----------------------------------------------------------------------388
13.4.1 Design Criteria------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------388
13.4.2 Stem Design---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------389
13.4.2.1 Brick Wall Stem----------------------------------------------------------------------------------389
13.4.2.2 Concrete Masonry Stem-----------------------------------------------------------------------392
13.4.3 Footing Design------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------394
13.4.3.1 Soil Bearing and Overturning-----------------------------------------------------------------394
13.4.3.2 Sliding----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------397
13.4.3.3 Analysis for Ultimate Strength Design of Footing----------------------------------------398
13.4.3.4 Design of Footing Thickness for Shear----------------------------------------------------400
13.4.3.5 Design of Footing Thickness for Development of Wall Reinforcement-----------401
13.4.3.6 Design of Footing Bottom Steel--------------------------------------------------------------401
13.4.3.7 Design of Footing Top Steel-------------------------------------------------------------------402
13.4.3.8 Design of Footing Key--------------------------------------------------------------------------402
13.4.3.9 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement-----------------------------------------------------403
13.5 Questions and Problems----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------404
CHAPTER 14
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table ASD-7c
Table ASD-8a
Table ASD-8b
Table ASD-9a
Table ASD-9b
Table ASD-9c
Table ASD-10
Table ASD-22
Table ASD-24a
Diagram ASD-24a
Table ASD-24b
Diagram ASD-24b
Table ASD-25a
Diagram ASD-25a
Table ASD-25b
Diagram ASD-25b
Table ASD-26a
Diagram ASD-26a
Table ASD-26b
Diagram ASD-26b
Table ASD-27a
Diagram ASD-27a
Table ASD-27b
Diagram ASD-27b
Table ASD-28a
Diagram ASD-28a
Table ASD-28b
Diagram ASD-28b
xiii
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Table ASD-29a
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xv
Diagram ASD-74b Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 1,500 psi, (Concrete Masonry)------------------467
Table ASD-75a
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 2000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 20.7------------------------------468
Diagram ASD-75a Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 2,000 psi, (Clay Masonry)------------------------469
Table ASD-75b
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 2000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 16.1------------------------470
Diagram ASD-75b Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 2,000 psi, (Concrete Masonry)------------------471
Table ASD-76a
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 2500 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 16.6------------------------------472
Diagram ASD-76a Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 2,500 psi, (Clay Masonry)------------------------473
Table ASD-76b
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 2500 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 12.9------------------------474
Diagram ASD-76b Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 2,500 psi, (Concrete Masonry)------------------475
Table ASD-77a
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 3000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 13.8------------------------------476
Diagram ASD-77a Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 3,000 psi, (Clay Masonry)------------------------477
Table ASD-77b
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 3000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 10.7------------------------478
Diagram ASD-77b Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 3,000 psi, (Concrete Masonry)------------------479
Table ASD-78a
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 3500 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 11.8------------------------------480
Diagram ASD-78a Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 3,500 psi, (Clay Masonry)------------------------481
Table ASD-78b
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 3500 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 9.2-------------------------482
Diagram ASD-78b Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 3,500 psi, (Concrete Masonry)------------------483
Table ASD-79a
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 4000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 10.4------------------------------484
Diagram ASD-79a Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 4,000 psi, (Clay Masonry)------------------------485
Table ASD-79b
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 4000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 8.1-------------------------486
Diagram ASD-79b Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 4,000 psi, (Concrete Masonry)------------------487
Table ASD-84a
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 3/8
Head Joints--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------488
Table ASD-84b
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 3/8
Head Joints--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------489
Table ASD-85a
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 1/2
Head Joints--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------490
Table ASD-85b
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 1/2
Head Joints--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------491
Table ASD-86a
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed so that the
Nominal Column Dimension Equals the Actual Column Dimension---------------------492
Table ASD-86b
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed so that the
Nominal Column Dimension Equals the Actual Column Dimension---------------------493
Table ASD-87
Capacity of Reinforcing Steel in Tied Masonry Columns (kips)----------------------------494
Table ASD-88
Maximum Spacing of Column Ties (inches)----------------------------------------------------494
Table ASD-89a
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------495
Table ASD-89b
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------496
Table ASD-89c
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------497
Table ASD-89d
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------498
Table ASD-89e
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------499
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Table ASD-89f
Table ASD-89g
Table ASD-91
Table ASD-92
Table ASD-93
Table ASD-94
GN-17
GN-18a
GN-18b
GN-18c
GN-19a
GN-19b
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
GN-19c
GN-19d
GN-19e
GN-20a
GN-20b
GN-20c
GN-20d
GN-21a
GN-21b
GN-21c
GN-22a
GN-22b
GN-23a
GN-23b
GN-23c
GN-23d
GN-23e
GN-23f
GN-23g
GN-23h
GN-23i
GN-23j
GN-23k
GN-23l
GN-23m
GN-24a
GN-24b
GN-24c
GN-25a
GN-25b
GN-26a
GN-26b
GN-27
GN-28a
GN-28b
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
GN-28c
GN-28d
GN-29a
GN-29b
GN-30
GN-31
Table GN-32
Table GN-91
xvii
SD-2
SD-3
SD-4
SD-5
SD-6
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 1500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi----------564
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 2000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi----------565
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 2500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi----------566
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 3000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi----------567
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 3500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi----------568
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Table SD-7
Table SD-12
Table SD-14
Table SD-15
Table SD-16
Table SD-17
Table SD-18
Table SD-19
Table SD-22
Table SD-24
Table SD-26
Diagram SD-26
Table SD-27
Diagram SD-27
Table SD-91
Table SD-92
Table SD-93
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 4000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi----------569
Design Coefficient q for the Determination of the Reinforcing Ratio -------------------570
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 1,500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi------------571
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 2,000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi----------572
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 2,500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi------------573
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 3,000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi------------574
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 3,500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi------------575
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 4,000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi------------576
Standard Bends and Hooks and Basic Development Length Provided-----------------577
Modulus of Rupture (fr) for Clay and Concrete Masonry (psi)------------------------------577
Maximum Nominal Shear Stress Provided by the Masonry, Vm, psi----------------------578
Maximum Nominal Shear Stress Provided by the Masonry, Vm, psi----------------------578
Maximum Nominal Shear Stress of Masonry and Reinforcement, Vn, psi--------------579
Maximum Nominal Shear Stress of Masonry and Reinforcing Steel, Vn, psi-----------579
Nominal Axial Tensile Strength Ban (pounds) in Anchor Bolts Based
on lb or lbe-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------580
Nominal Axial Tensile Strength Ban (pounds) Based on ASTM A307
Grade A Steel Bolts-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------581
Anchor Bolt Shear Strength Bvn (pounds) Based on Bolt Steel Strength
and Masonry Breakout Strength------------------------------------------------------------------581
CHAPTER 15 REFERENCES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------583
CHAPTER 16 INDEX-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------593
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xix
PREFACE
In 1970, James Amrhein recognized that a comprehensive reinforced engineering design handbook was
needed which would encompass the coefficients, tables, charts and design data required for the design of
reinforced masonry structures. Mr. Amrhein tried to fulfill these requirements with the first edition of this
publication. Since then, subsequent editions have been improved and expanded to comply with applicable
editions of the Uniform Building Code and International Building Code keeping pace with the growth of
reinforced masonry engineering.
The authors would like this book to be as useful as possible to designers of reinforced masonry in
eliminating repetitious and routine calculations. This publication will increase the understanding and reduce the
time required for masonry design.
The detail and design requirements included in this book are based upon the 2006 edition of the
International Building Code published by the International Code Council, and ASCE/SEI 7-05, Minimum Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures published by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Also included in this
edition is information and design tables based on the code reference document, ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures.
In addition to the code requirements, sound engineering practice has been included in this publication to
serve as a guide to the engineer and designer using it.
There may be several design and analysis methods and the results for the design can be somewhat
different. Techniques included in this publication have been reviewed by competent engineers who have found
the results to be satisfactory and safe. The authors welcome recommendations for the extension and
improvement of the material and any new design techniques for future editions.
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AUTHORS
James E. Amrhein
James E. Amrhein, who served as Executive Director of the Masonry Institute of
America until his retirement, has more than 50 years experience in construction,
engineering, technical promotion, teaching, structural design and earthquake
engineering. He was a project engineer with Stone & Webster Engineering
Corporation in Boston, Massachusetts, Supervising Structural Engineer for the
Portland Cement Association in Los Angeles, and has been active in seismic design
and research, including the investigation and reporting of structural performance of
buildings subjected to earthquakes throughout the world. His B.C.E. was earned at
Manhattan College followed by an M.S.C.E. from Columbia University in New York
City. He was elected to the Tau Beta Pi and Chi Epsilon honorary engineering
societies.
In 1983, Mr. Amrhein received the Outstanding Engineering Merit Award from the Institute for the Advancement
of Engineering and the Steven B. Barnes Award from the Structural Engineers Association of Southern
California for his contributions in the field of masonry research and education. He also received the
Distinguished Service Award from the Western States Clay Products Association. His research, along with
other members of SEAOSC, eliminated the h/t limitations from the code and introduced strength design
provisions for masonry tall slender walls.
Mr. Amrhein is a Registered Civil, Structural and Quality Engineer in California and a Licensed Professional
Engineer in New York. He is a Fellow in the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Concrete
Institute, and an Honorary Member of The Masonry Society and the Structural Engineers Association of
Southern California. He is also a Fellow in the SEAOC College of Fellows and a member of numerous other
professional organizations including the International Code Council and the Earthquake Engineering Research
Institute. He is a founding member and past president of The Masonry Society.
Mr. Amrhein is a Navy veteran who served overseas in World War II and the Korean incident with the Seabees.
From 1961 to 1980 he served on the evening Civil Engineering faculty at California State University, Long
Beach, as an adjunct (full) professor. He has presented masonry design seminars for the American Society of
Civil Engineers in their continuing education program and has lectured at many universities throughout the
United States and around the world. He has written many technical publications on masonry and concrete.
Mr. Amrhein continues to work as a consultant on masonry and concrete issues. He was married to his wife,
Laurette, for 56 years. They have four children (three engineers and one scientist) and seven grandchildren.
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AUTHORS
xxi
Max L. Porter
Max L. Porter is a professor of civil engineering at Iowa State University, Ames,
Iowa. He has served multiple officer positions of several organizations and president
of five organizations, including President of The Masonry Society and the Structural
Engineering Institute. He has chaired several national code committees in the areas
of masonry, reinforced concrete, and FRP. He has published over 400 papers,
books or chapters, and reports and given over 350 technical presentations. He has
taught over 30 different courses with most of the courses being in the areas of
reinforced concrete, masonry, timber, and structural engineering. He has received
many honors, and received the award as Distinguished (Honorary) Member of
ASCE (the organization's highest honor) and the Scalzi Research Prize President's
Award from TMS.
He has and continues to serve on the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) since its inception,
including six years chairing the Committee. He is also active with ASCE and American Concrete Institute. He
has taught several of the national design and code seminars or workshops on masonry design, since the
inception of the MSJC Code in 1977. He has also contributed a large number of technical presentations and
papers on various masonry topics.
Dr. Porter attended Iowa State University where he received his Bachelor Degree in 1965, Masters Degree in
1968 and Ph.D. in 1974. As a young engineer, his experience includes employment with the County of Los
Angeles, Iowa State Highway Commission and the American Bridge Division of the U.S. Steel Corporation.
Previously, Dr. Porter has served as a professional consultant for over 30 firms and has performed disaster
investigations on a regular basis, as well as serving as a consultant for over 200 clients dealing with failed
masonry structures over a 42-year period.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would especially like to acknowledge the contributions of Phillip Samblanet, P.E., Chester
Schultz, Ralph McLean, John Arias, Phil Kim, Edward M. McDermott, Joseph Oddo, Juan Giron, Steve
Tanikawa and Rulon Frank for their work in the previous editions.
Technical support and comments came from many sources and we are grateful to all. John G. Tawresey
from KPFF Consulting Engineers, Inc. is recognized for his contribution on Chapters 11 and 12. John Hockwalt,
S.E. of KPFF Consulting Engineers, Inc. thoroughly reviewed the manuscript suggesting significant
improvements throughout the book. Greg Benzinger, Iowa State University graduate student assisted Dr. Porter
in the update and Greg completely updated the design tables.
The authors are pleased to acknowledge the work of Masonry Institute of Americas staff, Thomas Escobar,
Luis Dominguez and Debby Chrysler for the drawings, layout, editorial review and production work of this
publication.
Finally we wish to thank the Board of Trustees of the Masonry Institute of America for their constant
support: Ken Tejeda, Chairman, Ron Bennett, Dana Kemp, Julie Salazar, Frank Smith and Jim Smith who have
given their full cooperation to see that this publication has been successful and a benefit for the masonry
industry.
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MIA/ICC
xxiii
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These codes provide a comprehensive package for adoption and use in the 21st Century.
The ICC also offers unmatched technical, educational, and informational products and services in support
of the International Codes, with more than 300 highly qualified staff members at 16 offices throughout the
United States and Latin America. Products and services readily available to code users include:
In this publication the term MSJC Code refers to Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures
(ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402) and the term MSJC Specification refers to Specification for Masonry Structures
(ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602).
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TMS/ACI/ASCE
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xxvii
area
of
of
shear
National
Standards
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CM = center of mass.
CMU = Concrete Masonry Unit.
CR = center of rigidity.
Comp. = compressive.
d = distance from extreme compression
fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement, in.
db = diameter of reinforcement, in.
ddd = diameter
of
largest
beam
longitudinal reinforcing bar passing
through or anchored in the joint, in.
dbp = diameter of largest pier longitudinal
reinforcing bar passing through the
joint, in.
d1 or d = distance from compression face of a
flexural member to the centroid of
longitudinal compressive reinforcement.
dv = actual depth of masonry in direction
of shear considered, in.
dx = distance in x direction from center of
rigidity to shear wall.
dy = distance in y direction from center of
rigidity to shear wall.
D = dead load or related
moments and forces.
internal
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compressive
es = strain in steel.
ex = eccentricity in x direction of center of
mass to center of rigidity.
ey = eccentricity in y direction of center of
mass to center of rigidity.
eu = eccentricity of Puf, in.
E = load effects of earthquake or related
internal moments and forces.
E = eccentricity measured from tensile
steel axis to the load, ft.
EAAC = modulus of elasticity of
masonry in compression, psi.
xxix
AAC
of
fpy = specified
yield
strength
prestressing tendon, psi.
of
Eq = equation.
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel =
29,000,000, psi.
Ev = modulus of rigidity (shear modulus)
of masonry, psi.
E.F.P. = equivalent fluid pressure of lateral
earth loads.
EST = Equivalent Solid Thickness.
fa = calculated compressive stress in
masonry due to axial load only, psi.
fAAC = specified compressive strength of
AAC, the minimum compressive
strength for a class of AAC as
specified in ASTM C1386, psi.
fb = calculated compressive stress in
masonry due to flexure only, psi.
fc = concrete compressive stress in
extreme fiber in flexure, psi.
fct = average splitting tensile strength of
lightweight aggregate concrete, psi.
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= importance factor.
= impact loads or related internal
moments and forces.
Ier
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= embedment length.
= kilo, 1000.
kc = coefficient of creep of masonry, per
psi.
lbe = anchor
bolt
edge
distance,
measured in the direction of load,
from edge of masonry to center of
the cross section of anchor bolt, in.
kg = kilogram.
lbs = pounds.
kPa = kilopascals.
Ka
strength
le = equivalent
embedment
length
provided by standard hooks
measured from the start of the hook
(point of tangency), in.
lp = clear span of the prestressed
member in the direction of the
prestressing tendon, in.
lw = length of entire wall or of the
segment of wall considered in
direction of shear force, in.
L = live load or related internal moments
and forces.
LL = live load.
Ls = distance between supports, in.
Lw = length of wall, in.
level i = level of structure referred to by the
subscript i. i = 1 designates the first
level above the base.
level n = that level which is uppermost in the
main portion of the structure.
level x = that level which is under design
consideration. x = 1 designates the
first level above the base.
lin. = linear.
m = metre.
= milli, one thousandth, 0.001.
max. = maximum.
min. = minimum.
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N = Newton, force.
= North.
= number of bars in a layer being
spliced or developed at a critical
section.
No. = number.
Nu = factored compressive force acting
normal to shear surface that is
associated with the Vu loading
combination
case
under
consideration.
Nv = compressive force acting normal to
shear surface, lb.
NA = neutral axis.
o.c. = on center.
OTM = overturning moment.
p = ratio of the area of flexural tensile
reinforcement, As, to the area (bd).
p = ratio of area of compressive
reinforcement to the effective area of
masonry (bd).
pb = reinforcement
ratio
producing
balanced design conditions.
pcf = pounds per cubic foot, unit weight.
pg = ratio of the area of vertical
reinforcement to the gross area, Ag.
plf = pounds per linear foot.
pn = ratio of the area of shear
reinforcement to masonry area, Amv.
= ratio
of
distributed
shear
reinforcement
on
a
plane
perpendicular to plane or Amv.
MG = Megagram.
M.M. = Modified Mercali Intensity Scale.
MSJC = Masonry Standards Joint Committee
(Also refers to ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS
402 or ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602
Code).
n = ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel
(Es) to that of masonry (Em) or
concrete (Ec). For masonry the
modular ratio, n is equal to Es/Em.
design
axial
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by
shear
uniformly
internal
Wp = the weight
component.
of
en
element
or
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compressive
= reinforcement ratio.
n = ratio of distributed shear reinforcement
on plane perpendicular to plane of
Amv.
max = maximum reinforcement ratio.
o = sum of perimeters of all
longitudinal reinforcement.
the
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REINFORCED
MASONRY
ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
CLAY AND CONCRETE MASONRY
SIXTH EDITION
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INTRODUCTION
...They said to one another, Come, let us make bricks and bake them. They used
bricks for stone and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, Let us build ourselves a city
and a tower with its top in the heavens.
from the Old Testament of the Holy Bible, Book of Genesis, Chapter XI, Versus 3 and 4
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Masonry structures have been constructed since
the earliest days of mankind, not only for homes but
also for works of beauty and grandeur. Stone was
the first masonry unit and was used for primitive but
breathtaking structures such as the 4000 year old
Stonehenge ring on Englands Salisbury Plains.
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INTRODUCTION
In the United States, masonry is used from Maine
to Hawaii and has been the primary material for
building construction from the 18th to the 21st
centuries.
thick CMU for the bottom three floors and 8 in. (203
mm) thick CMU for the upper 10 floors.
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BASIS OF DESIGN
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H A P T E R
MATERIALS
1.1 GENERAL
The four principal materials used in reinforced
masonry are the masonry units, mortar, grout and
reinforcing steel. These materials are assembled into
a homogeneous structural system. The primary
documents of reference in this publication are the
International Building Code (IBC), and the Masonry
Standards Joint Committee (MSJC Code) code
provisions for masonry and specifications, more
precisely designated by the following:
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characterized by extensive
fluxing as the mass densifies
and solidifies.
2 to 8 percent
2.5 to 10 percent
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MATERIALS
TABLE 1.1 Grade Requirements for Face
Exposures (ASTM C62 Table 2; ASTM C216
Table 2)
Weathering Index
Exposure
No void
Less
50 to 500 and
than 50 500 greater
In vertical surfaces:
In contact with earth
Not in contact with earth
In other than vertical
surfaces:
In contact with earth
Not in contact with earth
500
500
500
MW
MW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
MW
SW
SW
SW
SW
500
500
50
500
500
500
WEATHERING INDEX
50
50
50
Less than 50
50 to 500
500 and greater
FIGURE 1.3
United States.
GRADE SW (Severe Weathering) bricks are
intended for use where a high and uniform degree of
resistance to frost action and disintegration by
weathering is desired and the exposure is such that
the brick may freeze when permeated with water.
GRADE MW (Moderate Weathering) bricks are
used where they will be exposed to temperatures
below freezing, but unlikely to be permeated with water,
and where a moderate and somewhat non-uniform
degree of resistance to frost action is permissible.
GRADE NW (Negligible Weathering) applies to
building brick only and is intended for use in backup
or interior masonry.
1.2.1.1.2 TYPES OF FACING BRICKS
Included in ASTM C216 are three types of facing,
or face brick based upon factors affecting the
appearance of the finished wall. These types of face
bricks are described as follows:
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Modular Brick:
Oversize Brick:
Norman Brick:
Jumbo Brick:
3"
x 25/8" x 95/8"
x 31/2" x 111/2"
Double shell
hollow
brick units
Solid shell
hollow
brick units
Cored shell
hollow
brick units
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MATERIALS
TABLE 1.2 Class H60V Hollow Brick Minimum
Thickness of Face Shells and Webs (ASTM
C652, Table 1)
Nominal Face Shell Cored or End Shells
Width of Thicknesses Double
or End
Units (in.) Solid (in.) Shell (in.) Webs (in.)
3 and 4
6
8
10
12
11/2
11/2
15/8
2
3/4
1
11/4
13/8
11/2
3/4
1
1
11/8
11/8
1.2.1.3.1 GENERAL
The physical requirements for each grade of solid
and hollow brick are compressive strength, water
absorption and the saturation coefficient as shown in
Table 1.3. However, note that facing brick is only
classified into Grades SW and MW.
Average of
5 Bricks
Individual
Average of
5 Bricks
Individual
Maximum
Saturation
Coefficient1
Individual
Grade
SW
Grade
MW
Grade
NW2
Minimum
Compressive
Maximum
Strength for
Water
Brick Flatwise Absorption by
Based on
5 Hour Boiling
Gross Area
Percent
(psi)
Average of
5 Bricks
Designation
3000
2500
17.0
20.0
0.78
0.80
2500
2200
22.0
25.0
0.88
0.90
1500
1250
3 and under
Over 3 to 4, incl.
Over 4 to 6, incl.
Over 6 to 8, incl.
Over 8 to 12, incl.
Over 12 to 16, incl.
Maximum Permissible
Variation from Specific
Dimensions,
Plus or Minus (in.)
Type FBX;
HBX
Type FBS;
HBS & HBB
1/16
3/32
3/32
1/8
1/8
3/16
5/32
7/32
1/4
5/16
9/32
3/8
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Weight Classification
3500
2500
3000
2000
15
18
13
15
10
13
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MATERIALS
1.2.2.2.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS
ASTM C90 requires concrete masonry units to
meet the strength and moisture absorption
requirements listed in Table 1.6.
TABLE 1.6 Strength and Absorption
Requirements (ASTM C90 Table 2)
Compressive
Strength1,
Min. (psi)
Weight Classification
Avg. of
3 Units
1900
LightMedium Normal
Weight,
Weight
Individual weight,
Unit
Less than 105 to less 125 or
105
than 125
more
1700
18
15
13
OF
8 x 8 x 16 Open End
8 x 8 x 8 Half
8 x 8 x 16 Lintel
8 x 8 x 16 Bond Beam
8 x 8 x 16 Grout Lock
FIGURE 1.5
masonry units.
8 Y-Block
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Horizontal
steel
FIGURE 1.6
Web Thickness
FaceNominal Actual
Shell1
Webs1 Equivalent Web
Width, Width,
Thickness Min., Thickness, (Min.
(in.)
(in.)
Min. (in.)
(in.)
in./Lin Ft)1,2
4
6
8
10
35/8
55/8
75/8
95/8
12
115/8
3/4
3/4
14
11/44
13/84
11/43,4
11/2
11/43,4
1
1
11/8
15/8
21/4
21/4
21/2
11/8
21/2
system.
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MATERIALS
1.3 MORTAR
1.3.1 GENERAL
Mortar is a plastic mixture of materials used to
bind masonry units into a structural mass. Mortar has
the following purposes:
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ASTM
Mortar Type
Designation
Construction Suitability
Exterior,
above grade
Building Segment
Load-bearing wall
Non-load bearing
wall
Parapet wall
Foundation wall,
retaining wall,
Exterior, at or manholes, sewers,
below grade pavements, walks
and patios
Interior
Load-bearing wall
Non-bearing
partitions
Mortar Type
Rec.
Alt.
N
O2
S or M
N or S
S3
M or N3
N
O
S or M
N
1. This table does not provide for many specialized mortar uses,
such as chimney, reinforced masonry, and acid-resistant
mortars.
2. Type O mortar is recommended for use where the masonry is
unlikely to be frozen when saturated or unlikely to be subjected
to high winds or other significant lateral loads. Type N or S
mortar should be used in other cases.
3. Masonry exposed to weather in a nominally horizontal surface
is extremely vulnerable to weathering. Mortar for such masonry
should be selected with due caution.
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MATERIALS
11
Mortar
Avg.
Aggregate
Comp.
Ratio
Water
Air
Strength
(Measured in
Type
Retention Content
at 28
Damp,
min. %
max. %
Days
Loose
min. (psi)
Conditions)
M
Cement- S
N
Lime
O
2500
1800
750
350
75
75
75
75
12
12
142
142
M
S
N
O
2500
1800
750
350
75
75
75
75
12
12
142
142
M
Masonry S
Cement N
O
2500
1800
750
350
75
75
75
75
18
18
203
203
Mortar
Cement
Not less
than 21/4
and not
more than
31/2 times
the sum of
the separate
volume of
cementitious
materials
16,000
14,000
2-in. Cube
Specimen
M
S
N
2100
1500
625
2500
1800
750
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
0.5
0.375
Mortar
Type
8,000
10,000
Compressive Strength
12,000
FIGURE 1.8
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1.3.3.1 CEMENTS
Three types of cement are now permitted to be
used in mortar by the IBC and the MSJC Code:
portland cement, masonry cement and mortar
cement. Plastic cement, or plasterers cement is not
acknowledged as an acceptable material and
therefore must not be used in mortar.
Masonry cement and mortar cement are
designated as Types M, S and N, which is not the
same as the mortar type (M, S, N and O). In Table
1.12, the M, S and N designation for masonry and
mortar cements in the third row represents gray, pure
cement added to other materials to make mortar,
whereas the M, S, N, and O designations in column
2 signify the mortar type (already mixed) the mason
uses to lay the unit.
1.3.3.1.1 PORTLAND CEMENT
The basic cementitious ingredient in most mortar
is portland cement. This material must meet the
requirements of ASTM C150 for Portland Cement. In
mortar, the type of portland cement is limited to Type
I, II, III or V. The use of air-entraining portland cement
(Type IA, IIA or IIIA) is not recommended for masonry
mortar because air entrainment can reduce the bond
between mortar and the masonry units.
TABLE 1.12 Mortar Proportions for Unit Masonry (IBC Table 2103.8(1), ASTM C270, Table 1)
PROPORTIONS BY VOLUME (Cementitious Materials)
Mortar
Type
Portland
Cement or
Blended
Cement
Masonry Cement
Mortar Cement
Hydrated Lime
or Lime Putty
1/4
1
over /4 to 1/2
over 1/2 to 11/4
M
S
N
O
1
1
1
1
Mortar
cement
M
M
S
S
N
O
1/2
1
1
Masonry
cement
M
M
S
S
N
O
1/2
1
1
Cement-lime
Aggregate Measured
in a Damp, Loose
Condition
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MATERIALS
Portland cement is the primary adhesive material
and, based on the water cement ratio, can produce
high strength mortar. Hydrated lime is used in
conjunction with portland cement to provide the
desired strength, workability and board life (board life
is defined as the period of time during which mortar
is still plastic and workable).
1.3.3.1.2 MASONRY CEMENT
Masonry cement is a proprietary blend of
portland cement and plasticizers such as ground inert
fillers and other additives for workability. Masonry
cement must meet the requirements of ASTM C91
Masonry Cement and is available for Types M, S, N
and O mortar.
There are three types of masonry cement:
1. Type N contains the cementitious materials
used in the proportions called for in ASTM
C270. Type N masonry cement may also be
used in combination with portland cement or
blended hydraulic cement to prepare Type S
or Type M mortar.
bearing
BallBall
bearing
13
Clamping
bolts
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4000
84
83
3000
82
81
80
2000
79
78
1000
100C
0L
77
Compressive
strength
Water retentivity
80C
20L
60C
40L
40C
60L
5000
76
75
20C
80L
0C
100L
FIGURE 1.10
4
8
16
30
50
100
200
Natural
Sand
Manufactured
Sand
100
95 to 100
70 to 100
40 to 75
10 to 35
2 to 15
0 to 5
100
95 to 100
70 to 100
40 to 75
20 to 40
10 to 25
0 to 10
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MATERIALS
1.3.3.4 WATER
Water must be clean and free of deleterious
amounts of acids, alkalies or organic materials. Water
containing soluble salts such as potassium and
sodium sulfates should be avoided since these salts
can contribute to efflorescence. Also, water should
not be high in chloride ion content since that high
content can contribute to potential rusting of
reinforcement. A practical guide is to limit the chloride
ion content in mortar or grout to the prescribed limits
given for concrete in Table 4.4.1 of ACI 318.
Alternately, epoxy- or zinc-coated reinforcement may
be used for corrosion protection.
1.3.3.5 ADMIXTURES
There are numerous admixtures which may be
added to mortar to affect its properties. One of these,
called a retarding set admixture, delays the set and
stiffening of mortar. In fact, the set may be delayed for
36 hours or more if desired.
There are also admixtures used to replace lime.
These may be an air entraining chemical or a
pulverized fire clay or bentonite clay to provide
workability. Care should be taken with these
admixtures since the bond between the mortar and
the masonry units may be reduced. Use of a lime
substitute may be considered when hydrated lime is
not available.
The use of any admixtures must be approved by
the architect or engineer and should be acceptable to
the building official. Admixtures high in chloride ion
contribution should be avoided, unless epoxy- or
zinc-coated reinforcement is used.
1.3.3.6 COLOR
Mortar colors are generally mineral oxides or
carbon black. Iron oxide is used for red, yellow, and
brown colors; chromium oxide for green, and cobalt
oxide for blue colors. Commercially prepared colors for
mortars also offer a wide variety of colors and shades.
The amount of color additive depends on the
color and intensity desired. Typically the amount of
color additive ranges from 0.5% to 7.0% for the
mineral oxides with a maximum of 2% for carbon
black when using portland cement. MSJC
Specification Article 2.6 A.2 further limits the amount
of color additive that can be used with masonry or
mortar cement. These percentages are based on the
weight of cement content and the maximum
percentages are far greater than the normal amounts
of color additives generally required.
15
1.3.4 MIXING
1.3.4.1 MSJC SPECIFICATION FOR MIXING
Article 2.6 A provides the mortar mixing
requirements as shown:
MSJC Specification Article 2.6
2.6 Mixing
2.6 A. Mortar
1. Mix cementitious materials and aggregates
between 3 and 5 min. in a mechanical batch
mixer with a sufficient amount of water to
produce a workable consistency. Unless
acceptable, do not hand mix mortar.
Maintain workability of mortar by remixing
or retempering. Discard mortar which has
begun to stiffen or is not used within 21/2 hr
after initial mixing.
2. Limit the maximum percentage of mineral
oxide or carbon black job-site pigments by
weight of cement as follows:
a. Pigmented portland cement-lime mortar
1) Mineral oxide pigment 10 percent
2) Carbon black pigment 2 percent
b. Pigmented mortar cement mortar
1) Mineral oxide pigment 5 percent
2) Carbon black pigment 1 percent
c. Pigmented masonry cement mortar
1) Mineral oxide pigment 5 percent
2) Carbon black pigment 1 percent
3. Do not use admixtures containing more than
0.2 percent chloride ions.
4. Glass unit masonry Reduce the amount of
water to account for the lack of absorption.
Do not retemper mortar after initial set.
Discard unused mortar within 11/2 hr after
initial mixing.
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MATERIALS
Pre-blended dry mortar is also available in sacks,
which may be beneficial in keeping project debris at
a minimum. This packaging method can be especially
useful in limited working areas, such as parking
garages.
When factory blended mortar is used,
manufacturers certification of the type of mortar is
recommended.
Cubes
2500
1800
750
350
75
75
75
75
Air
Content2,
max. (%)
18
18
18
18
17
1.3.4.6 RETEMPERING
Mortar may be retempered, preferably limited to
one time, with water when needed to maintain
workability. This should be done on wet mortar
boards by forming a basin or hollow in the mortar,
adding water, and then reworking the mortar into the
water. Splashing water over the top of the mortar is
not permissible.
Harsh mortar that has begun to stiffen or harden
due to hydration, should be discarded. Mortar should
be used within two-and-one-half hours after the initial
water has been added to the dry ingredients at the
jobsite. Retempering color mortar should be avoided
to limit color variations.
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MATERIALS
1.4 GROUT
1.4.1 GENERAL
Grout is a mixture of portland cement, sand, pea
gravel and water mixed to fluid consistency so that it
will have a slump of 8 to 11 inches. Grout is placed in
the cells of hollow masonry units or between the
wythes of solid units to bind the reinforcing steel and
the masonry into a structural system. Additionally,
grout provides:
1. More cross-sectional area allowing a grouted
wall to support greater vertical and lateral
shear forces than a non-grouted wall.
2. Added sound transmission resistance thus
reducing the sound passing through the wall.
3. Increased fire resistance and an improved fire
rating of the wall.
4. Improved energy storage capabilities of a wall.
5. Greater weight thus improving the overturning
resistance of retaining walls.
Requirements for grout are given in ASTM C476,
Specification for Grout for Masonry. An example of
grouting a hollow unit wall is shown in Figure 1.15.
19
1
5
12
24
2
21/2
3
11/2 x 2
2x3
21/2 x 3
3x3
Coarse
Coarse
Coarse
Coarse
1
5
12
24
11/2
2
21/2
3
11/2 x 3
21/2 x 3
3x3
3x4
3/4
FIGURE 1.15
wall.
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8 to 11 Slump
12 Cone
20
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21
MATERIALS
new project. The use of 70% sand and 30% pea
gravel requires six sacks of portland cement per
cubic yard and results in a pumpable grout that
provides the minimum strength of 2000 psi required
by ASTM C476. Grout must have adequate strength
to satisfy f'm requirements and for sufficient bonding
to the reinforcing steel and the masonry units.
Without adequate bonding, stresses cannot properly
transfer between the various materials. Adequate
strength is also needed to assure that embedded
anchor bolts will be anchored securely.
Experience has shown that grout proportions
based on Table 1.16 are successful for normal loadbearing concrete masonry construction.
TABLE 1.16 Grout Proportions by Volume (IBC
Table 2103.12; ASTM C476, Table 1)
Type
Fine
Grout
Coarse
Grout
Parts by
Parts by
Volume of
Volume of
Portland
Hydrated
Cement or
Lime or
Blended
Lime Putty
Cement
Aggregate Measured in a
Damp, Loose Condition
Fine
Coarse
01/10
21/43 times
the sum of the
volumes of the
cementitious
materials
01/10
1.4.5 MIXING
Grout prepared at the jobsite should be mixed for
a minimum of five minutes in order to assure
thorough blending of all ingredients. Enough water
must be used in the mixing process to achieve a high
slump of 8 to 11 inches. Dry grout mixes which are
blended at a factory should be mixed at the jobsite in
a mechanical mixer for at least 5 minutes in order to
obtain the desired consistency.
Coarse Aggregate
Size No. 2
Size
No. 1
Natural
Manufactured
1/2
in.
3/8
in.
100
No. 4
95 to 100
100
100
No. 8
Size
No. 8
Size
No. 89
100
100
85 to 100 90 to 100
10 to 30
20 to 55
0 to 10
5 to 30
No. 16
50 to 85 70 to 100 70 to 100
0 to 5
0 to 10
No. 30
25 to 60
40 to 75
40 to 75
0 to 5
No. 50
10 to 30
10 to 35
20 to 40
No. 100
2 to 10
2 to 15
10 to 25
No. 200
0 to 5
0 to 5
0 to 10
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MATERIALS
those units being laid. The units are arranged to form
a space approximately 3 to 4 in. square and twice as
high as it is wide (Figures 1.17 and 1.18).
Line units with an
absorbent material
Tape
23
Grout test
specimen
Wooden block
Grout test
specimen
Wooden block
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11/2 minimum
Maximum height
of grout pour is 5
t - 2
Delay approximately 3 to 5
minutes allowing the water to be
absorbed by the masonry units,
then consolidate the grout by
mechanically vibrating.
FIGURE 1.20
required.
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MATERIALS
Cleanout opening
at all vertical
reinforcing bars
FIGURE 1.21
holes.
Delay
approximately
3 to 5 minutes
allowing the
water to be
absorbed by
the masonry
units, then
consolidate by
mechanically
vibrating
5 max.
5 max.
If grout pour is
5 0 or less
then it can be
placed in one
lift
5 max.
25
Cleanout opening.
Remove face shell
from cells. Seal
prior to grouting
but after
inspection.
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Section AA
5 max.
5 max.
A
Cleanout opening. Seal prior to
grouting but after inspection.
FIGURE 1.23
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MATERIALS
reinforcement
1.5.1 GENERAL
27
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Main
ribs
Letter for
producing
mill1
13
Bar size
#134
13
Type steel
(new billet)
Grade
mark
line2
Grade 300
(Grade 40)
Grade 420
(Grade 60)
Main
ribs
Letter for
producing
mill1
Bar size
#194
19
19
Type steel
(new billet)
Grade
mark3
Grade 300
(Grade 40)
Grade 420
(Grade 60)
Bar Size # (mm)
3
(10)
4
(13)
5
(16)
6
(19)
7
(22)
8
(25)
9
(29)
10
(32)
11
(36)
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MATERIALS
29
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1-1
the
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
give
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
advantages
of
using
joint
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H A P T E R
MASONRY ASSEMBLAGE
STRENGTHS AND PROPERTIES
2.1 GENERAL
Masonry assemblies are comprised of the
masonry unit, mortar and grout. Grouted masonry
has more compressive, flexural, and shear strength
than ungrouted masonry; therefore, this characteristic
provides for increased structural capacities.
The ultimate compressive strength of the
masonry assembly may be given as the symbol, f'mu,
to distinguish it from the specified compressive
strength, f'm. For autoclaved aerated concrete, the
specified compressive strength is designated as f'AAC.
To obtain the ultimate compressive strength
value, f'mu, prisms are constructed and tested in
accordance with ASTM C1314 Standard Test
Methods for Compressive Strength of Masonry
Prisms. A prism is a test specimen made up of
masonry units, mortar and sometimes grout. The
masonry units are laid up in stack bond and tested in
compression. From the results of the prism test, a
value for f'm can be confidently satisfied.
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No lateral restraint
No lateral restraint
No lateral restraint
No lateral restraint
Load
Load
No lateral restraint
No lateral restraint
No lateral restraint
No lateral restraint
Load
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Loading head
of testing machine
*
Bearing plate
* Approximately
same thickness
33
Masonry prism
Loading head of
testing machine
Bearing plate
*
Masonry
prism
FIGURE 2.4
Masonry
prism
test
plate
configuration.
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Mortar joint
Ungrouted prism
Grout
Mortar joint
Grouted prism
FIGURE 2.5
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35
n.
mi
t
t = thickness of wall
h
l < 2t
Stack bond
h
t
Brick specimen
t
Two wythe and hollow unit specimens
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2.2.1.5.3 MORTAR
For 8 concrete
masonry units
h
0.375
1.25
= 0.30
2.2.1.5.4 GROUT
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2.
3.
2.
3.
37
Net Area
Compressive
Strength of
Masonry1, psi
Type M or S
Mortar2
Type N
Mortar2
1,700
2,100
1,000
3,350
4,150
1,500
4,950
6,200
2,000
6,600
8,250
2,500
8,250
10,300
3,000
9,900
3,500
13,200
4,000
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Net Area
Compressive
Strength of
Masonry1, 2, psi
Type M or S
Mortar3
Type N
Mortar3
1,250
1,300
1,000
1,900
2,150
1,500
2,800
3,050
2,000
3,750
4,050
2,500
4,800
5,250
3,000
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689
MPa.
Sawed
prism
Load
Sawed
prism
FIGURE 2.11
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39
TABLE 2.3 Rated Fire-Resistance Periods for Various Walls and Partitions1, 7, 8 (IBC-Table 720.1(2))
Material
Item
Number
3. Concrete
masonry
units
11.1
4.9
3.8
2.7
11.2
5.0
4.3
3.4
2.3
11.3
6.6
5.5
4.4
3.0
12.1
54
21.1
21.2
12
4.7
4.0
3.2
2.1
5.1
4.4
3.6
2.6
5.9
5.0
4.0
2.7
6.2
5.3
4.2
2.8
1. Brick of
clay or shale
2. Combination
of clay brick
and loadbearing
hollow clay
tile
Construction
31.35
1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645.2 mm2, 1 cubic foot = 0.0283 m3
1. Staples with equivalent holding power and penetration shall be permitted to be used as alternate fasteners to nails for attachment to
wood framing.
2. Thickness shown for brick and clay tile are nominal thicknesses unless plastered, in which case thicknesses are net. Thickness shown
for concrete masonry and clay masonry is equivalent thickness defined in Section 721.3.1 for concrete masonry and Section 721.4.1.1
for clay masonry. Where all cells are solid grouted or filled with silicone-treated perlite loose-fill insulation; vermiculite loose-fill
insulation; or expanded clay, shale or slate lightweight aggregate, the equivalent thickness shall be the thickness of the block or brick
using specified dimensions as defined in Chapter 21. Equivalent thickness may also include the thickness of applied plaster and lath
or gypsum wallboard, where specified.
3. For units in which the net cross-sectional area of cored brick in any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores is at least 75
percent of the gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
4. Shall be used for nonbearing purposes only.
5. The fire-resistance time period for concrete masonry units meeting the equivalent thicknesses required for a 2-hour fire-resistance
rating in Item 3, and having a thickness of not less than 75/8 in. is 4 hours when cores which are not grouted are filled with siliconetreated perlite loose-fill insulation; vermiculite loose-fill insulation; or expanded clay, shale or slate lightweight aggregate, sand or slag
having a maximum particle size of 3/8 inch.
6. The fire-resistance rating of concrete masonry units composed of a combination of aggregate types or where plaster is applied directly
to the concrete masonry shall be determined in accordance with ACI 216.1/TMS 0216. Lightweight aggregates shall have a maximum
combined density of 65 pounds per cubic foot.
7. Generic fire-resistance ratings (those not designated as PROPRIETARY* in the listing) in the GA 600 shall be accepted as if herein
listed.
8. NCMA Tek 5-8A, shall be permitted for the design of fire walls.
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Nominal Density
Hollow
Unit Size (pcf)
Unit
4
115
44
6
115
45
8
115
47
10
115
48
12
115
49
Grout
Filled
472
51
55
58
62
Nominal Density
Hollow
Unit size (pcf)
Unit
4
135
45
6
135
46
8
135
48
10
135
50
12
135
51
Grout
Filled
472
52
56
60
64
Sand
Filled
46
49
52
55
58
Solid
Units
46
50
53
57
60
Sand
Filled
47
50
53
56
59
Solid
Units
47
51
55
59
63
STC
IN A
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FIGURE 2.12
Tension
Compression
Moment
Tension
Compression
Moment
of wall.
41
M
Load
Uniform
strain
2500 psi
900 psi
Equal
strain
Brick
veneer
Variable
stress
Block
structure
Composite
wall section
Section AA
High strength
grout
STRESS
4000
C90 Grade N
concrete block
2500
2000
900
A
Uniform
strain
STRAIN
FIGURE 2.14
masonry veneer.
When masonry materials are bonded together,
these materials are assumed to act as a total
structural system, distributing stresses between the
wythes, such as the system shown in Figure 2.15.
The thickness would be the total thickness of the
wall, and the ultimate strength for axial compression
would be limited to the strength of the weakest
masonry unit, or handled by calculating a
transformed section to an equivalent material as is
typically done by using the ratios of the moduli of
elasticities of the wythes.
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Load
Brick
Block
Grout or mortar
Composite
wall section
FIGURE 2.15
Low strength
concrete block
High strength
brick masonry
t
fs
fb
FIGURE 2.16
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STRESS
fm
43
0.33fm
0.33f' - 0.05f'
m
2
0.05fm
e1
e -e
e2
0.003
STRAIN
FIGURE 2.17
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2.
3.
2.
3.
45
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Continuous
during task
listed
Periodically
during task
listed
IBC
Section
ACI 530/
ASCE 5/
TMS 402a
ACI 530.1/
ASCE 6/
TMS 602a
Art. 2.6A
Art. 3.3B
d. Prestressing technique.
Art. 3.6B
Art. 2.4B,
2.4H
Art. 3.3G
Sec. 1.2.2(e),
2.1.4, 3.1.6
Sec. 1.13
Sec. 2.1.10.7.2,
3.3.3.4(b)
Sec. 2104.3,
2104.4
Art. 1.8C,
1.8D
Art. 3.6B
Art. 3.2D
Sec. 1.13
Art. 3.4
Art. 2.6B
Art. 3.3B
Art. 3.5
Art. 3.6C
Sec. 2105.2.2,
2105.3
Art. 1.4
Art. 1.5
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47
Continuous
during task
listed
Periodically
during task
listed
IBC
Section
ACI 530/
ASCE 5/
TMS 402a
ACI 530.1/
ASCE 6/
TMS 602a
Art. 2.6A
Art. 3.3B
Sec. 1.13
Art. 3.4,
3.6A
Art. 3.2D
e. Placement of grout.
Art. 3.5
Art. 3.6C
Art. 3.3G
Sec. 1.2.2(e),
2.1.4, 3.1.6
Sec. 1.13
INSPECTION TASK
Sec.2.1.10.7.2,
3.3.3.4(b)
Sec. 2104.3,
2104.4
Art. 1.8C,
1.8D
Art. 3.6B
Sec. 2105.2.2,
2105.3
Art. 1.4
Art. 1.5
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2.8 CODEMASTERS
A simple guide showing the basics of masonry
inspection is presented in the CodeMaster titled
Special Inspection for Masonry. This guide shows a
6-step process from establishing responsibilities to
49
Building Type/Use
Non-Essential Facility
Essential Facility
Exempt
(IBC Section 1704.5.1)
Level 1
(IBC Tables 1704.5.1 &
1708.1.2)
Level 1
(IBC Tables 1704.5.1 &
1708.1.2)
Level 2
(IBC Tables 1704.5.3 &
1708.1.4)
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MINIMUM INSPECTION
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51
MINIMUM INSPECTION
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2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-9
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H A P T E R
LOADS
3.1 GENERAL
All structures must be designed to support their
own weight along with any superimposed forces,
such as the dead loads from other materials, live
loads, wind pressures, seismic forces, snow and ice
loads, and earth pressures. These vertical and lateral
loads may be of short duration such as those from
earthquakes, or they may be of longer duration, such
as the dead loads of machinery and equipment.
Proper design must consider all possible applied
forces along with the interaction of these forces on
the structure.
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(IBC Eq 16-22)
(IBC Eq 16-23)
where:
Em = The maximum effect of horizontal and
vertical forces as set forth in Section 12.4.3
of ASCE 7.
f1 = 1 for floors in places of public assembly, for
live loads in excess of 100 psf and for
parking garage live load, or
f1 = 0.5 for other live loads.
The maximum earthquake load effect, Em, in
Section 12.4.3 of ASCE 7 includes the effects of the
special load combinations where a system
"overstrength" needs to be considered in the design.
This Em includes the effects of the horizontal load,
Emh, and the vertical component, Ev. The Emh is the
product of the overstrength factor, o, and QE, which
are the effects of the horizontal earthquake forces.
The Ev accounts for the vertical acceleration due to
the earthquake ground motion, which is taken as
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0.2SDSD. The magnitude of the Ev is not intended to
represent a total vertical response, since this
component is not likely to occur at the same time as
horizontal response, and represents a portion of the
dead load, D, that is additive or subtractive in the load
combinations. The SDS and other earthquake items
are discussed later in the seismic portions of this text.
Therefore, the Em expression reads:
Em = oQE Ev
Therefore, substituting into IBC Equations 16-22
and 16-23 gives:
1.2D + f1L + Em = (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + f1L + oQE
and
0.9D + Em = (0.9 - 0.2SDS)D + oQE
Note, again, that the code requires the use of
these strength combinations for both the allowable
stress and the strength design procedures.
The basis of many load combinations comes
from ASCE 7. In cases where more detailed load
combinations are needed or where the details of the
loads are needed, the reader is referred to ASCE 7.
For example, the details of computing the earthquake
and wind loads are contained in ASCE 7. Subsequent
sections in this chapter contain additional design
information.
The load combinations according to MSJC Code
Section 2.1.2.1 are as follows:
1. Dead load (only), [D]
2. Dead load plus live load, [D + L]
3. Dead load plus live load plus either wind or
earthquake loads, [D + L + (W or E)]
4. Dead load plus wind load, [D + W]
5. (0.9) times the dead load plus earthquake
load, [0.9D + E]
6. Dead load plus live load plus either
hydrostatic lateral soil or lateral fluid
pressures, [D + L + (H or F)]
7. Dead load plus either hydrostatic lateral soil
or lateral fluid pressures, [D + (H or F)]
8. Dead load plus live load plus forces caused
by temperature, creep, and shrinkage or
differential movements, [D + L + T]
9. Dead load plus forces caused by
temperature, creep, and shrinkage or
differential movements, [D + T]
55
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TABLE 3.1 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads and Minimum Concentrated Live Loads7 (IBC
Table 1607.1)
Uniform
(psf)
Concentrated
(lbs)
50
100
2,000
2,000
150
Occupancy or use
60
50
100
100
125
5. Balconies
On one- and two-family residences
only, and not exceeding 100 ft.2
100
60
6. Bowling alleys
75
7. Catwalks
40
300
100
Same as occupancy
served8
100
12. Cornices
60
100
300
200
100
40
40
Note 1
See IBC Section 1607.6
9. Decks
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57
TABLE 3.1 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads and Minimum Concentrated Live Loads7 (IBC
Table 1607.1) (Continued)
Uniform
(psf)
Concentrated
(lbs)
100
Occupancy or use
21. Hospitals
Corridors above first floor
Operating rooms, laboratories
Patient rooms
80
60
40
1,000
1,000
1,000
23. Libraries
Corridors above first floor
Reading Rooms
Stack rooms
80
60
1502
1,000
1,000
1,000
24. Manufacturing
Light
Heavy
125
250
2,000
3,000
25. Marquees
75
80
2,000
100
50
2,000
2,000
40
100
28. Residential
One- and two-family dwellings
Uninhabitable attics without
storage9
Uninhabitable attics with limited
storage9,10,11
Habitable attics and sleeping areas
All other areas except balconies and
decks
Hotels and multifamily dwellings
Private rooms and corridors serving
them
Public rooms and corridors serving
them
29. Reviewing stands, grandstands and
bleachers
10
20
30
40
40
100
Note 3
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TABLE 3.1 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads and Minimum Concentrated Live Loads7 (IBC
Table 1607.1) (Continued)
Occupancy or use
30. Roofs
All roofs surfaces subjected to
maintenance
Workers
Awnings and canopies
Fabric construction supported by a
lightweight rigid skeleton structure
All other construction
Ordinary flat, pitched, and curved
roofs
Primary roof members, exposed to a
work floor
Single panel point of lower chord of
roof trusses or any point along
primary structural members
supporting roofs:
Over manufacturing, storage
warehouses, and repair garages
All other occupancies
Roofs used for other special purposes
Roofs used for promenade purposes
Roofs used for roof gardens or
assemby purposes
31. Schools
Classrooms
Corridors above first floor
First-floor corridors
Uniform
(psf)
Concentrated
(lbs)
300
5
Nonreduceable
20
20
Note 12
60
100
2,000
300
Note 12
40
80
100
1,000
1,000
1,000
200
2504
8,0005
100
1003
603
40
100
125
250
Note 6
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59
TABLE 3.1 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads and Minimum Concentrated Live Loads7 (IBC
Table 1607.1) (Continued)
Occupancy or use
38. Stores
Retail
First floor
Upper floors
Wholesale, all floors
Uniform
(psf)
Concentrated
(lbs
100
75
125
1,000
1,000
1,000
60
100
For SI:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. For attics with limited storage and constructed with trusses,
this live load need only be applied to those portions of the
bottom chord where there are two or more adjacent trusses
with the same web configuration capable of containing a
rectangle 42 in. high by 2 ft wide or greater, located within the
plane of the truss. The rectangle shall fit between the top of
the bottom chord and the bottom of any other truss member,
provided that each of the following criteria is met:
a. The attic area is accessible by a pull-down stairway or
framed opening in accordance with IBC Section
1209.2, and
b. The truss shall have a bottom chord pitch less than
2:12.
c. Bottom chords of trusses shall be designed for the
greater of actual imposed dead load or 10 psf,
uniformly distributed over the entire span.
11. Attic spaces served by a fixed stair shall be designed to
support the minimum live load specified for habitable attics
and sleeping rooms.
12 Roofs used for other special purposes shall be designed for
appropriated loads as approved by the building official.
15
L = Lo 0.25 +
K LL AT
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4.57
For SI: L = Lo 0.25 +
K
LL AT
2.
where:
L=
Interior columns
Interior beams
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61
R = 0.08 (A - 150)
Reduction in percent.
A=
D=
Promenade
60
Roof gardens
100
100
Landscaped areas
(landscaping is
considered as dead load)
20
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FIGURE 3.1 Ground Snow Loads, pg, for the United States (psf) (IBC Figure 1608.2).
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63
TABLE 3.4 Ground Snow Loads, pg, for Alaskan Locations (IBC Table 1608.2)
Location
Pounds per
Square Foot
Location
Pounds per
Square Foot
Location
Pounds per
Square Foot
Adak
Anchorage
Angoon
Barrow
Barter Island
Bethel
Big Delta
Cold Bay
Cordova
Fairbanks
Fort Yukon
30
50
70
25
35
40
50
25
100
60
60
Galena
Gulkana
Homer
Juneau
Kenai
Kodiak
Kotzebue
McGrath
Nenana
Nome
Palmer
60
70
40
60
70
30
60
70
80
70
50
Petersburg
St. Paul Islands
Seward
Shemya
Sitka
Talkeetna
Unalakleet
Valdez
Whittier
Wrangell
Yakutat
150
40
50
25
50
120
50
160
300
60
150
Exposure of Roof1,2
Fully
Exposed3
Partially
Exposed
Sheltered
0.9
1.0
1.2
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.8
0.9
1.0
Above the
treeline in
windswept
mountainous
area
In Alaska, in
areas where
trees do not
exist within 2
miles radius of
the site
(b)
0.7
0.8
0.8
N/A
N/A
Thermal Condition1
Ct
1.0
1.1
1.2
0.85
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TABLE 3.7 Occupancy Category of Buildings and Other Structures (IBC Table 1604.5)
OCCUPANCY
CATEGORY
NATURE OF OCCUPANCY
Buildings and other structures that represent a low hazard to human life in the event of failure,
including but not limited to:
II
Agricultural facilities.
Certain temporary facilities.
Minor storage facilities.
Buildings and other structures except those listed in Occupancy Categories I, III and IV
Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event
of failure, including but not limited to:
III
Covered structures whose primary occupancy is public assembly with an occupant load
greater than 300.
Buildings and other structures with elementary school, secondary school or day care
facilities with an occupant load greater than 250.
Buildings and other structures with an occupant load greater than 500 for colleges or adult
education facilities.
Health care facilities with an occupant load of 50 or more resident patients, but not having
surgery or emergency treatment facilities.
Jails and detention facilities.
Any other occupancy with an occupant load greater than 5,000.
Power-generating stations, water treatment for potable water, waste water treatment
facilities and other public utility facilities not included in Occupancy Category IV.
Buildings and other structures not included in Occupancy Category IV containing sufficient
quantities of toxic or explosive substances to be dangerous to the public if released.
Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities, including but not limited to:
IV
Hospitals and other health care facilities having surgery or emergency treatment facilities.
Fire, rescue and police stations and emergency vehicle garages.
Designated earthquake, hurricane or other emergency shelters.
Designated emergency preparedness, communication, and operation centers and other
facilities required for emergency response.
Power-generating stations and other public utility facilities required as emergency backup
facilities for Occupancy Category IV structures.
Structures containing highly toxic materials as defined by IBC Section 307 where the
quantity of the material exceeds the maximum allowable quantities of IBC Table 307.1(2).
Aviation control towers, air traffic control centers and emergency aircraft hangars.
Buildings and other structures having critical national defense functions.
Water treatment facilities required to maintain water pressure for fire suppression.
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LOADS
The roof snow load, pf, is calculated in
accordance with ASCE Section 7:
For flat roofs, the snow load is found from:
pf = 0.7CeCt I pg
65
Where:
Ce = is the snow exposure coefficient given in
Table 3.5
I = is the importance factor based on
occupancy given in Tables 3.7 and 3.8
Ct = is the thermal factor as given in Table 3.6
but not less than the following minimum values for
low slope roofs as defined in ASCE 7 Section 7.3.4:
where pg is 20 lb/ft2 or less,
pf = (I) pg (Importance Factor times pg)
where pg exceeds 20 lb/ft2,
pf = 20(I) (20 lb/ft2 times Importance Factor),
ASCE Section 7.3.4
7.3.4 Minimum Values of pf for Low-Slope Roofs.
Minimum values of pf shall apply to monoslope roofs
with slopes less than 15, hip and gable roofs with slopes
less than the larger of 2.38 (1/2 on 12) and (70/W) + 0.5
with W in ft (in SI: 21.3/W + 0.5, with W in m), and
curved roofs where the vertical angle from the eaves to
the crown is less than 10.
TABLE 3.8 Importance Factor, I (Snow Loads)
I
Category1
I
II
III
IV
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.2
1. Table 3.7 and ASCE 7 Section 1.5 and ASCE Table 1-1
(Equation 16-36)
ds =
R =
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qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2I
(ASCE Eq 6-15)
Where:
qz
Kz
Kzt
= topographic factor,
Kd
= directionality factor,
= Importance Factor,
70
80
90
Pressure qz
12.6 16.4 20.8 25.6 31.0 36.9 43.3
(psf)
67
1.
2.
2.
Ao > 1.10Aoi
2.
where
3.5.1.1 DEFINITIONS
The IBC and ASCE 7 have provided basic
definitions of terms as applied to the wind load
determinations. These are contained in IBC Section
1609.2 and ASCE 7 Section 6.2 and are as follows:
IBC Section 1609.2 and ASCE Section 6.2 Definitions
BUILDING, ENCLOSED: A building that does not
comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings.
BUILDING AND OTHER STRUCTURE,
FLEXIBLE: Slender buildings and other structures that
have a fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz.
BUILDING, LOW-RISE: Enclosed or partially
enclosed buildings that comply with the following
conditions:
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width that need not be less than one-third the span length.
For cladding fasteners, the effective wind area shall not
be greater than the area that is tributary to an individual
fastener.
HURRICANE-PRONE REGIONS (IBC). Areas
vulnerable to hurricanes defined as:
1.
2.
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Once the exposure category is known, the wind
coefficients Kz can be found in Table 3.10.
TABLE 3.10 Wind Coefficients for Kz (ASCE 7,
Table 6-3)
Exposure (Note 1)
B
C
Height above
ground level, z
ft
Case 1 Case 2
0-15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.76
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.93
0.96
0.99
1.04
1.09
1.13
1.17
1.20
1.28
1.35
1.41
1.47
1.52
1.56
0.57
0.62
0.66
0.70
0.76
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.93
0.96
0.99
1.04
1.09
1.13
1.17
1.20
1.28
1.35
1.41
1.47
1.52
1.56
Cases Cases
1&2 1&2
0.85
0.90
0.94
0.98
1.04
1.09
1.13
1.17
1.21
1.24
1.26
1.31
1.36
1.39
1.43
1.46
1.53
1.59
1.64
1.69
1.73
1.77
1.03
1.08
1.12
1.16
1.22
1.27
1.31
1.34
1.38
1.40
1.43
1.48
1.52
1.55
1.58
1.61
1.68
1.73
1.78
1.82
1.86
1.89
Notes:
1.
Case 1: a.
b.
Case 2: a.
b.
2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Kz = 2.01 (z/zg)2/
Kz = 2.01 (15/zg)2/
4.
5.
69
(ASCE Eq 6-3)
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V(z)
V(z)
x (Upwind)
V(z)
Speed-up
Speed-up
V(z)
x (Downwind)
x (Downwind)
x (Upwind)
H/2
H/2
H
Lh
Lh
H/2
Escarpment
H/2
K2 Multiplier
K3 Multiplier
H/Lh
2-D
Ridge
2-D
Escarp.
3-D
Axisym.
Hill
x/Lh
2-D
Escarp.
All Other
Cases
z/Lh
2-D
Ridge
2-D
Escarp.
3-D
Axisym.
Hill
0.20
0.29
0.17
0.21
0.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.25
0.36
0.21
0.26
0.50
0.88
0.67
0.10
0.74
0.78
0.67
0.30
0.43
0.26
0.32
1.00
0.75
0.33
0.20
0.55
0.61
0.45
0.35
0.51
0.30
0.37
1.50
0.63
0.00
0.30
0.41
0.47
0.30
0.40
0.58
0.34
0.42
2.00
0.50
0.00
0.40
0.30
0.37
0.20
0.45
0.65
0.38
0.47
2.50
0.38
0.00
0.50
0.22
0.29
0.14
0.50
0.72
0.43
0.53
3.00
0.25
0.00
0.60
0.17
0.22
0.09
3.50
0.13
0.00
0.70
0.12
0.17
0.06
4.00
0.00
0.00
0.80
0.09
0.14
0.04
0.90
0.07
0.11
0.03
1.00
0.05
0.08
0.02
1.50
0.01
0.02
0.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Notes:
1. For values of H/Lh, x/Lh and z/Lh other than those shown, linear interpolation is permitted.
2. For H/Lh > 0.5, assume H/Lh = 0.5 for evaluating K1 and substitute 2H for Lh for evaluating K2 and K3.
3. Multipliers are based on the assumption that wind approaches the hill or escarpment along the direction of maximum slope.
4. Notation:
H: Height of hill or escarpment relative to the upwind terrain, in feet.
Lh: Distance upwind of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of hill or escarpment, in feet.
K1: Factor to account for shape of topographic feature and maximum speed-up effect.
K2: Factor to account for reduction in speed-up with distance upwind or downwind of crest.
K3: Factor to account for reduction in speed-up with height above local terrain.
x: Distance (upwind or downwind) from the crest to the building site, in feet.
z: Height above local ground level, in feet.
: Horizontal attenuation factor.
:
Height attenuation factor.
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71
Equations:
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2
K1 determined from table below
x
K 2 = 1
Lh
K 3 = e z / Lh
Parameters for Speed-Up Over Hills and Escarpments
K1/(H/Lh)
Hill Shape
Exposure
Upwind of
Crest
Downwind of
Crest
2-dimensional ridges
(or valleys with negative
H in K1/(H/Lh)
1.30
1.45
1.55
1.5
1.5
2-dimensional escarpments
0.75
0.85
0.95
2.5
1.5
0.95
1.05
1.15
1.5
1.5
FIGURE 3.2 (Continued) Topographic factor, Kzt (Based on ASCE 7 Figure 6-4)
3.5.1.4 WIND DIRECTIONALITY FACTOR, Kd
Directionality
Factor Kd*
Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System
Components and Cladding
0.85
0.85
Arched Roofs
0.85
0.90
0.95
0.95
Solid Signs
0.85
0.85
Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular
All other cross sections
0.85
0.95
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0.87
0.77
II
1.00
1.00
III
1.15
1.15
IV
1.15
1.15
1. See Table 3.7 or IBC Table 1604.5 or ASCE 7 Table 1-1 for the
category definitions
qh(GCpf) - (GCpi)
(ASCE Eq 6-18)
Where:
p
qh
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This equation can be used for all structures that
are low rise (height less than or equal to 60 ft) and
which meet the limitations of the analytical
procedure. The following additional criteria apply to
the Method 2 Analytical Procedure for MWFRS:
1. The building must be structurally regular.
ASCE Section 6.2 defines this as "A building
or other structure having no unusual
geometrical irregularity in spatial form.
2. The building must not have response
characteristics from cross winds creating
vortex shedding, flutter, or a location creating
channeling or topographic effects.
If a building does not meet all of the above
criteria, then it must be designed by one of the other
methods and equations provided in ASCE 7 as
follows:
1. Buildings with response characteristics from
cross winds creating vortex shedding, flutter,
or a location creating channeling or
topographic effects Method 3 (wind tunnel
testing) per ASCE 7 Section 6.6.
2. Buildings without response characteristics
from cross winds creating vortex shedding,
flutter, or a location creating channeling or
topographic effects:
Flexible Buildings Method 2, following
ASCE 7 Section 6.5.12.2.3 for flexible
buildings.
Rigid Buildings, taller than 60 ft Method
2, following ASCE 7 Section 6.5.12.2.1
for rigid buildings of all heights.
The abbreviated simple steps for Method 2 are to
determine the following:
1. The velocity pressure at the mean roof
height, qh.
2. The external pressure coefficient, GCpf, from
Figure 3.5.
3. The internal pressure coefficient, GCpi, from
Figure 3.5.
4. The design wind pressure, p = qh[(GCpf) (GCpi)]
73
GCpi
Enclosure Classification
Open Buildings
0.00
+0.55
-0.55
Enclosed Buildings
+0.18
-0.18
Notes:
1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and
away from the internal surfaces, respectively.
2. Values of GCpi shall be used with qz or qh as specified in
ASCE 7 Section 6.5.12.
3. Two cases shall be considered to determine the critical load
requirements for the appropriate condition:
(i) a positive value GCpi applied to all internal surfaces.
(ii) a negative value GCpi applied to all internal surfaces.
FIGURE 3.4
qh[(GCpf) - (GCpi)]
(ASCE Eq 6-22)
qh
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C
6
1
2
3E
4E
2E
ect
Be ion o
f
ing
De MWF
sig
R
ned S
1E
2a
A
Reference
Corner
Reference
Corner C
2E
1E
4E
2a
3E
4E
3E
4
4E
3E
5
Reference B
Corner
Dir
ect
Be ion o
f
ing
De MWF
sig
R
ned S
Dir
2E
1E
5
2E
3
2
D
2a
6
1E
D
2a
Reference
Corner
Dir
Dir
ect
Be ion o
f
ing
De MWF
sig
R
ned S
ect
Be ion o
f
ing
De MWF
sig
R
ned S
Transverse Direction
4
6
4
5
4E
3E 3
3
6
3E
4E
2E
5
1E
1E
A
Reference
Corner
1E
1
6
2E 2
2
2
2
5
3E
6
3
4E
B
2a
S
FR
W
f M gned
o
n
si
tio De
rec g
Di Bein
1
5
2
Reference
Corner B
2a
S
FR
W
f M gned
o
n
si
tio De
rec g
Di Bein
Reference
Corner C
D
5
2a
2E
6
5
5
6
S
FR
W
f M gned
o
n
si
tio De
rec g
Di Bein
1E
2E
D
5
Reference
Corner
3E
5
4E
2a
S
FR
W
f M gned
o
i
n
s
tio De
rec g
Di Bein
Longitudinal Direction
FIGURE 3.5 Main wind force resisting system/low-rise walls & roofs (Based on ASCE 7 Figure
6-10).
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LOADS
Roof
Angle
(degrees)
1E
2E
3E
4E
0-5
0.40
-0.69
-0.37
-0.29
-0.45
-0.45
0.61
-1.07
-0.53
-0.43
20
0.53
-0.69
-0.48
-0.43
-0.45
-0.45
0.80
-1.07
-0.69
-0.64
30-45
0.56
0.21
-0.43
-0.37
-0.45
-0.45
0.69
0.27
-0.53
-0.48
90
0.56
0.56
-0.37
-0.37
-0.45
-0.45
0.69
0.69
-0.48
-0.48
Building Surface
Notes:
1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
2. For values of other than those shown, linear interpolation is permitted.
3. The building must be designed for all wind directions using the 8 loading patterns shown. The load patterns are applied to each
building corner in turn as the Reference Corner.
4. Combinations of external and internal pressures (see ASCE 7 Figure 6-5) shall be evaluated as required to obtain the most severe
loadings.
5. For the torsional load cases shown below, the pressures in zones designated with a T (1T, 2T, 3T, 4T) shall be 25% of the full design
wind pressures (Zones 1, 2, 3, 4).
Exception: One story buildings with h less than or equal to 30 ft, buildings two stories or less framed with light frame construction,
and buildings two stories or less designed with flexible diaphragms need not be designed for the torsional load cases.
Torsional loading shall apply to all eight basic load patterns using the figures below applied at each reference corner.
6. Except for moment-resisting frames, the total horizontal shear shall not be less than that determined by neglecting wind forces on
roof surfaces.
7. For the design of the MWFRS providing lateral resistance in a direction parallel to a ridge line or for flat roofs, use = 0 and locate
the Zone 2/3 boundary at the mid-length of the building.
8. The roof pressure coefficient GCpf, when negative in Zone 2 or 2E, shall be applied in Zone 2/2E for a distance from the edge of roof
equal to 0.5 times the horizontal dimension of the building parallel to the direction of the MWFRS being designed or 2.5 times the
eave height, he, at the windward wall, whichever is less; the remainder of Zone 2/2E extending to the ridge line shall use the pressure
coefficient GCpf for Zone 3/3E.
9. Notation:
a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either 4% of least horizontal dimension
or 3 ft.
h: Mean roof height, in feet, except that eave height shall be used for < 10.
: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
4T
6
4T
4
4E
3T
ect
L
Be ion o
f
ing
De MWF
sig
R
ned S
1T
B/
Dir
1E
2a
3E
1T
2E
4E
2T
3E
2T
3T
B/2
B
Reference
Corner
2E
5
1E
2a
RS
WF
f M gned
o
n esi
tio
ec g D
Dir Bein
L
Reference
Corner
Transverse Direction
Longitudinal Direction
FIGURE 3.5 (Continued) Main wind force resisting system/low-rise walls & roofs (Based on ASCE
7 Figure 6-10).
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5
5
a
5
a
5
a
10
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
500
-1.4
-1.1
-1.0
-0.8
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
+0.2
+0.4
+0.6
+0.8
+0.7
4 & 5
+1.0
+1.2
1
+1.0
10
20
50
100 200
500 1000
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LOADS
a
a
77
2
h
-3.2
-3.0
-2.8
-2.6
-2.4
-2.2
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
+0.2
+0.4
+0.6
1
10
3
100
Roof
-2.8
-1.8
-1.1
-1.0
-0.9
+0.2
+0.3
2 & 3
10 20
-3.2
-3.0
-2.8
-2.6
-2.4
-2.2
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
10
100
Overhang
1 & 2
-2.8
-1.7
-1.6
-1.1
-0.8
10
20
FIGURE 3.6 (Continued) Components and cladding/gable roof < 7 (Based on ASCE 7 Figure
6-11B).
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2 2
1
a
-2.8
-2.6
-2.4
-2.2
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
+0.2
+0.4
+0.6
+0.8
1
3 3
10
1
2
100
Roof
-2.6
-2.0
-1.7
-1.2
-0.9
-0.8
+0.3
+0.5
2 & 3
10 20
2
2
-4.0
-3.8
-3.6
-3.4
-3.2
-3.0
-2.8
-2.6
-2.4
-2.2
-2.0
10
100
Overhang
-3.7
-2.5
2
1
-2.2
10
20
Notes:
1. Vertical scale denotes GCp to be used with qh.
2. Horizontal scale denotes effective wind area, in square feet.
3. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
4. Each component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
5. Values of GCp for roof overhangs include pressure contributions from both upper and lower surfaces.
6. For hip roofs with 7 < < 27, edge/ridge strips and pressure coefficients for ridges of gabled roofs shall apply on each hip.
7. For hip roofs with < 25, Zone 3 shall be treated as Zone 2.
8. Notation:
a: 10% of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either 4% of least horizontal dimension or
3 ft.
h: Mean roof height, in feet, except that eave height shall be used for < 10.
: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
FIGURE 3.6 (Continued) Components and cladding/gable/hip roofs 7 < < 27 (Based on
Figure 6-11C).
ASCE 7
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LOADS
79
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
10
-1.6
-1.4
2 & 3
100
Roof
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
+0.2
+0.4
+0.6
+0.8
+1.0
1
2 & 3
+0.8
+0.9
10 20
10
-3.0
-2.8
100
Overhang
-2.6
-2.4
-2.2
-2.0
2 & 3
-2.0
-1.8
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
10
20
FIGURE 3.6
Figure 6-11D).
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h1
h
h2
hi
= 0.3 to 0.7
h
Wi
= 0.25 to 0.75
W
W1
h1 > 10 ft.
b = 1.5 h1
b < 100 ft.
W2
W
h1
h
b
W1
W2
h2
W3
Notes:
1. On the lower level of flat, stepped roofs shown in ASCE 7 Figure 6-12, the zone designations are pressure coefficients shown in
ASCE 7 Figure 6-11B shall apply, except that at the roof-upper wall intersection(s), Zone 3 shall be treated as Zone 2 and Zone 2
shall be treated as Zone 1. Positive values of GCp equal to those for walls in ASCE 7 Figure 6-11A shall apply on the cross-hatched
areas shown in ASCE 7 Figure 6-12.
2. Notations:
b: 1.5h1 in ASCE 7 Figure 6-12, but not greater than 100 ft.
h: Mean roof height, in feet.
hi: h1 or h2 in ASCE 7 Figure 6-12; h = h1 + h2; h1 > 10 ft; hi/h = 0.3 to 0.7.
W: Building width in ASCE 7 Figure 6-12.
Wi: W1 or W2 or W3 in ASCE 7 Figure 6-12; W = W1 + W2 or W1 + W2 + W3; Wi/W = 0.25 to 0.75.
: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
FIGURE 3.7 Components and cladding/stepped roofs (Based on ASCE 7 Figure 6-12).
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81
LOADS
a
a
a a
3 3
2 2
Elevation of Building
(2 or More Spans)
W
a
3 3
-3.0
-2.8
-2.6
-2.4
-2.2
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
+0.2
+0.4
+0.6
+0.8
1
10
3
100
10 < < 30
-2.2
-2.7
-1.7
-1.6
-1.4
+0.4
2 &3
+0.6
10 20
-3.0
-2.8
-2.6
-2.4
-2.2
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
+0.2
+0.4
+0.6
+0.8
+1.0
+1.2
1
10
100
30 < < 45
3
2
-2.6
-2.5
-2.0
-1.7
-1.1
+0.8
2 & 3
+1.0
10 20
FIGURE 3.8 Components and cladding/multispan gable roofs (Based on ASCE 7 Figure 6-13).
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2a
2a
2
4a
2a
-2.8
2
a
4a
3
2
2a
-2.6
10
-3.0
100
-2.6
-2.4
-2.2
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.8
-1.6
-1.5
-1.3
-1.2
-1.1
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
+0.2
All Zones
+0.2
+0.3
+0.4
+0.6
1
10
20
50 100 200
500 1000
Notes:
1. Vertical scale denotes GCp to be used with qh.
2. Horizontal scale denotes effective wind area A, in square feet.
3. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
4. Each component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
5. For < 3, values of GCp from ASCE 7 Figure 6-11B shall be used.
6. Notation:
a: 10% of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either 4% of least horizontal dimension or
3 ft.
h: Eave height shall be used for < 10.
W: Building width, in feet.
: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
FIGURE 3.9 Components and cladding/monoslope roofs 3 < < 10 (Based on ASCE 7 Figure
6-14A).
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LOADS
a
2a
2
4a
3
10
-3.0
-2.8
4a
3
a
-2.9
-2.6
100
-2.4
-2.2
-2.0
-2.0
-1.8
-1.6
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.3
-1.2
-1.1
All Zones
+0.3
+0.4
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
+0.2
+0.4
+0.6
1
10
20
50 100 200
500 1000
Notes:
1. Vertical scale denotes GCp to be used with qh.
2. Horizontal scale denotes effective wind area A, in square feet.
3. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
4. Each component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
5. Notation:
a: 10% of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either 4% of least horizontal dimension or
3 ft.
h: Mean roof height, in feet.
W: Building width, in feet.
: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
FIGURE 3.9 (Continued) Components and cladding/monoslope roofs 10 < < 30 (Based on
7 Figure 6-14B).
ASCE
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10
-4.4
2a
-4.2
500
(SPAN A)
-4.1
-4.0
-3.8
-3.6
-3.4
-3.2
1
-3.7
2
-3.2
-3.0
2a
100
-2.8
-2.6
-2.4
-2.2
3 (SPANS B, C & D)
-2.6
-2.2
-2.1
-2.0
-1.9
-1.8
-1.6
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.1
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
+0.2
+0.4
+0.6
+0.8
+1.0
Elevation of Building
+1.2
+1.4
1
+0.4
1
+0.7
+0.8
+1.1
2
10
20
50
100 200
500 1000
(2 or More Spans)
Notes:
1. Vertical scale denotes GCp to be used with qh.
2. Horizontal scale denotes effective wind area A, in square feet.
3. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
4. Each component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
5. For < 10, values of GCp from ASCE 7 Figure 6-11 shall be used.
6. Notation:
a: 10% of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either 4% of least horizontal dimension or
3 ft.
h: Mean roof height, in feet, except that eave height shall be used for < 10.
W: Building width, in feet.
: Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees.
FIGURE 3.10 Components and cladding/sawtooth roofs (Based on ASCE 7 Figure 6-15).
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LOADS
85
Wind
f
Wind
hD
Negative Pressures
Positive Pressures
Positive Pressures
0 90
0 60
61 90
-0.9
+0.9
+0.5
Notes:
1. Values denote GCp to be used with q(hD+f) where hD + f is the height at the top of the dome.
2. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively.
3. Each component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative pressures.
4. Values apply to 0 < hD/D < 0.5, 0.2 < f/D < 0.5.
5. = 0, degrees on dome springline, = 90 degrees at dome center top point. f is measured from springline to top.
FIGURE 3.11 Components and cladding/domed roofs (Based on ASCE 7 Figure 6-16).
Continued from page 73
1. Buildings with response characteristics from
cross winds creating vortex shedding, flutter,
or a location creating channeling or
topographic effects Method 3 (wind tunnel
testing) per ASCE 7 Section 6.6.
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Find:
Zone B roof
Given:
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18-0
LOADS
87
7
12
-0
48
50
-0
25-0
End Zone
MW
Be FRS
ing
D
Ev irec
alu tio
ate n
d
27.8
psf
Reference
Corner
40.6
psf
Eave Height
Transverse
FIGURE 3.13 Horizontal MWFRS loadstransverse direction (IBC Commentary Figure 1609.1.1(2)).
Eave
Height
n
tio
ec ed
r
i
t
S D lua
FR Eva
W
g
M in
Be
40.6
psf
2a
Reference
Corner
Longitudinal
FIGURE 3.14 Horizontal MWFRS loadslongitudinal direction (IBC Commentary Figure 1609.1.1(3)).
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In major earthquakes, structural and nonstructural damage may be severe, but the
structure should not collapse. Designers rely
on ductility and proper detailing to prevent
collapse.
Fundamentally, seismic design involves three steps:
1. Defining the "design earthquake"
2. Determining the forces and displacements
induced by the structure's response to the
design earthquake, considering both elastic
and inelastic behavior.
3. Evaluating the structure's response Does
the structure have sufficient strength? Are
the displacements acceptable?
Iteration on the second and third steps is
normally required to reach a final design.
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LOADS
3.6.1.2 THE DESIGN EARTHQUAKE
SDS
SD 1
Sa =
SDS
SD 1
SD1
SDS
SD 1
T
Sa =
and
T0
TS
1.0
SD 1TL
T2
TL
Period, T (sec)
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12
12
Ground
Basement
Second mode
First mode
T1 = 1.25 sec. T2 = 0.41 sec.
Third mode
T3 = 0.24 sec.
Roof
15
FIGURE 3.16
Subject
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
20
23
19
21
22
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LOADS
Obviously, not all provisions of the IBC and
ASCE 7 chapters can be covered in detail in this text,
so key items to allow for masonry design for the
seismic provisions will be addressed. This chapter
will concentrate on the Equivalent Lateral Force
Procedure and detailing requirements.
On of the fundamental concepts of ASCE 7, the
IBC, and MSJC Code is the use of Seismic Design
Categories (SDC) to establish basic requirements for
structural design and detailing. The stronger the
ground motion and the more critical the use of the
building, the more stringent are the design and
detailing requirements. SDC's are termed A, B, C, D,
E, and F, with SDC A having the fewest requirements
and SDC F having the most.
There are only a few areas in the United States
where the design accelerations are low enough for
structures to be classified as SDC A.
Structures are also classified by ASCE 7 for
design based upon their use and importance.
Essential facilities such as hospitals, fire stations,
emergency centers and communication centers must
remain functioning in a catastrophe and are therefore
designed for greater safety factors using I values.
ASCE 7 recognizes the following methods for
determination of structural response to earthquakes:
1. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (Section
12.8)
SDS
R
I
(ASCE Eq 12.8-2)
(ASCE Eq 12.8-1)
Where:
91
Cs
SD1
R
T
I
for T < TL
(ASCE Eq 12.8-3)
SD1TL
R for T > TL
T 2
I
(ASCE Eq 12.8-4)
0.5S1
R
I
(ASCE Eq 12.8-5)
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Where:
= Importance Factor
TL
S1 =
(IBC Eq 16-37)
SM1 = FvS1
(IBC Eq 16-38)
(IBC Eq 16-39)
SD1 = (2/3)SM1
(IBC Eq 16-40)
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LOADS
93
FIGURE 3.17
Maximum considered earthquake ground motion for the conterminous United States
of 0.2 Sec Spectral Response Acceleration (5% of critical damping), Site Class B (2006 IBC Figure
1613.5(1).
FIGURE 3.18
Maximum considered earthquake ground motion for the conterminous United States
of 1.0 Sec Spectral Response Acceleration (5% of critical damping), Site Class B (2006 IBC Figure
1613.5(2).
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SOIL PROFILE
NAME
Standard penetration
resistance, N
Hard rock
vs > 5,000
N/A
N/A
Rock
N/A
N/A
N > 50
su > 2,000
vs < 600
N < 15
su < 1,000
Any profile with more than 10 ft of soil having the following characteristics:
E
Any profile containing soils having one or more of the following characteristics:
1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading such
as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, collapsible weakly
cemented soils.
2. Peats and/or highly organic clays (H > 10 ft of peat and/or highly organic
clay where H = thickness of soil)
3. Very high plasticity clays (H > 25 ft with plasticity index PI > 75)
4. Very thick soft/medium stiff clays (H > 120 ft)
For SI: 1 ft = 304.8 mm, 1 sq ft = 0.0929 m2, 1 lb per sq ft = 0.0479 kPa. N/A = Not applicable
N =
su =
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.2
0.9
0.9
Note 2
Note 2
Note 2
Note 2
Note 2
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The 1-second period acceleration will be
adjusted by use of the site coefficient, Fv, as shown
in Table 3.15.
TABLE 3.15 Values of Site Coefficient, Fv1 (IBC
Table 1613.5.3(2))
SITE
CLASS
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
2.4
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
3.5
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.4
Note 2
Note 2
Note 2
Note 2
Note 2
2.
3.
4.
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY
I or II
III
IV
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY
I or II
III
IV
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Ta = 0.02hn0.75
0.0019
hn
Cw
(ASCE Eq 12.8-9)
Where
(ASCE Eq 12.8-7)
Cw =
100
AB
hn
h
i =1 1
Ai
h
1 + 0.83 i
Di
(ASCE Eq 12.8-10)
Where
AB = Area of base of structure, ft2
Ai = Web area of shear wall "i" in ft2
Di = Length of shear wall "i" in ft
hi = Height of shear wall "i" in ft
x
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TABLE 3.18 Design Coefficients and Factors for Seismic Force-Resisting Systems
(ASCE 7, Excerpt from Table 12.2-1)
ASCE 7 Section
System
Deflection
Response
where Detailing
Modification Overstrength Amplification
Requirements are
Factor, Cd2
Coefficient, R1 Factor, 06
Specified
D4
E4
F5
21/2
31/2
NL
NL
160
160
100
31/2
21/2
21/4
NL
NL
NP
NP
NP
14.4
21/2
13/4
NL
160
NP
NP
NP
14.4
51/2
21/2
NL
NL
160
160
100
14.4
21/2
NL
NL
NP
NP
NP
14.4
21/2
NL
160
NP
NP
NP
14.4
51/2
NL
NL
NL
NL
NL
14.4
31/2
NL
NL
NP
NP
NP
14.4
21/2
NL
160
NP
NP
NP
14.4
31/2
NL
NL
NP
NP
NP
12.2.5.1
12.2.5.1
1. Response modification coefficient, R, for use throughout the standard. Note R reduces forces to a strength level, not an allowed
stress level.
2. Reflection amplification factor, Cd, for use in ASCE 7 Sections 12.8.6, 12.8.7, and 12.9.2.
3. NL = Not Limited and NP = Not Permitted. For metric units use 30.5 m for 100 ft and use 48.8 m for 160 ft. Heights are measured
from the base of the structure as defined in ASCE 7 Section 11.2.
4. See ASCE 7 Section 12.2.5.4 for a description of building systems limited to buildings with a height of 240 ft (73.2 m) or less.
5. See ASCE 7 Section 12.2.5.4 for building systems limited to buildings with a height of 160 ft (48.8 m) or less.
6. The tabulated value of the overstrength factor, 0, is permitted to be reduced by subtracting one-half for structures with flexible
diaphragms, but shall not be taken as less than 2.0 for any structure.
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I or II
III
IV
1.0
1.25
1.5
Fa = 1.0
Fv = 1.36 (interpolating)
Thus, the spectral response accelerations are:
SMS = FaSS = 1.0(1.239) = 1.24 g
SM1 = FvS1 = 1.36(0.462) = 0.63 g
PART A:
Item
State*
1
2
3
4
5
CA
CA
IA
MO
SC
Latitude Longitude
(N)
(-W)
35
35.3
42
37
33
119
119
93.8
89.6
80
SS
S1
2.319
1.239
0.070
2.296
2.208
0.803
0.462
0.040
0.600
0.559
PART B:
Selecting Item 2 in Part A, determine the
response parameters, design response spectrum,
design parameters and design category. The
geotechnical engineer has determined that the soil
properties indicate that the project is located on a
Site Class C.
Referring to Table 3.14 for Fa and Table 3.15 for
Fv, for site Class C determine that:
(ASCE Eq 12.8-11)
w x hxk
w h
k
i i
(ASCE Eq 12.8-12)
i =1
Where:
wi and wx = the weight of story "I" and "x,"
respectively
hi and hx = the height of story "I" and "x,"
respectively from the base of the
building
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k = an exponent that is dependent on the
fundamental period of the structure, T:
T < 0.5 seconds, k = 1
T > 2.5 seconds, k = 2
Linear interpolation is used to determine the
value of k for structures having a period between 0.5
and 2.5 seconds.
The exponent "k" is how the equivalent lateral
force procedure accounts for higher mode effects.
Short, stiff buildings respond primarily in the first
mode and have k value of 1. Very flexible buildings
having a k value of 2 are strongly influence by higher
modes. The difference in the vertical distribution of
seismic forces between a stiff building and a flexible
building can be seen in Figure 3.19.
Resulting Seismic
Story Shear Fi
Fi
Applied Seismic
Story Force Fi
Fi
Fi
Fi
Fi
Fi
Stiff structure, K = 1
Flexible structure, K = 2
99
FIGURE 3.19
forces.
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14.4.6.2.3 Maximum Area of Flexural Tensile
Reinforcement. Special reinforced masonry shear walls
having a shear span ratio, M/Vd, equal to or greater than
1.0 and having an axial load, P, greater than 0.05 fm An,
which are subjected to in-plane forces, shall have a
maximum reinforcement ratio, max, not greater than that
computed as follows:
max =
nf' m
f
2 f y n + y
f' m
101
Vn
1.25(M 1 + M 2 )
+ 1.4Vg
Lc
where
M1 and M2 = nominal moment strength at the ends of
the beam
Lc = length of the beam between the shear
walls
Vg = unfactored shear force due to gravity
loads
The calculation of the nominal flexural moment shall include
the reinforcement in reinforced concrete roof and floor systems.
The width of the reinforced concrete used for calculations of
reinforcement shall be six times the floor or roof slab thickness.
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14.4.7.8 Nominal Shear Strength of Headed and BentBar Anchor Bolts. Replace the existing Section 3.1.6.3
of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 with the following:
3.1.6.3 Nominal Shear Strength of Headed and Bent-Bar
Anchor Bolts. The nominal shear strength, Bvn, shall be
computed by Eq. (3-8) (strength governed by masonry breakout)
and Eq. (3-9) (strength governed by steel), and shall not exceed
2.0 times that computed by Eq. (3-4) (strength governed by
masonry pryout). In computing the capacity, the smallest of the
design strengths shall be used.
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LOADS
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
25
5
20
10 12
7 12 10 10 10
4
3
20
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H A P T E R
Wind
A
Longitudinal shear wall
Reinforcing
steel in
center of
wall
Equivalent seismic or wind force
Roof
and floor
diaphragms
Floor reaction
Floor diaphragm
fb
fs
d
t
Stress distribution
in masonry wall
Transverse wall
Floor reaction
Section A-A
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Chord
reinforcement
t
Floor or roof
Joist anchor
Chord = 8t max.
106
8/10/2009
Chord
reinforcement
Compression in chord
Tension in chord
B
B
Lateral force
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c
mi
din
loa
is
Se
FIGURE 4.6
Figure 12.3-1).
107
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700 x 100 2
wl 2
=
= 875,000 ft lbs
8
8
M 875,000
=
d
40
= 21,875 lbs
The "d" distance is smaller due to the half wall
thickness or collector thickness on each wall;
however, this correction is small and often neglected
to save design time. In this case, for an 8 in. wall,
d = 40 - 8/12 = 39.33 and the chord forces changes
a small amount from 21,875 to 22,245 lbs, only a
1.6% change, and in this example problem does not
significantly change the outcome.
The steel required in a wall bond beam at the roof
line may be determined as follows: (assuming a onethird stress increase).
As =
T
where Fs = 1.33 x 24,000 psi
Fs
= 32,000 psi
As =
21,875
32,000
= 0.68 sq in.
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21,875
1 x 100
2
= 438 lbs/ft
Use 5/8 in. anchor bolts, from Table ASD-8a
Allowable shear in masonry = 1,330 lbs
Anchor design criteria is provided in MSJC Code
Section 2.1.4 and the material criteria is given in the
MSJC Specification Article 2.4 D. Edge distances and
other anchor bolt conditions may change these
allowable values.
Spacing of bolts on long wall
1330 x 1.33
x 12
438
109
= 48 in. o.c.
Deflection
d = 20
= 875 plf
=
1330 x 1.33 x 12
875
= 24 in. o.c.
d = 20
Deflection
100
Section AA
14
Pinned at top
Fixed at bottom
40
4 - 6
Flange
700 x 50
Shear to end walls (shear walls)=
40
Section AA
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Solution 4-B
6t = 6 x 9 = 54 in.
= 56 x 106 in.4
A composite moment of inertia could be
computed with grout and clay values, but simplicity
and conservativeness is used in this example.
For a simply supported beam subjected to a
uniform load:
5wl 4
5 x 500 x 100 4 x 1728
=
384EI
384 x 1.050 x 106 x 56 x 106
= 0.019 in.
B
60
30
= 1.176 in.
This allowable deflection is significantly more
than the diaphragm deflection of 0.019 in. and this is
a satisfactory design.
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111
5:1
Precast concrete
4:1
3:1
2:1
Wood
2:1
Deflection of
Diaphragm A
4
5
Wall A = 360 x
Deflection of
Diaphragm B
Wall B = 360 x
Lateral force
(a)
Wall C = 360 x
Deflection of
Diaphragm C
3
40
= 7,200 lbs
2
40 + 50
2
50
2
= 9,000 lbs
40
Deflection of
Diaphragm D
C
4
Lateral force
A
Drag strut
30
50
80
D
1
= 16,200 lbs
(b)
50
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16,200
80
6
f
III
= 202.5 plf
Drag strut delivers 202.5 x 50 = 10,125 lbs
to wall B
S
3
II
16,200
= 540 plf
Wall B must resist =
30
I
a
10
1330 x 1.33 x 12
Spacing of anchor bolts in wall B =
540
VI
16
14
18
V
12
13
IV
17
19
W
g
11
20
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113
3
N
II
a
d
6
10
e
III
f
9
12
13
g
IV
h
8
14
(b) Lateral force in E-W direction
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Wall 2
R2 = 3
F3
Wall 1
R1 = 5
2
F2
1
F1
Solution 4-E
Total resistance = R = R1 + R2 = 5 + 3 = 8
Force to Wall 1
Force x
R1
5
= 120 x = 75 kips
R
8
F3
2
Force to Wall 2
F2
R
3
Force x 2 = 120 x = 45 kips
R
8
1
F1
Ph 3
1.2Ph
+
3Em I
AEv
Where
m = deflection due to flexural bending, inches
v = deflection due to shear, inches
P
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115
Detail A
P
F
c
h
h
Rigidity =
d
P
d
Rigidity =
1
F
1
c
Detail A
Detail A
FIGURE 4.13
FIGURE 4.12
h
h
+ 0.3
d
d
c = cantilever = 0.4
1
1
=
cantilever c
f = m + v =
Ph 3
1.2Ph
+
12Em I
AEv
h
h
f = fixed = 0.1 + 0.3
d
d
Rf =
1
1
=
fixed f
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15
F
15
Roof
E
3rd Floor
D
35
25
15
30
15
Force
2nd Floor
25
20
116
8/10/2009
1st Floor
105
45
Solution 4-F
The resistance of each wall is additive to obtain
the total resistance of the full length of the wall.
Assume all walls are the same thickness and
strength.
Solution 4-G
Deflection T = D + E + F + rotational effects.
For simplicity, ignore rotational effects.
Wall
h/l or h/d
R C*
A
B
C
0.86
1.20
2.00
1.952
0.951
0.263
= 3.166
1
1
=
= 0.316
R 3.166
Wall
h/l or h/d
C *
D
E
F
0.44
0.60
1.00
0.166
0.266
0.700
1
1
=
= 0.883
T 1.132
T = 1.132
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117
Walls 4, 5, 6
= C =
1111
1
x
= 0.0971C
1500 7.63
Walls 1, 2, 3
= C =
1
1111
= 0.0461C
x
2500 9.63
Floor H l
Level (ft) (ft)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
30
Partially grouted
fm = 1500 psi
t = 8
E.S.T. = 4.9
h
l
C
From
T
Tables
Correction
Coefficient
Rigidity
Actual
C
8
7
10 30 .033 0.113
10 30 .033 0.113
11.62
14.51
6
5
10 30 .033 0.113
10 30 .033 0.113
0.0971
0.0971
0.0110 0.0518
0.0110 0.0408
19.31
24.51
4
3
10 30 .033 0.113
10 30 .033 0.113
33.56
53.19
2
1
10 30 .033 0.113
14 30 .047 0.183
Solid grouted
fm = 2500 psi
t = 10
E.S.T. = 9.63
14
a) Solid wall
1,000,000
900 f' m
or
1111
f' m
and
1
t
l = d = 60
V
h = 20
1
1111
= 0.1512 C
x
= C =
1500 4.9
h 20
=
= 0.33
d 60
RC = 8.820
(Table ASD-89a)
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4 Walls; d = 15
l = 60
h 20
=
= 0.33
d 60
h = 20
= 0.113
h 20
=
= 1.33
d 15
= 0.020
= 0.093
RC = 0.746
(Table ASD-89b)
Pier B
h
4
=
= 0.16RB = 20.657
d 25
Pier C
h
4
=
= 0.27RC = 12.053
d 15
4 walls
(RB + RC ) = 32.710
1
1
=
= = 0.031
RBC 32.710
h = 20
Tension
crack
kd = 7.5
= 0.124
R ABCD =
20
h
=
= 2.67
kd 7.5
RC = 0.119
(Table ASD-89c)
1
1
=
= 8.06
0.124
h 20
=
= 0.33
d 60
20
15
10
D
F
E
10
10
10
12
10
25
10
C
h = 20
60
Rsolid = 8.820
= 0.113
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119
h 10
=
= 0.17
d 60
Solution 4-J
15
h
6
=
= 0.14;
d 42
15
20
E = 0.042
= 0.085
20
RB = 7.911
50
Wall 1
RBCDE =
1
1
=
= 11.76
0.085
5) Add pier F
h 10
=
= 1.67; RF = 1.034
d
6
Pier
h
(ft)
d
(ft)
h/d
A
B
C
15
15
15
5
20
8
3.00
0.75
1.88
0.278 ASD-89c
3.743 ASD-89a
0.814 ASD-89b
15
1
1
=
= 0.078
RBCDEF 12.80
Table
R = 4.835
Rf
R ABCDEF =
20
4)
50
Wall 2
=
1
= 7.14
0.140
d
(ft)
h/d
Rc
(From Table ASD-89a)
15
50
0.30
9.921
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4.835
(135)
4.835 + 9.921
Wall 1 =
9.921
(135)
4.835 + 9.921
4.4 OVERTURNING
0.278
(44) = 2.5 kips
4.835
V
2500
=
= 4.6 psi
td
9(60)
fv =
fv =
For
O.K.
3.743
(44) = 34.1kips
4.837
V
34,100
=
= 15.8 psi
td
9(240 )
fv =
O.K.
1.88
(44) = 7.4 kips
4.835
V
7400
=
= 8.6 psi
td
9(96)
VPier C =
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OTM = Fn hn +
Fh
i i
i =1
121
Fi
Fi
W = 400 kips
hn = h
Fi
Fi
hi
hi
W = 400 kips
50
38
OTM
W = 400 kips
26
hi
14
W = 1400 kips
Fi (hi hx )
i =1
R = 5.50
The total weight of the building is
V = CsW
Fi
Fi
hi
(ASCE 7 Eq 12.8-1)
Fi
hi
Fi
hi
Solution 4-K
Fi
hn
40
OTM
OTM at
level x
hx
Cs =
SDS
SD1
R
R
T
I
I
for T TL
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Cs =
SDS
S T
D1 L
R
R
T 2
I
I
for T > TL
w x hxk
n
(ASCE 7 Eq 12.8-6)
(ASCE 7 Eq 12.8-7)
k
i i
wi
or
wx
(kips)
4
200
3
400
2
400
1
400
Base 1400
hi
or
hx
(ft)
wihi
Ta = Ct hnx
(ASCE 7 Eq 12.8-7)
(ASCE 7 Table 12.8-2)
0.4
0.7
5.5
5.5
0.38
1
1
(ASCE 7 Eq 12.8-11)
Cvx
= 41,200
x = 0.75, Ct = 0.020
(ASCE 7 Eq 12.8-12)
w h
i =1
Cs =
Cvx =
= 102
24.8
37.7
25.8
13.9
102
24.8
62.5
88.3
102
1240
1432
671
195
= 3538
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123
Shear wall
at stairwell
i =x
n
Fpx =
wpx
(12.10-1)
FIGURE 12.10-1 COLLECTORS
i =x
where
Fpx
Fi
wi
wpx
=
=
=
=
(12.11-1)
where
Fp = the design force in the individual anchors
SDS = the design spectral response acceleration
parameter at short periods per Section 11.4.4
I = the occupancy importance factor per Section
11.5.1
Wp = the weight of the wall tributary to the anchor
For embedded straps see ASCE 7 Sections
12.11.2.2.5. For walls with pilasters ASCE 7 Section
12.11.2.2.7 requires:
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Seismic Design
Category
Application
Torsional Irregularity is defined to exist where the maximum story drift, computed including
accidental torsion, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the
1a.
average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure. Torsional irregularity requirements
in the reference sections apply only to structures in which the diaphragms are rigid or semirigid.
12.3.3.4
12.8.4.3
12.7.3
12.12.1
Table 12.6-1
Section 16.2.2
D, E, and F
C, D, E, and F
B, C, D, E, and F
C, D, E, and F
D, E, and F
B, C, D, E, and F
Extreme Torsional Irregularity is defined to exist where the maximum story drift, computed
including accidental torsion, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.4
1b. times the average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure. Extreme torsional
irregularity requirements in the reference sections apply only to structures in which the
diaphragms are rigid or semirigid.
12.3.3.1
12.3.3.4
12.7.3
12.8.4.3
12.12.1
Table 12.6-1
Section 16.2.2
E and F
D
B, C, and D
C and D
C and D
D
B, C, and D
2.
Reentrant Corner Irregularity is defined to exist where both plan projections of the structure
beyond a reentrant corner are greater than 15% of the plan dimension of the structure in the
given direction.
12.3.3.4
Table 12.6-1
D, E, and F
D, E, and F
3.
Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity is defined to exist where there are diaphragms with
abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having cutout or open areas
greater than 50% of the gross enclosed diaphragm area, or changes in effective diaphragm
stiffness of more than 50% from one story to the next.
12.3.3.4
Table 12.6-1
D, E, and F
D, E, and F
4.
Out-of-Plane Offsets Irregularity is defined to exist where there are discontinuities in a lateral
force-resistance path, such as out-of-plane offsets of the vertical elements.
12.3.3.4
12.3.3.3
12.7.3
Table 12.6-1
16.2.2
D, E, and F
B, C, D, E, and F
B, C, D, E, and F
D, E, and F
B, C, D, E, and F
5.
12.5.3
12.7.3
Table 12.6-1
Section 16.2.2
C, D, E, and F
B, C, D, E, and F
D, E, and F
B, C, D, E, and F
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125
Reference
Section
Seismic Design
Category
Application
Table 12.6-1
D, E, and F
12.3.3.1
Table 12.6-1
E and F
D, E, and F
Stiffness-Soft Story Irregularity is defined to exist where there is a story in which the lateral
1a. stiffness is less than 70% of that in the story above or less than 80% of the average stiffness of
the three stories above.
Stiffness-Extreme Soft Story Irregularity is defined to exist where there is a story in which
1b. the lateral stiffness is less than 60% of that in the story above or less than 70% of the average
stiffness of the three stories above.
2.
Weight (Mass) Irregularity is defined to exist where the effective mass of any story is more
than 150% of the effective mass of an adjacent story. A roof that is lighter than the floor below
need not be considered.
Table 12.6-1
D, E, and F
3.
Vertical Geometric Irregularity is defined to exist where the horizontal dimension of the seismic
force-resisting system in any story is more than 130% of that in an adjacent story.
Table 12.6-1
D, E, and F
4.
12.3.3.3
12.3.3.4
Table 12.6-1
B, C, D, E, and F
D, E, and F
D, E, and F
5a.
12.3.3.1
Table 12.6-1
E and F
D, E, and F
12.3.3.1
12.3.3.2
Table 12.6-1
D, E, and F
B and C
D, E, and F
Torsional Irregularity,
Extreme Torsional Irregularity,
Reentrant Corners,
Diaphragm Discontinuity,
Out-of-plane Offsets,
Nonparallel Systems
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Partial wall or
boundary columns
Partial wall or
boundary columns
(a) Staggered wall system out-of-plane offsets
Open
Thick/stiff
diaphragm
Open
FIGURE 4.17
Masonry wall
Masonry wall
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Occupancy Category
I or II
III
IV
0.025hsxc
0.020hsx
0.015hsx
0.010hsx
0.010hsx
0.010hsx
0.007hsx
0.007hsx
0.007hsx
0.020hsx
0.015hsx
0.010hsx
4.7 TORSION
4.7.1 GENERAL
In a shear wall building with rigid floor and roof
diaphragms, the seismic forces are resisted by shear
wall elements in proportion to their rigidities. If all
lateral force resisting elements have the same
stiffness and are symmetrically located, they will be
equally loaded by lateral forces.
However, if some walls are stiffer than others, or
if they are unsymmetrically located, some lateral
force resisting elements will resist more load than
others. This condition of the center of rigidity not
coinciding with the center of mass creates torsional
moments. The center of mass tends to rotate about
the center of rigidity.
If a building has an open front, severe torsional
stresses may occur since a large eccentricity exists
between the building's center of mass and the center
of rigidity (see Figure 4.19). Because of the torsion,
lateral forces resisted by some shear walls will be
significantly increased.
Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F, the allowable story drift shall comply
with the requirements of Section 12.12.1.1.
c There shall be no drift limit for single-story structures with interior walls,
partitions, ceilings, and exterior wall systems that have been designed to
accommodate the story drifts. The structure separation requirement of Section
12.12.3 is not waived.
d Structures in which the basic structural system consists of masonry shear walls
designed as vertical elements cantilevered from their base or foundation support
which are so constructed that moment transfer between shear walls (coupling) is
negligible.
127
Center of
mass
Center of
rigidity
Center of
mass
Center of
rigidity
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Fv + Ft
ex
Ft
Center of mass
Vx
ey
Center of rigidity
W
Ft
Rotational axis
Fv
Ft
(ASCE 7 Eq 12.8-14)
where
Torsional moment = Vx (ey)
= Vy (ex)
Note:
ex = ex (calculated) 0.05 L
ey = ey (calculated) 0.05 W
torsion
into
the
following
Inherent Torsion
Accidental Torsion
Amplification of Accidental Torsional Moment
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Force to wall = Fv + FT = V x
A = 150 x
40
30
Rd x
R
+T
2
R
Rd x
5.000
118
1384 .5 x
= 89.6 17.1
8.375
9545
= 72.5 kips
B = 150 x
B
24
32
8
A
0.263
4.3
+ 1384 .5 x
= 4.7 + 0.6
8.375
9545
C.M.
C.R.
= 5.3 kips
5.73
C = 150 x
42.73
V = 150 kips
27.27
3.112
143
+ 1384 .5 x
= 55.7 + 20.7
8.375
9545
Assume center of
mass 33 ft right of
wall A
33
= 76.4 kips
EXAMPLE 4-M Forces to Walls, Rigid Diaphragm.
Solution 4-L
The figure below shows a plan view of a onestory masonry shear wall structure with a rigid
diaphragm roof. The relative rigidity of each shear
wall is given.
Wall
h (ft)
d (ft)
h/d
RC
X (ft)
Rcx
A
B
C
16
16
16
32
8
24
0.50
2.00
0.67
5.000
0.263
3.112
0
40
70
0
10.52
217.84
RC = 8.375
20
N
R = 2.248
Rcx = 228.36
40
20
R = 6.868
R =6.868
228.36
= 27.27 ft
8.375
R = 11.252
60
= 9.23 ft
Torsional moment = T
dx
Rdx
A
B
C
5.000
0.263
3.112
23.77
16.23
46.23
118.85
4.27
143.87
R = 8.375
Rdx2
2825
69
6651
Rdx2 = 9545
c.
Given:
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Wall Weights:
Roof
75 psf
N Wall
75 psf
S Wall
100 psf
E, W Walls
75 psf
Wall L (ft)
N
S
E
W
20
60
40
40
h/l
Rcy
0.80
2.248
0.27
11.252
0.40 6.868
0.40 6.868
C.R. y direction =
Roof
W Wall
E Wall
N Wall
S Wall
Weight
180
33
33
16.5
66
kips
kips
kips
kips
kips
X (ft)
Y (ft)
C.R. x direction =
30
0
60
30
30
20
20
20
40
0
w = 328.5 kips
y cm =
Wx
yRcx xRcy
60
0
40
0
89.9
412.1
yRx = 89.9
Rcy = 13.736
Use h = 16/2 + 3 = 11
Item
Rcx = 13.500
Rcx
xRcy = 412.1
yRcx 89.9
=
= 6.7 ft
Rcx 13.5
xRcy
Rcy
412.1
= 30 ft
13.736
Wy
5400
0
1980
495
1980
ey = 17 - 6.7 = 10.3 ft
3600
660
660
660
0
wx = 9855 wy = 5580
5580
Wy
=
328 .5
W
would
ex = 30 - 30 = 0 ft
C.R.
19
Actual
C.M.
5% Accidental
eccentricity = 2
10.3
12.3
Displaced
CMy
33.3
W x
9855
=
328 .5
W
40
x cm =
be
6.7
N
60
Eccentricity ey
30
40
C.M.
17
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131
Calculated
C.M.
R y
6.7
33
30
30
60
Eccentricity ex
Rd
Rd 2
(ASCE 7 Eq 12.8-1)
10
20
50
10
Roof line
15
T = Vex = 26.3 x 3 ft
10
27
6.7
= 78.9 ft kips
7
15
15
15
C.R.
17
Ry
10.3
40
Displaced
C.M.
33.3
23
5% Accidental
eccentricity
= 3
50
04.DAxLateralF.04.24.09.qxp
25
10 10
15
90
x
= 323.5 ft kips
Distribution of forces for a seismic force in the N direction (Solution 4-M Part c)
Wall
Ry
Rx
dx
(ft)
N
S
E
W
6.87
6.87
2.25
11.25
30
30
R y = 13.7
dy
(ft)
Rd
33.3
6.7
74.9
75.4
206.1
206.1
Rd2
Direct
Force
Fv
(kips)
Torsional
Force
Ft
(kips)
2495.0
505.0
6183
6183
13.2
13.2
-0.7
+0.7
+1.9
-1.9
Rd 2 = 15,366
Total
Force
Fv + Ft
(kips)
-0.7
+0.7
15.1*
11.3
= 26.4 = V
R x = 13.5
* Since the East and West walls are symmetrical, use F = 15.1 kips for both walls (Earthquake force can act in either N or
S direction).
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Solution 4-N
The values for rigidity, Rc, from Table ASD-89 are
based on t = 1 in. and Em = 1,000,000 psi. Equate an
8 in. thickness to a base of 1 in and correct walls of
other thicknesses by multiplying Rc by 1/8. Correct Rc
for variations in the modulus of elasticity by
multiplying Rc by Em/1,000,000. However because
Em = 900f'm, the value of Rc may be corrected by
900f'm/1,000,000 = f'm/1111.
Location of center of rigidity
y=
xRcy
Rcy
420 .59
= 33.97 ft
12.38
xW 11,197
=
= 37.93 ft
W
295 .2
y=
yW 5,898 .2
=
= 19.98 ft
W
295 .2
Em
Correction
fm/1111
E
Combined
Correction
for Rc
CxE=F
1.00
1.50
1350
3000
1.22
2.70
1.22
4.05
12
8
12
10
1.50
1.00
1.50
1.25
3000
1500
1500
2000
2.70
1.35
1.35
1.80
4.05
1.35
2.03
2.25
10
10
1.25
1.25
2000
2000
1.80
1.80
2.25
2.25
fm
(psi)
Thickness
Correction
t/8
C
1
2
8
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
Wall No.
Thickness
(inches)
Wall
No.
Direction
Length
(ft)
h/l
y
(ft)
yRcx
1
2
y
y
40
10
0.45
1.80
5.833
0.348
1.22
4.05
7.116
1.409
0.33
79.50
2.35
112.05
3
4
y
x
15
50
1.20
0.36
0.951
7.895
4.05
1.35
3.852
10.658
79.50
306.20
39.67
422.81
5
6
x
x
10
15
1.80
1.20
0.348
0.951
2.03
2.25
0.706
2.140
39.50
0.42
27.90
0.90
7
8
x
x
25
10
0.72
1.80
2.738
0.348
2.25
2.25
6.161
0.783
0.52
0.52
3.20
0.41
Rcy = 12.38
Rcx = 20.45
x
(ft)
xRcy
yRc = 455.23
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133
W
(psf)
Length
(ft)
Area
18 x L
W
(kips)
Direction
x
(ft)
y
(ft)
xW
yW
1
2
80
120
40
10
720
180
57.6
21.6
y
y
0.33
79.50
19.0
1,717.2
20.00
35.00
1,152.0
756.0
3
4
120
80
15
50
270
900
32.4
72.0
y
x
79.50
25.00
2,575.8
1,800.0
7.50
39.67
243.0
2,856.0
5
6
120
100
10
15
180
270
21.6
27.0
x
x
75.00
7.50
1,620.0
202.5
39.50
0.42
853.2
11.3
7
8
100
100
25
10
450
180
45.0
18.0
x
x
42.50
75.0
1,912.5
1,350.0
0.42
0.42
18.9
7.6
W = 295 .2 kips
(roof)
11.44
Displaced
C.M.
C.M.
2.29
C.R.
22.57
22.26
33.97
Roof line
Roof line
41.58
y=
yW = 5,898 .2
4.8.1 GENERAL
y = 25 ft
(walls)
xW = 11,197 .0
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Interior rubber
layers reinforced
with steel plates
Lead
core
Steel load
plates
FIGURE 4.21
isolators.
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Earthquake force
135
Increasing flexibility
Period
Range of flexibility
Isolated structures
1.5 to 2.5 seconds
FIGURE 4.23
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
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20
20
20
30
90
16 x 16 CMU columns
10
30
35
20
72
75
40
D
A
25
50
50
50
20
30
4-6
8 CMU walls
8
60
16
50 kips
10
20
150
8
4
10
11
18
24
30 kips
4 4 4 4
40
40
20
B
2
80
40
10
10
25
80
25
10
40
60
60
120
4-8
2
3
4
6
Wall A
4 4
20
4-7
16
Drag strut
50
Wall B
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H A P T E R
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS BY ALLOWABLE
STRESS DESIGN (ASD)
5.1 HISTORY
Prior to the 1933 Long Beach, California
earthquake, masonry structures were generally
unreinforced and designed by empirical procedures
based on the past performance of similar structures.
Since reinforcing steel was not utilized, early
masonry structures tended to be massive in order to
effectively resist lateral as well as vertical loads.
Although this empirical procedure is still permitted to
be used in lower Seismic Design Categories, the
Long Beach earthquake showed engineers that a
more defined and logical procedure was necessary to
design structures that would effectively withstand
higher seismic forces.
During this time, elastic working stress design
procedures were being used to design reinforced
concrete structures. Based on this elastic design
approach, engineers began reinforcing masonry so
that the steel could resist tensile forces while the
masonry carried compressive forces.
By 1937, the Uniform Building Code included
working stress design procedures for masonry which
allowed engineers to size masonry members by
ensuring that anticipated service loads did not
exceed allowable design stresses.
With the working stress design method,
engineers have designed masonry structures
throughout much of the 20th century.
Allowable stress design continues to evolve as
masonry design enters the 21st century. As an
example, the UBC made a distinction for allowable
design stresses based on whether or not masonry
05.DSMbyASD.04.08.09.qxp
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Plane sections before bending remain plane during and after bending
Lateral load
138
8/11/2009
T
d
M
kd
fs /n
fb
jd
Stress is proportional C
to strain which is
proportional to the
distance from the
neutral axis
N.A.
Masonry carries no
tensile stress
kd
Strain
in steel
Strain in
masonry
N.A.
Es
Em
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kd
M
Compressive
Tensile
Moment
Moment
stress
x
= stress x
arm
arm
area
area
x (1/2)(kd) = (ndb) x
(bkd)
Neutral
axis
(d - kd)
1 2 2
bd k = n bd 2 kbd 2
2
139
(d - kd)
1 2 2
bd k nbd 2 (1 k ) = 0
2
nAs = nbd
Transformed
steel area
As = bd
Solving for k
k = (n ) + 2n n
2
Note: The amount of masonry below the neutral axis does not
affect transformed properties.
d - kd
nAs = nbd
Transformed
steel area
M
Neutral axis
Vertical bars
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fb
kd
Neutral axis
d
jd
T
es
fs/n
Strain
Stress
FIGURE 5.7
k = (n ) + 2n n
2
em
k
3
Compression
shear block
b
Kf = fs j
kd
Kf =
kj
fb
2
jd
FIGURE 5.6
As
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5.3.4 SUMMARY
M = K f bd 2
or Mm =
and K f =
1
fbkjbd 2 (in.-lbs)
2
M
bd 2
Moment Arm = jd
Ms = T jd = As fs jd
Ms = bdfs jd = fsjbd2
Also, since Kf = fsj,
S =
Where:
Force in the masonry, C = 1 fb (kd )b = 1 fbkbd
2
2
Moment Arm = jd
Mm
1
= C( jd ) = fbkbdjd
2
Mm =
1
fbkjbd 2
2
1
Since K f = fbkj,
2
Mm = K f bd 2
(in.-lbs)
Where:
(in.-lbs)
or Ms = fs jbd 2
Where:
Ms = Kf bd2
141
Thus, Stress =
bd 2
6
M
6M
=
S
bd 2
M 2
bd 2 jk
fs =
M
bd 2
and
1
j
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j = 1
S =
bd 2
for masonry, and
2
jk
k
0.259
= 1
= 0.914
3
3
fbkjbd 2
2
= 33,235 in.-lbs/ft
= 2.77 ft-k/ft
Determine
reinforcement;
the
limiting
tensile
force
in
Ms = fs j bd2
= 24,000(0.0035)(0.914)(12)(5.3)2
= 25,880 in.-lbs/ft
Solution 5-A
= 2.16 ft-k/ft
For f'm = 2500 psi
1
Fb = f 'm = 833 psi (MSJC Code Section 2.3.3.2.2)
3
Controls
Alternately,
From Table ASD-26b for = 0.0035 find
Kf = 76.8
fb = 650 psi
fs = 24,000 psi
k = 0.259
j = 0.914
2
= 8.46
jk
Modular ratio, n =
k =
=
As
0.44
=
= 0.0035
(24)(5.3)
bd
Es
29,000,000
=
= 12.9
Em
(900 )(2500)
(n ) 2+ 2n n
= 0.259
Moment capacity = Kf bd 2
= (76.8)(12)(5.3)2
= 25,888 in.-lbs/ft
= 2.16 ft-k/ft (same as above)
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Stress in
masonry
Type S mortar
1400 plf
Neutral axis
es
24
d - kd
nfb
fb
Assume
20
em
kd
Strain in
masonry
Strain is proportional
to distance from the
neutral axis
143
Strain in
steel
fs/n
As
14
Strain in
steel
fs
fb
C
20
Stress in steel:
fs = esEs
Ratio of strains:
em
straight line
(kd )
=
(d kd ) variation
es
Ratio of stresses:
fb
e E
e
= m m = m
fs
esEs
es
1
n
fb
(kd ) 1
=
(d kd ) n
fs
fb =
(kd ) fs
(d kd ) n
fs
n
As
LL
= 1400 plf
wl 2 1580(14)
=
8
8
= 38,710 ft-lbs
Determine the Kf factor
Kf =
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(2.5)(12,000 ) = 100
M
=
bd 2
(12)(5)2
As
or from Table GN-23c for #7 bars @ 24 in.
bd
in
Masonry
and
(4) Plot Kf = 100 and = 0.0050 in Diagram ASD25a to determine the actual stresses:
fb = 650 psi and fs = 23,000 psi
Both stresses are below the allowable values
and the wall will be sufficient to withstand the
increased loading.
As
kd
kd
kd
kd
fs
n
Solution 5-C
(1) From Table ASD-3 and ASD-4 the allowable
stresses are:
Fb = 667 psi and Fs = 24,000 psi
Maximum
allowable
masonry
stress
Compression
force
= 1/2 fbkdb
jd
fb
fb
fb
fb
jd
jd
jd
fs /n
Maximum allowable steel stress
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M = 45 ft k
fb
Maximum allowable
masonry stress, fb
kd
Compression
force
= 1/2 fbkdb
kd
kd
145
kd
jd
jd
jd
jd
fs
n
fs /n
fs /n
fs /n
FIGURE 5.12
(2) dmin =
Use 28 in.
Design Data:
M = 40 ft-k
b = 9 in.
f'm = 1500 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Neglect weight of lintel beam
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36
30
#7 bars
10
1.20
= 0.0040
(10)(30)
max =
nf' m
fy
2f y n +
f' m
(Equation 21-3)
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nM
bd 2Fs
= n/n
The area of steel can then be determined:
nM
bd 2Fs
As = bd
Therefore for design, given the moment on the
section, the effective depth, d, the width, b, the
specified strength of the masonry, f'm, the allowable
stress of the steel, Fs, and calculating the modular
ratio, n, the values, 2/jk and nj can be calculated
and the required steel can be determined.
n
0.045
=
= 0.0035
n
12.9
fb =
M 2
bd 2 jk
fs =
M 1
bd 2 pj
Solution 5-F
Fb =
1
1
f ' m = (2500 ) = 833 psi
3
3
n=
Es
29,000,000
=
= 12.9
900f ' m
Em
Determine 2/jk and nj to find n from Table ASD34. Use the maximum value to obtain the required
steel ratio.
F
2
= bd 2 b
M
jk
833
2
= (12)(5.3)
= 10.883
(
)(
)
2150
12
= 10.883
147
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kd
1 tf
2d
t
n + f
d
n +
k=
stress block.
If the neutral axis, kd, is below the face shell the
section would have a Tee section stress block.
b
tf
M = Cf jf d + Cw jw d
kd
d
bw
kd tf
1
fb 1 +
2
kd
kd tf
1
fb 1 +
2
kd
bt
f
bt
f
t
Ms = Asfs bdfs d f
2
Compression on web
Cw =
Mm =
Compression on flange
Cf =
1 kd tf
fb
bw (kd tf )
2 kd
fb
Cf
tf
kd t f
fb
kd
kd - tf
kd
Cw
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2
Moment = wh (pinned each end)
8
149
(20)(20) (4)
2
= 0.0014
4
K f = 43.2
3
As = bd = 0.0014 (48)(4.81)
Masonry stress
fb =
2M
1 + kd tf d tf bt
f
2
kd
2(4000 )(12)
1
.
37
1
.
25
1 +
4.81 1.25 (48)(1.25)
1.37
2
O.K.
= 0.323 sq in.
As = 0.44 sq in.
Use 1 - #6 bar
4
Fs = (0.4 ) fy = 32,000 psi
3
Steel stress
fs =
M
t
As d f
2
(4000 )(12)
1.25
0.60 4.81
O.K.
As
0.60
=
= 0.0026
(48)(4.81)
bd
n = 21.48(0.0026) = 0.056
tf
1.25
=
= 0.26
d
4.81
k =
1 tf
2d
t
n + f
d
n +
0.056 + 05(0.26 )
0.056 + (0.26 )
= 0.284
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em =
d - kd
kd
fb
fb
Em
kd - d
jd
f 's
e' s =
2n
fs
T
es =
Stress
f' s
Es
fs
Es
Strain
kd d '
f 's = 2nfb
kd
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151
10
1
f' m = 500 psi
3
n = 21.48
d = 40 in.; d ' = 4 in.
As
Alternate shear steel
k = 0.30
Solution 5-H
kd d '
f 's = 2nfb
kd
27
33
As
(0.30 )(40) 4
= 2(21.48 )(500 )
(0.30 )(40)
= 14,320 psi
steel.
Kf =
M
bd 2
55 x 12,000
10 x 27 2
= 90.5
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d'
3
=
= 0.11 and K b = 90.5
d
27
5.4 SHEAR
Fv =
f 'm
(2-20)
Fv = (1 3 ) 4 (M/Vd )
f 'm
(2-21)
5.4.1 GENERAL
Structural elements such as walls, piers and
beams are subjected to shear forces as well as
flexural stresses. The unit shear stress is computed
based on the formula:
fv =
V
V
V
=
or
bjd
bd
bl
f 'm
(2-22)
(2-23)
Fv = (1 2 ) 4 (M/Vd )
f 'm
(2-24)
(2-25)
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Vs
Fs d
(2-26)
153
Unit element
Diagonal shear cracks
Beam
Load
Shear
Unit element
Wall
FIGURE 5.20
flexural member.
Unit shear, fv, is used to determine the shear
steel spacing based on the formula:
Spacing, s =
Av Fs
fv b
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AF
Fv = v s
bs
Beam
Horizontal
shear
Development of
diagonal tension
on unit element
FIGURE 5.21
Diagonal
tension
Wall
Diagonal
tension
V
Area of vertical
=
shear steel
Fs
Horizontal
shear
steel
V
Diagonal
tension
vm
Diagonal
tension
Vertical
shear
Vertical
shear
Diagonal
tension
Development of
diagonal tension
on unit element
Horizontal
Shear
Vertical
shear
steel
v at d
Vertical
shear
Horizontal
shear
Diagonal
tension
Diagonal
tension
Horizontal
Shear
Vertical
shear
Diagonal
tension
No shear steel
required
Max. = d/4
FIGURE 5.22
in a beam.
EXAMPLE 5-J Flexural Design Unit Shear
Stress.
Area of vertical
V
=
shear steel
Fs
element.
For continuous or fixed beams, the value used to
determine the shear steel spacing may be taken at a
distance d from the face of the support. The
maximum spacing of shear steel may not exceed d/2
or 48 inches. The first shear reinforcing bar should be
located at half the calculated spacing but no more
than d/4 from the face of support.
The thickness of a member or wall for shear
calculations may be influenced by the treatment of
the joints. Masonry with flush or concave tooled joints
would have the total thickness effective. However, if
joints are raked, consideration should be given to the
reduction in the width of the wall caused by raking.
1
(550 )(14) = 3850 lbs
2
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155
LL = 1500 plf
20
6.2
fv at 28
V = 13 kips
14
fv
32
vm
d/4
Solution 5-K
(1) From Table ASD-3, the allowable flexural shear
stress with shear reinforcement is
Fv = 3 1500 = 116.2 psi;
Solution 5-L
(1) Conservatively, assume the beam is constructed
of normal weight concrete block and grout. Thus,
from Table GN-3a, the weight of solid grouted
hollow concrete block = 84 psf
DL =
V
13,000
=
Shear stress, fv =
(7.625)(36)
bd
LL
= 1500 plf
TL = w
= 1724 plf
Total shear V =
(1724 )(20)
wl
=
2
2
= 17,240 lbs
V
17,240
=
(7.63)(28)
bd
= 80.7 psi
(3) Check the capacity of the masonry without shear
reinforcement.
From Table ASD-3 for 2500 psi masonry;
Fv = 50 psi < fv of 80.7 psi; therefore, beam
must have shear reinforcement
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= 10,682 lbs
Distance from center of beam where no shear
reinforcement is required.
Distance S = V = 10,682 = 6.2 ft
1724
w
(5) Calculate the shear at a distance d/2 from the
support and determine the size and spacing of
the reinforcing steel.
V = 17,240 1724
28
1
M
4
f 'm (MSJC Code Eq 2-21)
3
Vd
Vd
(12)(2)
= 15,229 lbs
Unit shear, fv =
Fv =
V
15,229
=
bd
7.63(28)
= 71.3 psi
From Diagram ASD-58 for b = 7.63 in. and
fv = 71.3 psi, try either #4 @ 8 in. or #6 @ 16 in.
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement is
limited to d/2 = 28/2 = 14 in.
1
M
4
f 'm (MSJC Code Eq 2-24)
2
Vd
Vd
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l or d
l or d
157
2106.3.1 Masonry walls not part of the lateralforce-resisting system. Masonry partition walls,
masonry screen walls and other masonry elements
that are not designed to resist vertical or lateral loads,
other than those induced by their own mass, shall be
isolated from the structure so that the vertical and
lateral forces are not imparted to these elements.
Isolation joints and connectors between these
elements and the structure shall be designed to
accommodate the design story drift.
2106.4 Additional requirements for structures in
Seismic Design Category C. Structures assigned to
Seismic Design Category C shall conform to the
requirements of Section 2106.3, Section 1.14.5 of ACI
530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 and the additional requirements of
this section.
2106.4.1 Design of discontinuous members that
are part of the lateral-force-resisting system.
Columns and pilasters that are part of the lateralforce-resisting system and that support reactions from
discontinuous stiff members such as walls shall be
provided with transverse reinforcement spaced at no
more than one-fourth of the least nominal dimension
of the column or pilaster. The minimum transverse
reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0015. Beams
supporting reactions from discontinuous walls or
frames shall be provided with transverse
reinforcement spaced at no more than one-half of the
nominal depth of the beam. The minimum transverse
reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0015.
2106.5 Additional requirements for structures in
Seismic Design Category D. Structures assigned to
Seismic Design Category D shall conform to the
requirements of Section 2106.4, Section 1.14.6 of ACI
530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 and the additional requirements of
this section.
2106.5.1 Loads for shear walls designed by the
working stress design method. When calculating inplane shear or diagonal tension stresses by the
working stress design method, shear walls that resist
seismic forces shall be designed to resist 1.5 times the
seismic forces required by Chapter 16. The 1.5 multiplier
need not be applied to the overturning moment.
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(Equation 21-1)
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SDC B:
Masonry structures located in Seismic Design
Category B must comply with the provisions of SDC
A with additional requirements as shown below for
MSJC Code Section 1.14.4.2:
MSJC Code Section 1.14.4.2
1.14.4.2 Design of elements that are part of the
lateral force-resisting system The lateral forceresisting system shall be designed to comply with the
requirements of Chapter 2, 3, or 4. Masonry shear walls
shall comply with the requirements of ordinary plain
(unreinforced) masonry shear walls, detailed plain
(unreinforced) masonry shear walls, ordinary reinforced
masonry shear walls, intermediate reinforced masonry
shear walls, or special reinforced masonry shear walls.
SDC C:
Masonry structures located in Seismic Design
Category C must comply with the requirements of
SDC A and B, in addition to the requirements of
MSJC Code Sections 1.14.5.2. and 1.14.5.3. The
design for SDC C is divided into elements that are
and are not part of the lateral force-resisting system.
The following requirements apply to elements that
are not part of the lateral force-resisting system:
159
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SDC E and F:
Masonry structures located in Seismic Design
Categories E or F must be designed by the
requirements of SDC A, B, C, D, and the
requirements given in MSJC Code Section 1.14.7:
MSJC Code Section 1.14.7
1.14.7.2 Minimum reinforcement for stack bond
elements that are not part of the lateral force-resisting
system Stack bond masonry that is not part of the
lateral force-resisting system shall have a horizontal
cross-sectional area of reinforcement of at least 0.0015
times the gross cross-sectional area of masonry. The
maximum spacing of horizontal reinforcement shall be 24
in. (610 mm). These elements shall be solidly grouted and
shall be constructed of hollow open-end units or two
wythes of solid units.
1.14.7.3 Minimum reinforcement for stack bond
elements that are part of the lateral force-resisting system
Stack bond masonry that is part of the lateral forceresisting system shall have a horizontal cross-sectional
area of reinforcement of at least 0.0025 times the gross
cross-sectional area of masonry. The maximum spacing
of horizontal reinforcement shall be 16 in. (406 mm).
These elements shall be solidly grouted and shall be
constructed of hollow open-end units or two wythes of
solid units.
Additionally, 2006 IBC Section 2106.5.1 provides
for a 1.5 multiplier on seismic forces applied to shear
walls. Also, other adjustments in the requirements for
seismic design applied to the masonry shear walls
and elements are contained in IBC Section 2106:
EXAMPLE 5-M Shear Design, Wall Pier.
Design the horizontal shear reinforcement in a
clay masonry pier for a lateral seismic force, V, for
19.2 kips if:
f'm = 1500 psi; fy = 60,000 psi;
w = 48 in.; d = 42 in.; t = 10 in.
Solution 5-M
(1) Calculate the actual shear stress
Use IBC Section 2106.5.1. Increase the design
shear force by 1.5 times the applied force.
fv =
1.5(19,200 )
1.5V
=
= 69 psi
bd
10(42)
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161
M
Vd
Fv =
4
(43 psi) = 57 psi < 69 psi
3
N.G.
42
5 - 0
42
Fv =
4
(64 psi) = 85 psi > 69 psi
3
O.K.
48
M1
V
h/2
h
h/2
A
FIGURE 5.26
Fixed
M2
pier
subjected
to
displacement, .
40 - 0
MA = 0
9,950 lb
19,900 lb
Vh
2
10
M =
10
0 = M1 + M2 - Vh
10
19,900 lb
19,900 lb
10
M
Vh / 2
h
=
=
Vd
Vd
2d
= 0.71
Flexural
reinforcing
steel (shown),
shear
reinforcement
not shown
Reinforcement
anchored into
foundation
Foundation
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Material properties:
f'm = 1500 psi
M
19,104,000
=
= 0.58 < 1.0
(69,650 )(472)
Vd
19,104,000
0.9(39.33)(12)(1.33)(24,000 )
= 1.41 in.2
Using 2 - #8 bars at each end of the wall, by
grouting the end units and placing one bar in each
grouted cell, provides 1.58 in.2 > 1.41 in.2 OK
Note that the refined calculated j for this problem
shows j = 0.92, which is close enough and results in
the same steel selection.
Shear
The actual masonry shear stress (using b = 2(1)
for two face shells)
fv =
69,650
= 74 psi
2(39.33)(12)
Fv =
1
M
1
4
f 'm = [4 (0.58)] 1500 = 44.15 psi
Vd
3
3
3
Vd
Vs
Fsd
69,650(48)
= 0.22 in.2
(1.33)(24,000 )(39.33)(12)
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163
Range
Normal1
0.65 0.75
0.70
0.65 0.75
0.70
0.30 0.50
0.35
0.30 0.50
0.40
0.30 0.50
0.35
0.50 0.60
0.50
Load
7.63
3.8
d
V
32
FIGURE 5.29
masonry wall.
32
32
32
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Solution 5-O
= 122.3 sq in.
5.5 BOND
11/4
32
=5
3.8
13/4
fv =
3.8
1
11/4
51/2
32
11/4
13/4
3.8
7.63
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Special
Inspection
Plain Bars
30
60
Deformed Bars
1988 UBC
70
140
Deformed Bars
1994/1997 UBC
100
200
14 ft;
DL
90 plf;
LL
200 plf
20 in.;
9 in.
Fs
24,000 psi;
f'm
2500 psi
Solution 5-P
V
o jd
a) Two #6 bars
O.K.
b) One #7 bar
u =
4060
= 85 psi < 100 psi
2.7(0.88)(20)
K f' m
(2-9)
Assume j = 0.88
4060
= 49 psi < 100 psi
4.7(0.88)(20)
0.13d b f y
u =
ld =
u =
165
O.K.
(2-8)
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167
(Equation 21-2)
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= 11.25(0.625) = 7 in.
5 8
Extension
ld = 18.17
21/2
31/8 5/8
Inside
Diameter Hook
Radius
#5 Bar
19/16
le = 7
ld = 25.17
0.13d b2fy
K f 'm
5 8
(IBC Eq 21-2)
5.6.1.1 GENERAL
Load bearing reinforced masonry walls are
limited to an axial load of:
P = Fa Ae
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169
Where:
2
1
h
h
f 'm 1
for 99
4
r
140r
h
70r
Fa = 0.25f 'm
for > 99 (MSJC Code Eq 2-13)
h
r
I
A
0.2h
Effective h = h
Effective h = 0.8h
Pinned at
supports
Effective h = h
(a)
Fixed at base
Effective h = 0.8h
(b)
(c)
Wall
thickness
Column
thickness
h ft between supports
Effective h
Fa =
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t
0.6l
0.6l
0.2l
0.2l
l
0.6l
0.2l
0.2l
l
Effective l = 0.6l
6t max. or
1/2 distance between
reinforcing steel on
either side
* Maximum spacing of steel up to 8 ft. has been shown to be
effective based on an Effective b research program by the
Masonry Institute of America.
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171
Kf =
M
17,280
=
= 102 .4
bd 2
(12)(3.75)2
Given:
d = 3.75 in.,
Solution 5-R
Fb = 500 psi, n = 21.5 (Table ASD-3)
4
3
Fb = 667 psi
4
Fs = 32,000 psi
3
n 0.09
=
= 0.0042
n
21.5
45(16)
wl
=
(12) = 17,280 in. - lbs/ft
8
8
fb = 667 psi
fs = 26,950 psi
= 0.00431
As = 0.00431(12)(3.75) =
4
K f = 102 .4
3
ps
i
20
0
=
fb
fb
fb =
15
0p
si
fb =
100
psi
fb = 50
psi
1.0000
=
0
25
i
ps
fb
0
30
i
ps
fb
si
0p
35
fb
i
ps
00
4
=
si
psi
0p
500
45
=
=
fb
fb
fb =
psi
600
psi
700
si
00 p
fb = 8
si
00 p
fb = 9
i
s
p
000
fb = 1
i
s
p
100
fb = 1
si
300 p
fb = 1
00 psi
f b = 15
fb =
0.105
0.1000
0.069
Clay masonry below this line (n = 0.105) is governed by allowable tension reinforcement stress.
Concrete masonry below this line (n = 0.069) is governed by allowable tension reinforcement stress.
0.0100
0.0010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Kf
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
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bd
M =
Given:
30(25)
wl 2
=
= 2344 ft - lbs/ft
8
8
2
Height of wall = 25 ft
= 28,125 in.-lbs/ft
fy = 60,000 psi
= 0.0013
(dmin )2 = M
bK
t
d =
dmin =
t
2
28,125
= 7.86 in.
12(38)
25
30 psf
K =
M
28,125
=
= 36.6
2
bd 2
12(8)
O.K.
Fs =
4
(667 ) = 890 psi
3
4
(24,000 ) = 32,000 psi
3
O.K.
Wall
= 9 in.
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173
5.6.2.1 GENERAL
Horizontal
steel
As
4.5
9
Solution 5-T
The maximum allowable axial load on a
reinforced masonry column is:
for
Mm = 2.19 ft-k/ft
h
99
r
2
h
Pa = (0.25f 'm An + 0.65 Ast Fs )1
140r
Ms = 1.16 ft-k/ft
w =
8 (1160 )
= 41 psf
152
5.6.2 COLUMNS
MSJC Code Section 1.6
Column An isolated vertical member whose horizontal
dimension measured at right angles to its thickness does
not exceed 3 times its thickness and whose height is
greater than 4 times its thickness.
for
h
> 99
r
70r
Pa = (0.25f 'm An + 0.65 Ast Fs )
Pa
An
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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175
16
r =
I
=
A
bt 3 / 12
A
16
= 4.51 in.
110 kips
h
120
=
= 26.6 < 99
r
4.51
h
h
Fa = 0.25f 'm 1
for 99
140
r
r
26.6
Fa = 0.25(1500 ) 1
= 361 psi
140
1
f 'm from MSJC Code Equation 2-14
3
Fb =
Given:
P = 110 kips
Effective height of column, h' = 10 ft-0 in. = 120 in.
f'm = 1500 psi
fa =
fy = 60,000 psi
fb =
M 171,930
=
= 270.4 psi < 500 psi
S
635.8
140
r
= 635.8
P 110,000
=
= 450 .6 psi > 361 psi
244 .1
A
in.3
26.6
+ 0.65 Ast (24,000 ) ] 1
140
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Es
Em
2 2
12
= 6735 in.4
and the revised section modulus is
29,000,000
2n = 2
= 43.0
1,350,000
S =
I
6735
=2
= 862 .1 in.3
t /2
15.626
Therefore, fa + fb =
A
bt 3
7.3
+ 2(2n 1) st
12
2 2
2 2
= 5952 in.4
S =
110,000
376.8
171,930
862.1
12
P M
+
A S
I
5952
=2
= 761 .8 in.3
t /2
15.625
fb =
M 171,930
=
= 223 .6 psi
S
768 .8
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177
Wa
thi ll
ck
De
ne
ss
pila pth o
f
ste
r
Bearing plate
Masonry wall
Beam
Wall spans
horizontally
Height
Projecting masonry
pilaster below
Plan of pilaster
Bearing plate
Height
45
45
Masonry wall
Projecting masonry
pilaster (behind)
Span
Span
Elevation of pilaster
tp
3t
bw
3t
FIGURE 5.40
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Lateral load
Vertical load
moment diagram
Lateral load
moment diagram
b
t
d
4
P
fb = 1.00 or Fb
3
P
kd
bw
3t
3t
FIGURE 5.41
Lateral load
Vertical
load
Lateral load
moment diagram
Vertical load
moment diagram
b
kd
3t
bw
3t
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179
0.25 (1500 )
(15.625 )(15.625 )
2
= 45,776 lbs
5.6.3 BEARING
Base plates, beams, steel angles, and other
elements which support structural elements transfer
load to the masonry support. If these bearing
elements cover the masonry support fully, the
masonry bearing stress is limited to:
Fbr = 0.25f'm
Loaded area
L
Bearing area
Edge
distance
Edge distance
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Length of
bearing
place or
angle
M
Maximum length over which concentrated load is distributed is
distance between loads or length of bearing plate or angle plus
four times wall thickness t, whichever is minimum.
Minimum 3
FIGURE 5.45
loads.
Distribution of concentrated
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Curve 1
0
0.33fm
0
Moment
FIGURE 5.47
fb
Curve 2
Fa
fa
Load
1.0
Curve 3
0.2fm
181
1.0
Fb
Graphic representation of
interaction.
Curve 3 is similar to Curve 2 except the
maximum stress is permitted to be 0.33fm with the
axial load cut off based on 0.2f'm. This interaction
method is based on code equations and limitations.
(for Walls)
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f
P
+ b 1
Pa Fb
(for Columns)
Where:
fa
bt =
Fa =
(for Walls)
l
t
or
6
6
(rectangular section)
ek =
I
r2
=
Ay
y
(irregular section)
(for Walls)
h 2
h
for 99
1
140r
r
h
(psi) , reduction factor
r
R =
Where:
area section
radius of gyration, or
h
r
h
Pa = (0.25f 'm Ae + 0.65 AsFsc )1
140r
h
for 99
r
fa =
P
Mc
6M
; fb =
= 2
bt
I
bt
f =
P Mc
P
6M
=
2
A
bt bt
I
h
70r
Pa = (0.25f 'm Ae + 0.65 As Fsc )
for > 99
h
r
Fb =
fb
1
f 'm (psi)
3
P
e= 0
(for Walls)
allowable Fa allowable Fb
3
f
4
P
+ b
(for Columns)
3
Pa Fb
I
A
e<
t
6
e=
t
6
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183
e=
e=
fb
fb
2t
>
t
6
e = kt
t
a) Eccentricity equals
kern distance,
ek = t/6
T
b) Eccentricity is greater
than kern distance but
is coincidental with
compression resultant
P
fs
fa
Tension
stress
fm
fb
Middle
third
Compression
area steel
ineffective
fb
kt
Tension
area
FIGURE 5.49
c) Eccentricity is greater
than the eccentricity of
the compression resultant
fm = fa + fb
EXAMPLE 5-X Combined Loading:
Determine whether steel is required for tension in
an 8 in. concrete masonry wall which is 13 ft 4 in. high
and subjected to a wind pressure of 30 psf.
f'm = 1500 psi, n = 21.5, Fs = 24,000 psi, Vertical load,
P = 4000 plf and Distance to steel, d = 5.3 in.
Assume steel @ 32 in. o.c. (r = 2.59 in.).
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Solution 5-X
1
fbbkd
2
fb =
2(4000 )
2C
=
= 122 psi
(12)(5.45)
bkd
30(13.33)
wl 2
=
= 667 ft lbs/ft
8
8
2
Virtual eccentricity e =
Kern distance ek =
(667)(12) = 2 in.
M
=
P
4000
t
7.63
=
= 1.27 in. < 2 in.
6
6
P
4000
=
= 61.2 psi
(12)(5.45)
bt
7.63
= 3
2 = 5.45 in.
2
h
Fa = 0.25f 'm 1
140r
O.K.
1
f 'm
3
= 1500/3
d = 5.3
O. K.
e = 2
4 61.2
= 500
3 302
ek = 1.27
0.15
O.K.
4
(302) = 401.7 psi > 183.2 psi
3
(t - kd)
kd = 5.45
O.K.
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185
M
P
fb
d
t
Solution 5-Y
Design reinforcement for lateral wind load
moment of 667 ft-lbs/ft; d = 5.3 in.
Kf =
(667 )(12)
M
=
2
bd
(12)(5.3)2
= 23.7 due to wind
fs
P
f =
a
A
As
f =
kd
fa
jk
bd
FIGURE 5.51
= 0.0013(12)(7.63)
= 0.119 sq in./ft
Controls
Solve for
I
t
S
or ek =
=
Ay
A
6
1. Kern distance, ek =
2. Virtual eccentricity, e =
M
P
P
bt
Mc
M
6M
=
= 2
I
S
bt
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h
h
h
reduction factor, R = 1
for 99
140
r
r
r
t
9
= = 1.5 in.
6 6
2. Virtual eccentricity, e =
(1625 )(12)
M
=
P
9200
= 2.12 in.
70r
h
=
for > 99
h
r
fa
.
Fa
P = 9200 plf
4 f
f
fb = 1 a Fb or fb = a Fb
Fa
3 Fa
10 - 6
Fb =
M = 1625 ft lbs/ft
M
12,000M
or K f =
2
bd
bd 2
Drain
FIGURE 5.52
P
9200
=
= 85.2 psi
(12)(9)
bt
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187
6(1625 )(12)
6M
=
= 120 .4 psi
bt 2
(12)(9)2
Diagram ASD-24a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 1,500 psi, n = 27.6
M
bd
f =
b
M
bd
2 =K 2
jk f jk
A
s
bd
fb = 700 psi
150
fb = 667 psi
fb = 650 psi
140
130
120
fb = 600 psi
fs
kd
fb
fb = 550 psi
110
fb = 500 psi
100
fb = 450 psi
90
fb = 400 psi
80
5. r =
fb = 350 psi
Kf
I
=
A
(12)(9)3 / 12 = 2.60
(12)(9)
70
fb = 300 psi
60
fb = 250 psi
50
h (10.5)(12)
=
= 48.5
r
2.60
fb = 200 psi
40
fb = 150 psi
30
20
10
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
Diagram ASD-24a
fa
85.2
=
= 0.258
330
Fa
f
fb = 1 a Fb = (1 0.258 ) 500 = 371 psi
F
M
bd 2
for
(1625)(12) = 65
M
=
2
bd
(12)(5)2
f
fb = 1 a
F
a
Fb
4 f
or fb = a Fb For wind or seismic loads
3 Fa
M 2
bd 2 jk
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2
bd 2
= fb
M
jk
As =
Solve for
2
jk
Solve for =
2
; read n
jk
n
n
11.5
Solve for As = bd
0.5
2
jk
(371)(12)(5)
2
=
(1625 )(12)
jk
7.5
= 5.7
From Table ASD-34b, for 2 = 5.7
jk
read n = 0.138
= 0.005
11.5
FIGURE 5.53
masonry column.
= 0.66 sq in.
Try 4 - #5 bars
As = 1.24 sq in. (excess steel for moment
consideration)
Check reduction coefficient, R; radius of gyration, r
r =
I
=
A
(11.5)4 / 12 = 3.32
(11.5)2
h (12)(12)
=
= 43.4 < 99
r
3.32
(12)(12) 2
R = 1
= 0.90
(140 )(3.32)
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P
fb = 1
Fb
Pa
1
(2500 )
3
fb = (1 - 0.196)(833)
= 670 psi
Ties in column
bd 2fb
2
=
jk
M
108,000
2
= 6.44
jk
n = 0.0955
11.5
7.5
M
108,000
=
= 104 .1
2
bd
(11.5)(9.5)2
= 833 psi
Solve for
n = 0.081
As = bd
18,000
P
=
= 0.196
91,800
Pa
Fb =
= 91,800 lbs
189
Solve for nj
nj =
nM
bd 2fs
(16.6)(108,000)
=
(11.5)(9.5)2 (24,000)
= 0.072
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Given:
Length of wall = l in.
t
d1
d = l - d1
e
fs
kd
Height of wall = h ft
Compression force, C =
kd
3
2
1
tkdfb
2
Tension force, T = C - P
Radius of gyration = r in.
Taking the sum of the moments about the center
line or axis of the vertical load:
l kd
l
C
+ T d1 M = 0
2
2
3
and T = C - P
kd
3
6
2
l kd
l
C
+ (C P ) d1 M = 0
2
2
let x = kd
a=
l
1
1
1
2
tfmlkd tfm (kd ) + tkd d1 fm
4
6
2
2
l
P d1 M = 0
2
1
1
1
1
2
tfmlkd tfm (kd ) + tfmlkd tfmd1kd
4
6
4
2
1
tfm
6
b=-
l kd 1
1
l
= tkdfm
+ tkdfm P d1 M = 0
2
2
2
3 2
l
P d1 M = 0
2
fb
1
tfm (l d1)
2
l
c = P d1 + M
2
1
tfmd1
2
- b b2 4ac
2a
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-b
=
2a
1 tdf
m
2
1
2
tf
6 m
kd =
tfmd
1
2
kd =
fa =
or
2
70r
h
Fa = 0.25f 'm
if > 99
h
r
Fb =
1
f 'm
3
f
fb = Fb 1.33 a
Fa
fm = fa + fb
C = 1/2tkdfm
T=C-P
k =
kd
d
1 k
fs =
nf or
k m
(845)(1000 )
P
=
(12)(30)(7.63)
lt
= 308 psi
(12)(9.33) 2
Fa = 0.25(3000 )1
(140 )(2.66)
h h
Fa = 0.25f 'm 1
if 99
140r r
T
fs
191
= 750 (0.910)
= 682 psi
Fb =
1
f 'm
3
682
= 878 psi
fm = fa + fb
= 308 + 878 = 1186 psi maximum
= 1.186 ksi
Solve values kd, fs, C, T and As
a = tfm/6
= (7.63)(1.2)/6
= 1.52
b=-
1
tfm (l d1)
2
1
(7.63)(1.2)(360 8)
2
= -1611
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360
= 845
8 + (5840 )(12)
2
= 215,420
fm = 1.1 ksi
= fa + fb
kd =
- b - b 4ac
2a
l
2
3
l = 360
e = 291"
= 157 in.
k =
kd
157
=
d
360 8
= 0.446
C =
= 0.0013(360)(7.63)/2
= 1.79 sq in.
1
tkdfm
2
1
(7.63)(157 )(1.2)
2
As = 2.00 sq in.
and #4 at 48 in. o.c. as prescriptive steel in
balance of wall
= 719 kips
T=C-P
= 719 - 845 = -126 kips
The negative sign indicates that no tension
reinforcing steel is required and the eccentric axial
load can be coincidental with the resultant
compression force.
(5840 )(12)
M
=
Virtual eccentricity e =
P
845
= 83 in.
360
l
e =
83
2
2
= 97 in.
l
3 e = 3(97)
2
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193
b = -tfm(l - d1)/2
M = 700 ft kips
= -(9.63)(1.235)(96 - 8)/2
w = 16.75 k/ft
W = 134 kips
= -523
l
c = P d1 + M
2
h = 14 - 0
t = 9.63
96
= 134
8 + (700 )(12)
2
l = 96
d = 8
= 13,760
d = 88
d = 88
d = 8
kd =
fa =
= 29.6 in.
Solution 5-AC
Actual axial stress
b - b 2 4ac
2a
C=
P
134
=
(9.63)(96)
tl
= 0.145 ksi
1
tkdf m
2
1
(9.63)(29.6)(1.235)
2
= 176.0 kips
(12)(14) 2
Fa = (0.25)(3)1
(140 )(2.77)
T=C-P
= 176.0 - 134
= 0.609 ksi
Fb = 1.0 ksi
4 f
fb = Fb a
3 Fa
4 0.145
= 1.0
3 0.609
= 1.09 ksi
fm = fa + fb
= 0.145 + 1.09
= 1.235 ksi
Solve for kd, fs, C, T and As
a = tfm/6
= (9.63)(1.235)/6
= 1.98
= 42.0 kips
k =
29.6
kd
=
= 0.336
(96 8)
d
1 k
fs =
nf
k m
1 0.336
=
(10.7)(1.235 )
0.336
= 26.1 ksi
A=
T
fs
42.0
26.1
= 1.61 sq in.
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P M
A S
fa =
P
A
ft
fb
l - kl
kl
l
kl = m (l )
+
f
f
m t
ft
(l )
f
m + ft
(l kl ) =
T
T
3T
or
=
4
Fs
4
Fs
Fs
3
fa
S
fb =
M
S
fa - fb = ft
fm = fa + fb
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d1
l - (1/3)kl - d1
M
l - kl -d1
(2/3)kl
(l - kl -d1)
T
C
kl
195
Fv = C - T - P = 0
fa - fb = ft
M c = M T l
1
3
kl d1 = 0
(2/3)(l - kl)
Teq
3Teq
=
4
4fs
fs
3
1. fa =
(2500)(12)
P
=
A (7.63)(12)(12)
= 27.3 psi
2
h
Fa = 0.25f 'm 1
140r
h (10)(12)
=
= 54.8 < 99
r
2.19
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fb =
M
6M
=
S
bd 2
2
1
Teq = T (l kL )
3
(l kL d1)
6(500,000 )(12)
(7.63) [(12)(12)]2
1
2
= 48,446 (144 80.6)
3
(144 80.6 8)
= 227.5 psi
Fb =
= 36,961 lbs
1
1500
f 'm =
3
3
O.K.
Equivalent As =
6. Compression force
C = (254.8)(7.63)(80.6)/2 = 78,348 lbs
2. Unity check
fa
f
27.3 227.5
+ b =
+
Fa Fb
317
500
C - Teq = P
= 0.086 + 0.455
= 0.541 <
4
3
41,387 30,000
3. Tension force
200.3 psi
254.8 psi
b = 80.6
a = 63.4
vertical
144
a=
200 .3
(144 ) = 63.4 in.
200 .3 + 254.8
b=
254 .8
(144 ) = 80.6 in.
200 .3 + 254 .8
4. Area of steel
3(48,446 )
T
3T
=
=
= 1.51 sq in.
4
F
4
4(24,000 )
s
Fs
3
centroid
L
L kL
= M d ' Teq
C =
2
2
3
144
144 kL
6,000,000
8 Teq
C = 0
2
2
3
centroid
= 48,446 lbs
As =
36,961
= 1.16 sq in.
1.33(24,000 )
7,920,000
136 b
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7,920,000
= 69,882 lbs
136 68
fm =
C
69,882
=
= 269 psi
1
1
(kL ) t
(68)(7.63)
2
2
254.8 psi
Initial
64
P = 2500 plf
197
Cubic Solution
Initial 80.6
109.2 Initial
113.3 Revised
269.4 psi
Revised
Revised 68
144
kL
e m4
fm 5
C6
F7
Mc 8
fb9
Unity
Check10
80.6
1.2
0.001164
1571.26
483146
424,346
-17,649,201
1,543.96
3.17
68
1.2
0.000800
1080.00
280174
221,374
-9,665,098
1,052.70
2.19
53
1.2
0.000511
689.64
139441
80,641
-3,419,520
662.33
1.41
45
1.2
0.000396
534.07
91686
32,886
-1,069,289
506.76
1.10
40
1.2
0.000333
450.00
68670
9,870
128,160
422.70
0.93
35
1.2
0.000277
374.26
49973
-8,827
1,141,779
346.95
0.78
36
1.2
0.000288
388.80
53398
-5,402
952,932
361.50
0.81
37
1.2
0.000299
403.64
56975
-1,825
757,274
376.33
0.84
38
1.2
0.000310
418.78
60710
1,910
554,680
391.47
0.87
37.5
1.2
0.000305
411.17
58823
23
656,852
383.86
0.85
37.5
1.58
0.000305
411.17
58823
-9,097
73,172
383.86
0.85
38
1.58
0.000310
418.78
60710
-7,210
-29,000
391.47
0.87
1. Note the changes in sign as the trials progress (shaded). These are used to adjust kL and later As. The remaining negative values
can be interpreted as having real values for fm and fs somewhat less than those computed and since the fm and fs values are less
than the allowables and the unity check is satisfied, then the design is ok.
2. Based on: fs = Fs = 24,000 psi, fs = sEs, Es = 30,000,000 psi, such that s = 0.0008 in./in.
3. Based on: Teq = FsAs = 28,800 lbs for 2-#7 bars (As = 1.2 in.2) and Teq = 37,920 lbs for 2-#8 bars (As = 1.58 in.2)
4. m = kL (fs/Es)/(L - kL - d) = kL (0.0008) / (136 - kL)
5. fm = mEm where Em = 900 fm = 900(1500) = 1,350,000 psi
6. C = fmtkL /2 = (7.63) fm (kL) / 2
7. Fvertical = C T P = C T 30,000 which should equal zero
8. M c = M ( L/2 d' )T ( L/2 kL/3)C = 6,000,000 (64)T (72 kL/3)C
9. fb = fm - fa = fm - 27.3
10.
fa
Fa
fb
Fb
05.DSMbyASD.04.08.09.qxp
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F
8:18 AM
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vertical
8/11/2009
(1)
= C Teq P = 0
centroid
L
L kL
= M d ' Teq
C = 0 (2)
2
2
3
m = kL (s) / (L - kL - d)
(3)
6n
tfs
6(21.5)
M + L d ' P =
2
(7.63)(24,000 )
L
L kL
M d ' (C P )
C = 0
2
2
3
kL = 38.39 in.
From the linear strain relationship:
L
kL
M + d ' P L d ' C = 0
2
m =
L
kL 1
M + d ' P L d ' (kL )tfm = 0
2
3 2
(kL)
L
t
M + d ' P (L d ')(kL)
2
2
3
( mEm ) = 0
(kL)
L
t
M + d ' P (L d ')(kL )
2
2
3
kL( s )
Em = 0
(L kL d ')
24,000
= 0.39323 s
= 0.39323(0.0008 )
30,000,000
= 0.00031458
(kL)
L
t
M + d ' P (L d ')(kL )
2
2
3
fs
(kL)
Em = 0
(L kL d ') Es
n
fs
C =
(kL)3 = 0
t
2
L
d
kL
(
'
)(
)
2
3
M + L d ' P (kL)
6n
L
M + d ' P (L d ') = 0
2
tfs
1
(kL )tfm = 1 (38.386 )(7.63)(424 .7) = 62,192 lbs
2
2
F = C T
eq
M + L d ' P (L kL d ')
(38.386) s
kL( s )
=
= 0.39323 s
(L kL d ') (144 38.386 8)
P =
1
(kL)tfm Asfs P
2
As =
32,192
= 1.3413 in.2 > 1.2 in.2
24,000
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13t *
6t
6t
I
S
=
Ac
A
5. Virtual eccentricity e =
7t
6t +
199
M
P
P
P
=
A bt
fa
*Effective flange width shall
not exceed one sixth of the
total wall height above level
being analyzed
I / Ae
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h
h
= 1
99
for
140
r
r
h
70r
=
> 99
for
h
r
3
l
T
d1
d1
d1 + e
e
kd
Fa = 0.25 f'm R
(See Tables ASD-9a, ASD-9b and ASD-9c)
M
l
Mc
fb =
for each side.
I
kd
kd
1
f 'm
3
fa
As =
T
T
3T
or
=
4
Fs
4
Fs
Fs
3
ft = fb - fa
fb
(l - kd)
l
fm = fa + fb
fa
fa
fb
fb
fm
l
fm + ft
= kd
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158.8
121.6
162.6
125.4
8 - 8
6t =
6t =
7.63
4 - 0
3. Section modulus, S =
18.6
144
4000 x 12
16 x 12
34,489,000
= 212,109 in.3
162 .6
to flange A
S =
34,489,000
= 275,032 in.3
125 .4
to flange C
4. Kern distance
= 250 kips
M = 4000 ft kips
16 - 0
I
c
S =
288
V =
201
P = 400 kips
ek =
S
212,109
=
= 65.6 in.
A
3235
to flange C
ek =
S
275,031
=
= 85.0 in.
A
3235
to flange A
5. Virtual eccentricity
e=
(4000 )(12)
M
=
P
400
r = 2.19
h (16)(12)
=
= 87.7
r
2.19
Area
(in.2)
Arm
(in.)
A
B
C
366
2,075
794
3.81
144.0
284.2
= 3,235 sq in.
Moment
Area
(in.3)
1,395
298,800
225,655
(in.4)
d=
(x - Arm)
(in.)
1,772
12,795,286
3,850
158.8
18.6
121.6
= 525,850 in.3
Ad2
(in.4)
I + Ad2
(in.4)
9,229,583
9,231,360
717,867 13,513,153
11,740,530 11,744,380
(I = Ad2) = 34,488,893
34,489,000
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Fa = 0.25 f'm R
= 0.25(2500)(0.608) = 380 psi
124 psi
(4000 )(12)(1000 )
M
=
fb =
S
212,109
fb = 175 psi
fb =
102 psi
124 psi
226 psi
(4000 )(12)(1000 )
M
=
S
275,031
299 psi
226.3 psi
124 psi
a = 73
b = 215
175 psi
288
Narrow flange
Wide flange
174.5 psi
a=
102
(288 ) = 73 in.
102 + 299
b=
299
(288) = 215 in.
102 + 299
102 psi
91 psi
1
2500
Fb = f 'm =
= 833 psi
3
3
(Wind forces)
8
65
123 .6 226 .3
+
= 0.325 + 0.272
380
833
= 0.597 <
4
3
73
O.K.
65
(102) = 91 psi
73
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203
57,910
= 1.81 in.2
1.33(24,000 )
M
4000
=
= 250 psi
h
16
fv =
120
158.8
3.8
V =
69.2
M
4000
=
= 0.67
(250)(24)
Vd
215
C1
C2
212.5
299 psi
Centroidal
axis
162.6
288 psi
7.63
Neutral
axis
280.4
11 psi
281.7
C3
288
215 7.6
(299 ) = 288 psi = 0.288 ksi
215
4
(50)
3
= 228.5
C3 = (0.011)(7.63)(104)/2
4.4
460.8 kips
N.G.
4
(84)
3
Fv = T + P - C = 0
= 57,910 + 400,000 460,800 lbs
fb = 174.5 psi
fb = 226 psi
174.5 psi
174.5 psi
350 psi
50.5 psi
124 psi
124 psi
a = 252
288
b = 36
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a=
350
(288) = 252 in.
350 + 50.5
b=
50.5
(288) = 36 in.
350 + 50.5
v =
Where
v = Vertical shear stress
V = Total shear
Af = Area of flange
50.5 psi
40 psi
10.5 psi
7.6
28.4
36
28.4
(50.5)
36
= 40 psi
Tension force
= (40)(7.63)(28.4)/2 + (40)(7.63)(104)
= Moment of inertia
= Thickness of web
+(10.5)(7.63)(104)/2
Av =
40,241
32,000
VQ VAf y
=
It
It
Vs
Fs d
Where
= 1.26 sq in.
M
4000
=
= 250 kips
h
16
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205
C.A.
6t =
48
48
7.63
6t =
18.6
144
A
8 - 8
Area of flange
= 366 sq. in.
158.8
121.6
162.6
125.4
Area of flange
= 794 sq. in.
4
(35 psi) = 44.7 psi
3
288
V = 250 kips
P = 400 kips
= 91.7(7.63)(16)(12)
16 - 0
4000 ft kips
= 134.3 kips
Av =
Vertical shear v =
VAf y
It
V = 250 kips
Afa = 366 sq in.
ya = 158.8 in.
yc = 121.6 in.
I = 34,489,000 in.4
t = 7.63 in.
v fa =
VAf y
It
Tension steel
= 55.2 psi
v fc =
Wall B
Alternate course
#6 @ 24 o.c.
Horizontal
shear steel
= 91.7 psi
M
4000
=
= 0.67
(250)(24)
Vd
Wall C
M
= 0.67
Vd
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Vertical load
Shear force
T
M
Bv = 0.12Abfy
Ledger
Ap = lb
Ap = lbe
8
8
7.6
FIGURE 5.61
connection.
400 lbs
Solution 5-W
Moment on connection
M = Pl = (400)(4) = 1600 ft-lbs
Assume moment resistance on connection is as
shown:
Tension pull on bolt
6
C
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(1600 )(12)
M
=
(6)(2)
d
= 1600 lbs/bolt
207
% capacity = 88%
Allowable masonry value = (2190)(0.88) = 1927 lbs/bolt
From Table ASD-7b, steel value
Ba = 3180 lbs/bolt
Shear on bolts
bv = 400/4 = 100 lbs/bolt
Allowable tension on 3/4 in. diameter anchor bolts
with 6 in. embedment and 8 in. spacing.
From Table ASD-7a, masonry value
ba
b
+ v 1.00
Ba Bv
1600
100
+
= 0.83 + 0.07
1927 1780
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5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
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209
16 - 0
10
48
w = 3 kips/ft
M = 200 ft kips
8 x 32
4 - #6
1500
no
10 x 16
4 - #7
1500
yes
16 x 16
4 - #8
1500
no
24 x 32
8 - #9
2000
yes
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10 kips
40 kips
2
4
18
10
40 kips
26
20
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H A P T E R
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS BY STRENGTH
DESIGN
The structural design of reinforced masonry is
changing from using entirely the elastic allowable
stress method to now providing for strength design
procedures. The previous chapter concentrated
solely on the Allowable Stress Design (ASD),
whereas this chapter will focus on Strength Design
(SD) procedures. In general, the philosophy of the
reinforced condition is similar to SD in reinforced
concrete. There are, however, significant differences
between SD of reinforced concrete and reinforced
masonry that a designer needs to be aware of.
Chapter 3 of the MSJC Code provides the
requirements for "Strength Design of Masonry".
STRESS
6.1 GENERAL
0.003 in./in.
STRAIN
M
C
T
Strain = 0.003 in./in.
fs = fy
c
d
CONCRETE
STRESS
fm
fm
STRAIN
M
0.0035 in./in.
for clay masonry
0.0025 in./in.
for concrete masonry
C
Strain = 0.0035 in./in.
for clay masonry
0.0025 in./in.
for concrete masonry
T
fs = fy
c
d
MASONRY
FIGURE 6.1
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Masonry systems have compression stressstrain curves similar to those of concrete, in that the
curves are curved or parabolic shaped and that they
reach a strain of at least 0.0025 for concrete masonry
and a strain of 0.0035 for clay masonry. These strain
values come from the research program Technical
Coordinating Committee for Masonry Research
(TCCMaR). The program was for the U.S.-Japan joint
research program.
Actual
Yield plateau
ey
Strain hardening
Tension
Compression
As
em
Assumed strain limit of
masonry = 0.0025
and 0.0035 in./in.
fm
Idealized
0.80fm
STRESS
fy
a = 0.80c
STRAIN, es
FIGURE 6.2
reinforcing steel.
Moment
d
Compression
0.85fc
As
fc
Tension
a = 0.85c
c
d
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213
0.33fm
fm
C
N.A.
C
N.A.
Strain =
0.0025 concrete
or 0.0035 clay
C
0.80fm
a/2
N.A.
N.A.
Failure
fs = fy
Allowable
stress
design
a < 0.80c
Equivalent
strength
design
FIGURE 6.5
As
fy
STRESS
Strain hardening
Yield plateau
3
Steel
1
fs1
2
1
0.0021
0.0008
FIGURE 6.6
Masonry
3
0.003
0.008
STRAIN
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A/C
w
Walls
Interior
Building
Sno
DEAD LOAD
LIVE LOAD
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
FIGURE 6.7
WIND LOAD
Types of loads.
(Equation 16-1)
(Equation 16-4)
(Equation 16-5)
(Equation 16-6)
(Equation 16-7)
f1 =
=
f2 =
=
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215
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0.0025 +
fy
d =
72,500
d
72,500 + fy
Es
0.0035
0.0035 +
fy
d =
101,500
d
101,500 + fy
Es
0.0025
72,500
d = 0.547d
72,500 + 60,000
cb =
101,500
d = 0.629d
101,500 + 60,000
ab < cb
0.80fm
N.A.
fm
cb
As
ab
d-
C=
0.80
fmabd
ab
2
T = Asfy = bbdfy
fy/Es
fy
Strain
Stresses
0.0025
=
cb
0.0025 +
d
fy
Es
C=T
0.80 f'mab = bdfy
Solve for a
a=
bdf y
0.80f' m b
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fy d
=
f' m 0.80
Therefore
fy
a=
f 'm
217
d
qd
0
.
80
0
.80
2
2
b =
a
Mn = 0.80f 'm ab d
(Masonry capacity)
a
Mn = Asfy d
(Steel capacity)
72,500
72,500 + f
y
b =
fy d
0.80f 'm
fy d
fy d
Mn = 0.80f 'm b
d
0
.
80
'
2
(0.80)
'
f
f
m
m
0.625 fy
= fy bd 2 1
f 'm
101,500
101,500 + f
y
b =
0.80(0.80) f 'm
72,500
60,000
72,500 + 60,000
= 0.00000584f'm
For Clay Masonry:
b =
0.80(0.80) f 'm
101,500
60,000
101,500 + 60,000
= 0.00000670f'm
Table 6.1 shows the values of b, for various f'm
values and for clay and concrete masonry materials.
The balanced steel ratio, b = Asb / bd, can also
be determined by balancing the tension and
compression forces.
For Concrete Masonry, the compression force
= 0.80f'm (0.438d) b
= 0.350 f'm bd
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b =
0.350 f ' m
fy
b =
0.402f 'm
fy
b for concrete
masonry
0.0088
0.0117
0.0146
0.0175
0.0204
0.0233
b for clay
masonry
0.0101
0.0134
0.0168
0.0201
0.0235
0.0268
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Ku
M (in. - lbs) Mu (ft - k)
M
= u
=
= u
1200 12,000bd 2
Asd
bd 2
and therefore, As =
Mu
au d
b = 7.63 in.
d2 =
5775
= 757
7.63
d = 27.5 in.
Use total depth (h) of 32 in., with h - d = 41/2 in.
Determine reinforcement
As =
219
Mu
au d
90
3.56 (27.5 )
= 0.919 sq in.
with a =
fy d
0.80f 'm
(Steel capacity)
0.88
= 0.0042 < 0.0044
7.63(27.5 )
a=
0.0042(60,000)(27.5)
a
= 5.77 in.; = 2.88 in.
0.80(1,500)
2
h-d
a
Mn = Asfy d
Mu = 0.9(0.88)(60,000)(27.5 - 2.88)
= 1,269,942 in.-lbs.
= 97.5 ft.-kips > 90 ft-kips; OK
Note that once a trial cross section is selected,
the area of steel should be computed directly from
finding from the following sequence:
1. find Ku,
2. find (from Table SD-2) and
3. find As (area of steel).
Or, use the procedure with Table SD-12. See
Example 6-F for that procedure.
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As
2 (0.79 )
=
= 0.0040
bd
9.5 (42)
178.7(9.5 )(42)
= 250 ft kips
12,000
2
Mu
150(1000 )(12)
=
= 107 .4
2
2
bd
9.5(42)
a=
fy d
0.80f 'm
a
= 2.52
2
a
Mn = As fy d = (1.58)(60,000 )(42 2.52)
TABLE 6.2 Modulus of Rupture (fr) for Clay and Concrete Masonry, psi
Mortar types
Direction of flexural tensile
stress and masonry type
Portland cement/lime or
mortar cement
M or S
100
75
60
38
63
163
48
158
38
153
23
145
200
150
120
75
125
95
75
48
200
150
120
75
1. For partially grouted masonry, modulus of rupture values shall be determined on the basis of linear interpolation between fully grouted
hollow units and ungrouted hollow units based on amount (percentage) of grouting.
2. Based on MSJC Code Table 3.1.8.2.1.
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Factored moment, Mu
Mu =
7,200 (20)
wl 2
=
= 360,000 ft lbs
8
8
2
= 360 ft kips
bh 3
12
2
I
f = bh f
=
fr =
r
r
c
6
h
2
=
Mu
q1 0.625q =
bd 2f 'm
9.5(48)
(200 ) = 729,600 in. lbs (or 60.8 ft kips)
6
2
360,000 (12)
= 0.1246
2
0.9 (7.63 )(58) (1,500 )
where:
Mcr = cracking moment
masonry section
221
strength
of
the
Sn
= section modulus
fr
Mn
311 .9
=
= 5.13 > 1.3
60.8
Mcr
q = 0.136
Steel ratio
qf 'm
0.136(1,500 )
=
= 0.0034
fy
60,000
m
c
=
d
m + s
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m = 0.0025
c
max = 0.0071
As = 0.0071 (7.63) (58) = 3.14 in.2 > 1.58, OK
(reinforcement is less than the maximum
allowed)
s = 1.5 y
From equilibrium of C = T:
As max (60,000) = 0.8 (1,500) (0.8) (25.87) (7.63)
As max = 3.16 in.2 > 1.58 in.2 OK
For illustration purposes, consider the case
where Mu/Vudv < 1; MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5.1 no
longer applies and y is used rather than 1.5 y.
However, if R > 1.5, then MSJC Code Section
3.3.3.5.4 requires conformance to MSJC Code
Section 3.3.3.5.1.
b =
0.350 f ' m
fy
b =
0.350(1,500 )
= 0.0087
60,000
1.58
= 0.00357
7.63(58)
TABLE 6.3a & b Maximum Steel Ratio max for fy = 60,000 psi and for clay and concrete masonry
systems
Steel Strain Factor to compute max for clay masonry
TABLE 6.3a
fm
1.0
1.51
3.02
4.03
1500
2000
0.0101
0.0134
0.0085
0.0113
0.0058
0.0077
0.0048
0.0063
2500
3000
0.0168
0.0201
0.0141
0.0170
0.0096
0.0115
0.0079
0.0095
3500
4000
0.0235
0.0268
0.0198
0.0226
0.0135
0.0154
0.0111
0.0127
TABLE 6.3b
fm
1.0
1.51
3.01,2
4.01,3
1500
2000
0.0088
0.0117
0.0071
0.0095
0.0046
0.0061
0.0037
0.0049
2500
3000
0.0146
0.0175
0.0119
0.0143
0.0077
0.0092
0.0062
0.0074
3500
4000
0.0204
0.0233
0.0167
0.0190
0.0107
0.0122
0.0087
0.0099
Mu
1
Vudv
2. For MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5.2 intermediate reinforced masonry shear walls subject to in-plane loads
3. For MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5.3 special reinforced masonry shear walls subject to in-plane loads
06.DSMbySD.06.10.09.qxp
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223
max
bd
Asmax
mu
064f 'm bd
P
mu + 1.5 y
= max bd =
fy
0.8fm
C1 = 0.8fmab
As2
As1
d - d
fs = fy
s = y
Strain
Ast = As1*As2
C2 = Asfs
fs
N.A.
d - d
d
m
0.64f 'm
+
mu 1.5 y
=
fy
0.00357
=
= 0.4103 b
0.0087
As
d-
fy
T1 = As1fy
Masonry
couple M1
fy
T2 = As2fy
Compression
steel couple M2
M2 = T2 (d - d)
Calculate the moment, M1, for a given amount of
steel or a trial amount, say, for example, 0.5b for a
member with tension steel only, or calculate the M1
based upon the maximum area of steel for the singlyreinforced case. For example,
As1 = 0.5 bbd
T1 = As1 fy
a = 0.80c
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d ' f 'm
= 72,5001
93,750d
72,500
m
d
d'
f 'm
f 's = 101,500
93,750d
f 'm
d ' f 'm
= 101,5001
93
,750d
= 101,500
T2
fy
Where:
c =
c =
dfy
0.80(0.80)f 'm
dfy
0.64f 'm
93,750d
f 'm
d'
f 'm
f 's = 72,500
93,750d
f 'm
A' s =
M2
C
= 2
(d d' )f' s f' s
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in.2
5.7
1.16 (60,000) 26
2
=
12,000
m
c
=
d m + s
s = 1.5 y =
T2
M2
=
fy
(d d ')fy
32.4 (12,000 )
= 0.295 in.2
(26 - 4)60,000
c =
M2
d d'
As 2 =
T1
1.16 (60,000 )
=
= 5.7 in.
0.80f 'm b 0.80 (2,000 )(7.63 )
a
M1 = T1 d
225
= 7.12 in.
7.12 - 4
f 's = 72,500
7.12
= 31,770 psi
The additional compression force C2 is:
M2 = Mn - M1 = 166.7 - 134.3 = 32.4 ft kips
C2 =
M2
32.4 (12,000 )
=
d d'
26 - 4
= 17,673 lbs
1.5(60,000 )
= 0.0031
29,000,000
c
0.0025
=
= 0.4464
d
0.0025 + 0.0031
C2 17,673
=
f 's
31,770
= 0.556 in.2
Use 2 - #5 (A's = 0.62 sq in.)
Check MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5.1
requirements for maximum area of tension
reinforcement. From strain distribution computed
previously:
c = 0.4464 (26) = 11.61 in.
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From equilibrium of C = T
Load, P
V
1/
2
1/ l
2
FIGURE 6.13
1/ a
2
(l - a)
0.80fm
d1
l
0.4f 'm t a2 0.80f 'm t (l d1) a + P d1 + M = 0
1
424
3
1442443
43
2
14424
a
b
c
Derivation:
a = a2 + ba + c = 0
l a
l
C + T d1 M = 0
2
2 2
Let a = 0.4f'mt
b = -0.8f'mt(l - d1)
Note (l - d1) = d
= 0.80f'mtd
T=C-P
l
c = P d1 + M
2
Substituting for T
l a
l
C + (C P ) d1 M = 0
2 2
2
but
a=
C = 0.80f'mat
b b2 4ac
2a
substituting for C
a =
0.80f' m td
( 0.80f' m td )2
4(0.4f' m t ) P
2(0.4f' m t )
d1 + M
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T
fy
227
A
g
0.20 f'm
(3-23)
wu h 2
e
+ Puf u + Pu u
8
2
(3-24)
Where:
Pu = Puw + Puf
(3-25)
(3-26)
M n = As f y + Pu d
2
FIGURE 6.14
a=
(Pu + As f y )
0.80 f' m b
(3-27)
(3-28)
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s < 0.007 h
(3-29)
s =
s =
48 E m I g
5(M ser M cr )h
48 Em I cr
(3-31)
Pu + Asfy
fy
2
a=
Pu < Pn
and
Where
Pn =
Pu =
Puw + Puf
Mn =
Mu =
(3-30)
48 E m I g
5 M cr h
M u < Mn
Pu + Asfy
0.80f 'm b
s < 0.007h
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229
Yield
plateau
Moment
on section
FIGURE 6.16
p@fy
Progressive
cracking of
masonry
p@fr
LOAD
Stiffness of
uncracked
masonry
solid wall.
Cracked moment of inertia, Icr
Icr = nAse (d c ) +
2
bc 3
3
Gross El
b
y
Progressive deflection
d
t
d-c
cr
DEFLECTION
FIGURE 6.15
nAse
FIGURE 6.17
Slopes of the straight line parts of the loaddeflection curve are as follows:
(a) up to cracking load, the gross section
moment of inertia, Ig, is used to compute
deflection from the load;
(b) additional deflection beyond the cracking
load is computed using the cracked moment
of inertia, Icr.
Deflection of the wall at mid-height is determined
by the following formula or an equivalent procedure.
Deflection at service load, s:
5Mcr h2
5(Mser Mcr )h 2
+
48Em I g
48Em I cr
s =
bt 3
12
cracked wall.
Distance to neutral axis, c =
a
0.80
Service moment, Ms
Ms =
wh 2
e
+ Pf + + Pw
8
2
2
Where
w
Pf =
e =
Pw =
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w
2
HT
Pw
HT
fy
2
Mid-height
2
2
3
HB
= 0.9
= 60,000 psi
Pw
Pw
2
3
Pf
M P
Pf
RB
FIGURE 6.18
Ledger 4 x 12
diagrams.
weight of the wall
Pf =
A
23
Pw =
8 CMU 7.63
Pe
wh 2 Pw
+
+ Pf + f
8
2
2
8.3
40
Section AA
6.6.1 GENERAL
The design example given below considers a
partially grouted 8 in. CMU wall. Note that a partial
grouted, wall has lower lateral earthquake loads
imposed on it as compared to a solid grouted wall.
The key to slender wall design is the assumption
for the required steel reinforcement. The use of
design aids will significantly reduce design time.
Computer programs are also available which make
slender wall design fast and simple.
EXAMPLE 6-H Strength Design of wall, h/t = 36.2.
Using the slender wall design method given in
MSJC Code Section 3.3.5, design the reinforcing
steel and check the wall for compliance to service
load deflection and factored strength requirements.
Given: Partially grouted 8 in. nominal CMU wall,
in SDC D.
53 (23)
= 610 plf
2
610 (40)
= 2034 lbs / 40 in.
12
Roof load =
500 (40)
= 1667 lbs / 40 in.
12
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s = 1.5 y =
= 1,500 + 1,831
g =
As
0.44
=
bt
40(7.63)
= 0.00144
Slenderness ratio:
h 23(12 )
=
= 36.2 > 30, thus the factored
t
7.63
axial stress shall not exceed 0.05fm per
= 900 (1500)
= 1,350,000 psi
b) Modulus ratio, n
n=
3351
< 0.05(1500 )
142 .6
(15.9)(40)
12
m
c
=
d
m + s
1.5(60,000 )
= 0.0031
29,000,000
Pu = Puf + Puw
Pu
0.05f 'm
Ag
231
Es
Em
29,000,000
= 21.5
1,350,000
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(b bw )ts 3
12
+
15.85
8.3
15.85
1.25
3.19
7.63
3.19
1.25
Icr =
a)
40
FIGURE 6.20
Ase =
grouted wall.
Ig =
3
31.7(1.25)3
8.3(7.63)
2
+ 2
+ 31.7(1.25)(3.19)
12
12
Mcr = Sfr
2I g fr
t
0.80f 'm bw
a=
Pu + Asfy
0.80f 'm b
3331 + 0.44(60,000 )
0.80(1500 ) 40
b
bw
1/2
(b-bw)
a
0.62
=
0.80 0.80
= 0.78 in.
Therefore - Cracked moment of inertia
FIGURE 6.21
nAse
d-c
c-
ts
ts
(b-bw)
1/2
fy
2(1124 )(83)
7.63
I =
Pu + As fy
= -1.79
bw c 3
2
+ nAse (d c )
3
t
+ ts (b bw ) c s
2
Icr = nAse (d c ) +
2
bc 3
3
= 21.5(0.50)(3.81 0.78)2 +
= 98.7 + 6.3
= 105 in.4 /40 in.
40(0.78)3
3
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1.818
s3
= 3.43% Satisfactory
wh
e
+ Po + (Po + Pw ) s
2
8
40
15.9 (23)2(12)
7.3
12
=
+ 1667
+0
2
8
= 42,056 + 6085 + 0
s1 =
(M Mcr )h2
5Mcr h 2
+ 5 ser
48Em I g
48Em I cr
(MSJC Code Eq 3-31)
s2 =
233
5(24,454 )(23(12))
5(23(12)) (48,141 24,454
+
48(1,350,000 )(1,124 )
48(1,350,000 )(105 )
2
= 0.128 + 1.326
= 1.454 in.
b) Second iteration; s = 1.454 in.
Mu1 =
s 2 = s3 = 0.128 +
u1 =
= 1.818 in.
= 1.755 in.
= 0.128 + 1.690
15.9(40)(23)
1500 (7.3 )
+
+ 3331(0)
8
2
= 42,056 + 5475 + 0
= 0.128 + 1.627
s3 = s 4 = 0.128 +
wuh2
e
+ Puf + Pu u
2
8
(MSJC Code Eq 3-24) (with u = u)
[ 23)(12)]
5 (24,454 ) [(23)(12)]
5(47,531 24,454 )(
+
48(1,350,000 )(1124 )
48(1,350,000 )(105 )
2
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= 0.128 + 1.557
= 1.685 in.
c) Third iteration u2 = 1.685 in.
Mu3 = 42,056 + 5,475 + 3,331(1.685)
1/
4
0.42 h
Maximum
Deflection
u3 u2
1.734 1.685
100 =
100
1.734
u3
= 2.85% Satisfactory
9. Determine nominal strength of wall, Mn
a
Mn = 0.80f 'm ab d
2
0.62
= 0.80 x 1500 x 0.62 x 40 3.81
Mn = 0.9 (104,160)
= 93,744 in. lbs / 40 in.
Mn > Mu
93,744 in. lbs > 53,142 in. lbs
Therefore, the section is adequate for strength.
9 wh 2
128
Lateral load
3/
8
wh 2
8
max =
wh 4
185EI
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235
emu
ab = 0.80d
fy
emu +
Es
h
Pn = 0.80[0.80f 'm (An As ) + fy As ]1
140r
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Ledger
10 max.
10 max.
24 or 40
db min.
FIGURE 6.23
Ledger
4 max.
10 max.
24 or 40
db min.
FIGURE 6.24
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237
4 max.
24 or
40 db min.
4 max.
24 or 40
db min.
FIGURE 6.25 Minimum reinforcement for Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Wall - SDC C and above.
As = 0.0025 Ae in open ended bond beams for walls that are part
of the lateral-force-resisting system.
Element should be solidly grouted and constructed of hollow openend units or two wythes of solid units.
Element should be solidly grouted and constructed of hollow openend units or two wythes of solid units.
16
24
16
24
16
As = 0.0015 Ae in open ended bond beams for walls that are not
part of the lateral-force-resisting system.
a) Minimum reinforcement for stack bond element that are not part
of the lateral-force resisting system - SDC E.
FIGURE 6.26
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Shear strength
Mu
0.25 :
Vudv
Mu
> 1.00 :
Vudv
Vn 4 An f 'm
Vm = 4.0 1.75 u
Vudv
An f 'm + 0.25Pu
f d
y v
Boundary elements
Boundary elements may be provided at the
boundaries or extremities of shear walls when the
maximum areas of flexural tensile reinforcement in
the wall exceeds the provisions of MSJC Code
Section 3.3.3.5. Special boundary elements are not
required when the following conditions are met:
1. Pu < 0.10 Agf'm for geometrically symmetrical
wall sections and
Mu
3.0
Vulw
Vn 6An f 'm
Where:
Mu
1.0 or
Vulw
2.
lw
Cd ne
600
hw
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DL = 4 k/ft
LL = 1.5 k/ft
V = 45 kips
72
10
M = 450 ft kips
239
7 - 4
b = -0.80f'mtd
= -0.80 (1.5) 7.63 (80) = -732.5
c = P d1 + M
2
88
= 26.4
8 + 720 (12)
2
= 9,590
Solve for length of stress block a
a=
b b 2 4ac
2a
a=
= 14.4 in.
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Compression forces
C = 0.80f'mat
Vn =
Vu
72
=
= 90 kips
0.8
= 131.7 kips
Tension force
T=C-P
Vm = 4.0 1.75 u
Vudv
= 131.7 - 26.4
An f 'm + 0.25Pu
= 105.3 kips
Area of overturning tension steel for in-plane flexure
= 0.9
720(12)
1500
+ 0.25(26.4)
= 4.0 1.75
(7.63)(88)
1000
72(80)
= 42.4 kips
T
105 .3
As =
=
fy
0.9 (60)
Therefore Vs required is
Vs = Vn - Vm = 90 - 42.36 = 47.6 kips
= 1.95 sq in.
Use 2 - #9 bars each side (As = 2.0 sq in.)
Check strain requirements of MSJC Code
Section 3.3.3.5. Since shear walls of Seismic Design
Category D must be designed as special reinforced
masonry shear walls, MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5.3
applies and the strain in the extreme fibers must be 4
times the yield strain. Based on the neutral axis, the
strain in the extreme fiber can be computed using
similar triangles:
s = (d c )
m
14.4 (0.0025 )
= 80
c
0.8 14.4
0.8
= 0.008611
s
0.008611
=
y
0.002069
2s(47.6)
= 0.0198s in.2
60(80)
Shear design
(MSJC Code Eq 3-18)
2sVs
fy dv
Av =
= 4.16 > 4 OK
Vn = Vm + Vs
A
Vs = 0.5 v f y d v
s
2sVs
fy dv
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2s(90)
= 0.0375s in.2 (area for spacing s)
60(80)
241
#5 bars @ 16 o.c.
#9 bars
shear
Shear steel
#7 bars @16 o.c.
reinforcement
horizontal
and
vertical
ratio
(Earthquake Load)
P = 200 kips
(Dead Load)
M = 1100 ft kips
(Earthquake Load)
Wall properties
8 in. CMU = 7.625 in. actual
Given
n = 10.7
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As =
Lateral
load, V
10 - 0
( di )fy
1100(1.0)(12)
(168 + 144 + 120 + 96 + 72 + 48 + 24)(60)
Moment, M
= 1.4D
= 1.2D + 1.6L
Solution 6-J
0.80 Shear
(MSJC Code Section 3.1.4.3)
Po
Pu
14 - 8 = 176
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243
Po
LOAD
P (max )- Pu
M = u
M bu
Pu (max )- Pbu
Pu
(Mb, Pb)
P
M = M + u (Mbu - Mu )
u
Pbu
O.K.
Mu Mo
MOMENT
diagram.
Solution by iteration.
h 10 (12)
=
= 54.3 99 therefore MSJC Code
2.21
r
28
52
76
100
124
148
172
176
c = 10
0.0025
14 - 8 = 176
C
0.80fm
FIGURE 6.31
41.1 ksi
Pn = 0.80[0.80(3)(1,342-3.52) + 60(3.52)]
10(12 ) 2
1
140 (2.21)
= 2,324 kips
a
Cm
xb
60 ksi 60 ksi 60 ksi 60 ksi 60 ksi 60 ksi 60 ksi
FIGURE 6.32
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c mu
10 4
= 29,000
0.0025
10
= 43.5 ksi
C = As fs + 0.80f'm ba
= 0.44 (43.5 - 0.80 (3))
+ 0.80 (3) (7.625) (8.0)
= 18.1 + 146.4 = 164.5 kips
emu
cb =
fy
emu +
Es
0.0025
=
0.0025 + 60,000
29,000,000
11 4
fs = 29,000
0.0025 = 46.14 ksi
11
C = As fs + 0.85f'm ba
= 0.44 (46.14 - 0.80(3)) + 0.80 (3) (7.625) (8.8)
= 19.2 + 161.0 = 180.2 kips (just shy by 4.6
kips, try c = 11.3 in.)
a = 0.80(11.3) = 9.04 in.
11.3 4
fs = 29,000
0.0025 = 46.84 ksi
11.3
C = As fs + 0.85f'm ba
= 0.44 (46.84 - 0.80(3))
+ 0.80 (3) (7.625) (9.04)
= 19.6 + 165.4 = 185.0 kips - reasonably close
d = 0.547d
176 75.3
= 50.35 in.
2
2
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245
fs = 60 ksi
fs = 41.5 ksi
fs = 23 ksi
fs = 4.5 ksi
T = As fs
= 0.44(4.5 + 23 + 41.5 + 60)
= 0.44 (129) = 57 kips
fs = 13.9 ksi
fs = 32.4 ksi
fs = 50.9 ksi
Neutral Axis
Compression force
C = As fs + 0.80f'm bab
fs = 60 ksi
Pb = C - T
= 1,443 - 57
= 1,386 kips
176
24
24
24
24
24
82
0.0008
0.0002
0.0005
0.0011
0.0017
0.0024
em = 0.0025
c = 94
24
4
es = 0.00207
24
0.0014
= 7,650 + 69,380
= 77,030 in. kips = 6,419 ft kips
h) Design balanced moment strength, Mbu
Mbu = Mb
= 0.9(6,419) = 5,777 ft kips
i)
84
60
36 12 12 36
60
84
88
90
60 ksi
66
42
18 6 30
54
78
Neutral axis
xb = 50.4
ab = 0.80c = 75.3
Plastic centroid
(center of wall)
0.80fm
3000
2500 Pn = 2324
2000
1500
Nominal
Ultimate
Mb, Pb =
6419, 1386
Pu = 2091
1000
500
0
Mbu, Pbu =
5777, 1247
Mu = 1324
0
1000 2000
Mn = 1471
3000
4000 5000
6000 7000
Moment, M, (ft-kips)
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Mcr P
S
A
fr =
Where
A = area of cross-section, bl
= 7.625 (176) = 1,342 sq in.
S = section modulus =
=
for
boundary
and
bl 2
6
3t (min.)
7.625(176 )
= 39,365 in.3
6
2
t
a) #3 confinement ties spaced at 8 o.c. vertically
#3 confinement ties at 8 o.c. vertically
t
3t (min.)
200,000
1
= 39,365
+ 163
1,342
1,000
1 2
1 2
Section A
U = 1.4D
From Table GN-3a for a fully grouted normal
weight 8 in. concrete masonry wall, the wall dead
load is 84 psf. The ultimate axial load is:
Pu = 1.4PDL
PDL = P + hl (wall weight per sq ft surface area)
c) Confinement plate.
10(14.67)(84)
Pu = 1.4200 +
1,000
3t (min.)
U = 0.9D + 1.0E
Pu = 0.9 PDL
23/8
143/8
2 213/16 2
= 191.1 kips
Mu = 1.0 (1,100)
= 1,100 ft kips and the Mn is greater than
the Mcr (Controlling load condition)
43/16
10(14.67)(84)
Pu = 0.9200 +
1,000
23/8
63/8
Reinforcement detail
d) Open wire mesh bed joint reinforcement.
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5. Shear Design
a) Shear requirement from controlling load
condition
Vu = 1.0 Vservice
U = 0.9D + 1.0E
247
252.1 kips)
10
h
Mu
= 0.698 and fm = 3,000 psi
Vudv
vm = 152 psi
Vm = vmAn + 0.25Pu
Where:
M
Vm = 152(1342) + 0.25(191.1)
= 204,032 lbs
= 204 kips > 110 kips
M
or Cd = [4 - 1.75(0.698)] = 2.78
]+ 0.25P
FIGURE 6.37
openings.
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Width
3
Depth
FIGURE 6.39
Spandrel beams
Span
framing member.
1
The clear span for the beam should be two times its
depth or more.
Column members
FIGURE 6.38
frame building.
Width
Depth
Height
FIGURE 6.40
member.
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249
= 0.90
= 0.80
Bond beam
units only
Bond beam
and lintel
units
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dv
4
Max. spacing =
Depth
2
dv
2
48"
Span
Flexural
reinforcement
shall
be
essentially uniformly distributed across
the member depth (MSJC Code Section
3.3.4.3.2(c)).
db
width
8
Width
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c.
251
Max. spacing =
Max. spacing =
Height
Vn = (Vm + Vs)
where these shear capacities are determined for
shear in MSJC Code and likewise for flexure and
compression and the special items for seismic and
other provisions as required.
Section AA
FIGURE 6.44
pier.
The following provides recommendations for
transverse reinforcement for piers; however, other
shear, flexure and compression requirements may
supercede the items below.
a. Transverse reinforcement shall be hooked
around the extreme longitudinal bars with
standard 180-degree hook.
b. Within an end region extending one pier
depth from the end of the beam, and at any
region at which plastic hinges may form
during seismic or wind loading, the maximum
spacing of transverse reinforcement should
not exceed one fourth of the nominal depth of
the pier.
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Vertical and
horizontal steel
FIGURE
components together.
115/8
23/4
235/8
235/8
75/8
75/8
9 gauge tie
21/4 x 8 x 12 x 24
Outside Corner Return
21/4 x 8 x 24
Split Face
21/4
513/16
12
513/16
1
2 /4 x 8 x 24
Standard Inside Face
21/4 x 8 x 12 x 24
Split Face Outside Corner Return
d distance for
masonry design
FIGURE 6.48
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253
Moment =
=
1
(38)(12)3
6
= 10,944 ft lbs/ft
Note that IBC Section 1806 requires a factor of
safety of 1.5 against sliding and overturning stated as
follows:
IBC Section 1806 Retaining Walls
1806.1 General. Retaining walls shall be designed to
ensure stability against overturning, sliding, excessive
foundation pressure and water uplift. Retaining walls
shall be designed for a safety factor of 1.5 against lateral
sliding and overturning.
This example develops the masonry size and
reinforcement to resist the flexure of the retaining
wall, not sliding or overturning.
2.5
Clearance
= 0.5
2.5
As
M 10,944(12)
=
K
69.3
bd2 = 1,895
b
= 12 in.
d2 = 158
d
dconcrete
dmasonry
= 12.6 13 in.
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10,944 (12)
M
=
2
bd 2
12(13)
= 64.8
for = 0.0044,
= 0.00300
As = bd
d2 =
in.2/ft)
17,510(12)
= 93.15
0.8(12)(1,500 )(0.1760 )(1 0.625(0.1760 ))
d = 9.7 in.
= 0.0007(12) (16.5)
= 0.139 in.2/ft
Use #5 @ 24 in. o.c. (As = 0.15 in.2/ft)
bd 2 =
d2 = 93.64
d = 9.7 in. (same as above), use b = 12,
t = 13, and d = 13 - 1 - 2.5 = 9.5 in.
Using actual b and d values, solve for the As:
Mu
= q(1 0.62q )
bd 2f 'm
Mu
17,510(12)
=
= 0.1437 = q(1 0.62q )
2
bd f 'm 0.9(12)(9.5)2 (1,500 )
0.350f 'm
fy
Mu 17,510(12)
=
= 1,124
187 .0
Ku
Where b = 12 in.
b =
Ku = 187.0
(Table 6.1)
From q = fy / f'm
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bd 2 =
= 0.45 in.2/ft
Use #7 at 16 in. o.c. (As = 0.45 in.2/ft)
255
Mu 17,510(12)
=
= 416
505
Ku
Where:
b = 12 in.
d2 = 34.7
d = 5.9 in.,
= 0.109 in.2/ft
Total thickness = 2(2.5) + 5.9 + 0.5 + 0.5
Use #5 @ 32 in. o.c. (As = 0.116 in.2 /ft)
factor = 0.9
Maximum from a strain gradient of 0.003 in
compression and not less than 0.005 in tension for a
"tension-controlled" section is assumed. The
balanced reinforcement ratio for concrete is based
upon a strain of 0.003 in the compression side and a
yield strain of the traditional amount of y = fy/Es.
Based upon this balanced strain gradient and
performing the same derivation for the balanced ratio
for concrete compression block of 0.85f'c gives the
following
equation
based
upon
y
=
60,000/29,000,000 = 0.00207 in./in.:
b =
0.85(1)f 'c
87,000
fy
87,000 + 60,000
Ku = fy 1 0.59
f ' c
0.0107(60,000 )
Ku = 0.9(0.0107 )(60,000 )1 0.59
3,000
= 505
q = 0.2049
From q =
fy
f 'm
As fy
0.85f 'c b
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Masonry
SD
0.5
2.5
13
16.5
Concrete
SD
2.5
9.5
13
2.5
3.5
12
fm or fc; psi
1500
1500
3000
Depth d, in.
Total Thickness t, in.
13.0
16.5
9.5
13.0
6.0
12.0
Vertical Reinforcement
in.2/ft
#9 @ 24 in.
0.50
#7 @ 16 in.
0.45
#8 @ 12 in.
0.79
Horizontal Reinforcement
in.2/ft
#5 @ 24 in.
0.13
#5 @ 32 in.
0.12
#7 @ 24 in.
0.30
Shrine Auditorium garage built with concrete component units, 6 levels, 645 car capacity Los Angeles, CA.
FIGURE 6.50
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STRESS
fy
257
fr
0.0021
0.003
STRAIN
1
Behavior state 1
Behavior state 2
Behavior state 3
FIGURE 6.51
flexural member.
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Strain hardening
fy
Yield plateau
Mcr = Sfr
fr
Es = 29,000,000 psi
STRESS
Where:
ey = 0.0021
esh = 0.008
STRAIN
FIGURE 6.52
0.004
STRAIN, in./in.
0.003
0.002
0
0
1500
3000
4500
STRESS, psi
FIGURE 6.53
masonry.
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6-2
6-3
259
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6-4
6-5
PLL
= 90 kips
Seismic Moment
= 720 ft kips
DL = 100 kips
Moment
M = 12 x 60 = 720 ft kips
8 - 6
Given:
= 10 in.
2 - 0
d = 5 in.
2 - 0
fy = 60,000 psi
21/4
103/4
LL = 90 kips
V = 60 kips
6-7
71/2
= 60 kips
PDL
= 100 kips
14
6-6
12 - 0
#10 bars
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H A P T E R
DETAILS OF REINFORCING
STEEL AND CONSTRUCTION
7.1 MINIMUM REINFORCING
STEEL
As part of the design process, the Structural
Engineer must be aware of the minimum prescriptive
reinforcement requirements and how the different
elements can fit inside of a masonry wall. The
convenience of hiding conduits and pipes inside a
wall often competes with the structural elements of
reinforcing steel and grout. While these components
may theoretically fit inside the wall, unless grout
adequately surrounds the reinforcing steel, the
masonry will not perform as designed. This chapter
provides guidance on detailing of reinforcing steel
that not only complies with code requirements but
also is constructable.
Prescriptive requirements for the minimum area
of steel to be used in masonry depends on the
seismic design category under which the structure is
to be constructed. The categories are designated as
Seismic Design Categories A, B, C, D, E and F.
These categories are defined in ASCE 7, as adopted
by the IBC and the MSJC Code provisions.
Reinforcement must be placed in grout as stated in
MSJC Code Section 1.13.1, with the cell dimensions
and grout pour heights conforming to MSJC Code
Section 1.16. For reinforcement, MSJC Code Section
1.13.2.1 limits the maximum bar size to a number 11
with the diameter limited to one-half the least cell
dimension, collar joint, or bond beam in which the
reinforcement is placed. For joint reinforcement, the
longitudinal and cross wires must have minimum wire
size of W1.1 (11 gage) and the wire must not be more
than one-half the mortar joint thickness.
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Permitted
Seismic
Design
Category
A, B
Ordinary
C
A, B
Intermediate
C
A, B, C
Special
D
E, F
Minimum Reinforcement
(MSJC Code Reference)
Horizontal
Vertical
(1.14.2.2.2.1) (1.14.2.2.2.1)
#4 @ 48
(1.14.5.2.3)
#4 @ 120
2.3.5.3.2)
#4 @ 48
#4 @ 48
(1.14.5.2.3)
(1.14.2.2.4)
#4 @ 48
#4 @ 48
(1.14.2.2.5)
(1.14.2.2.5)
#4 @ 48
#4 @ 48
(1.14.2.2.5)
(1.14.2.2.5)
#4 @ 48
#4 @ 48
(1.14.2.2.5)
(1.14.2.2.5)
for
the
the
the
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Ledger
10 max.
4 max.
24 or 40
db min.
FIGURE 7.1
Minimum deformed reinforcement for Seismic Design Category C elements that are not
part of the lateral force-resisting system.
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4 min.
24 or
40 db
min.
FIGURE 7.3
(b)
24 or 40
db min.
(a)
4 min.
Solution 7-A
MSJC Code Section 1.14.6.3 requires at least
As = 0.0007bt in both directions with a minimum total
area of steel of 0.002bt for all reinforced masonry
0.216
0.076
As (principal direction)
0.140
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267
Therefore:
The number of joints reinforced =
0.183
0.076
As (principal direction)
0.107
12 ft x 12 in./ft
1
16 in.
= 8 joints
From Table GN-20c, the area of 2 - #9 longitudinal
joint reinforcing wires is 0.035 sq in. Therefore, the
area of steel provided by the joint reinforcement is:
As = 0.035 x 8 joints reinforced = 0.28 in2
#5
reinforcement @ 16 o.c.
07.Chapter.5.19.2009.qxp
Solution 7-B
For SDC D, use As = 0.0013bt vertically and
As = 0.0007bt horizontally to satisfy the requirements
of MSJC Code Section 1.14.6.3.
Therefore:
Vertical reinforcement, As = 0.119 sq in./ft (Table
GN-21b).
Minimum horizontal As = 0.064 sq in./ft (Table
GN-21a).
From
Table
GN-21b,
choose
vertical
reinforcement of #5 @ 32 in. o.c. (As = 0.116 sq in./ft)
To find the additional horizontal area of steel
required to meet the As = 0.064 sq in./ft, the
contribution of the joint reinforcement, if used, must
first be determined.
Total required horizontal steel, As = 0.064 x 12
= 0.769 sq in.
Place the joint reinforcement in every other
mortar joint or at 16 in. o.c.
#5
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FIGURE 7.5
Typical reinforcing steel around opening (Coordinate this figure with Figure 7.1 and 7.3
for minimum wall reinforcement requirements).
1
6
Max. 6
FIGURE 7.6
into position.
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269
Minimum number of
wall ties required
One per 2.67 ft2 (0.25 m2)
One per 4.50 ft2 (0.42 m2)
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Allowable
tolerance
(in.)
d < 8 in.
8 in. < d < 24 in.
d > 24 in.
1/2
1
11/4
7.3.3 CLEARANCES
7.3.3.1 CLEARANCE BETWEEN REINFORCING
STEEL AND MASONRY UNITS
To be effective, reinforcing steel must be
surrounded by grout. Reinforcing steel bars must
have a minimum of 1/4 in. of grout between the steel
d distance tolerance
from Table 7.2
d distance tolerance
from Table 7.2
End of wall
Brick Beam
d
Acceptable range of placement
Specified spacing + 2
-2
+2
Specified spacing + 2
FIGURE 7.7
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271
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 2
1 2
1 2
Spliced bars
1 or db min.
whichever
is greater
1 or db min.
whichever is greater
FIGURE 7.9
db = Bar diameter
11/2
Min. spacing
or
11/2 db in columns
FIGURE 7.10
1 or
db min.
1 or
db min.
in a column.
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11/2
Grouted
bond-beam
d
d
Nominal
Thickness
(in.)
Actual
Thickness (t)
(in.)
d
(in.)
6
8
10
12
55/8
75/8
95/8
115/8
2.8
3.8
4.8
5.8
2db min.
db
Nominal
Thickness
(in.)
Actual
Thickness (t)
(in.)
d
(in.)
8
10
12
16
75/8
95/8
115/8
155/8
5.25
7.25
9.00
13.00
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3.75
d (in.)
10.5
11.0
11.5
5.25
5.50
5.75
12.0
12.5
13.0
6.00
6.25
6.50
14.0
15.0
16.0
7.00
7.50
8.00
5.25
Thickness, t (in.)
2 - #3 at 24 o.c.
7.63
d
5.25
4 at 24 o.c.
273
7.63
= 0.0022; Kf = 48.1
t
Actual
Thickness,
t (in.)
Moment = Kf bd2
= 48.1 x 12 x 3.752
d
(in.)
Actual
Thickness,
t (in.)
d
(in.)
9.0
9.5
10.0
5.00
5.25
5.50
12.5
13.0
14.5
8.00
8.50
9.50
10.5
11.0
6.00
6.50
15.0
16.0
10.50
11.50
11.5
12.0
7.00
7.50
18.0
20.0
13.50
15.50
= 0.0009, Kf = 20.3
Moment = Kf bd2
= 20.3 x 12 x 5.252 = 6714 in. lbs/ft
Although the moment capacity is greater with the
steel against the outside face, twice the number of
bars are required and increased steel placement
costs plus the congestion with added steel, thereby
negating the benefit of increased moment.
As = #5 at 24 in. o.c. = 1.55 sq in./ft
From Table GN-23b for d = 3.75; = 0.0034
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7.5.2 HOOKS
A hook has the benefit of developing stress within
a very short distance. When combined with a straight
length of bar, the hook allows reinforcement to be
fully developed over a shorter length than would be
possible for a straight bar.
A standard 90 degree and 180 degree hook has
a tension equivalent development of 11.25 db for ASD
and 13 db for SD in accordance with MSJC Code
Section 2.10.5 and 3.3.3.2 respectively.
According to 2005 MSJC Code Section 1.13.5, a
standard hook is defined as one of the following:
1. A 180-degree turn plus extension of at least
4 bar diameters but not less than 21/2 in. at
free end of bar.
Detailing Dimension
db
J
180
4 db or 21/2 min.
FIGURE 7.15a
0.13 d b fy
where:
K f' m
D
A
FIGURE 7.15b
90
12 db
Standard 90 hook.
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13
45
Bar Size
Grade
#3
40
17/8
25/8
5.5
#4
40
21/2
31/2
7.3
#5
40
31/8
43/8
9.1
#6
40
33/4
51/4
10.9
#7
40
43/8
61/8
12.7
#3
50/60
21/4
5.7
#4
50/60
7.5
#5
50/60
33/4
9.4
#6
50/60
41/2
11.3
#7
50/60
51/4
13.2
#8
50/60
15.0
#9
50/60
111/4
18.0
#10
50/60
10
121/2
20.0
#11
50/60
11
133/4
22.0
ma
D1
x.
275
Grade
Minimum Diameter
40
5 bar diameters
60
6 bar diameters
60
8 bar diameters
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(3-14)
No. 6 and
smaller bars
and deformed
wires
No. 7 and
larger bars
fy t e
25 f ' d b
fy t e
20 f ' d b
3fy t e
50 f ' db
3fy t e
40 f ' db
3
y
t e s
d
ld =
40 f' c cb + K tr b
d b
(12-1)
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Atr fyt
(12-2)
1500sn
277
(Equation 21-2)
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No.
3
0.375
15
23
18
27
0.500
20
30
24
36
0.625
25
38
30
45
0.750
30
45
36
54
0.875
35
53
42
63
1.000
40
60
48
72
94
1.128
45
68
54
81
Dia.,
db
(in.)
Bar Size
ld =
0.13d b f y
K
f' m
(3-15)
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Bar splice
1 or 1 bar diameter
(whichever is greater
for clearance)
279
Where:
ba =
Ba =
bv =
Bv =
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(2-1)
Ba = 0.2Ab f y
(2-2)
(2-3)
2
Ap = lbe
(2-4)
(2-5)
Bv = 0.12Ab f y
(2-6)
(3-1)
Ban = Ab fy
(3-2)
(3-3)
(3-4)
Ban = Ab fy
(3-5)
(3-6)
(3-7)
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(3-8)
Bvn = 0.6Ab fy
(3-9)
Minimum Embedment
(in.)
3/8
1/2
5/8
21/2
3/4
7/8
31/2
11/8
41/2
11/4
lbe
2
Ban
Radius of
bend = 11/2 db
(3-10)
3
db
bvf
Bvn
lb 1
(3-11)
3
db
Headed anchor bolt
2
lb 1
Min. extension
= 1.5db
db
lb 1
281
Grout
1/4
1/2
FIGURE 7.17
Effective embedment.
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db
12 bolt diameters
12 bolt diameters
Plan
12 bolt diameters
12 bolt diameters
Section
FIGURE 7.18
7.9 BEAMS
7.9.1 GENERAL
The MSJC Code does not specify a minimum
amount of steel or steel ratio, , for flexural beams.
Engineering practice generally recommends that for
masonry beams, the minimum reinforcement ratio, ,
be not less than 80/fy. Therefore, for grade 60 steel,
the minimum steel ratio should be = 80/60,000 =
0.0013.
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283
2
4
Continuous span
Continuous span
Cantilever span
Extend steel at least effective depth of member, d, or 12 bar diameters, whichever is greater, beyond the point where
it is no longer required for flexure (MSJC Code Section 2.1.10.4.1.3).
Extend at least one third of negative moment reinforcing beyond the inflection point for the distance of 12 bar
diameters, 1/16 span, or the effective depth, d (MSJC Code Section 2.1.10.4.2).
Extend at least one fourth of the positive reinforcement from continuous beams into the support a distance of 6 in.
No flexural bars shall be terminated in a tension zone unless additional shear reinforcement is added (MSJC Code
Section 2.1.10.4.1.5, similar to ACI 318 Section 12.10.5).
FIGURE 7.19
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12 min.
#2 min.
FIGURE 7.20
beams.
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d
Shear
cracks
285
Standard 90 to 180
hooks at each end of
shear reinforcement
Beam flexural
reinforcement
FIGURE 7.23
reinforcement.
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FIGURE 7.24 Vertical web or shear reinforcing steel arrangement for beams.
Shear force from
lateral forces
Steel to resist
overturning
tension and
compression
forces
Horizontal
shear steel
Diagonal
tension
shear
cracks
Horizontal steel
Ties
Horizontal steel
FIGURE 7.26
Ties
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Ties
287
FIGURE 7.27
7.13 COLUMNS
7.13.1 GENERAL
In the design of columns, vertical reinforcing
steel significantly contributes to the load-carrying
capacity of the member because the ties prevent
reinforcing steel from buckling. MSJC Code Sections
2.1.6 and 3.3.4.4 provide criteria for column
reinforcement.
MSJC Code Section 2.1.6
2.1.6 Columns
Design of columns shall meet the general
requirements of this section.
2.1.6.1 Minimum side dimension shall be 8 in.
(203 mm) nominal.
2.1.6.2 The ratio between the effective height and
least nominal dimension shall not exceed 25.
2.1.6.3 Columns shall be designed to resist
applied loads. As a minimum, columns shall be designed
to resist loads with an eccentricity equal to 0.1 times each
side dimension. Consider each axis independently.
2.1.6.4 Vertical column reinforcement shall not
be less than 0.0025An nor exceed 0.04An. The minimum
number of bars shall be four.
Column ties
FIGURE 7.28
4 - #3 bars
reinforcement.
16
Column ties
24
12 - #10 bars
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Lateral ties
12 minimum overlap
Alternate courses
Grout
Alternate courses
s
Tie since s > 6
Grout
Built with Two Core Standard Masonry Units
FIGURE 7.33
masonry.
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289
in. (min)
#3
#4
#5
Maximum Tie
Spacing (in.)
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Tie anchorage
6d minimum
Tie
Column reinforcement
Max. area = 0.04 bt
Min. area = 0.0025 bt
Min. size #3
Max. size #11 ASD, #9 SD
spacing
ax
45
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Tie spacing
Column ties
FIGURE 7.36
Vertical column
reinforcing steel
FIGURE 7.37
columns.
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3/8"
1/8"
+ 3/8" or -1/4"
291
1/8"
Level line
1/4" in 10 ft.
1/2" maximum
3/4"
FIGURE 7.38
joint thickness.
FIGURE 7.40
Level
1/4" in 10 ft.
1/2" maximum
Continuous horizontal
and vertical steel if
required
Level
FIGURE 7.41
Any width
-1/4" + 3/8"
FIGURE 7.39
space.
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Plumb
bob
Plan location
1/4" in 10 ft.
3/8 " in 20 ft.
1/2" maximum
As built
+ 1/2" in 20 ft.
+ 3/4" maximum
Elevation View
Straight line
1/4"
1/4" in 10 ft.
3/8" in 20 ft.
1/2" maximum
FIGURE 7.45
Plan View
FIGURE 7.43
to line.
/4" overall
1/4"
Level line
1/4" in 10 ft.
3/8 " in 20 ft.
1/2" maximum
FIGURE 7.44
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293
7-2
7-3
7-4
Detail the reinforcing steel required for a twostory building located in Seismic Design
Category C. Show the reinforcement at the
corners, floor, roof, and around openings.
7-5
7-6
7-7
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H A P T E R
BUILDING DETAILS
8.1 GENERAL CONNECTIONS
Connections are a critical part of any structure,
particularly when the structure is subjected to seismic
forces. When connections hold together and make
the structure perform as a total system there is an
excellent chance for the structure to survive even
great earthquakes.
All connections must be satisfactory to transmit
the forces due to lateral and vertical loads. The
elements must be sufficiently tied together to cause
them to act as a unit.
FIGURE 8.1
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24
11/2
Metal Strap
Flange
Shear wall
Metal straps
at max. 4 - 0
o.c. vertical
Grouted
cells
FIGURE 8.2
Shear wall
FIGURE 8.3
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BUILDING DETAILS
Metal cap
Roof membrane
Bond beam reinforcement
Roofing
Sheathing
Blocking
between
joists
Joist anchor
Joist hanger
FIGURE 8.5
Ledger beam
Vertical steel
Joist anchor
Continuous
horizontal steel
Sheathing
Bond beam
units
Floor joists
Flexural
steel
Blocking
between joists
Lintel units
FIGURE 8.6
FIGURE 8.7
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Ledger
Bond beam
Joist
anchors
Bond beam
reinforcement
Joist
Blocking
Plywood
diaphragm
Base plate
Bonding beam
reinforcement
Anchor bolts
FIGURE 8.10
masonry wall.
Joist anchor
Plywood
diaphragm
Truss joists
Fascia
4 x ledger
Anchor bolts
2 x top plate
Bond beam steel
Bottom chord extension
Anchor bolt
FIGURE 8.9
masonry wall.
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BUILDING DETAILS
Extend reinforcement
from concrete topping
into all end walls
Extend reinforcement
into adjacent slab at
interior walls
Shear dowel
Topping slab cast after
upper wall is in place
299
ret
nc
Co
Prestressed
precast
concrete
tee beam
pin
top
Closure
masonry
under
slab and
between
legs of
tees
Mesh or rebar
Neoprene
pad
FIGURE 8.14
masonry wall.
FIGURE 8.12
Continuous
vertical steel
wall.
Weld plate
Topping slab
Mesh or rebar
Shear dowels
in topping
Embedded
steel angles
with welded
anchors
Horizontal bond
beam steel
Fill with concrete
topping
Precast concrete
slab
Grout construction
joint
FIGURE 8.15
FIGURE 8.13
connected to
connections.
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Concrete topping
Anchor bolt
Steel bar joist
Bottom chord
extension
Gypsum
board
ceiling
FIGURE 8.16
Steel beam
Concrete topping
Steel deck diaphragm
Reinforced
masonry wall
Anchor bolts
FIGURE 8.17
FIGURE 8.19
wall.
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BUILDING DETAILS
Waterproof
membrane
Gravel
Continuous
horizontal
reinforcement
Sand
Vapor barrier
Vapor barrier
Gravel or
stone fill
Drain
4
4
Sand
1 - 4
Typical Dimensions
1 - 8 (typ.)
FIGURE 8.20
backfill.
Horizontal
reinforcement
1 - 0
Continuous
bar(s) in
grade beam
3 clr.
Continuous bar(s)
FIGURE 8.21
masonry wall.
1 - 8
Extend caisson
vertical reinforcement
to lap with wall steel
Grade beam
Caisson
f
s
g o on
cin caiss
a
Sp led
l
dri
Typical Dimensions
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H A P T E R
SPECIAL TOPICS
9.1 MOVEMENT JOINTS
9.1.1 GENERAL
Movement joints are provided in reinforced and
unreinforced masonry walls to properly accommodate
moisture and temperature fluctuation. Shrinkage and
temperature hairline cracks can develop allowing
water passage into masonry. As a general rule,
control joints should be placed in concrete masonry
every 25 ft but not more than 11/2 times the wall height,
and expansion joints every 15 to 20 ft in clay masonry.
All structural elements move when subjected to
changes in moisture, temperature and loads. The
movements can cause damage or cracks especially
when no provisions are made to allow the structure to
move.
The type, location and spacing of movement
joints depends on masonry materials, climatic
conditions, size and type of structure, local factors
and experience.
Movement joints should be located where they
will least impair the strength of the finished structure,
where they will not adversely affect the architectural
design, and where they can facilitate the construction
of the walls. They should never be located by chance
or convenience without regard for effect on the
strength or appearance of the completed structure.
Movement joints in a wall, whether control joints
or expansion joints, should match any joints built into
the roof system, the floor system, the spandrel
beams or other elements intended to accommodate
the overall movement of the building.
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20 oz. copper
Premolded foam
rubber or plastic
Extruded plastic
Where:
mu = total unrestrained movement of the
brickwork, in. (mm)
ke
kf
kt
FIGURE 9.1
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SPECIAL TOPICS
angles, which are attached to the main structure. The
shelf angles are a natural interruption of masonry and
thus a logical place for an expansion joint. Movement
between the veneer and the structural frame,
including seismic and wind, occurs at the shelf
angles. Vertical growth of the masonry beneath the
shelf angle is permitted by a horizontal expansion
joint.
Brick veneer
Concrete
masonry
backup
Flashing
Anchorage
device
Shelf angle
Reinforced
concrete
beam and
slab
Weephole at
vertical joint
Caulking
Joint
reinforcement
Compressible
material
1/4 to 3/8 thick
Weatherproof
membrane
Stresses through
the wall
Weepholes
at 24 o.c.
Moisture content
through the wall
Compressible
material
Soldier Course
Stretcher Course
305
FIGURE 9.5
Compression stress
Tension stress
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Control joints
Half units
Wall Elevation
FIGURE 9.6
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SPECIAL TOPICS
TABLE 9.1 Recommended Control Joint Spacing
for Above Grade Exposed Concrete Masonry
Walls1
Distance between joints should
not exceed the lesser of:
Length to height ratio
Or ft (m)
11/2
25 (7.62)
Backer rod
307
9.2 WATERPROOFING
MASONRY STRUCTURES
9.2.1 GENERAL
Masonry materials are relatively porous and may
absorb water under certain conditions. Since water
infiltration can deteriorate the masonry as well as
damage a building's appearance and interior
finishes, every effort should be taken to repel water
infiltration.
Normally masonry structures are protected from
water damage by one of two methods. The first
method consists of constructing the walls with an
exterior masonry veneer separated from the
structural back-up by an air space. Any water which
penetrates the veneer runs down the back side of the
veneer since it cannot cross the air space. Flashing
and weepholes at the base of the cavity direct the
water back out the wall, thus keeping the interior of
the building dry. This veneer system is quite effective
and has been used extensively in the past. BIA
Technical Notes, Series 28 as well as other
publications provide excellent design and detailing
procedures for this type of wall.
The second method to limit water damage is to
repel water infiltration through proper design
techniques, material selection, construction methods,
surface treatments and maintenance. Reinforced and
unreinforced single wythe masonry walls must be
waterproofed in this fashion. The remainder of this
section will provide general guidelines to effectively
waterproof these types of walls.
Sealant
Sealant
FIGURE 9.7
Caulking detail.
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Extend metal
cap at least
2 - 4
Fasten cap on
sides only
Extend roofing
membrane to top
of masonry
Sealant
Slope to drain
Mortar
Sloped flashing
Water repellent
coating
Sealant
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SPECIAL TOPICS
are often topped with 2 x 6 or 2 x 8 wood nailers and
metal caps slope, extension of the skirt should be 4
to 6 inches in order to sufficiently cover the masonry.
Epoxy or
non-shrink grout
309
Slope cap
Drip edge
Caulking
Flashing
FIGURE 9.10
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9.2.5 WATERPROOFING
Clay brick or concrete block masonry may
require the application of a water repellent coating.
Often, the masonry system sheds moisture
effectively and is a true maintenance-free system. If
moisture penetration through the masonry is a
problem or concern, the moisture-repellent coating
may be applied.
Efflorescence is the accumulation of a white,
powdery film on the face of masonry. Efflorescence is
caused by the existence of salts or salines in the
masonry which travel to the surface and crystalize,
thereby causing the white film. Salts may naturally be
in the materials or may be introduced by external
sources, such as rain water. The manner in which
salts travel to the surface and crystalize is water, so if
water is prevented from entering the masonry,
efflorescence does not occur.
Bituminous
waterproofing
coating below
grade
Mortar slope
Provide concave
tooling mortar
joint on both
faces of wall
Coarse
granular
fill
Mortar slope
Drain
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Water repellents should not yellow with age nor
abnormally darken the masonry surface. Repellents
which do not give sheens are generally considered
more acceptable. Select a repellent effective in
resisting wind driven rain. Note that no known clear
water repellents withstand water under pressure and
therefore should not be used below grade.
311
9.2.5.4 PAINTS
Paints can also provide a relatively low cost
method to achieve water resistance. With a long
history of success when applied properly, paints can
be very durable. Paints can add a variety of color to
a masonry structure although their opaque nature
can also be a disadvantage since it hides the beauty
and texture of the masonry.
Like water repellents, paints should normally be
breathable so internal moisture will not be trapped
within the wall. Since moisture vapor enters through
the interior surface of walls in cold climates and tries
to exit through the exterior face of the wall, exterior
paints should generally be more permeable than
internal paints. If an impermeable paint is applied on
the outside face of such a wall, the trapped water
may cause blistering and peeling of the paint or even
worse, cracking and spalling of the masonry.
Because of this, impermeable paints are generally
recommended only for surfaces which are constantly
subjected to moisture, such as swimming pools.
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9.2.6 MAINTENANCE OF
WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS
Temperature F
1800
1200
600
Time (hours)
FIGURE 9.12
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SPECIAL TOPICS
313
Barrier Fire
Resistance
Unexposed
Cotton
Surface
Waste
Temp.
Bearing
Non-Bearing
NA
FIGURE 9.13
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TABLE 9.3 Rated Fire-Resistive Periods for Various Walls and Partitionsa, 1, 7(IBC Table 720.1(2))
Material
Item
Number
4 Hr
3 Hr
2 Hr
1 Hr
1-1.1
6.0
4.9
3.8
2.7
1-1.2
5.0
4.3
3.4
2.3
1-1.3
6.6
5.5
4.4
3.0
1-2.1
54
2-1.1
2-1.2
12
4.7
4.0
3.2
2.1
3-1.25,6
5.1
4.4
3.6
2.6
5.9
5.0
4.0
2.7
6.2
5.3
4.2
2.8
1. Brick of Clay
or Shale
2. Combination
of clay brick
and loadbearing
hollow clay
tile
Construction
Minimum Finished
Thickness Face-to-Face2
(in .)
a. Generic fire-resistance ratings (those not designated as PROPRIETARY* in the listing) in the GA 600 shall be accepted as if herein
listed.
1. Staples with equivalent holding power and penetration may be used as alternate fasteners to nails for attachment to wood framing.
2. Thickness shown for brick and clay tile are nominal thicknesses unless plastered, in which case thicknesses are net. Thickness shown
for concrete masonry and clay masonry is equivalent thickness defined in Section 721.3.1 for concrete masonry and Section 721.4.1.1
for clay masonry. Where all cells are solid grouted or filled with silicone-treated perlite loose-fill insulation; vermiculite loose-fill
insulation; or expanded clay, shale or slate lightweight aggregate, the equivalent thickness shall be the thickness of the block or brick
using specified dimensions as defined in Chapter 21. Equivalent thickness may also include the thickness of applied plaster and lath
or gypsum wallboard, where specified.
3. For units in which the net cross-sectional area of cored brick in any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores is at least 75
percent of the gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
4. Shall be used for nonbearing purposes only.
5. The fire-resistance time period for concrete masonry units meeting the equivalent thicknesses required for a 2-hour fire-resistance
rating in Item 3, and having a thickness of not less than 75/8 in. is 4 hours when cores which are not grouted are filled with siliconetreated perlite loose-fill insulation; vermiculite loose-fill insulation; or expanded clay, shale or slate lightweight aggregate, and sand or
slag having a maximum particle size of 3/8 inch.
6. The fire-resistance rating of concrete masonry units composed of a combination of aggregate types or where plaster is applied directly
to the concrete masonry shall be determined in accordance with ACI 216.1/TMS 0216. Lightweight aggregates shall have a maximum
combined density of 65 pounds per cubic foot.
7. NCMA TEK 5-8A, shall be permitted for the design of fire walls.
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SPECIAL TOPICS
EXAMPLE 9-A Fire Resistive Period Calculation.
2(15.625 x 1.25 )+
= 57 in. x 75/8
57 x 7 5
Vn
8
TE =
=
L x H 15.625 x 7 5
= 3.8 in.
From Table 9.3, the wall is still rated as 2 hours.
25
1(
1
(25 mm)
m)
75/8
(144 mm)
Nominal
dimensions
4 x 8 x 16
m)
7m
5 8
15
9
(3
35/8
(92 mm)
FIGURE 9.14
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Thus,
f 'm
= 1500 x 6 895
= 10 342 500 Pa or
= 1.5 x 6.895
= 10.34 MPa
Mass
Under the SI system, mass is measured in
kilograms (kg). Since one kilogram is equal to 2.205
pounds, 1000 pounds or 1 kip is equal to 454.5
kilograms, and 1 ton is equal to 907.0 kilograms.
Force
Force is mass times the acceleration of gravity, g,
and although it can be stated as kilograms force, kgf,
it should actually be given as newtons, N, or kilogram
meter/second2, kgm/s2.
= 10.34 MPa
Es
199 955 MPa
=
= 21.5
9 306 MPa
Em
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SPECIAL TOPICS
EXAMPLE 9-F For w = 200 lbs/ft and l = 25 ft, find
the simple beam moment in SI units.
317
M = 15,625 ft lbs
Use Table GN-29a to estimate:
M = 21 200 Nm
Since
1 lb/ft = 14.585 N/m;
w = 200 lbs/ft x 14.6 N/m
= 2917 N/m
M=
wl 2 2917 x 7.625 2
=
= 21 200 N m
8
8
200 x 252
8
S=
bd 2
6
bd 2 203 .2 x 457.2 2
=
6
6
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9-3
9-4
9-8
c) 367 sq ft
d) 163 ft 113/8 in.
e) 237 pounds
f) 43.23 kips
g) 1742 foot pounds
9-5
9-6
5445 lbs
400 lbs/ft
a) ungrouted
b) grouted at 48 in. o.c.
c) grouted at 24 in. o.c.
d) solid grouted.
Assume pumice aggregate was used to make
the block.
9-7
26
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H A P T E R
10
subsection
is
also
Code Reference
IBC
MSJC
Applicable
Tables
Deformed bars,
Fs = 24,000 psi maximum
Sec. 2.3.2.1(b)
limits Fs to
24,000 psi
Table ASD-4
Wire reinforcement
Fs = 30,000 psi maximum
Sec. 2.3.2.1(c)
limits Fs to
30,000 psi
Table ASD-4
Sec. 2.3.2.1(a)
limits Fs to
20,000 psi for
Grade 40
Table ASD-4
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Code Reference
IBC
MSJC
Applicable
Tables
Allowable
Deformed bars in columns,
Compressive Stress in
Fs(compression) = 0.4 fy < 24,000 psi
Steel Reinforcement,
Fs
Sec. 2.3.2.2.2 if
ties provided
according to
Sec. 2.1.6.5
Table ASD-4
Modulus of Elasticity,
Es, Em, Eg
Sec. 1.8.2.1
Table ASD-4
Sec. 1.8.2.2.1
Table ASD-3
Sec. 1.8.2.2.1
Table ASD-3
Reinforcing steel,
Es = 29,000,000 psi
Concrete Masonry
Em = 900 fm
Clay Masonry
Em = 700 fm
Grout
Eg = 500 fg
Shear Modulus, Ev
Ev = 0.4Em
Allowable Axial
Compressive Stress,
Fa
When
Sec. 1.8.2.4
h'
99,
r
h' 2
Fa = 0.25f 'm 1
140r
Sec. 2.3.3.2.1(a)
uses h, An, Ast &
Fs and not h,
Ae, As & Fsc
2
h'
99,
r
70r
Pa = (0.25f 'm Ae + 0.65 AsFsc )
h'
Allowable Flexural
Compressive Stress,
Fb
Combined
Compressive Stress
(Unity Equation)
fa
f
+ b 1 or 1.33
Fa Fb
Allowable Shear
Stress, Fv
Tables ASD-3,
and ASD-9c
Tables ASD-3,
ASD-9a, 9b,
ASD-84a thru
ASD-87
Eq. 2-17
Sec. 2.3.3.2.1(b)
Tables ASD-3,
uses h, An, Ast &
ASD-9c, ASDFs and not h,
84a thru ASD-87
Ae, As & Fsc
Eq. 2-18
Eq. 2-14
Sec. 2.2.3.1(c)
Sec.2.3.3.2.2
Table ASD-3
Eq. 2-10
Fv(max) = 50 psi
Tables ASD-3,
ASD-9a and 9b
Eq. 2-13
h'
Pa = (0.25f 'm Ae + 0.65 As Fsc ) 1
140
r
Fv = 1.0 f 'm
Sec. 2.2.3.1(a)
uses h not h
Sec. 2.2.3.1(b)
Uses h not h
When
Table ASD-3
Eq. 2-12
h'
Sec. 1.8.2.2.2
Sec. 2.3.5.2.2(a)
Eq. 2-20
Table ASD-3
Sec. 2.3.5.2.3(a)
Eq. 2-23
Table ASD-3
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321
Code Reference
IBC
Allowable Shear
Shear walls with masonry designed to carry
Stress in Shear Walls, all shear force,
Fv
M
M
1
<1
When
Fv = 4
f 'm
Vd
Vd
3
MSJC
Applicable
Tables
Sec. 2.3.5.2.2(b)
Eq. 2-21
Table ASD-5
Diagram ASD-5
M
and Fv 80 45
psi
Vd
M
When Vd 1
Fv = 1.0 f 'm
Eq. 2-22
M
<1
Vd
Fv =
M
1
4
f 'm
Vd
2
Eq. 2-24
Table ASD-6
Diagram ASD-6
M
and Fv 120 45
psi
Vd
M
When Vd 1
Fv = 1.5 f 'm
Eq. 2-25
Sec. 2.3.5.2.1
V
bd
Eq. 2-19
Sec. 2.3.5.3
Vs
Fs d
Eq. 2-26
Development of
Reinforcement, ld
max =
ld =
nf 'm
fy
2fy n +
'm
f
0.13d b2fy
12 in.
K f 'm
= 1.0 for No. 3 thru No. 5 bars
= 1.3 for No. 6 thru No. 7 bars
= 1.5 for No. 8 thru No. 11 bars
Tables ASD-56,
58, 60 62
Diagrams ASD56, 58, 60, 62
Tables ASD-56,
58, 60 62
Diagrams ASD56, 58, 60, 62
Eq. 21-3
Sec. 2107.5
Eq. 21-2
Sec. 2.1.10.3
Eq. 2-9
Table GN-22a
Sec. 2.1.10.3
Sec. 2.1.10.5.1
Wires in Tension
ld = 0.0015dbFs > 6 in.
Sec. 2.1.10.2
Eq. 2-8
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Code Reference
IBC
MSJC
Applicable
Tables
On full area
Fbr = 0.25 fm
Sec. 2.1.9.3
Table ASD-3
Sec. 2.1.9.2
Table ASD-3
Sec. 2.1.4.2.2
Eq. 2-1 uses Ba
and not Bt
Table ASD-91
Allowable Tension on
Embedded Anchor
Bolts, Bt
Allowable Shear on
Embedded Anchor
Bolts, Bv
Eq.2-4
Bt = 0.2Abfy
Sec. 2.1.4.2.2
Eq. 2-2 uses Ba
and not Bt
Sec. 2.1.4.2.3
Bv =
3504 f '
Ab
Bv = 0.12Abfy
Combined Shear and
Tension on Anchor
Bolts
Sec. 2.1.4.2.2.1
Eq. 2-3
bt
b
+ v 1 .0
Bt Bv
Table ASD-91
Eq. 2-5
for lbe >12db
Table ASD-93
Eq. 2-6
for lbe > 12db
Table ASD-93
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n=
Es
En
As
K
=
bd fs j
As = bd =
Area of Compression
Steel As
A's =
Perimeter of Circular
Reinforcing Bar o
o = d
Moment Capacity of
Masonry, Mm
Mm =
Moment Capacity of
Tension Steel
Ms = Fs As jd = Kbd2
Coefficient, k
sq in.
M
T
=
fs jd fs
' =
M KF
cd
sq in.
1
Fb kjbd 2 = Kbd 2
2
in.
Tables GN-19a
thru GN-19c
in. lb
ft k
Tables ASD-36
thru ASD-48b
in. lb
ft k
Tables ASD-24a
thru ASD-29b
Tables ASD-24a
thru ASD-29b
M
1
fb kj =
= fs j
2
bd 2
Tables GN-23a
thru GN-23m &
GN-24a
Tables GN-20a
thru GN-20d &
GN-24a
Tables ASD-24a
thru ASD-29b
Tables ASD-74a
thru ASD-79b &
Diagrams ASD74a thru ASD-79b
K Kb
A'
= s
'
/
'
k
d
d
d
bd
1 2f
(2n 1)
b
k
d
Kf =
Useful Tables
and Diagrams
Table ASD-3
Compression Steel
Reinforcement Ratio,
Flexural Coefficient, Kf
Standard
Units
Design Formula
Tables ASD-24a
thru ASD -29b
fs
nfb
Members with tension and compression reinforcement
k =
Coefficient, j
1+
k
3
Tables ASD-24a
thru ASD-29b
z
3
Coefficient, z
6
kbd
kd
kd
z=
d'
1 (2n 1) A's
+
1
kbd
kd
2
Dimensional
Coefficient, F
F =
bd 2
12,000
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Standard
Units
Design Formula
Useful Tables
and Diagrams
Resultant
1
Compression Force, C C = 2 fb kdb
lbs
kips
Resultant Tension
Force, T
T = Asfs
lbs
kips
fs =
Compression Steel
Stress, fsc, fs
kd d '
fsc = 2nfb
kd
psi
Masonry Stress, fb
fb =
2M
2
=
K
jk
bd 2 jk
psi
Tables ASD-24a
thru ASD-29b
psi
Spacing of Shear
Steel, s
s=
in.
Shear Strength
provided by the
Reinforcing Steel, Fv
Fv =
Tables ASD-56,
58,60, 62
Diagrams ASD-56,
58, 60 62
Tables ASD-56,
58,60, 62
Diagrams ASD-56,
58, 60 62
Tables ASD-56,
58, 60, 62
Bond Stress,
M
As jd
Av Fs d
V
Av Fs
AF
or conservatively, Fv = v s
bjs
bs
V
o jd
Effective Height to
thickness reduction
factor, R
h' 2
h'
70r for h' > 99
R = 1
for 99; R =
h'
r
r
140r
Interaction of Axial
Load and Moment
fb = 1 a Fb
Fa
psi
psi
psi
Tables ASD-24a
thru ASD-29b
Tables ASD-3,
GN-19a, GN-20a
thru GN-20d
Tables ASD-9a
thru ASD-9c
P
P
=
Ae bd
fa =
fm = fa + fb
kd =
a=
b b 2 4ac
2a
1
tfm
6
b=
1
tfmd
2
l
c = P d1 + M
2
Reduced Shear
lbe 1
Bv for 1 lbe < 12d b
Strength for Embedded Reduced Bv =
12d b 1
Anchor Bolts Due to
Edge Distance
and Bv = 0 for lbe < 1
Sec. 2.1.4.2.3
Table ASD-94
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325
Code Reference
IBC
MSJC
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
1.4 (D + F)
Sec. 1605.2.1
Eq. 16-1
Eq. 16-2
Eq. 16-3
Eq. 16-4
Eq. 16-5
Eq. 16-6
Eq. 16-7
Limits on Masonry
Strain, mu
Limits on Masonry
Strength, fm
Applicable
Tables
3.1.4.1
3.1.4.2
3.1.4.3
3.1.4.4
3.1.4.4
3.1.4.4
3.1.4.5
Sec. 3.3.2c
Sec. 3.1.8.1.1
Limits on Grout
Strength, fg
Modulus of Rupture,
fr, fg
Sec. 3.1.8.2.1
Nominal Axial
Strength of (Plain)
Unreinforced
Masonry, Pn
For
h
99
r
h 2
Pn = 0.800.80 An f 'm 1
140r
For
h
> 99
r
70r 2
Pn = 0.800.80Anf 'm
h
Sec. 3.1.8.1.2
Sec. 3.2.3a
Eq. 3-12
Sec. 3.2.3b
Eq. 3-13
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Code Reference
IBC
MSJC
Applicable
Tables
Sec. 3.2.4
3.8 An f 'm
Sec. 3.2.4a
300An
Sec. 3.2.4.b
and
Limits on
Reinforcement
Extreme Tensile
Reinforcement Strain
Limits
Development of
Reinforcement, ld
Sec. 3.2.4d
Sec. 3.2.4e
Sec. 3.2.4f
Sec. 3.1.8.3
For
Sec. 3.3.3.1
Mu
1 or R 1.5
Vu dv
Sec. 3.3.3.5
Sec. 3.3.3.5.1
Sec. 3.3.3.5.2
Sec. 3.3.3.5.3
ld =
0.13d b2fy
K f 'm
Sec. 3.3.3.3
Eq. 3-15
12 in.
Sec. 3.2.4c
Sec. 3.3.3.3
Sec. 3.3.3.2
le = 13db
Eq. 3-14
For
h
> 99
r
70r
Pn = 0.80[0.80f 'm (An As ) + fy As ]
Tables GN-22b
& SD-22
Sec.
3.3.4.1.1a
h
99
r
h 2
Pn = 0.80[0.80f 'm (An As ) + fy As ]1
140r
For
Table GN-22a
Eq. 3-16
Sec.
3.3.4.1.1b
Eq. 3-17
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327
Code Reference
IBC
MSJC
Applicable
Tables
Sec. 3.3.4.3.1
Pu = Puw + Puf
Factored Moment at
Mid-height of Walls,
Mu
Pu
A
g
0.05f 'm
wu h2
e
+ Puf u + Pu u
8
2
Mu =
Sec. 3.3.5.4
Eq. 3-23
Sec. 3.3.5.4
Eq. 3-25
Sec. 3.3.5.4
Eq. 3-24
where
Pu
A
g
0.20f 'm
Eq. 3-23
A
g
0.05f 'm
s =
5M ser h 2
48Em I g
Sec. 3.3.5.5
Eq. 3-30
s =
5Mcr h 2
5(M ser M cr )h 2
+
48Em I g
48E m I cr
Eq. 3-31
Limiting Moment
Strength Equation
Mu < Mn
Eq. 3-26
Nominal Moment
Strength, Mn
a
M n = (As fy + Pu ) d
Sec. 3.3.5.4
Eq. 3-27
where
a=
(Asfy
+ Pu )
0.80f 'm b
A
g
0.20f 'm
Eq. 3-28
Sec. 3.3.5.4
Eq. 3-23
A
g
0.05f 'm
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Code Reference
IBC
Pu + As fy
MSJC
Eq. 3-28
0.80f 'm b
Eq. 3-29
Sec. 3.3.5.5a
Eq. 3-30
Sec. 3.3.5.5b
s =
Special Boundary
Elements
Requirements of
Shear Walls
Applicable
Tables
5Mcr h 2
5(M ser M cr )h 2
+
48Em I g
48E m I cr
Eq. 3-31
Sec. 3.3.6.6
Sec. 3.3.6.6 1
Sec. 3.3.6.6 2
or
Vu 3An f 'm and
Mu
3 .0
Vu lw
Sec. 3.3.6.6 3
Special Boundary
Required for Compression Zone with Mn at
Elements at the
base of wall where
Edges of Shear Walls
lw
c
with vertical extension from
Cd ne
600
hw
Mu
base the larger of lw or
4Vu
Sec. 3.3.6.8
Sec. 3.3.6.8(a)
with Pu for
ASCE 7-02
Load Case 5
Sec. 3.3.6.8(b)
Sec. 3.3.6.9
Sec. 2106.5.2
Eq. 21-1
Vn = Vm + Vs
Sec. 3.3.4.1.2
Eq. 3-18
Mu
0.25
Where for
Vu dv
Sec.
3.3.4.1.2(a)
Vn 6An f 'm
and for
Mu
1.00
Vu dv
Vn 4An f 'm
Table SD-27
Diagram SD-27
Eq. 3-19
Sec.
3.3.4.1.2(b)
Eq. 3-20
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329
M
Vm = 4.0 1.75 u
Vu dv
and
An f 'm + 0.25Pu
Mu
>0
Vu dv
Nominal Shear
Strength Provided by
the Shear
Reinforcement, Vs
A
Vs = 0.5 v
s
Bearing Strength, Cn
On full area
f d
y v
Code Reference
IBC
MSJC
Applicable
Tables
Eq. 3-21
Diagram SD-26
Sec. 3.3.4.1.2.2
Sec. 3.3.4.1.2.3
Eq. 3-22
Sec. 3.1.7a
Cn = 0.60fmA1
Where supporting area A2 is wider on all sides
than the load area A1
Sec. 3.1.7b
Sec. 2.1.9.2
Nominal Shear
Strength of Headed
and Bent-Bar Anchor
Bolts, Bvn
Sec. 3.1.6.1
Eq. 3-1
Eq. 3-3
Ban = Abfy
Eq. 3-2
Table SD-92
Sec. 3.1.6.2
Eq. 3-4
Table SD-91
2
where Apt = lb
Eq. 3-7
Ban = Abfy
Eq. 3-5
Eq. 3-6
Sec. 3.1.6.3
Eq. 3-8
Where Apv =
2
lbe
2
Table SD-91
Table SD-92
Table SD-93
Eq. 3-10
Bvn = 0.6Abfy
Eq. 3-9
baf
b
+ vf 1
Ban Bvn
Sec. 3.1.6.4
Eq. 3-11
Table SD-93
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Standard
Units
Design Formula
Reinforcing Steel
Ratio,
Reinforced Design
Reinforcing Steel
Ratio, b
b =
Useful Tables
and Diagrams
As
f'
=q m
bd
fy
0.80(0.80) f 'm
fy
72,500
72,500 + f
y
Table 6.1
b =
101,500
101,500 + f
y
Table 6.1
max
mu
0.64f 'm
mu + 1.5 y
=
fy
bd
As max
Steel Quotient, q
q=
mu
0.64f 'm bd
P
1
.
5
+
y
mu
= max bd =
fy
sq in.
fy
f 'm
q = (1 0.625q ) =
Nominal Moment
Capacity, Mn
sq in.
Mu
f 'm bd 2
a
M n = 0.80f 'm ab d for Masonry Capacity
in. lb
ft k
a
M n = As fy d for Steel Capacity
2
0.625 fy
M n = fy bd 2 1
f 'm
combined
Mu < Mn
in. lb
ft k
psi
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331
Standard
Units
Design Formula
cb =
a
0.0025d
72,500d Concrete
= b =
0.0025 + fy / Es
0.80 72,500 + fy Masonry
Useful Tables
and Diagrams
in.
a
0.0035d
101,500d
Clay
= b =
0.0035 + fy / Es
0.80 101,500 + fy Masonry
a=
bdfy
0.80bf 'm
au =
= 0.80c =
qd
0.80
fy (1 0.625q )
Ku
M
= u =
12,000
As d
12,000
in.
psi
Interaction Coefficient,
b b 2 4ac
a
a=
2a
a = 0.4fmt
b = 0.80fmt (l - d1) note l - d1 = d
b = 0.80fmtd
l
c = P d1 + M
2
Tension Force, T
T = Asfy
lbs, kips
=C-P
Compression Force, C C - 0.80fm at
Interpolated Shear
Strength, Vn
lbs, kips
Mu
< 1.00
Vu dv
Mu
8
Vn 4 + 1
3
Vu dv
An f 'm
lbs, kips
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H A P T E R
11
DESIGN OF ONESTORY
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING
2 3 3
16
3
2
3
16
6 bays at 24 = 144
A
FIGURE 11.1
16
Loading dock
18
55
Floor plan.
16
13
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20
20
22
24 - 6
Roof level
28
16
32
16
12
37
144
Scale: 1/2 = 1 - 0
FIGURE 11.2
South elevation.
Roof Level
18
20 - 6
Parapet
144
Scale: 1/2 = 1 - 0
FIGURE 11.3
North elevation.
Top of parapet
10
18
Finished
floor
20 - 6
Roof level
18
55
Scale: 1 = 1 - 0
FIGURE 11.4
West elevation.
3 2
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335
Top of parapet
14
18
20 - 6
Roof level
Finished
floor
4
16
16
55
Scale: 1 = 1 - 0
20 - 6
18 - 0
22 - 0
24 - 6
Glu-lam beam
Finished floor
Scale: 1 = 1 - 0
FIGURE 11.6
Mortar:
Grout:
Masonry:
Reinforcing
Steel:
Grade 60
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
Concrete:
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Modular ratio, n =
Es
29,000,000
=
= 17.9
900f 'm
Em
Ct = 0.02
Hn = 20.5 ft
x = 0.75
T = 0.19 seconds
f 'm
= 600 psi
3
11.1.2 LOADS
SDS
0.33
= 0.066
=
5
R
1
I
3. Importance Factor
Since the occupancy is I, the importance factor
is 1.0 (ASCE 7 Table 11.5-1)
4. Seismic Design Category
From ASCE 7 Tables 11.6-1 and 11.6-2 the
building is a Seismic Design Category C
building.
Kzt = 1.0
Kh = 0.70
qh = 10.6 psf
(ASCE 7 Eq 6-15)
p = 16.7 psf
(ASCE 7 Eq 6-22)
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337
4.0 psf
1.5
Framing
2.5
Sprinklers
1.5
Miscellaneous
1.5
Roof framing
11.0 psf
Roof beams
3.0
14.0 psf
4 x ledger
2 - 6
Roof dead
load = 168 plf
12 tributary area
20.0
T = 75/8
34.0 psf
20 - 6
Roof live
load = 240 plf
18 - 0
Wall plus
parapet
= 897 plf
at midheight
= 26.0 psf
= 78.0 psf
= 195 plf
8
= 112 ft lbs/ft
12
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Moment at mid-height
Fa =
8
= 160 ft lbs/ft
12
(18)(12) 2
Pa
= (0.25)(1800 )1
= 228 psi
An
(140 )(2.2)
Moment at mid-height
M=
1/2
x 160 = 80 ft lbs/ft
I
=
A
12(7.625 ) /12
= 2.2
(7.625 )(12)
3
H 18 x 12
=
= 98
2.2
r
h
Pa = (0.25f 'm An + 0.65 Ast Fs )1
140r
= 11.6 psi
1065
(7.625)(12)
P
A
6M
bt
(812)(12)
M
=
= 0.088 in.2
(0.9)(24000 )(4/3)(3.8125 )
0.9Fsd
As
0.44
=
= 0.0024
(
)(
bd
48 3.8125 )
n=
Es
29,000,000
=
= 17.9
Em
(900 )(1800 )
n = 0.043
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k
j = 1 = 0.916
4
Mt = As jdFs = (0.44) (0.916) (3.8125) (24,000)
3
= 49,143 lb-in.
Mc =
bd 2
kjFb
2
3 3
= 64,765 lb-in.
Tension controls. The applied moment on the 48
in. of wall is:
(812) (4) (12) = 38,900 lb-in.
Use the linear interaction diagram to check the
capacity of the wall. Use the alternative load
combinations IBC Section 1605.3.2
D + L + (W)
The is equal to 1.3. The moment is:
(IBC Eq 16-4)
0.9D + 1.6W
(IBC Eq 16-6)
Papplied
Pallowable
(1305 )(4)
48,710
+
= 0.99 + 0.06 = 1.05
49,143 (228)(7.625 )(48)
T = 75/8
Assume
inflection
point
4.4
Tributary
area
22
4 x ledger
2 - 6
Mapplied
17.6
k =
339
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eu
+ Pu u
2
Puw + Puf
Pu =
3.8125 in.
As =
0.44
(As Fy + Pu )
a=
0.8 f ' m b
(0.44)(60,000 ) + (0.9)(4212)
(0.8)(1800 )(48)
= 0.436
Pu =
Puf =
d=
a=
Where:
Puw =
a
Mn = (As Fy + Pu ) d
W h2
Mu = u + Puf
b=
0.436
Mn = [(0.44)(60,000 ) + (0.9)(4212)] 3.8125
s =
Mu
84,400
( )= (0.9)(0.9)(3.8125 )(60,000 )
( )(0.9)(d ) Fy
= 0.46 in.2
5M u h
48E m I g
OK
s =
5M u h 2
5(M u - M cr )h 2
+
48E m I g
48E m I cr
Where:
Icr = nAse (d - c ) +
2
Ase = As +
c=
Pu
Fy
AseFy
0.64 f' m b
bc 3
3
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341
(0.503)(60,000) = 0.545
(0.64)(1800 )(48)
A
20 - 0
c =
3791
= 0.503
60,000
(0.545 )3
2
16 - 0
= 98.7 in.4
Determine if the wall is cracked. From MSJC
Code Table 3.1.8.2.1 the modulus of rupture of the
CMU, solidly grouted for tension across the bed joint
is 163 psi. The cracking moment is:
Elevation
3791 1773
= 2 163 +
(
)(7.625) 7.625
48
Purlins @
8 o.c.
= 80,600 lb-in./4 ft
(5)(84,400 )[(22)(12)]2
=
(48)(1,620,000 )(1773 )
(5)[(84,400 80,600 )][(22)(12)]2
+
(48)(1,620,000 )(98)
4 - 0
2 - 0
Rafters @
24 o.c.
2 - 6
P Ig
M cr = 2fr + u
A t
8 - 0
4 - 6
Ase = 0.44 +
4 - 0
1
3
I g = (48)(7.625 ) = 1,773 in.4
12
Section A-A
= 80 plf
b = 7.625 in.
d = 48 in
M=
2
wL2 (475)(16) (12)
=
= 122,000 lb in.
12
12
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Mt = 2.800 lb - in.
As
0.2
=
= 0.00054
(48)(7.625)
bd
n=
Es
29,000,000
=
= 17.9
Em
(900 )(1800 )
Mc = 3.900 lb - in.
The horizontal #4 bars are adequate.
n = 0.0098
n + 2n n = 0.13
k =
k
j = 1 = 0.96
Load on wall
3
2
2
2
30 45
= 658,000 lb-in.
Tension controls and is more than the applied
moment.
Opening
FIGURE 11.10
V = (475)(8) = 3800 lb
opening.
V
3800
=
= 10.4 psi
(7.625)(48)
bd
Moment
M =
(16.7)(4.5)(16) = 1603 lb - ft
wL2
=
12
12
= 54 in.
= 3.8125 in.
As = 0.4 in.2
11.5.1 LOADS
Tributary area = (55/2)(24) = 660 sq ft
Live load = 20 psf. Reduce as permitted
in ASCE 7 to 12 psf.
= 17.9
7,920 lbs
= 0.243
9,240 lbs
= 0.919
17,160 lbs
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343
2 - 6
Top of parapet
2 - 6
Roof level
Anchor
bolt
15 - 6
12
T = 75/8
Roof
Wall pocket
Bearing plate
Glu-Lam girder
e = 21/2
63/4
25/8
12
4.5
FIGURE 11.12
FIGURE 11.11
25/8
15 - 6
Width = bearing +
4 t minimum = 50
17,160
= 286 psi
(12)( 5)
62
Moment = (286 )(5)
2
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(6.75)(5)
= 508.4 psi
Use a
6M
=
Fs b
3/4
t =
x 5 x 1'-0" plate.
(20.5)2
(16.7)
2
R1 =
= 195 lb/ft
18
(18.0)2 (2.5)2
(16.7)
2
2
R2 =
= 147 .0 lb/ft
18
147 .0
= 8.8 ft
16.7
8
8
+2+
2
2
Ba = 0.2Abfy
4
= (0.2)(2)(0.44)(0.85)(36,000 ) = 7,180 lbs OK
3
Mmax =
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= 0.84
Load
Axial Load
(lbs)
Out-of-Plane
Moment
(lb-ft)
Dead Load
10,450
Live Load
2,400
Wind Load
6,470
345
(1.24)(60,000 ) + 13,740
(0.8)(0.8)(24)(3.8125 )(1800 )
Mu = AsFy 1
d + P 1
d
2
2
(0.8)(0.84) (3.8125 )
Mu = (1.24)(60,000 )1
2
(0.8)(0.84) (3.8125 )
+ 13,740 1
2 - 6
4
10
10 - 6
= 223,100 lb in.
10
(0.9)(223,100 ) = 16,700 lb - ft OK
12,000
Tension Limiting
Mn =
(AsFy
+ P)
(0.8)(0.8)(bdf 'm )
(AsFy
+ P)
(0.8)(0.8)(bdf 'm )
(1.24)(60,000 ) + 9,405 = 0.80
(0.8)(0.8)(7.625 )(12)(1800 )
0.8k
0.8k
Mu = AsFy 1
d + P 1
d
2
2
(0.8)(0.8) (3.8125 )
Mu = (1.24)(60,000 )1
2
(0.8)(0.8) (3.8125 )
+ (9,405 )1
2
= 217,300 lb in.
Mu =
(0.9)(217,300 ) = 16,300 lb - ft OK
12,000
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Limits on Reinforcement
MSJC Code Section 3.3.5 limits the amount of
reinforcement allowed in the wall.
The following equation defines the limit on the
reinforcement.
0.64bdf ' m
As = bd
= 1.5
mo
P
mo + y
Fy
= 12,250 lbs
This axial load is an attempt to define a service
load condition at 75% of expected loads.
A
55
0.0025
(0.64 )(24)(3.8125)(1800)
12,250
0.0025 + 1.5 60,000
29,000,000
As =
60,000
144
= 0.57 in.2
9 - 0
20 - 6
11 - 6
9 - 0
2 - 6
Section A-A
FIGURE 11.15
FIGURE 11.14 Pilaster/Pier
thru wall.
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11.7.1 LOADS
347
As =
Wind:
T
12,404
=
= 0.39 sq in.
fs
(24,000 ) 4
3
Seismic:
Weight of structure acting on roof diaphragm
= 2(1/2 wall ht. + parapet) + roof dead load
18,864
= 343 plf
55
513 plf
55
55
Tension
Compression
FIGURE 11.17
foundation.
Shear per linear foot at connection between wall
and footing
343 + 163 = 506 plf
(262)(144)
wl 2
=
8
8
= 679,104 ft lbs
Flange stress =
M
679,104
=
= 12,404 lbs
(55 0.25)
d
506
(7.625 )(12)
= 5.5 psi
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3. 280 lb/ft
A
P
Vertical
steel
Apv =
343 plf
4 x wood
ledger
Plywood diaphragm
280 plf (min.)
Bond beam
or chord
reinforcing
FIGURE 11.18
wall.
2
lbe
2
Joist
Joist anchors
Joist hanger
Ledger beam
Section A-A
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349
C =
Diaphragm
sheathing
4 x wood ledger
Joist
hanger
P
E mt
h 3
h
4 + 3
d
d
F =
Ledger bolt
4
8
FIGURE 11.19
h 3
h
+ 3
d
d
3 2
10
18
20 - 6
P
Em t
16
55
FIGURE 11.20
West elevation.
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1
2
3
4
5
Height
h
(ft)
Length
l
(ft)
10
5
5
4
7
3
2
18
3
2
h/l Ratio
(all piers
fixed)
Relative Rigidity
Table ASD-89
Fixed Piers2
3.33
2.50
0.28
1.33
3.50
0.213
0.75
11.602
1.577
0.187
Percentage
Lateral Force
to Each Pier
1.5
5.0
81.2
11.0
1.3
= 14.329
100 %
Force V
to each Pier
(pounds)
Unit Shear
fv, in each
pier =
353
1,172
19,050
2,580
306
= 23,460 pounds
V
tl
(psi)
1.1
5.5
9.9
8.0
1.4
1
1. It would be conservative and quite usual to use the base shear, V = 26,700 lbs as the force on the wall and distribute this amount to all piers.
The approach here is a little more detailed.
2. In Section 11-6 pier number 2 was increased in thickness to 15.626 inches. The stiffness is increased in the above table accordingly; 0.432 x
15.625/9 = 0.75.
Or
of
the
masonry
without
M
Vm = 4.0 1.75 u An f 'm + 0.25Pn 4An f 'm
V
u dv
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351
3
3
100 kips
12
3 2
2 2
35
5 - 0
3 - 0
11-4 Design the piers for the end wall shown below
if f'm = 1500 psi and Grade 60 reinforcing steel
is used. Distribute the lateral force to each of
the piers in relation to their rigidity. The lateral
force is 30 kips at the roof level and 40 kips at
the second floor level. Note the lateral force for
the piers on the first floor must resist the total
lateral force.
2
3 - 0
7 - 0
48
42
21 - 4
21 - 4
21 - 4
14
6 4 2 8 3 6 3
75
4 3
2 5 4 4 3 4
40
kips
11
15
24
22
11
30 kips
4 4 4
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H A P T E R
12
DESIGN OF SEVENSTORY
MASONRY LOAD BEARING
WALL APARTMENT BUILDING
12.1 GENERAL
In this example problem, the dead, live and seismic loads for two walls in the seven-story building will be
calculated. The walls will then be designed for the imposed axial, shear and overturning forces. The design will
be based on the 2006 IBC and TMS 402-05, Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures.
FIGURE 12.1
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FIGURE 12.2
Live Loads:
40 psf Apartments
20 psf Roof
2 - 6
71
Floor Loads:
Roof Loads:
Slab, 8"
= 73 psf
Slabs, 6"
= 48 psf
Misc.
= 5 psf
Roofing
= 5.5 psf
Roof
Level 6
7th Floor
Level 5
6th Floor
Level 4
5th Floor
Level 3
4th Floor
Level 2
3rd Floor
Level 1
2nd Floor
Base
1st Floor
61
73 - 6
71 - 0
51
Level 7
41
31
21
11
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355
10
60 - 8
Wall No.
19 - 4
7 - 4
25 - 0
76 - 0
g
6
87 - 4
Transverse
25 - 6
a
y
13 - 4
Longitudinal
25 - 6
11
e
l
12
30 - 4
25 - 0
25 - 0
14 - 8
13 - 4
13
25 - 0
8 - 8
2
34 - 4
143 - 8
#7
Horizontal shear steel
#6 @ 20 o.c. with
180 hooks @ each
end
#5 @ 24
f
26 - 8
7 - 4
#5 vertical bars
6 - 4
#7
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a
2
10
f
5
11
e
j
l
12
m
13
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357
Design Factor
53.5 psf
78.0 psf
78.0 psf
15.0 psf
20.0 psf
40.0 psf
100.0 psf
580.2 sq ft
75.0 sq ft
46.9 lb/sf
25.8 ft
60.0 Percent
IBC Section 1607.9.2
1 "Wall Dead Load" is applied to the vertical wall area, not the horizontal floor area, unlike the other loads provided on this table.
2 The Average Floor LL is calculated [(580.2)(40) + (75) (100)]/ - (580.2 + 75)
Wall
Height
655.2
Floor D
35.1
10.0
7
655.2
655.2
60.9
10.0
655.2
655.2
60.9
30.7
1310.4
60.0
30.7
2620.8
60.0
30.7
3276.0
60.0
30.7
22.2
3931.2
55.2
7.9
136.3
26.2
217.4
32.4
298.4
44.7
379.5
57.0
460.6
69.3
543.7
81.6
60.0
20.1
60.9
11.0
40.4
20.1
60.9
10.0
Ground
655.2
1965.6
Sum L
40.0
30.7
30.7
60.9
655.2
655.2
20.1
10.0
13.1
LL
Sum D
Reduction
20.1
10.0
4
Sum Area
20.1
60.9
655.2
Live L
20.1
10.0
Wall D
60.0
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For wall f:
TABLE 12.3 Gravity Loads on Wall f
Load Criteria
Design Factor
53.5 psf
78.0 psf
78.0 psf
15.0 psf
20.0 psf
40.0 psf
100.0 psf
4.7 K
20.7 sq ft
0.0 sq ft
40.0 lb/sf
7.3 ft
60.0 Percent
IBC Section 1607.9.2
1 "Wall Dead Load" is applied to the vertical wall area, not the horizontal floor area, unlike the other loads provided on this table.
20.7
20.7
Wall
Height
Floor D
1.1
10.0
20.7
20.7
20.7
1.9
1.9
20.7
41.4
0.8
62.1
0.8
82.8
0.8
103.5
0.8
6.3
124.2
Sum L
11.6
0.4
19.2
1.3
26.8
2.2
34.5
3.1
42.1
3.9
49.8
4.7
58.0
5.5
5.7
1.9
11.0
Ground
0.8
5.7
10.0
20.7
0.0
5.7
1.9
10.0
20.7
0.8
1.9
20.7
0.4
5.7
10.0
Sum Area
5.7
10.0
5
LL
Sum D
Reduction
Live L
10.5
1.9
10.0
6
Wall D
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359
Design Factor
53.5 psf
78.0 psf
78.0 psf
15.0 psf
20.0 psf
40.0 psf
100.0 psf
7666.0 sq ft
961.0 sq ft
46.7 lb/sf
545.0 ft
60.0 Percent
IBC Section 1607.9.2
1. "Wall Dead Load" is applied to the vertical wall area, not the horizontal floor area, unlike the other loads provided on this table.
2. The Average Floor LL is calculated [(7666)(40) + (961) (100)]/ (7666 + 961)
8627
8627
Wall
Height
Floor D
462
10
8627
8627
8627
802
802
Ground
402
25880
402
34507
402
402
467
LL
Sum D
Reduction
Sum L
994
125
2221
402
3448
514
4676
632
5903
788
7130
948
8399
1108
17253
43134
425
802
11
8627
425
10
8627
402
425
802
10
8627
402
802
8627
173
425
10
Sum Area
425
10
5
Live L
533
802
10
6
Wall D
51760
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(Equation 21-1)
2/3
of the values
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361
ASCE 7 Eq 12.8-7
Ct = 0.02
Hn = 71 ft
x = 0.75
T = 0.49 seconds
Cs =
Cs =
SDS
1.0
= 0.2
=
R 5
I 1
ASCE 7 Eq 12.8-2
SD1
0.43
=
= 0.175
5
R
T 0.49
I
1
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Wall
Load
Loc
Axial Load
P
V2
(kips)
V3
(kips)
T
(kips)
M2
(kips)
M3
(kip-in.)
STORY 7
STORY 7
STORY 7
STORY 7
STORY 7
STORY 7
STORY 7
STORY 7
STORY 6
STORY 6
STORY 6
STORY 6
STORY 6
STORY 6
STORY 6
STORY 6
STORY 5
STORY 5
STORY 5
STORY 5
STORY 5
STORY 5
STORY 5
STORY 5
STORY 4
STORY 4
STORY 4
STORY 4
STORY 4
STORY 4
STORY 4
STORY 4
STORY 3
STORY 3
STORY 3
STORY 3
STORY 3
STORY 3
STORY 3
STORY 3
STORY 2
STORY 2
STORY 2
STORY 2
STORY 2
STORY 2
STORY 2
STORY 2
STORY 1
STORY 1
STORY 1
STORY 1
STORY 1
STORY 1
STORY 1
STORY 1
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
ATEQX
ATEQX
ATEQY
ATEQY
X
X
Y
Y
ATEQX
ATEQX
ATEQY
ATEQY
X
X
Y
Y
ATEQX
ATEQX
ATEQY
ATEQY
X
X
Y
Y
ATEQX
ATEQX
ATEQY
ATEQY
X
X
Y
Y
ATEQX
ATEQX
ATEQY
ATEQY
X
X
Y
Y
ATEQX
ATEQX
ATEQY
ATEQY
X
X
Y
Y
ATEQX
ATEQX
ATEQY
ATEQY
X
X
Y
Y
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
1.4
2.4
2.4
39.7
39.7
53.7
53.7
4.9
4.9
8.3
8.3
124.5
124.5
179.7
179.7
7.1
7.1
11.9
11.9
193.8
193.8
273.7
273.7
8.7
8.7
14.6
14.6
246.2
246.2
347.5
347.5
10.2
10.2
17.1
17.1
290.7
290.7
418.0
418.0
12.1
12.1
20.1
20.1
336.9
336.9
498.9
498.9
15.8
15.8
26.5
26.5
404.8
404.8
614.6
614.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.0
26.3
26.3
44.0
44.0
58.0
58.0
91.1
91.1
27.7
27.7
46.3
46.3
62.1
62.1
95.8
95.8
26.8
26.8
44.9
44.9
60.4
60.4
93.4
93.4
25.0
25.0
41.9
41.9
56.6
56.6
87.2
87.2
21.2
21.2
35.5
35.5
48.0
48.0
73.9
73.9
17.7
17.7
29.5
29.5
39.9
39.9
61.3
61.3
4.2
4.2
7.0
7.0
10.5
10.5
15.3
15.3
0
1
0
1
0
23
0
16
1
-1
1
-2
23
15
16
8
-1
-3
-2
-4
15
32
8
20
-3
-5
-4
-8
32
63
20
43
-5
-6
-8
-10
63
75
43
52
-6
-13
-10
-22
75
184
52
129
-13
0
-22
0
184
0
129
0
0
167
0
280
0
4766
0
6445
167
758
280
1271
4766
18725
6445
26488
758
1611
1271
2700
18725
41490
26488
58044
1611
2656
2700
4451
41490
70568
58044
97951
2656
3886
4451
6508
70568
104889
97951
145717
3886
5334
6508
8927
104889
144646
145717
202843
5334
7427
8927
12420
144646
197227
202843
281360
Values from E-TABS analysis and results are not statically consistent because they use many models.
Using the weight from Table 12.6, the base shear is:
V = (0.175)(8399) = 1470 kip
The elastic base shear from the model was 7407
kip East-West and 7299 kip North-South. Thus the
model scaling factors are:
East-West = 1470/7407 = 0.198
North-South = 1470/7299 = 0.201
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363
STORY 7 ATEQY
STORY 6 ATEQY
4.9
STORY 5 ATEQY
11.9
STORY 5 ATEQX
7.1
STORY 4 ATEQY
14.6
STORY4 ATEQX
8.7
STORY 3 ATEQY
17.1
STORY 3 ATEQX
10.2
STORY 2 ATEQY
20.1
STORY 2 ATEQX
12.1
STORY 1 ATEQY
26.5
STORY 1 ATEQX
15.8
Load
Shear
Y
53.7
STORY 7
Shear
X
49.7
STORY 6
179.7
STORY 6
124.5
STORY 5
273.7
STORY 5
193.8
STORY 4
347.5
STORY 4
246.2
STORY 3
418.0
STORY 3
290.7
STORY 2
498.9
STORY 2
336.9
STORY 1
614.6
STORY 1
404.8
Level
Load
STORY 7
TABLE 12.12
Shear
AX
1.4
STORY 6 ATEQX
Vy = (404.8)(0.198) + (0.3)(614.6)(0.201) +
ABS(15.8)(0.198) = 120.3 kip
My = (197,227)(0.198) + (0.30)(281,360)(0.201) +
ABS(7427)(0.198) = 57,487 kip-in.
Shear
Level
Load
AY
2.4 STORY 7 ATEQX
8.3
Vy = (614.6)(0.201) + (0.30)(404.8)(0.198) +
ABS(26.5)(0.201) = 152.9 kip
My = (281,360)(0.201) + (0.30)(197,227)(0.198) +
ABS(12,420)(0.201) = 70,765 kip-in.
Load
Level
Load
Moment
Level
Y
6445
STORY7
STORY 7
Moment
X
4766
STORY 6
26488
STORY6
18725
STORY 5
58044
STORY5
41490
STORY 4
97951
STORY4
70568
STORY 3
145717
STORY3
104889
STORY 2
202843
STORY2
144646
STORY 1
281360
STORY1
197227
Load
STORY 7 ATEQY
Shear
Level
Load
AY
280
STORY7 ATEQX
STORY 6 ATEQY
1271
STORY6 ATEQX
STORY 5 ATEQY
2700
STORY5 ATEQX
1611
STORY 4 ATEQY
4451
STORY4 ATEQX
2656
STORY 3 ATEQY
6508
STORY3 ATEQX
3886
STORY 2 ATEQY
8927
STORY2 ATEQX
5334
STORY 1 ATEQY
7427
Level
Load
Shear
AX
167
758
11.4
Moment
N-S
(Kip-in)
1635
Moment
E-W
(Kip-in)
1365
45.2
36.5
6692
STORY 5
68.9
56.3
STORY 4
87.4
71.4
STORY 3
104.7
STORY 2
STORY 1
Shear N-S
(Kip)
Shear E-W
(Kip)
Axial N-S
(Kip)
Axial E-W
(Kip)
STORY 7
13.6
STORY 6
5455
14674
12034
24775
20405
84.8
36828
30324
124.3
99.2
51158
41927
152.9
120.3
70765
57487
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Using the same development process, values for wall f are contained in Table 12.13.
TABLE 12.13 Seismic Loads on Wall f
STORY 7
5.4
6.2
Moment
N-S
(Kip-in)
166
12.0
13.2
STORY 6
10.7
11.0
370
364
37.4
40.7
STORY 5
14.1
14.9
598
538
72.8
79.4
STORY 4
16.7
17.8
836
714
115.4
126.4
STORY 3
18.5
20.0
1091
896
162.8
179.4
STORY 2
19.4
21.3
1321
1058
213.1
235.9
STORY 1
25.6
22.0
2688
1990
268.1
294.1
Shear N-S
(Kip)
Shear E-W
(Kip)
Moment
E-W
(Kip-in)
204
Axial N-S
(Kip)
Axial E-W
(Kip)
Height
Kz1
0-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-71
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
71
0.57
0.62
0.66
0.70
0.76
0.81
0.85
0.89
0.93
Windward
Total Pressure
(psf)
(psf)
6.8
13.5
7.4
14.1
7.9
14.6
8.4
15.1
9.1
15.8
9.7
16.4
10.2
16.9
10.7
17.4
10.7
17.4
Leeward pressure = -6.7 psf
Sideward pressure = -9.4 psf
BASE SHEAR
Height of Zone
(ft)
15
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
1
Base Shear
Force
(Kips)
29
10
10
11
23
24
24
25
3
159
It is an "enclosed" building.
qz = (17.6)(Kz) psf
qh = 15.8 psf
Clearly the seismic lateral forces will control the
design.
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E = Eh + Ev
12.2.2 SHEAR
543.7
Live Load
81.6
Seismic Load
(E-W)
120.4
57,487
Seismic Load
(N-S)
152.9
70,765
(Equation 16-16)
D + L + (W)
(Equation 16-17)
D + L + W + S/2
(Equation 16-18)
D + L + S + W/2
(Equation 16-19)
D + L + S + E/1.4
(Equation 16-20)
0.9D + E/1.4
(Equation 16-21)
365
E = QE
Ev = (0.2SDS)(D)
fv =
V
163,800
=
= 72.6 psi
(7.5)(301)
bd
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N-S Direction:
1.0 + 0.2SDS (D ) + QE + L + S
1.4
1.4
M
70,765,000
=
= 1.54 1.0
(152,900)(301)
Vd
Fv = 1.5 f 'm 75 psi
4
4
Fv = (1.5) f 'm (75)
3
3
4
4
= (1.5) 2600 = 102 psi (75 psi) = 100 psi
3
3
fv < Fv OK
703,000
(7.5)(310 )
Vn = Annfy
1.4
Vn 152,900
=
= 2.54 in.2 / height of wall
fy
60,000
M =
70,765,000
= 50,546,000 lb - in.
1.4
Mc
=
I
310
50,546,000
2 = 420
1
(7.5)(310)3
(12)
0.2
= 0.9
(543 .7) + 0.0 = 411,700 lbs
1.4
411,700
(7.5)(310 )
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367
(
)(
)(
)
1
.
4
0
.
7
310
2
= 0.84 in2
As 0.7L 2 =
4
Fs
24,000
3
k 2 + 2n 2 mo k (2n ) = 0
m
Where:
2600 4
= 3 3 = 0.000635
1,820,000
Mc =
k 2 = 2n + 2 mo k 2n + 2 mo = 0
s
s
Where:
mo =
411,700
P
=
= 0.000099
Embd
(1,820,000 )(7.5)(304 )
mo
0.000099
= 0.897
=
s
(24,000) 4
3
29,000,000
E A
29,000,000
0.66
= 0.00615
n = s s =
1,820,000 (7.5)(304 )
Em bd
3
2L
4
Mt = (0.88)(24,000 ) (0.883 )(304 ) + (411 .700 )
3
304
0.352
1 3 1 (2)(310 ) 304
Mt = 66,850,000 lb in. OK
Fbkjbd 2
d
P
d
2
2L
max =
nf 'm
2fy n + y
f 'm
(15.9)(2600 )
(2)( 60,000 ) 15.9 + 60,000
2600
= 0.00884
As = (0.00884)(7.5)(310) = 20.5 in.2 > 0.88 in.2 OK
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Vu = 152,900 lbs
Mu = 70,765,000 lb-in.
543.7
Live Load
81.6
Seismic Load
(E-W)
120.4
57,487
Seismic Load
(N-S)
152.9
70,765
M
70,765,000
=
= 1.49 > 1.0
(152,900 )(310)
Vd
Vn < 4 An f 'm
(Equation 16-1)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) +
0.5(Lr or S or R)
(Equation 16-2)
(Equation 16-6)
(Equation 16-7)
12.3.2 SHEAR
Check the shear capacity first. This will usually
determine the thickness of the masonry required.
Vm = 4.0 1.75 u
Vudv
An f 'm + 0.25Pu
Vn 152 .9
=
= 2.54 in.2 / height of wall
fy
60
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0.62
Vs = 0.5
(60,000 )(310 ) = 240,200 lbs
24
Pn = (0.9 - 0.2SDS)D + QE
= [0.9 - (0.2) (1.0)] (543.7) = 380,600 lbs
Mn = 70,765,000 in.-lb
An estimate of the area of reinforcement required
to resist the tension load is can be found by splitting
the axial load to the two ends of the wall, and
resisting the moment with a couple using 80% of the
wall length.
70,765,000 380,600
M
P
(
0.8)(310 )
2
0
.
8
2
L
=
= 1.75 in.2
As
Fy
(0.9)(60,000 )
Mu = AsFy 1
d
d + P 1
2
2
k =
(AsFy
(7.5)(310 )
+ P)
(0.8)(0.8)(bdf 'm )
369
(1.75)(60,000) + 380,600
(0.8)(0.8)(7.5)(301)(2600)
= 0.130
Where:
310
L
2 = 0.485
= 1 2 = 1
d
301
2
1 (0.8)(0.13) 0.485 (301) = 83,859,000 lb in.
Mu = 70,765,000 lb-in.
The bending tension stress from this moment is:
Mc
=
I
(70,765,000 )(310)
2
1
(7.5)(310 )3
12
= 589 psi
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As = bd =
= 4.0
mo
P
( mo + y )
Fy
7 - 4
370
8/11/2009
P = D + 0.75L + 0.525QE
= 543,700 + (0.75) (81,600) + (0.525) (0.0)
6 - 4
= 604,900 lbs
This axial load is an attempt to define a service
load condition at 75% of expected loads. The 0.525
comes from the 75% times a factor of 0.7 intended
reduce the seismic force to the ASD design level. The
value of QE was taken is zero. ASCE 7 Section
12.14.1.4 defines QE as "The effect of horizontal
seismic forces". Since wall j is not coupled with other
walls, the effect is zero. It is not clear why the seismic
vertical acceleration affect is not included in the axial
load. Perhaps the code writers overlooked it.
(0.64)(7.5)(301)(2600)
As =
0.0035
604,900
0.0035 + (4) 60,000
29,000,000
60,000
= 8.5 in.2
This is more reinforcement than is used for the
in-plane loading [(3) No. 7's].
Loads on Wall f
Axial Load Shear Load Moment
(Kip)
(Kip)
(Kip-in)
Dead Load
58
Live Load
5.5
Seismic Load
(E-W)
294.1
22.0
1990
Seismic Load
(N-S)
268.1
25.6
2688
12.4.1 GENERAL
Wall f carries relatively low vertical loads and
therefore overturning controls the design. Neglect
any elevator loads imposed on wall f.
Masonry properties and dimensions of the wall
are:
f'm = 2600 psi (It is assumed the first floor is
construction of hollow brick masonry. Assume an f'm
of 2600 psi. Values for brick can be significantly
higher than this, but for now a lower value is used).
(Equation 16-16)
D + L + (W)
(Equation 16-17)
D + L + W + S/2
(Equation 16-18)
D + L + S + W/2
(Equation 16-19)
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(Equation 16-20)
0.9D + E/1.4
(Equation 16-21)
371
6 - 7
E = Eh + Ev
Eh = QE
Ev = 0.2SDSD
9
FIGURE 12.11
IBC Section 2106.5.1
2106.5.1 Loads for shear walls designed by the
working stress design method. When calculating inplane shear or diagonal tension stresses by the
working stress design method, shear walls that resist
seismic forces shall be designed to resist 1.5 times the
seismic forces required by Chapter 16. The 1.5
multiplier need not be applied to the overturning
moment.
The maximum shear loading on the wall is:
V =
wall f.
with the 1/3 stress increase:
4
4
Fv = 1.5 f 'm 75
3
3
4
4
= 1.5 2600 = 102 psi 75 psi = 100 psi
3
3
fv < Fv
OK
V
27,400
=
= 46.2 psi (MSJC Code Eq 2-19)
fv =
(7.5 )(79)
bd
1.0 + 02SDS D + QE + L + S
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
(we have assumed no snow load and the seismic
E-W controls).
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1,990,000
= 1,421,000 lb - in.
1.4
88
1,421,000
2 = 146 psi
1
(7.5)(88)3
12
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
263,000
= 399 psi
(7.5)(88)
2,688,000
= 1,920,000 lbs - in.
1.4
88
1,920,000
2 = 198 psi
1
(7.5)(88)3
12
1.4
1.4
= -166,200 lbs tension
M =
1,990,000
= 1,421,000 in. - lb
1.4
1.4
1.4
= -147,600 lbs tension
M =
2,688,000
= 1,920,000 in. - lb
1.4
166,200
= 5.2 in.2
4
24,000
3
r =
(11)(12) = 61 < 99
h
=
(0.288)(7.5)
r
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h 4
P = 0.25f 'm An 1
= (0.25)(2600 )(7.5)
140r 3
(88) 1 -
132
(140 )(2.17 )
Mc =
4
= 464,000 lbs
3
bd 2
(kj )Fb = (7.5)(79) (0.30)(0.90 )
2
2
2
3 3
Point 2: No axial
4
Mt = As jdFs = (2.37)(0.9)(79)(24,000 )
3
d = 88 - 9 = 79
= 5,392,000 lb - in.
b = 7.5
29,000,000
n=
= 15.9
(700)(2,600 )
373
As
2.37
=
= 0.0040
(7.5)(79)
bd
Fb
Em
m
1
1
=
=
=
24,000
Fb
Fs
Fs
m + s
1+
1+
+
E m Es
nFb
(15.9) 2600
3
k =
n = 0.0636
k = (n ) + 2n n = 0.30
2
= 0.365
k
0.3
j = 1 = 1
= 0.90
3
3
500000
400000
Axial (lb)
300000
200000
100000
0
2000000
0
1000000
4000000
3000000
6000000
5000000
8000000
7000000
-100000
-200000
-300000
Moment (in.-lb)
Legend:
IBC Eq 16-20
IBC Eq 16-20
IBC Eq 16-21
E-W
N-S
E-W
IBC Eq 16-21
N-S
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bkd
Fb AsFs
2
3 3
2
(2.37)(24,000 ) 4 = 49,100 lbs
3
(7.5)(79) (0.365)
bd 2
kjFb Pd =
2
2
2
3 3 3
(2)(79)
= 6,952,000 lb - in.
Point 4: Axial tension only:
4
Pt = (8)(0.79)(24,000 ) = 202,200 lbs
3
max
(15.9)(2600)
=
=
60,000
f
2600
nf 'm
f 'm
= 0.00884
The compression in wall f is due to in-plane
bending of wall f and coupling with wall g. Separating
the two and using some engineering judgement
results in the following approximate analysis:
In-plane
For tension reinforcement the following equation
is the limit on the reinforcement.
(Equation 16-1)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) +
0.5(Lr or S or R)
(Equation 16-2)
(Equation 16-5)
(Equation 16-6)
(Equation 16-7)
12.5.2 SHEAR
Check the shear capacity first. This will usually
determine the thickness of the masonry required.
The maximum shear loading on the wall is 25.6
kip (N-S). The shear stress is:
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Vu = 25,600 lbs
Mu = 2,688,000 lb-in
dv = the actual depth of the masonry in the
direction of shear.
dv = 88 in
(7.5)(88)
Vn = Vm + Vs
378,000
Vm = 4.0 1.75 u
Vudv
375
An f 'm + 0.25Pu
(1,990,000 ) 88
Mc
2 = 206 psi
=
1
I
(7.5)(88)3
12
This is less than the 573 compression, so the
wall remains uncracked for this load combination.
N-S Direction
f d
y v
0.4
Vs = 0.5
(60,000 )(88) = 44,000 lbs
24
(2,688,000) 88
Mc
2 = 278 psi
=
I
1 (7.5)(88)3
12
This is less than the 533 psi compression, so the
wall remains uncracked for this load combination.
The maximum compression stress occurs in the
N-S direction and is:
278 + 533 = 811 psi
There is no reinforcement required for the load
combination 16-5, since there is no net tension force.
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12.5.4 TENSION
Check IBC load combination 16-7 for required
reinforcement:
Pn = (0.9 - 0.2SDS)D - QE
= (0.9 - 0.2) (58) - (1.0) (294.1)
= -253,500 lbs tension
Mn = 1,990,000 in-lbs
L = 88 in.
As = 2.37 (3 No. 8 bars)
b = 7.5 in.
= 9,527,000 in-lb
AsFy
1
Mn = As Fy 1
d
2 0.8bdf 'm
(2.37)(60,000) (79)
1
M = (0.9)(2.37)(60,000 )1
2 (0.8)(7.5)(79)(2600 )
Or
Pn = (0.9 - 0.2SDS)D - QE
= (0.9 - 0.2) (58) - (1.0) (268.1)
253,500
= 4.7 in.2
(0.9)(60,000 )
(11)(12) = 61 < 99
h
=
(0.288)(7.5)
r
2
h
Pn = 0.80 0.80f 'm An 1
140r
2
61
Pn = (0.9)(0.8)(0.8)(2600 )(7.5)(88)1
140
= 800,800 lbs
Point 2: No axial
The distance to the neutral axis of the
reinforcement is:
d = 88 - 3 - 6 = 79 in. (brick uses a 12 in. module)
mo
k =
Fy
mo +
E
k =
0.0035
= 0.628
0.0035 + 60,000
29,000,000
2d
2
2
(88)
1 (2)(79) (79) = 17,938,000 lb in.
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377
1000000
800000
Axial (lb)
600000
400000
200000
0
4000000
0
2000000
8000000
6000000
12000000
10000000
16000000
14000000
20000000
18000000
-200000
-400000
Moment (in.-lb)
Legend:
IBC Eq 16-5
IBC Eq 16-5
E-W
N-S
IBC Eq 16-7
E-W
IBC Eq 16-7
N-S
1000000
800000
Axial (lb)
600000
400000
200000
4000000
0
2000000
8000000
6000000
12000000
10000000
16000000
14000000
20000000
18000000
-200000
-400000
Moment (in.-lb)
Legend:
IBC Eq 16-5
IBC Eq 16-5
IBC Eq 16-7
E-W
N-S
E-W
IBC Eq 16-7
N-S
FIGURE 12.14 Wall f approximate interaction - 6 #8 Bars plus 1 #8 Bar at wall center.
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(0.8)(0.8)bdf 'm
As = bd =
mo
P
( mo + y )
Fy
0.0035 60,000
As = (0.8)(.8)(7.5)(79)(2600 )
0.0035 + 4 29,000,000
62,125
= 3.8 in.2
60,000
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379
Trim Steel
(4) No. 5
(1) No. 5
None
None
(6) No. 5
None
(1) No. 7
Load
This Analysis
Trial Designs
(6) No. 6
Dead
543.7
560
(6) No. 5
Live
72
81.6
Seismic Shear
152.9
143
Seismic Moment
70,765
74,100
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12.7 ADDITIONAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE
DESIGN OF MULTI-STORY
SHEAR WALL STRUCTURES
drift
H
2
H
1.5
Shear System
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18
16
50
50
8 floors @
10 = 80
50
16
18
10
16
27
10
18
16
50
Rc = 0.472
R = 100%
FIGURE 12.17
Rc = 0.332
R = 70%
Rc = 0.108
R = 23%
Rc = 0.052
R = 11%
381
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300 psi
250 psi
200 psi
150 psi
15
100 psi
1650 kips
75
350 psi
10 10 10 10 10 10
400 psi
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H A P T E R
13
RETAINING WALLS
13.1 GENERAL
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Tensile tie
counterfort
Drain fie
ld
Principal wall
reinforcement
is horizontal
Backfill
Base
Wall
embedment depth
Drain pipe
Principal wall
reinforcement
is horizontal
Base
Wall
embedment depth
Drain fie
ld
Geogrid
reinforcement
Compression
buttress or brace
Chimney
drain
Reinforced
soil mass
Cross-Section
Drainage
system
FIGURE 13.2
Principal wall
reinforcement
is horizontal
Earth
backfill
Compression
buttress or brace
Plan View
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385
RETAINING WALLS
Property line
Toe
Property line
Stem
Reinforcing steel
Tension face
Foundation
Compression face
Adjacent
slab
Heel
Toe
Heel
Tension face
Toe
FIGURE 13.7
Compression face
Shear key as
required
Load
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Page 386
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
FIGURE 13.8
Load
Plan View
FIGURE 13.9
FIGURE 13.10
retaining walls.
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387
RETAINING WALLS
If the length of the wall is not more than about 3
times the height, the wall can be designed by a
procedure similar to the one presented by the
Portland Cement Association in its publication
Rectangular Concrete Tanks (IS003). Using this
procedure, walls may have four conditions of support:
1) fixed both sides, hinged top and bottom,
2) fixed both sides and bottom, free at top,
l MR OTM
, and
W
2
W We
A
S
H/12 to H/10
B/3
Below
frost
depth
H/12 to
H/10
B = 0.4 to 0.7 H
R
Minimum
soil
pressure
at heel
Kern
middle 1/3
l/2
l /2
l
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l M R OTM
2
W
W
Maximum soil pressure = 2
l'
3(l /2 - e)
(l /2 - e)
Kern
middle 1/3
No pressure
at heel
e
R
Maximum
soil
pressure
at toe
l /2
l
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RETAINING WALLS
Ka =
389
kh
36
=
= 0.327
110
pe
Slo
Mb =
Stem
K bbd 2
(133.7)(12)(5.5)2
=
12
12
= 4,044 ft lbs / ft
(Note, Table ASD-38 could also have been used
to find Mb = 4.04 ft kips/ft).
Permeable
material
al
ter
ce
for
Moment = k h
La
Weep hole
Gravel
drain
h=
h3
= 4,044 ft lbs/ft
6
6M
=
kh
6(4,044 )
40
h = 8.47 ft
Toe
Heel
Shear key
FIGURE 13.14
retaining wall.
Cross-section of cantilever
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0.442
A
s(provided)
kh h
(40)(10) = 6,667 ft lbs/ft
=
6
6
3
bd 2 =
(6,667)(12) = 599
M
=
133 .7
Kb
Since b = 12 in.
d = 599 = 7.06 in.
12
0.31
= 0.00344
12(7.5)
2
K f bd 2
74.82(12)(7.5)
=
= 4209 ft lb/ft
12
12
6(4208 )
6M
= 10 3
Kh
40
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RETAINING WALLS
391
Shear on wall
Shear 8 ft - 4 in. from top
kh h 2
(40)(8.333)2 = 1389 lbs/ft
=
2
2
V =
V
1389
=
= 21.04 psi
(12)(5.5)
bd
Shear key
31/2
OK
kh h 2
(40)(10)2 = 2,000 lbs/ft
=
2
2
V
2000
=
= 22.22 psi
bd 12(7.5)
OK
Shear key
V
2000
=
= 47.6 psi
(12)(3.5)
bd
The allowable
Fv = f 'm =
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#6 bars
@ 12 o.c.
Balanced moment
Mb = K bbd 2 =
10
7 - 4
h
Moment = kh 6 = 2,096 ft lbs/ft
10 - 0
5 - #4 bars @ 24 o.c.
d = 5.5
h=
6M
=
kh
6(2,096)
40
Top of bars
d = 7.5
2 - 5
1 - 4
12
#4 bar
Grade line
Shear key
#5 dowel bars
@ 6 o.c.
3.5
bd 2 =
Since b = 12 in.,
d =
1155
= 9.81
12
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RETAINING WALLS
Use 12 in. CMU, d = 11.63 in. - 1.5 in. - 1 in. 9 in.
Kf =
6,667(12)
M
=
= 82.31
2
bd
(12)(9)2
= 0.00529
393
OK
kh h 2
(40)(10)2 = 2,000 lbs/ft
=
2
2
6,667(12)
M
=
= 77.92
2
bd
(12)(9.25)2
3 - #4 bars @ 36 o.c.
8 CMU
d = 5.5
6 - 8
#5 bars
@ 16 o.c.
= 0.00449
From GN-23g with d = 9.25, #5 bar and spacing
= 8 in., = 0.0042 < 0.00449, so not enough
reinforcement is provided. The area required could
also be checked:
3 - 4
d = 9.25
2 - #4 bars
@ 24 o.c.
12 CMU
Shear on wall
Shear 6 ft - 8 in. from top
V =
kh h 2
(40)(6.667 )2 = 889 lbs/ft
=
2
2
Shear key
V
889
=
= 13.47 psi
(12)(5.5)
bd
#6 dowels bars
@ 8 o.c.
4.5
FIGURE 13.17
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fv =
V
2000
=
= 18.02 psi
bd 12(9.25)
OK
2000
V
=
= 4.3 in.
bfv
(12)(38.73)
1
7
3 - 4
Granular
backfill
NOT drawn
to scale
12 - 5
10 - 0
F =
1 - 0
2 - 0
1 - 4
3 - 0
4 - 2
Wall drain
1
1 - 0
Key
height
khh
10
12
Friction
M about heel for bearing
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RETAINING WALLS
F = F8 =
395
2
k h h2
40(12.412)
=
= 3,081 lbs/ft
2
2
F12 = khhhkey +
2
khhkey
F9 =
2
k phftg
+ k phftg hkey +
2
k phkey
(1.333 )2
(1)2 = 999 lbs/ft
= 367
+ 1.333(1) +
2
2
Footing
Key
Wall
Wall
Earth
Earth
Earth
(8)+(12) Vertical
component of lateral
earth pressure
Height
ft
Factor
1/2
1.333
1.0
6.667
3.333
3.333
6.667
1.083
1/2
13.412
Width
ft
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
6
1.0
0.636
0.969
3.031
3.365
3.365
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
13.412
Unit
Weight
Pressure
lbs/ft
psf
150
= 1,200
150
=
150
120
=
508
120
=
388
110
=
1,111
110
= 2,467
110
=
200
Total weight = 6,024
kv = 12
1,079
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Moment
Arm
ft
3.00
5.50
2.32
2.48
4.48
4.32
4.88
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Resisting
Moment
ft lbs/ft
3,600
825
1,178
963
4,984
10,653
976
6.00
6,476
1/2
1/2
1.333
1.333
x kp = 367* =
326
0.444
145
12.412
x kh = 40
496
0.5
248
x kh = 40
20
0.667
13
30,061
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TABLE 13.2 Allowable Foundation and Lateral Pressure (IBC Table 1804.2)
LATERAL SLIDING
ALLOWABLE
FOUNDATION
PRESSURE (psf)4
LATERAL BEARING
(psf/f below
natural grade)4
Coefficient
of friction1
Resistance
(psf)2
1. Crystalline bedrock
12,000
1,300
0.70
4,000
400
0.35
3,000
200
0.35
2,000
150
0.25
1,5003
100
130
CLASS OF MATERIALS
For SI: 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa, 1 pound per square foot per foot = 0.157 kPa/m.
1. Coefficent to be multiplied by the dead load.
2. Lateral sliding resistance value to be multiplied by the contact area, as limited by IBC Section 1804.3.
3. Where the building official determines that in-place soils with an allowable bearing capacity of less than 1,500 psf are likely to be present
at the site, the allowable bearing capacity shall be determined by a soils investigation.
4. An increase of one-third is permitted when using the alternate load combinations in IBC Section 1605.3.2 that include wind or
earthquake loads.
2
k h3
k h3 k h h
OTM = h + p f tg key + p key + F11hkey
6
2
3
= 24 psf minimum
Allowable soil bearing = 3000 psf
= 15,713 ft lbs/ft
Eccentricity
Lftg
2
M OTM
R
Wt
6 30,061 15,713
= 0.98 ft
2
7,103
Third point =
Lftg
6
6
= 1.0 ft
6
0.98 ft
Maximum soil
pressure = 2344 psf
MR
30,061
=
= 1.91 > 1.5 OK
OTM 15,713
OK
Wt 6(Wt )(e )
Lftg
L2ftg
Minimum soil
pressure = 24 psf
Middle 1/3
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RETAINING WALLS
13.4.3.2 SLIDING
Vertical
Resist
Vertical
= 7,703 lbs/ft
= 30,411 ft lbs/ft
(Table 13.3)
= 56 psf minimum
Height
ft
Factor
1/2
1/2
Width
ft
1.333
1.0
6.667
3.333
3.333
6.667
1.083
1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
6
1.0
0.636
0.969
3.031
3.365
3.365
5
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
13.412
13.412
Unit
Weight
Pressure
lbs/ft
psf
150
= 1,200
150
=
150
120
=
508
120
=
388
110
=
1,111
110
= 2,467
110
=
200
120
=
600
Total weight = 6,624
kv = 12
1,079
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Moment
Arm
ft
3.00
0.50
3.68
3.52
1.52
1.68
1.12
3.5
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Resisting
Moment
ft lbs/ft
3,600
75
1,872
1,362
1,685
4,151
224
2,100
1/2
13.412
13.412
1/2
2.333
2.333
x kh = 40
3,598
4.48
16,119
x kp = -367* =
-999
0.78
-777
2,599
x
0
=
Total Bearing Moment M =
0
30,411
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2
2
Concrete to soil
interface
1.0
R
Soil bearing
pressure
56 psf
465 psf
2512 psf
Height
ft
Factor
Width
ft
LF x Unit
Pressure
psf
Weight
lbs/ft
Moment
Arm
ft
Resisting
Moment
ft lbs/ft
(1) Footing
1.333
x 1.2 x 150 =
1,440
3.00
4,320
(2) Key
1.0
1.0
x 1.2 x 150 =
180
5.50
990
(3) Wall
6.667
0.636
x 1.2 x 120 =
610
2.32
1,414
(4) Wall
3.333
0.969
x 1.2 x 120 =
465
2.48
1,155
(5) Earth
3.333
3.031
x 1.6 x 110 =
1,778
4.48
7,975
(6) Earth
6.667
3.365
x 1.6 x 110 =
3,948
4.32
17,045
1.083
3.365
x 1.6 x 110 =
321
4.88
1,566
6.00
10,362
(7) Earth
1/2
1/2
13.412
13.412
x 1.6 x 12 =
1,727
1/2
1/2
1.333
1.333
x 1.6 x 367 =
522
0.444
232
12.412
x 1.6 x 40
794
0.5
397
x 1.6 x 40
32
0.667
21
45,477
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RETAINING WALLS
Lateral earth pressures:
F = F8 =
(LF )khh2
2
Overturning moment
1.6(40)(12.412)
= 4,930 lbs/ft
2
2
2
3
k h3 k phftg hkey
k phkey
= LF h +
+
6
2
3
= 1.6
+
+
6
2
3
Eccentricity =
2
hftg
+ hftg hkey
6 45,477 21,430
= 0.7030 ft
2
10,469
hkey
+
(1.333 )2
(1)2
= 1.6(367 )
+ 1.333(1) +
2
2
= 1,598 lbs/ft
Friction force required at the base of the key,
where FR = FL:
= 253 lbs/ft
465 + 56
Fkey friction = LFPavg = 1.6(0.35)
= 146 lbs/ft
= LF (k p )
399
6,000
3,000
0
d/2
A
-3,000
-6,000
3
Lateral Position Across Base (ft)
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FOR
Pressure at Point A:
Pressure at Point E:
=
12
2
7.63
9.25 7.63
1.210(120 )
+ 3.333(120 )
12
12
2
12
6
12
= 4,861 lbs/ft
The ultimate strength shear load at Point E is:
12
2
7.63
4
1.210(120 )
+ 3.333(120 )
12
12
2
4
110 4
1.66.667(110 ) +
= 4,838 lbs/ft
12
6 12
72
= 3,593 lbs/ft
Vc = 2 f 'c bw d
12
2
d best
Vu
d
+ cover =
+ b + cover
2
2
2 f 'c bw
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RETAINING WALLS
=
4,861
+ 0.5 + 3 9 in.
2(0.75) 2,500 (12)
d b
ld =
As(provided ) 25 f 'c
0.3182 60,000(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
=
0.75 = 26 in.
0.44
25 2,500
Atr fyt
1500sn
2(0.11)(60,000 )
= 1.1
1500(8)(1)
db
8 + 1.1
2
=
= 6.8 > 2.5
0.75
As(required)
3fy t e
ld =
As(provided ) 40 f ' cb + K tr
c
db
d
b
401
0.75
0.44
40 2,500 (2.5)
= 15.6 in.
Thus a hook is still required to develop the
vertical reinforcement in a 16 in. thick footing. For a
90 hook with side and extension cover and cover of
more than 2 in. beyond hook:
As(required) 0.02 efy
ldh = 0.7
f 'c
As(provided )
d b
0.3182 0.02(1.0)(1.0)(60,000 )
= 0.7
0.75
0.44
2,500
1.6(367 )(1.333 )
1.2(1.333 )(150 )(2.24)
2(6)
2
1.2(10)(120 )(0.24)
2,971 + 2,055
0.35
2
2
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Mu
4,619(12)
=
= 0.0131
f 'c bd 2 0.9(2,500 )(12)(12.5)2
2
1
1 1
4 Mu
0.59 f 'c bd 2
2(0.59) 2 0.59
= 0.0132
f 'c
2,500
= 0.0132
= 0.0006
fy
60,000
1.6(367 )(1.333 )
1.2(1.333 )(150 )(2.771)
2(6)
2
3
As,min =
3 f' c
3 2,500
bw d =
(12)(12.5 ) = 0.375 sq in.
fy
60,000
200bw d
200(12)(12.5)
=
= 0.50 > 0.375
fy
60,000
1.2(10)(120 )(0.6354 )
1.2(3.333 )(120 )(0.1354 )
2
2
2
f 'c
2,500
= 0.0165
= 0.0007
fy
60,000
2
2
0.2(12 / 8)
4
= 2.910 > = 1.333 OK
0.1031
3
As(analysis)
0.2(12 / 16)
4
= 1.667 > = 1.333 OK
0.090
3
= -5,737 ft lbs/ft
Mu
5,737(12)
=
= 0.0163
2
2
f 'c bd
0.9(2,500 )(12)(12.5)
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RETAINING WALLS
pressures are greatest. The shear key must be
strong enough to force the development of passive
pressures and resist the remaining unbalanced
forces.
= 0.0083
1
= [2,971 518] + 518 = 927 psf
6
Passive resistance:
2
hftg
F9toe = LF (k p )
2
hkey
f 'c
2,500
= 0.0083
= 0.0003
fy
60,000
403
2 - 4
= 1,335 ft lbs/ft
1 - 4
1.333(1)2 (1)3
Mu key = (1)(748 ) + 1.6 (367 )
+
2
3
1 - 0
6 - 0
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16 - 0
12 - 0
12 - 0
8 - 0
10 - 0
Section A-A
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1:13 PM
Page 405
H A P T E R
14
International
Building
Code
Requirements
Use judgment when using tables to
the 4th decimal when the initial data
is based on an estimate.
Dont be so precise that you forget
to be accurate.
ASD
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Type N Mortar
1,700
3,350
4,950
6,600
8,250
9,900
13,200
2,100
4,150
6,200
8,250
10,300
Type N Mortar
1,250
1,900
2,800
3,750
4,800
1,300
2,150
3,050
4,050
5,250
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Page 407
STRENGTH OF MASONRY
407
Table ASD-2a Clay Masonry fm, Em, n and Ev Values Based on the Clay Masonry Unit Strength and the
Mortar Type
Type M or S Mortar
Net Area
Compressive
Strength of Clay
Masonry Units1
(psi)
Net Area
Compressive
Strength of Clay
Masonry2
(psi)
Modulus of
Elasticity3
Em = 700fm
(psi)
1,700
3,350
4,950
6,600
8,250
9,900
13,200
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
700,000
1,050,000
1,400,000
1,750,000
2,100,000
2,450,000
2,800,000
Modular Ratio
n = Es/Em
Where Es =
29,000,000 psi4
41.4
27.6
20.7
16.6
13.8
11.8
10.4
Modulus of
Rigidity5
Ev = 0.4Em = 280fm
(psi)
280,000
420,000
560,000
700,000
840,000
980,000
1,120,000
Type N Mortar
Net Area
Compressive
Strength of Clay
Masonry Units1
(psi)
Net Area
Compressive
Strength of Clay
Masonry2
(psi)
Modulus of
Elasticity3
Em = 700fm
(psi)
2,100
4,150
6,200
8,250
10,300
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
700,000
1,050,000
1,400,000
1,750,000
2,100,000
Modular Ratio
n = Es/Em
Where Es =
29,000,000 psi4
41.4
27.6
20.7
16.6
13.8
Modulus of
Rigidity5
Ev = 0.4Em = 280fm
(psi)
280,000
420,000
560,000
700,000
840,000
1. Compressive strength of solid masonry units is based on the gross area. Compressive strength of hollow clay masonry units is
based on the minimum net area. Values may be interpolated.
2. Based on MSJC Specification Table 1.
3. Based on MSJC Code Section 1.8.2.2.1.
4. Based on MSJC Code Section 1.8.2.1.
5. Based on MSJC Code Section 1.8.2.2.2.
ASD
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Table ASD-2b Concrete Masonry fm, Em, n and Ev Values Based on the Concrete Masonry Unit Strength
and the Mortar Type
Type M or S Mortar
Net Area
Net Area
Compressive
Compressive
Strength of
Strength of
Concrete Masonry Concrete Masonry2
(psi)
Units1 (psi)
1,250
1,900
2,800
3,750
4,800
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Modulus of
Elasticity3
Em = 900fm
(psi)
900,000
1,350,000
1,800,000
2,250,000
2,700,000
Modular Ratio
n = Es/Em
Where Es =
29,000,000 psi4
32.2
21.5
16.1
12.9
10.7
Modulus of
Rigidity5
Ev = 0.4Em = 280fm
(psi)
360,000
540,000
720,000
900,000
1,080,000
Type N Mortar
Net Area
Net Area
Compressive
Compressive
Strength of
Strength of
Concrete Masonry Concrete Masonry2
(psi)
Units1 (psi)
1,300
2,150
3,050
4,050
5,250
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Modulus of
Elasticity3
Em = 900fm
(psi)
900,000
1,350,000
1,800,000
2,250,000
2,700,000
Modular Ratio
n = Es/Em
Where Es =
29,000,000 psi4
32.2
21.5
16.1
12.9
10.7
Modulus of
Rigidity5
Ev = 0.4Em = 280fm
(psi)
360,000
540,000
720,000
900,000
1,080,000
1. Compressive strength of solid masonry units is based on the gross area. Compressive strength of hollow concrete masonry units is
based on the minimum net area. Values may be interpolated.
2. Based on MSJC Specification Table 2.
3. Based on MSJC Code Section 1.8.2.2.1.
4. Based on MSJC Code Section 1.8.2.1.
5. Based on MSJC Code Section 1.8.2.2.2.
8/11/2009
1:13 PM
Page 409
409
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
Table ASD-3
Masonry1,2
Maximum Allowable Working Stresses (psi), for Reinforced Solid and Hollow Unit
Specified Strength of Masonry, fm (psi)
Type of Stress
fm
1500
Masonry Type
Masonry Unit Strength
2000
Clay
CMU
Type M or S mortar
3350
Type N mortar
4150
2500
Clay
CMU
1900
4950
2150
6200
Clay
CMU3
2800
6600
3750
3050
8250
4050
Modulus Values
Modulus of Elasticity
Em (x10 )
1.05
1.35
1.4
1.8
1.75
2.25
Modular Ratio
n (Es/Em)
27.6
21.5
20.7
16.1
16.6
12.9
G (0.4*Em) (x105)
4.2
5.4
5.6
7.2
7.0
9.0
Modulus of Rigidity
Compression
Axial Column12,13
Fa = 0.25 fm
375
500
625
Axial Wall10,12,13
Fa = 0.25 fm
375
500
625
500
667
833
120
58.09
67.08
75
120
58.09
67.08
75
150
116.2
134.2
150
50
38.73
44.72
50
35
35
35
35
51.64
59.63
66.67
150
116.2
134.2
150
75
58.09
67.08
75
120 45 M/Vd
77.46
89.44
100
375
500
625
< 750
< 1000
< 1250
Fb =
Flexural9,13
f' m 2000
Fv = 1.5 f'
Shear Wall11,13
Fv = 1.5 f'
fv = VQ/Inb
Fv =
f'
Fv =
f'
Shear Wall
M/Vd > 14,7,13
M/Vd < 14,7,13 (values for M/Vd = 0)
Fv =
1
3
(4 M/Vd ) f'
80 45 M/Vd
Fv = 3 f'
fv = V/bd
Shear Wall
Fv = 1.5 f'
) f'
Bearing
Fa = 0.25 fm
on full area8,13
Fa =
2
1
f'
0.5 f '
ASD
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Table ASD-3 Maximum Allowable Working Stresses (psi), for Reinforced Solid and Hollow Unit
Masonry1,2 - continued
Specified Strength of Masonry, fm (psi)
Type of Stress
fm
3000
Masonry Type
Masonry Unit Strength
3500
Clay
CMU
Type M or S mortar
8250
Type N mortar
10300
4000
Clay
CMU
4800
9900
5250
Clay
CMU3
13200
3.15
2.8
3.6
Modulus Values
Modulus of Elasticity
Em (x10 )
2.1
2.7
2.45
Modular Ratio
n (Es/Em)
13.8
10.7
11.8
9.2
10.4
8.1
G (0.4*Em) (x105)
8.4
10.8
9.8
12.6
11.2
14.4
Modulus of Rigidity
Compression
Axial Column12,13
Fa = 0.25 fm
750
875
1000
Axial Wall10,12,13
Fa = 0.25 fm
750
875
1000
1000
1167
1333
120
82.16
88.74
94.87
120
82.16
88.74
94.87
150
150
150
150
50
50
50
50
35
35
35
35
73.03
78.88
80
150
150
150
150
75
75
75
75
109.54
118.32
120
750
875
1000
< 1500
< 1750
< 2000
Fb =
Flexural9,13
f' m 2000
Fv = 1.5 f'
Shear Wall11,13
Fv = 1.5 f'
fv = VQ/Inb
Fv =
f'
Fv =
f'
Shear Wall
M/Vd > 14,7,13
M/Vd < 14,7,13 (values for M/Vd = 0)
Fv =
1
3
(4 M/Vd ) f'
80 45 M/Vd
Fv = 3 f'
fv = V/bd
Shear Wall
Fv = 1.5 f'
) f'
120 45 M/Vd
Bearing
Fa = 0.25 fm
on full area8,13
Fa =
2
1
f'
0.5 f '
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ALLOWABLE STRESSES
411
8. Allowable bearing stresses may be increased by up to a maximum factor of 2 based on the formula A2 / A1 , where A1 is the
bearing area and A2 is the supporting surface wider than A1 on all sides, or A2 is the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of
a right pyramid or cone having A1 as the upper base sloping 45 degrees from the horizontal and wholly contained within the support.
For walls other than running bond, area A2 shall terminate at head joints. (MSJC Code Section 2.1.9.2b)
9. Allowable tensile stresses for masonry elements subject to flexure shall be in accordance with Table ASD-10.
10. The axial stress in unreinforced masonry may not exceed the value determined by the following formulas: fa/Fa + fb/Fb < 1 and P <
0.25 Pe, where Fa = 0.25fm [1 - (h/140r)2] when h/r < 99 and Fa = 0.25 fm [1 - (70 r/h)2] when h/r > 99, Fb = fm / 3, and Pe =
(2EmIn/h2) (1 - 0.577 e/r)3.
11. For running bond masonry the shear stresses shall not exceed (37 psi + 0.45 Nv /An) for masonry not grouted solid or (60 psi + 0.45 Nv
/An) for masonry grouted solid. For stack bond masonry the shear stresses shall not exceed (37 psi + 0.45 Nv /An) for masonry with
open end units and grouted solid or (15 psi) for masonry other than open end units grouted solid. (MSJC Code Section 2.2.5.2)
12. The compressive force in reinforced masonry due to axial load only shall not exceed: Pa = (0.25 fmAn + 0.65 AstFs) [1 - (h/140r)2]
when h/r < 99 and Pa = (0.25fmAn + 0.65AstFs) (70 r/h)2 when h/r > 99.
13. MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3 permits an increase in the allowable stress values when considering wind or seismic forces.
14. Members subjected to flexural tension shall be reinforced to resist the tension.
ASD
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Diagram ASD-5 Allowable Shear Wall Stresses with the Masonry Designed to Carry the Entire Shear
Load
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
M/Vd
Table ASD-5 Allowable Shear Wall Stresses, psi, Where Masonry is Designed to Carry the Entire Shear
Load1
M/Vd
fm
(psi)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0+
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000+
52
60
67
73
79
80
50
58
65
71
76
76
49
57
63
69
71
71
48
55
62
66
66
66
46
54
60
62
62
62
45
52
58
58
58
58
44
51
53
53
53
53
43
48
48
48
48
48
41
44
44
44
44
44
40
40
40
40
40
40
35
35
35
35
35
35
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ALLOWABLE STRESSES
413
Diagram ASD-6 Allowable Shear Wall Stresses with the Steel Designed to Carry the Entire Shear Load
120
ASD
fm = 3,500 psi
115
Allowable Shear Stress, Fv, (psi)
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
fm =
3,00
110
0 psi
105
fm = 2
,500 p
si
100
95
Fv (
max
.)
fm = 2
,000 p
si
90
85
80
fm = 1,5
00 psi
75
70
65
60
55
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
M/Vd
Table ASD-6 Allowable Shear Wall Stresses, psi, Where Reinforcement is Designed to Carry the Entire
Shear Load1
fm
(psi)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000+
M/Vd
0.0
77
89
100
110
118
120
0.1
76
87
98
107
115
116
0.2
74
85
95
104
111
111
0.3
72
83
92
101
106
106
0.4
70
80
90
99
102
102
0.5
68
78
88
96
98
98
0.6
66
76
85
93
93
93
0.7
64
74
82
88
88
88
0.8
62
72
80
84
84
84
0.9
60
69
78
80
80
80
1.0+
58
67
75
75
75
75
Table ASD-7a Allowable Tension Ba (pounds) for Embedded Anchor Bolts in Clay and Concrete
Masonry Based on the Masonry Strength1,2,3
Embedment Length lb or Edge Distance lbe (inches)
fm
(psi)
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
1000
200
450
790
1240
1790
3180
4970
1500
240
550
970
1520
2190
3890
6080
2000
280
630
1120
1760
2530
4500
7020
2500
310
710
1260
1960
2830
5030
7850
3000
340
770
1380
2150
3100
5510
8600
3500
370
840
1490
2320
3350
5950
9290
4000
400
890
1590
2480
3580
6360
9930
4500
420
950
1690
2630
3790
6740
10540
5000
440
1000
1780
2780
4000
7110
11110
5500
470
1050
1860
2910
4190
7460
11650
6000
490
1100
1950
3040
4380
7790
12170
1. The allowable tension values in Table ASD-7a are based on the compressive strength of masonry assemblages. Where yield
strength of anchor bolt steel governs, the allowable tension in pounds is given in Table ASD-7b.
2. Values based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.2 Eq. 2-1.
3. Values may be increased by one-third when considering load combinations including earthquake per MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3.
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Table ASD-7b Allowable Tension Ba (pounds) for Embedded Anchor Bolts in Clay and Concrete
Masonry Based on A307 Anchor Bolts1,2,3
Anchor Bolt Diameter (inches)
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
11/8
350
800
1410
2210
3180
4330
5650
7160
1. Values are for bolts conforming to ASTM A307. Bolts shall be those specified in MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.
2. Values based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.2 Eq. 2-2.
3. Values may be increased by one-third when considering load combinations including earthquake per MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3.
Table ASD-7c Percent Tension Capacity of Anchor Bolts Based on Bolt Spacing1,2,3
Per MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.2.1, the tension capacity of anchor bolts must be reduced if the areas of their
tension (pullout) cones, Ap, overlap. The tensile capacity of such bolts must be determined by reducing, Ap,
of the bolts by one half the overlapping area. The values in this table show the appropriate percent capacity
reduction based on the spacing of the anchor bolts (see figure below).
Area of Segment, adb = Area of Sector, adbc - Area of Triangle, abc
s s 2 s
2
= lb cos-1
lb
2
2lb 2
Radius,
r = lb
d
Anchor
bolt cone
area
overlap
a
S/2
Spacing of Bolts, s
0.0
0.1lb
0.2lb
0.3lb
0.4lb
0.5lb
0.6lb
0.7lb
0.8lb
0.9lb
1.0lb
% Capacity
50
53
56
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
80
% Reduction
50
47
44
40
37
34
31
28
25
22
20
Spacing of Bolts, s
1.1lb
1.2lb
1.3lb
1.4lb
1.5lb
1.6lb
1.7lb
1.8lb
1.9lb
2.0lb
% Capacity
83
86
88
91
93
95
97
98
99
100
% Reduction
17
14
12
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ALLOWABLE STRESSES
Table ASD-8a Allowable Shear Bv (pounds) for Embedded Anchor Bolts in Clay and Concrete Masonry
Based on the Masonry Strength and ASTM A307 Anchor Bolts1,2,3,4
Anchor Bolt Diameter (inches)
fm
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
(psi)
1
11/8
1000
210
480
850
1330
1600
1730
1850
1970
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1780
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1920
2060
2180
2280
2370
2450
2520
2590
2600
2050
2200
2330
2440
2530
2620
2700
2770
2840
2170
2340
2470
2590
2690
2780
2860
2940
3010
6000
210
480
850
1330
1910
2600
2900
3080
1. Values are for bolts conforming to ASTM A307. Bolts shall be those specified in MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.
2. The allowable shear values in Table ASD-8a are based on where the compressive strength of masonry assemblages or yield
strength of anchor bolt steel governs. Refer to Table ASD-8b for the percent capacity of anchor bolts based on edge distance.
3. Values based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.3 and MSJC Code Eqs. 2-5 and 2-6. Shaded values are controlled by the capacity of
the bolt as given by MSJC Code Eq. 2-6.
4. Values may be increased by one-third when considering load combinations including earthquake per MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3.
Table ASD-8b Percentage of Shear Capacity of Anchor Bolts Based on Edge Distance lbe1,2,3,4
Anchor Bolt Diameter (inches)
Edge
Distance
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
lbe
lbe
lbe
lbe
lbe
12db
11db
3.0
2.8
100
87.5
4.5
4.1
100
89.3
6.0
5.5
100
90.0
7.5
6.9
100
90.4
9.0
8.3
10db
9db
2.5
2.3
75.0
62.5
3.8
3.4
78.6
67.9
5.0
4.5
80.0
70.0
6.3
5.6
80.8
71.2
7.5
6.8
81.3
71.9
8.8
7.9
8db
7db
2.0
1.8
50.0
37.5
3.0
2.6
57.1
46.4
4.0
3.5
60.0
50.0
5.0
4.4
61.5
51.9
6.0
5.3
62.5
53.1
7.0
6.1
63.2
53.9
8.0
7.0
63.6
54.5
9.0
7.9
64.0
55.0
6db
5db
4db
3db
2db
1db
1.5
1.3
25.0
12.5
2.3
1.9
35.7
25.0
3.0
2.5
40.0
30.0
3.8
3.1
42.3
32.7
4.5
3.8
43.8
34.4
5.3
4.4
44.7
35.5
6.0
5.0
45.5
36.4
6.8
5.6
46.0
37.0
1.0
1.5
1.1
14.3
3.6
2.0
1.5
1.0
20.0
10.0
0
2.5
1.9
1.3
23.1
13.5
3.8
3.0
2.3
1.5
25.0
15.6
6.3
3.5
2.6
1.8
26.3
17.1
7.9
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
27.3
18.2
9.1
0
4.5
3.4
2.3
1.1
28.0
19.0
10.0
1.0
1 in.
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
lbe
lbe
11/8
%
lbe
1. MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.3 requires that the capacity of anchor bolts determined by MSJC Code Eq. 2-5 be reduced when the
edge distance is less than 12db.
2. db = Bar diameters
3. lbe = Edge distance in inches
4. % = Percentage capacity of Anchor Bolts
ASD
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Table ASD-9a Allowable Axial Wall Compressive Stresses1 Fa = 0.25 fmR (psi) and R = [1 - (h/140r)2]
Specified Strength of Masonry, fm, (psi)
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
h/r
5
10
15
20
25
30
R
0.999
0.995
0.989
0.980
0.968
0.954
250
249
247
245
242
239
375
373
371
367
363
358
499
497
494
490
484
477
624
622
618
612
605
596
749
746
741
735
726
716
874
871
865
857
847
835
999
995
989
980
968
954
1124
1119
1112
1102
1089
1073
1248
1244
1236
1224
1210
1193
1373
1368
1359
1347
1331
1312
1498
1492
1483
1469
1452
1431
h/r
5
10
15
20
25
30
31
32
33
34
35
0.951
0.948
0.944
0.941
0.938
238
237
236
235
234
357
355
354
353
352
475
474
472
471
469
594
592
590
588
586
713
711
708
706
703
832
829
826
823
820
951
948
944
941
938
1070
1066
1062
1059
1055
1189
1185
1181
1176
1172
1308
1303
1299
1294
1289
1426
1422
1417
1412
1406
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
0.934
0.930
0.926
0.922
0.918
233
233
232
231
230
350
349
347
346
344
467
465
463
461
459
584
581
579
576
574
700
698
695
692
689
817
814
811
807
804
934
930
926
922
918
1051
1046
1042
1038
1033
1167
1163
1158
1153
1148
1284
1279
1274
1268
1263
1401
1395
1389
1384
1378
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0.914
0.910
0.906
0.901
0.897
229
228
226
225
224
343
341
340
338
336
457
455
453
451
448
571
569
566
563
560
686
683
679
676
673
800
796
792
789
785
914
910
906
901
897
1029
1024
1019
1014
1009
1143
1138
1132
1127
1121
1257
1251
1245
1239
1233
1371
1365
1358
1352
1345
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
0.892
0.887
0.882
0.878
0.872
223
222
221
219
218
335
333
331
329
327
446
444
441
439
436
558
555
552
548
545
669
665
662
658
654
781
776
772
768
763
892
887
882
878
872
1004
998
993
987
982
1115
1109
1103
1097
1091
1227
1220
1213
1207
1200
1338
1331
1324
1316
1309
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
0.867
0.862
0.857
0.851
0.846
217
216
214
213
211
325
323
321
319
317
434
431
428
426
423
542
539
535
532
529
650
647
643
638
634
759
754
750
745
740
867
862
857
851
846
976
970
964
958
951
1084
1078
1071
1064
1057
1193
1185
1178
1170
1163
1301
1293
1285
1277
1268
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
0.840
0.834
0.828
0.822
0.816
210
209
207
206
204
315
313
311
308
306
420
417
414
411
408
525
521
518
514
510
630
626
621
617
612
735
730
725
720
714
840
834
828
822
816
945
939
932
925
918
1050
1043
1035
1028
1020
1155
1147
1139
1131
1122
1260
1251
1243
1234
1224
56
57
58
59
60
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ALLOWABLE STRESSES
417
Table ASD-9b Allowable Axial Wall Compressive Stresses1 Fa = 0.25 fmR (psi) and R = [1 - (h/140r)2]
Specified Strength of Masonry, fm, (psi)
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
h/r
61
62
63
64
65
R
0.810
0.804
0.798
0.791
0.784
203
201
199
198
196
304
301
299
297
294
405
402
399
396
392
506
502
498
494
490
608
603
598
593
588
709
703
698
692
686
810
804
798
791
784
911
904
897
890
882
1013
1005
997
989
981
1114
1105
1097
1088
1079
1215
1206
1196
1187
1177
h/r
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
0.778
0.771
0.764
0.757
0.750
194
193
191
189
188
292
289
287
284
281
389
385
382
379
375
486
482
478
473
469
583
578
573
568
563
681
675
669
662
656
778
771
764
757
750
875
867
860
852
844
972
964
955
946
938
1069
1060
1051
1041
1031
1167
1156
1146
1136
1125
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
0.743
0.736
0.728
0.721
0.713
186
184
182
180
178
279
276
273
270
267
371
368
364
360
357
464
460
455
450
446
557
552
546
540
535
650
644
637
631
624
743
736
728
721
713
836
827
819
811
802
929
919
910
901
891
1021
1011
1001
991
980
1114
1103
1092
1081
1070
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
0.705
0.698
0.690
0.682
0.673
176
174
172
170
168
264
262
259
256
253
353
349
345
341
337
441
436
431
426
421
529
523
517
511
505
617
610
603
596
589
705
698
690
682
673
793
785
776
767
758
882
872
862
852
842
970
959
948
937
926
1058
1046
1034
1022
1010
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
0.665
0.657
0.649
0.640
0.631
166
164
162
160
158
249
246
243
240
237
333
328
324
320
316
416
411
405
400
395
499
493
486
480
474
582
575
567
560
552
665
657
649
640
631
748
739
730
720
710
832
821
811
800
789
915
903
892
880
868
998
985
973
960
947
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
0.623
0.614
0.605
0.596
0.587
156
153
151
149
147
233
230
227
223
220
311
307
302
298
293
389
384
378
372
367
467
460
454
447
440
545
537
529
521
513
623
614
605
596
587
700
691
681
670
660
778
767
756
745
733
856
844
832
819
807
934
921
907
894
880
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
0.578
0.568
0.559
0.549
0.540
144
142
140
137
135
217
213
210
206
202
289
284
279
275
270
361
355
349
343
337
433
426
419
412
405
505
497
489
481
472
578
568
559
549
540
650
639
629
618
607
722
710
698
686
674
794
781
768
755
742
866
852
838
824
809
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
0.530
0.520
0.510
0.500
132
130
128
125
199
195
191
187
265
260
255
250
331
325
319
312
397
390
383
375
464
455
446
437
530
520
510
500
596
585
574
562
662
650
638
625
728
715
701
687
795
780
765
750
96
97
98
99
ASD
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
418
8/11/2009
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Page 418
Table ASD-9c Allowable Axial Wall Compressive Stresses1 Fa = 0.25 fmR (psi) and R = (70r/h)2]
Specified Strength of Masonry, fm, (psi)
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
h/r
100
101
102
103
104
105
R
0.490
0.480
0.471
0.462
0.453
0.444
123
120
118
115
113
111
184
180
177
173
170
167
245
240
235
231
227
222
306
300
294
289
283
278
368
360
353
346
340
333
429
420
412
404
396
389
490
480
471
462
453
444
551
540
530
520
510
500
613
600
589
577
566
556
674
660
648
635
623
611
735
721
706
693
680
667
h/r
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
0.436
0.428
0.420
0.412
0.405
109
107
105
103
101
164
160
158
155
152
218
214
210
206
202
273
267
263
258
253
327
321
315
309
304
382
374
368
361
354
436
428
420
412
405
491
481
473
464
456
545
535
525
516
506
600
588
578
567
557
654
642
630
619
607
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
0.398
0.391
0.384
0.377
0.371
99
98
96
94
93
149
146
144
141
139
199
195
192
189
185
249
244
240
236
232
298
293
288
283
278
348
342
336
330
324
398
391
384
377
371
447
439
432
424
417
497
488
480
471
463
547
537
528
518
509
597
586
576
566
556
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
0.364
0.358
0.352
0.346
0.340
91
89
88
87
85
137
134
132
130
128
182
179
176
173
170
228
224
220
216
213
273
268
264
260
255
319
313
308
303
298
364
358
352
346
340
410
403
396
389
383
455
447
440
433
425
501
492
484
476
468
546
537
528
519
510
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
0.335
0.329
0.324
0.319
0.314
84
82
81
80
78
126
123
121
120
118
167
165
162
159
157
209
206
202
199
196
251
247
243
239
235
293
288
283
279
274
335
329
324
319
314
377
370
364
359
353
418
412
405
398
392
460
453
445
438
431
502
494
486
478
470
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
0.309
0.304
0.299
0.294
0.290
77
76
75
74
72
116
114
112
110
109
154
152
150
147
145
193
190
187
184
181
231
228
224
221
217
270
266
262
258
254
309
304
299
294
290
347
342
336
331
326
386
380
374
368
362
424
418
411
405
399
463
456
449
442
435
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
0.286
0.281
0.277
0.273
0.269
71
70
69
68
67
107
105
104
102
101
143
141
139
136
134
178
176
173
171
168
214
211
208
205
202
250
246
242
239
235
286
281
277
273
269
321
316
312
307
302
357
352
346
341
336
393
387
381
375
370
428
422
416
409
403
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
0.265
0.261
0.257
0.254
0.250
66
65
64
63
63
99
98
96
95
94
132
131
129
127
125
166
163
161
159
156
199
196
193
190
188
232
228
225
222
219
265
261
257
254
250
298
294
289
285
281
331
326
322
317
313
364
359
354
349
344
397
392
386
380
375
136
137
138
139
140
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
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419
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
Table ASD-10 Allowable Flexural Tension of Clay and Concrete Masonry2 (psi)
Portland Cement/Lime or
Mortar Cement
M or S
M or S
40
30
24
15
25
65
19
63
15
61
9
58
80
60
48
30
50
80
38
60
30
48
19
30
1. For partially grouted masonry, allowable stresses shall be determined on the basis of linear interpolation between fully grouted
hollow units and ungrouted hollow units based on amount (percentage) of grouting.
2. MSJC Code Section Table 2.2.3.2.
Table ASD-22 Standard Bends and Hooks and Basic Development Length Provided
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bar Size4
Bar
Diameter
(in.)
fy
(ksi)
Minimum
Diameters of
Bend2 (in.)
#3 (#10)
#3 (#10)
#4 (#13)
#4 (#13)
#5 (#16)
#5 (#16)
#6 (#19)
#6 (#19)
#7 (#22)
#7 (#22)
#8 (#25)
#9 (#29)
#105 (#32)
#115 (#36)
0.375
0.375
0.500
0.500
0.625
0.625
0.750
0.750
0.875
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
40
50, 60
40
50, 60
40
50, 60
40
50, 60
40
50, 60
50, 60
50, 60
50, 60
50, 60
1.875
2.25
2.5
3
3.125
3.75
3.75
4.5
4.375
5.25
6
9.0
10.2
11.3
Minimum Extension
Beyond Bend3 (in.)
180-degree
Hook
90-degree
Bend
Development
Length
Provided1
(in.)
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.5
3.5
4
4.5
5.1
5.6
4.5
4.5
6
6
7.5
7.5
9
9
10.5
10.5
12
13.5
15.2
16.9
4.22
4.22
5.62
5.62
7.03
7.03
8.44
8.44
9.84
9.84
11.25
12.69
14.29
15.86
Development length provided by the hook or bend - based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.10.5.1
MSJC Code Section 1.13.6 Table 1.13.6 for Hooks and Bends other than for stirrups and ties
MSJC Code Section 1.13.5 for Hooks and Bends other than for stirrups and ties
Size in parentheses is Soft Metric Equivalent Size
Strength Design does not allow use of Bar Sizes greater than #9
ASD
Mortar Types
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Page 420
Table ASD-24a Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 1500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 27.6
DESIGN DATA
fm = 1500 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 500 psi
Em = 700 fm = 1,050,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 27.6
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
1.3
2.9
5.0
7.5
10.5
13.8
17.5
21.6
25.8
30.4
35.2
40.2
45.4
50.8
56.4
62.2
68.0
74.1
80.2
82.1
84.0
86.1
88.2
90.5
92.8
95.3
97.9
100.7
103.6
106.7
109.9
113.3
117.0
120.8
124.9
129.2
0.00006
0.00012
0.00022
0.00033
0.00046
0.00061
0.00078
0.00096
0.00116
0.00138
0.00160
0.00184
0.00209
0.00236
0.00263
0.00291
0.00320
0.00350
0.00380
0.00408
0.00438
0.00472
0.00511
0.00554
0.00603
0.00659
0.00724
0.00799
0.00887
0.00991
0.01115
0.01265
0.01450
0.01682
0.01979
0.02370
0.002
0.003
0.006
0.009
0.013
0.017
0.022
0.027
0.032
0.038
0.044
0.051
0.058
0.065
0.073
0.080
0.088
0.097
0.105
0.113
0.121
0.130
0.141
0.153
0.167
0.182
0.200
0.221
0.245
0.274
0.308
0.349
0.400
0.464
0.547
0.655
0.054
0.079
0.103
0.126
0.147
0.168
0.187
0.206
0.223
0.240
0.257
0.272
0.287
0.301
0.315
0.328
0.341
0.353
0.365
0.375
0.386
0.397
0.408
0.421
0.434
0.448
0.463
0.479
0.497
0.515
0.535
0.557
0.580
0.605
0.633
0.664
0.982
0.974
0.966
0.958
0.951
0.944
0.938
0.931
0.926
0.920
0.914
0.909
0.904
0.900
0.895
0.891
0.886
0.882
0.878
0.875
0.871
0.868
0.864
0.860
0.855
0.851
0.846
0.840
0.834
0.828
0.822
0.814
0.807
0.798
0.789
0.779
37.44
25.86
20.07
16.60
14.29
12.64
11.40
10.44
9.67
9.04
8.52
8.08
7.70
7.38
7.09
6.84
6.61
6.41
6.23
6.09
5.95
5.81
5.67
5.53
5.39
5.25
5.11
4.97
4.83
4.69
4.55
4.41
4.27
4.14
4.00
3.87
67
100
133
167
200
233
267
300
333
367
400
433
467
500
533
567
600
633
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
1.8
3.9
6.6
10.0
14.0
18.5
23.4
28.7
34.5
40.5
46.9
53.6
60.6
67.8
75.2
82.9
90.7
98.7
106.9
109.4
112.0
114.8
117.6
120.6
123.8
127.1
130.6
134.3
138.1
142.2
146.5
151.1
156.0
161.1
166.5
172.3
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
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1:15 PM
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421
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
ASD
Kf =
fb = 700 psi
150
M
fb = 667 psi
fb = 650 psi
140
130
fb = 600 psi
fs
kd
120
fb
fb = 550 psi
d
110
fb = 500 psi
100
fb = 450 psi
90
fb = 400 psi
80
Kf
fb = 350 psi
70
fb = 300 psi
60
fb = 250 psi
50
fb = 200 psi
40
fb = 150 psi
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
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422
1:15 PM
Page 422
Table ASD-24b Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 1500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 21.5
DESIGN DATA
fm = 1500 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 500 psi
Em = 900 fm = 1,350,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 21.5
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
1.1
2.3
4.0
6.1
8.5
11.3
14.4
17.8
21.5
25.4
29.5
33.9
38.4
43.2
48.1
53.2
58.4
63.8
69.3
71.1
73.0
75.1
77.2
79.4
81.8
84.3
87.0
89.8
92.8
96.0
99.5
103.2
107.1
111.4
115.9
120.8
0.00004
0.00010
0.00017
0.00026
0.00037
0.00049
0.00063
0.00079
0.00095
0.00113
0.00132
0.00153
0.00174
0.00196
0.00220
0.00244
0.00269
0.00295
0.00322
0.00346
0.00373
0.00403
0.00437
0.00475
0.00519
0.00569
0.00628
0.00695
0.00775
0.00870
0.00984
0.01123
0.01295
0.01511
0.01791
0.02162
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.011
0.014
0.017
0.020
0.024
0.028
0.033
0.037
0.042
0.047
0.052
0.058
0.063
0.069
0.074
0.080
0.087
0.094
0.102
0.111
0.122
0.135
0.149
0.167
0.187
0.211
0.241
0.278
0.325
0.385
0.464
0.043
0.063
0.082
0.101
0.118
0.135
0.152
0.168
0.183
0.198
0.212
0.225
0.239
0.251
0.264
0.276
0.287
0.298
0.309
0.318
0.328
0.338
0.349
0.361
0.374
0.387
0.402
0.417
0.434
0.452
0.472
0.494
0.518
0.544
0.573
0.605
0.986
0.979
0.973
0.966
0.961
0.955
0.945
0.944
0.939
0.934
0.929
0.925
0.920
0.916
0.912
0.908
0.904
0.901
0.897
0.894
0.891
0.887
0.884
0.880
0.875
0.871
0.866
0.861
0.855
0.849
0.843
0.835
0.827
0.819
0.809
0.798
47.37
32.47
25.03
20.57
17.59
15.47
13.87
12.64
11.65
10.84
10.17
9.60
9.11
8.69
8.32
7.99
7.70
7.44
7.21
7.03
6.85
6.66
6.48
6.30
6.11
5.93
5.75
5.57
5.39
5.21
5.03
4.85
4.67
4.49
4.31
4.14
67
100
133
167
200
233
267
300
333
367
400
433
467
500
533
567
600
633
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
1.4
3.1
5.3
8.1
11.4
15.1
19.2
23.7
28.6
33.8
39.3
45.2
51.2
57.6
64.1
70.9
77.9
85.1
92.4
94.9
97.4
100.1
102.9
105.9
109.1
112.4
116.0
119.7
123.8
128.1
132.7
137.6
142.8
148.5
154.5
161.1
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
1:15 PM
Page 423
423
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
ASD
Kf =
fb = 800 psi
150
M
fb = 700 psi
140
fb = 667 psi
130
fs
kd
120
fb
fb = 600 psi
d
t
110
fb = 500 psi
100
Kf
90
fb = 400 psi
80
70
fb = 333 psi
60
fb = 300 psi
50
fb = 250 psi
40
fb = 200 psi
30
fb = 150 psi
20
10
0
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
424
1:16 PM
Page 424
Table ASD-25a Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 2000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 20.7
DESIGN DATA
fm = 2000 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 667 psi
Em = 700 fm = 1,400,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 20.7
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
50
24000
1.0
0.00004
0.001
0.041
0.986
49.02
67
32000
1.4
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
3.9
8.3
14.0
20.9
28.7
37.5
46.9
57.1
67.8
79.0
90.7
102.8
106.9
109.4
112.0
114.8
117.6
120.6
123.8
127.1
130.6
134.3
138.1
142.2
146.5
151.1
156.0
161.1
166.5
172.3
178.4
184.8
191.7
198.9
0.00017
0.00036
0.00061
0.00092
0.00129
0.00169
0.00214
0.00262
0.00314
0.00369
0.00426
0.00487
0.00507
0.00544
0.00584
0.00630
0.00681
0.00738
0.00804
0.00879
0.00965
0.01065
0.01182
0.01321
0.01486
0.01687
0.01933
0.02242
0.02638
0.03160
0.03873
0.04895
0.06462
0.09128
0.003
0.007
0.013
0.019
0.027
0.035
0.044
0.054
0.065
0.076
0.088
0.101
0.105
0.113
0.121
0.130
0.141
0.153
0.167
0.182
0.200
0.221
0.245
0.274
0.308
0.349
0.400
0.464
0.547
0.655
0.802
1.014
1.338
1.891
0.079
0.115
0.147
0.177
0.206
0.232
0.257
0.280
0.301
0.322
0.341
0.359
0.365
0.375
0.386
0.397
0.408
0.421
0.434
0.448
0.463
0.479
0.497
0.515
0.535
0.557
0.580
0.605
0.633
0.664
0.697
0.734
0.775
0.822
0.974
0.962
0.951
0.941
0.931
0.923
0.914
0.907
0.900
0.893
0.886
0.880
0.878
0.875
0.871
0.868
0.864
0.860
0.855
0.851
0.846
0.840
0.834
0.828
0.822
0.814
0.807
0.798
0.789
0.779
0.768
0.755
0.742
0.726
25.86
18.14
14.29
11.98
10.44
9.34
8.52
7.88
7.38
6.96
6.61
6.32
6.23
6.09
5.95
5.81
5.67
5.53
5.39
5.25
5.11
4.97
4.83
4.69
4.55
4.41
4.27
4.14
4.00
3.87
3.74
3.61
3.48
3.35
133
200
267
333
400
467
533
600
667
733
800
867
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
8000
6667
5333
4000
5.2
11.0
18.7
27.8
38.3
49.9
62.6
76.1
90.4
105.4
121.0
137.1
142.6
145.9
149.4
153.0
156.8
160.8
165.0
169.4
174.1
179.0
184.2
189.6
195.4
201.5
207.9
214.8
222.0
229.7
237.8
246.4
255.5
265.1
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
1:16 PM
Page 425
425
Diagram ASD-25a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 2000 psi, n = 20.7
M
bd 2
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
ASD
Kf =
200
fb = 1000 psi
M
190
180
fb = 900 psi
kd
170
fs
n
160
fb
fb = 800 psi
d
150
140
fb = 700 psi
130
fb = 667 psi
120
fb = 600 psi
Kf
110
100
fb = 500 psi
90
fb = 450 psi
80
fb = 400 psi
70
fb = 333 psi
60
fb = 300 psi
50
fb = 250 psi
40
fb = 200 psi
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
426
1:16 PM
Page 426
Table ASD-25b Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 2000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 16.1
DESIGN DATA
fm = 2000 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 667 psi
Em = 900 fm = 1,800,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 16.1
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
50
24000
0.8
0.00003
0.001
0.032
0.989
62.26
67
32000
1.1
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
667
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
3.1
6.7
11.4
17.1
23.7
31.2
39.3
48.2
57.6
67.5
77.9
88.7
92.4
94.9
97.4
100.1
102.9
105.9
109.1
112.4
116.0
119.7
123.8
128.1
132.7
137.6
142.8
148.5
154.5
161.1
168.1
175.7
183.9
192.7
0.00013
0.00029
0.00049
0.00075
0.00105
0.00139
0.00176
0.00218
0.00262
0.00309
0.00359
0.00411
0.00429
0.00461
0.00497
0.00537
0.00582
0.00634
0.00692
0.00759
0.00837
0.00927
0.01034
0.01160
0.01312
0.01497
0.01726
0.02015
0.02388
0.02883
0.03564
0.04549
0.06072
0.08685
0.002
0.005
0.008
0.012
0.017
0.022
0.028
0.035
0.042
0.050
0.058
0.066
0.069
0.074
0.080
0.087
0.094
0.102
0.111
0.122
0.135
0.149
0.167
0.187
0.211
0.241
0.278
0.325
0.385
0.464
0.574
0.733
0.978
1.399
0.063
0.091
0.118
0.144
0.168
0.190
0.212
0.232
0.251
0.270
0.287
0.304
0.309
0.318
0.328
0.338
0.349
0.361
0.374
0.387
0.402
0.417
0.434
0.452
0.472
0.494
0.518
0.544
0.573
0.605
0.642
0.682
0.729
0.782
0.979
0.970
0.961
0.952
0.944
0.937
0.929
0.923
0.916
0.910
0.904
0.899
0.897
0.894
0.891
0.887
0.884
0.880
0.875
0.871
0.866
0.861
0.855
0.849
0.843
0.835
0.827
0.819
0.809
0.798
0.786
0.773
0.757
0.739
32.47
22.55
17.59
14.62
12.64
11.22
10.17
9.34
8.69
8.15
7.70
7.33
7.21
7.03
6.85
6.66
6.48
6.30
6.11
5.93
5.75
5.57
5.39
5.21
5.03
4.85
4.67
4.49
4.31
4.14
3.97
3.79
3.63
3.46
133
200
267
333
400
467
533
600
667
733
800
867
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
889
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
8000
6667
5333
4000
4.1
8.9
15.2
22.8
31.7
41.6
52.5
64.2
76.7
90.0
103.9
118.3
123.2
126.5
129.9
133.4
137.2
141.2
145.4
149.9
154.6
159.7
165.0
170.8
176.9
183.4
190.4
198.0
206.1
214.8
224.2
234.3
245.2
256.9
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
1:16 PM
Page 427
427
Kf =
M
bd 2
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
fb = 1100 psi
200
M
190
fb = 1000 psi
180
kd
170
fs
fb = 900 psi
160
fb
d
150
fb = 800 psi
140
130
fb = 700 psi
fb = 667 psi
120
fb = 600 psi
Kf
110
100
fb = 500 psi
90
fb = 450 psi
80
fb = 400 psi
70
fb = 333 psi
60
fb = 300 psi
50
fb = 250 psi
40
fb = 200 psi
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
ASD
Diagram ASD-25b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 2000 psi, n = 16.1
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
428
1:16 PM
Page 428
Table ASD-26a Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 2500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 16.6
DESIGN DATA
fm = 2500 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 833 psi
Em = 900 fm = 1,750,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 16.6
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
50
24000
0.8
0.00003
0.001
0.033
0.989
60.61
67
32000
1.1
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
3.2
6.8
11.6
17.5
24.3
31.9
40.2
49.1
58.7
68.7
79.3
90.3
101.7
113.4
125.4
133.7
136.8
140.0
143.4
147.0
150.8
154.7
158.9
163.2
167.8
172.7
177.8
183.2
188.9
194.9
201.4
208.1
215.3
223.0
0.00013
0.00029
0.00051
0.00077
0.00107
0.00142
0.00180
0.00222
0.00267
0.00315
0.00366
0.00419
0.00475
0.00533
0.00593
0.00634
0.00680
0.00730
0.00787
0.00851
0.00923
0.01005
0.01099
0.01206
0.01331
0.01478
0.01651
0.01858
0.02108
0.02417
0.02803
0.03298
0.03950
0.04841
0.002
0.005
0.008
0.013
0.018
0.024
0.030
0.037
0.044
0.052
0.061
0.070
0.079
0.088
0.098
0.105
0.113
0.121
0.130
0.141
0.153
0.167
0.182
0.200
0.221
0.245
0.274
0.308
0.349
0.400
0.464
0.547
0.655
0.802
0.065
0.094
0.121
0.147
0.172
0.195
0.216
0.237
0.257
0.275
0.293
0.310
0.326
0.341
0.356
0.365
0.375
0.386
0.397
0.408
0.421
0.434
0.448
0.463
0.479
0.497
0.515
0.535
0.557
0.580
0.605
0.633
0.664
0.697
0.978
0.969
0.960
0.951
0.943
0.935
0.928
0.921
0.914
0.908
0.902
0.897
0.891
0.886
0.881
0.878
0.875
0.871
0.868
0.864
0.860
0.855
0.851
0.846
0.840
0.834
0.828
0.822
0.814
0.807
0.798
0.789
0.779
0.768
31.65
22.00
17.18
14.29
12.36
10.99
9.96
9.16
8.52
8.00
7.57
7.20
6.89
6.61
6.38
6.23
6.09
5.95
5.81
5.67
5.53
5.39
5.25
5.11
4.97
4.83
4.69
4.55
4.41
4.27
4.14
4.00
3.87
3.74
133
200
267
333
400
467
533
600
667
733
800
867
933
1000
1067
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
8000
4.2
9.1
15.5
23.3
32.4
42.5
53.5
65.5
78.2
91.7
105.7
120.4
135.5
151.2
167.3
178.2
182.4
186.7
191.3
196.0
201.0
206.3
211.8
217.6
223.8
230.2
237.0
244.2
251.9
259.9
268.5
277.5
287.1
297.3
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
1:17 PM
Page 429
429
Kf =
M
bd 2
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
fb = 1300 psi
230
fb = 1200 psi
220
210
200
kd
fb = 1100 psi
fs
n
190
fb
180
fb = 1000 psi
d
170
fb = 900 psi
160
fb = 833 psi
150
fb = 800 psi
140
Kf
130
fb = 700 psi
120
110
fb = 600 psi
100
fb = 550 psi
90
fb = 500 psi
80
fb = 450 psi
fb = 400 psi
70
fb = 350 psi
60
fb = 300 psi
50
fb = 250 psi
40
fb = 200 psi
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
ASD
Diagram ASD-26a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 2500 psi, n = 16.6
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
430
1:17 PM
Page 430
Table ASD-26b Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 2500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 12.9
DESIGN DATA
fm = 2500 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 833 psi
Em = 900 fm = 2,250,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 12.9
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
50
24000
0.6
0.00003
0.000
0.026
0.991
77.16
67
32000
0.9
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
833
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
2.5
5.5
9.4
14.2
19.9
26.2
33.3
41.0
49.2
57.9
67.2
76.8
86.9
97.4
108.2
115.5
118.6
121.7
125.1
128.6
132.4
136.3
140.5
145.0
149.7
154.7
160.1
165.8
171.9
178.5
185.6
193.2
201.4
210.2
219.6
0.00011
0.00023
0.00040
0.00062
0.00087
0.00115
0.00147
0.00182
0.00220
0.00261
0.00305
0.00350
0.00398
0.00449
0.00501
0.00537
0.00577
0.00621
0.00671
0.00728
0.00792
0.00865
0.00949
0.01046
0.01159
0.01292
0.01450
0.01640
0.01871
0.02158
0.02519
0.02985
0.03604
0.04456
0.05686
0.001
0.003
0.005
0.008
0.011
0.015
0.019
0.024
0.028
0.034
0.039
0.045
0.051
0.058
0.065
0.069
0.074
0.080
0.087
0.094
0.102
0.111
0.122
0.135
0.149
0.167
0.187
0.211
0.241
0.278
0.325
0.385
0.464
0.574
0.733
0.051
0.075
0.097
0.118
0.139
0.158
0.177
0.195
0.212
0.228
0.244
0.259
0.273
0.287
0.301
0.309
0.318
0.328
0.338
0.349
0.361
0.374
0.387
0.402
0.417
0.434
0.452
0.472
0.494
0.518
0.544
0.573
0.605
0.642
0.682
0.983
0.975
0.968
0.961
0.954
0.947
0.941
0.935
0.929
0.924
0.919
0.914
0.909
0.904
0.900
0.897
0.894
0.891
0.887
0.884
0.880
0.875
0.871
0.866
0.861
0.855
0.849
0.843
0.835
0.827
0.819
0.809
0.798
0.786
0.773
39.92
27.51
21.31
17.59
15.11
13.34
12.02
10.99
10.17
9.49
8.93
8.46
8.05
7.70
7.40
7.21
7.03
6.85
6.66
6.48
6.30
6.11
5.93
5.75
5.57
5.39
5.21
5.03
4.85
4.67
4.49
4.31
4.14
3.97
3.79
133
200
267
333
400
467
533
600
667
733
800
867
933
1000
1067
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
8000
6667
3.3
7.3
12.5
18.9
26.5
35.0
44.4
54.6
65.6
77.3
89.6
102.5
115.9
129.8
144.2
154.1
158.1
162.3
166.8
171.5
176.5
181.8
187.3
193.3
199.6
206.3
213.4
221.1
229.3
238.0
247.5
257.6
268.5
280.2
292.9
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
1:17 PM
Page 431
431
Diagram ASD-26b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 2500 psi, n = 12.9
M
bd 2
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
ASD
Kf =
260
fb = 1300 psi
M
250
240
fb = 1200 psi
230
kd
220
210
200
fs
fb = 1100 psi
fb
d
fb = 1000 psi
t
190
180
fb = 900 psi
170
fb = 833 psi
160
fb = 800 psi
150
Kf
140
fb = 700 psi
130
120
fb = 600 psi
110
fb = 550 psi
100
fb = 500 psi
90
fb = 450 psi
80
fb = 400 psi
70
fb = 350 psi
60
fb = 300 psi
50
fb = 250 psi
40
fb = 200 psi
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
432
1:17 PM
Page 432
Table ASD-27a Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 3000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 13.8
DESIGN DATA
fm = 3000 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 1000 psi
Em = 700 fm = 2,100,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 13.8
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
2.7
5.8
10.0
15.1
21.0
27.7
35.1
43.1
51.7
60.8
70.4
80.4
90.9
101.7
112.8
124.3
136.1
148.1
160.4
164.1
168.0
172.1
176.4
180.9
185.7
190.6
195.9
201.4
207.2
213.3
219.8
226.7
233.9
241.6
249.8
258.4
0.00011
0.00025
0.00043
0.00065
0.00092
0.00122
0.00156
0.00193
0.00233
0.00275
0.00321
0.00369
0.00419
0.00471
0.00525
0.00582
0.00640
0.00700
0.00761
0.00816
0.00876
0.00945
0.01021
0.01108
0.01206
0.01318
0.01448
0.01598
0.01773
0.01981
0.02229
0.02530
0.02900
0.03363
0.03957
0.04740
0.002
0.003
0.006
0.009
0.013
0.017
0.022
0.027
0.032
0.038
0.044
0.051
0.058
0.065
0.073
0.080
0.088
0.097
0.105
0.113
0.121
0.130
0.141
0.153
0.167
0.182
0.200
0.221
0.245
0.274
0.308
0.349
0.400
0.464
0.547
0.655
0.054
0.079
0.103
0.126
0.147
0.168
0.187
0.206
0.223
0.240
0.257
0.272
0.287
0.301
0.315
0.328
0.341
0.353
0.365
0.375
0.386
0.397
0.408
0.421
0.434
0.448
0.463
0.479
0.497
0.515
0.535
0.557
0.580
0.605
0.633
0.664
0.982
0.974
0.966
0.958
0.951
0.944
0.938
0.931
0.926
0.920
0.914
0.909
0.904
0.900
0.895
0.891
0.886
0.882
0.878
0.875
0.871
0.868
0.864
0.860
0.855
0.851
0.846
0.840
0.834
0.828
0.822
0.814
0.807
0.798
0.789
0.779
37.4
25.86
20.07
16.60
14.29
12.64
11.40
10.44
9.67
9.04
8.52
8.08
7.70
7.38
7.09
6.84
6.61
6.41
6.23
6.09
5.95
5.81
5.67
5.53
5.39
5.25
5.11
4.97
4.83
4.69
4.55
4.41
4.27
4.14
4.00
3.87
133
200
267
333
400
467
533
600
667
733
800
867
933
1000
1067
1133
1200
1267
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
3.6
7.7
13.3
20.1
28.0
36.9
46.8
57.5
68.9
81.1
93.9
107.3
121.2
135.6
150.5
165.7
181.4
197.5
213.8
218.8
224.0
229.5
235.2
241.2
247.5
254.2
261.1
268.5
276.3
284.4
293.1
302.2
311.9
322.2
333.0
344.5
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
1:17 PM
Page 433
433
Diagram ASD-27a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 3000 psi, n = 13.8
M
bd 2
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
fb = 1400 psi
260
As
bd
ASD
Kf =
fb = 1300 psi
fb = 1200 psi
250
240
fb = 1100 psi
230
kd
220
fs
n
210
200
fb = 1000 psi
fb
d
fb = 900 psi
190
180
fb = 800 psi
170
160
fb = 700 psi
150
Kf
140
130
fb = 600 psi
120
110
fb = 500 psi
100
90
fb = 400 psi
80
70
fb = 300 psi
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
434
1:18 PM
Page 434
Table ASD-27b Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 3000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 10.7
DESIGN DATA
fm = 3000 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 1000 psi
Em = 900 fm = 2,700,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 10.7
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
2.1
4.6
8.0
12.2
17.1
22.6
28.8
35.6
42.9
50.7
59.0
67.7
76.9
86.3
96.2
106.4
116.8
127.6
138.7
142.3
146.1
150.1
154.4
158.8
163.6
168.6
173.9
179.6
185.7
192.1
199.0
206.3
214.2
222.7
231.8
241.6
0.00009
0.00020
0.00034
0.00052
0.00074
0.00099
0.00127
0.00157
0.00190
0.00226
0.00265
0.00305
0.00348
0.00393
0.00439
0.00488
0.00538
0.00590
0.00644
0.00692
0.00476
0.00806
0.00873
0.00950
0.01038
0.01139
0.01255
0.01391
0.01550
0.01740
0.01968
0.02246
0.02589
0.03023
0.03582
0.04324
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.011
0.014
0.017
0.020
0.024
0.028
0.033
0.037
0.042
0.047
0.052
0.058
0.063
0.069
0.074
0.080
0.087
0.094
0.102
0.111
0.122
0.135
0.149
0.167
0.187
0.211
0.241
0.278
0.325
0.385
0.464
0.043
0.063
0.082
0.101
0.118
0.135
0.152
0.168
0.183
0.198
0.212
0.225
0.239
0.251
0.264
0.276
0.287
0.298
0.309
0.318
0.328
0.338
0.349
0.361
0.374
0.387
0.402
0.417
0.434
0.452
0.472
0.494
0.518
0.544
0.573
0.605
0.986
0.979
0.973
0.966
0.961
0.955
0.949
0.944
0.939
0.934
0.929
0.925
0.920
0.916
0.912
0.908
0.904
0.901
0.897
0.894
0.891
0.887
0.884
0.880
0.875
0.871
0.866
0.861
0.855
0.849
0.843
0.835
0.827
0.819
0.809
0.798
47.37
32.47
25.03
20.57
17.59
15.47
13.87
12.64
11.65
10.84
10.17
9.60
9.11
8.69
8.32
7.99
7.70
7.44
7.21
7.03
6.85
6.66
6.48
6.30
6.11
5.93
5.75
5.57
5.39
5.21
5.03
4.85
4.67
4.49
4.31
4.14
133
200
267
333
400
467
533
600
667
733
800
867
933
1000
1067
1133
1200
1267
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
2.8
6.2
10.7
16.2
22.7
30.2
38.4
47.5
57.2
67.7
78.7
90.3
102.5
115.1
128.2
141.8
155.8
170.1
184.9
189.7
194.8
200.1
205.8
211.8
218.1
224.8
231.9
239.5
247.5
256.1
265.3
275.1
285.6
296.9
309.1
322.2
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
1:18 PM
Page 435
435
Diagram ASD-27b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 3000 psi, n = 10.7
M
bd 2
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
ASD
Kf =
fb = 1600 psi
320
M
310
fb = 1500 psi
300
290
280
kd
270
260
250
fb = 1400 psi
fs
n
fb = 1300 psi
fb
d
240
fb = 1200 psi
230
fb = 1100 psi
220
210
fb = 1000 psi
200
190
fb = 900 psi
Kf
180
170
fb = 800 psi
160
150
140
fb = 700 psi
130
fb = 600 psi
120
110
fb = 500 psi
100
90
fb = 400 psi
80
70
fb = 300 psi
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
436
1:18 PM
Page 436
Table ASD-28a Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 3500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 11.8
DESIGN DATA
fm = 3500 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 1167 psi
Em = 900 fm = 2,450,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 11.8
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
18.5
24.5
31.1
38.4
46.2
54.5
63.3
72.5
82.1
92.1
102.5
113.2
124.2
135.4
147.0
158.7
170.8
183.0
187.1
191.5
196.0
200.8
205.8
211.1
216.6
222.4
228.5
234.9
241.7
248.9
256.4
264.5
272.9
281.9
291.4
301.5
0.00081
0.00107
0.00137
0.00170
0.00206
0.00244
0.00285
0.00329
0.00374
0.00422
0.00472
0.00523
0.00576
0.00631
0.00688
0.00746
0.00806
0.00867
0.00888
0.00951
0.01023
0.01102
0.01191
0.01292
0.01407
0.01538
0.01689
0.01864
0.02069
0.02311
0.02601
0.02952
0.03383
0.03924
0.04617
0.05530
0.010
0.013
0.016
0.020
0.024
0.029
0.034
0.039
0.044
0.050
0.056
0.062
0.068
0.075
0.081
0.088
0.095
0.103
0.105
0.113
0.121
0.130
0.141
0.153
0.167
0.182
0.200
0.221
0.245
0.274
0.308
0.349
0.400
0.464
0.547
0.655
0.129
0.147
0.165
0.182
0.198
0.213
0.228
0.243
0.257
0.270
0.283
0.295
0.307
0.319
0.330
0.341
0.352
0.362
0.365
0.375
0.386
0.397
0.408
0.421
0.434
0.448
0.463
0.479
0.497
0.515
0.535
0.557
0.580
0.605
0.633
0.664
0.957
0.951
0.945
0.939
0.934
0.929
0.924
0.919
0.914
0.910
0.906
0.902
0.898
0.894
0.890
0.886
0.883
0.879
0.878
0.875
0.871
0.868
0.864
0.860
0.855
0.851
0.846
0.840
0.834
0.828
0.822
0.814
0.807
0.798
0.789
0.779
16.21
14.29
12.84
11.72
10.82
10.09
9.48
8.96
8.52
8.14
7.81
7.51
7.25
7.01
6.80
6.61
6.44
6.28
6.23
6.09
5.95
5.81
5.67
5.53
5.39
5.25
5.11
4.97
4.83
4.69
4.55
4.41
4.27
4.14
4.00
3.87
400
467
533
600
667
733
800
867
933
1000
1067
1133
1200
1267
1333
1400
1467
1533
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
24.7
32.7
41.5
51.2
61.6
72.7
84.4
96.7
109.5
122.9
136.7
150.9
165.6
180.6
196.0
211.7
227.7
244.0
249.5
255.3
261.4
267.8
274.4
281.4
288.8
296.5
304.7
313.3
322.3
331.8
341.9
352.6
363.9
375.9
388.5
402.0
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
1:18 PM
Page 437
437
Kf =
M
bd 2
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
fb = 1600 psi
320
M
310
fb = 1500 psi
300
290
fb = 1400 psi
280
kd
270
260
250
fs
fb = 1300 psi
fb
fb = 1200 psi
240
230
fb = 1100 psi
220
210
fb = 1000 psi
200
190
fb = 900 p
psi
Kf
180
170
fb = 800 psi
160
150
fb = 700 psi
140
130
fb = 600 psi
120
110
fb = 500 psi
100
90
fb = 400 psi
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
ASD
Diagram ASD-28a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 3500 psi, n = 11.8
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
438
1:18 PM
Page 438
Table ASD-28b Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 3500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 9.2
DESIGN DATA
fm = 3500 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 1167 psi
Em = 900 fm = 3,150,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 9.2
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
As =
M
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
As
K
= f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
1167
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
14.9
19.9
25.4
31.5
38.1
45.1
52.6
60.5
68.9
77.5
86.6
95.9
105.6
115.6
125.8
136.3
147.1
158.1
161.8
166.0
170.4
175.1
180.1
185.3
190.8
196.7
202.9
209.6
216.6
224.1
232.1
240.7
249.9
259.8
270.5
281.9
0.00065
0.00086
0.00111
0.00138
0.00168
0.00200
0.00234
0.00270
0.00309
0.00349
0.00391
0.00435
0.00481
0.00529
0.00578
0.00628
0.00680
0.00733
0.00751
0.00807
0.00870
0.00940
0.01019
0.01109
0.01211
0.01329
0.01464
0.01623
0.01809
0.02030
0.02296
0.02620
0.03021
0.03527
0.04179
0.05045
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.013
0.015
0.018
0.022
0.025
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.040
0.044
0.049
0.053
0.058
0.063
0.068
0.069
0.074
0.080
0.087
0.094
0.102
0.111
0.122
0.135
0.149
0.167
0.187
0.211
0.241
0.278
0.325
0.385
0.464
0.103
0.118
0.133
0.147
0.161
0.174
0.187
0.200
0.212
0.223
0.235
0.246
0.257
0.267
0.277
0.287
0.297
0.306
0.309
0.318
0.328
0.338
0.349
0.361
0.374
0.387
0.402
0.417
0.434
0.452
0.472
0.494
0.518
0.544
0.573
0.605
0.966
0.961
0.956
0.951
0.946
0.942
0.938
0.933
0.929
0.926
0.922
0.918
0.914
0.911
0.908
0.904
0.901
0.898
0.897
0.894
0.891
0.887
0.884
0.880
0.875
0.871
0.866
0.861
0.855
0.849
0.843
0.835
0.827
0.819
0.809
0.798
20.07
17.59
15.73
14.29
13.13
12.19
11.40
10.74
10.17
9.67
9.24
8.86
8.52
8.22
7.95
7.70
7.48
7.28
7.21
7.03
6.85
6.66
6.48
6.30
6.11
5.93
5.75
5.57
5.39
5.21
5.03
4.85
4.67
4.49
4.31
4.14
400
467
533
600
667
733
800
867
933
1000
1067
1133
1200
1267
1333
1400
1467
1533
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
1556
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
19.9
26.5
33.9
42.0
50.8
60.2
70.2
80.7
91.8
103.4
115.4
127.9
140.8
154.1
167.7
181.8
196.1
210.7
215.7
221.3
227.3
233.5
240.1
247.1
254.5
262.3
270.6
279.4
288.8
298.8
309.5
321.0
333.3
346.4
360.6
375.9
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
1:19 PM
Page 439
439
Kf =
M
bd 2
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
fb = 1700 psi
320
M
310
fb = 1600 psi
300
290
fb = 1500 psi
280
kd
fs
270
260
250
fb = 1400 psi
fb
fb = 1300 psi
d
t
240
fb = 1200 psi
230
220
fb = 1100 psi
210
200
fb = 1000 psi
190
Kf
180
fb = 900 psi
170
160
fb = 800 psi
150
140
fb = 700 psi
130
120
fb = 600 psi
110
100
fb = 500 psi
90
80
fb = 400 psi
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
ASD
Diagram ASD-28b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 3500 psi, n = 9.2
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/13/2009
440
9:27 AM
Page 440
Table ASD-29a Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 4000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 10.4
DESIGN DATA
fm = 4000 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 1333 psi
Em = 700 fm = 2,800,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 10.4
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2 / jk
fb
fs
Kf
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
34.6
41.7
49.4
57.5
66.0
74.9
84.2
93.9
103.9
114.1
124.7
135.6
146.7
158.0
169.6
181.4
193.4
205.6
213.8
218.8
224.0
229.5
235.2
241.2
247.5
254.2
261.1
268.5
276.3
284.4
293.1
302.2
311.9
322.2
333.0
344.5
0.00152
0.00185
0.00220
0.00257
0.00297
0.00338
0.00382
0.00428
0.00475
0.00525
0.00575
0.00628
0.00682
0.00738
0.00795
0.00853
0.00913
0.00973
0.01015
0.01087
0.01169
0.01259
0.01362
0.01477
0.01608
0.01758
0.01930
0.02130
0.02365
0.02642
0.02973
0.03373
0.03867
0.04485
0.05277
0.06320
0.016
0.019
0.023
0.027
0.031
0.035
0.040
0.044
0.049
0.054
0.060
0.065
0.071
0.076
0.082
0.088
0.095
0.101
0.105
0.113
0.121
0.130
0.141
0.153
0.167
0.182
0.200
0.221
0.245
0.274
0.308
0.349
0.400
0.464
0.547
0.655
0.163
0.177
0.192
0.206
0.219
0.232
0.245
0.257
0.268
0.280
0.291
0.301
0.312
0.322
0.332
0.341
0.350
0.359
0.365
0.375
0.386
0.397
0.408
0.421
0.434
0.448
0.463
0.479
0.497
0.515
0.535
0.557
0.580
0.605
0.633
0.664
0.946
0.941
0.936
0.931
0.927
0.923
0.918
0.914
0.911
0.907
0.903
0.900
0.896
0.893
0.889
0.886
0.883
0.880
0.878
0.875
0.871
0.868
0.864
0.860
0.855
0.851
0.846
0.840
0.834
0.828
0.822
0.814
0.807
0.798
0.789
0.779
13.00
11.98
11.14
10.44
9.85
9.34
8.91
8.52
8.18
7.88
7.62
7.38
7.16
6.96
6.78
6.61
6.46
6.32
6.23
6.09
5.95
5.81
5.67
5.53
5.39
5.25
5.11
4.97
4.83
4.69
4.55
4.41
4.27
4.14
4.00
3.87
600
667
733
800
867
933
1000
1067
1133
1200
1267
1333
1400
1467
1533
1600
1667
1733
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
46.1
55.7
65.8
76.6
88.0
99.9
112.3
125.2
138.5
152.2
166.3
180.8
195.6
210.7
226.2
241.9
257.9
274.2
285.1
291.8
298.7
306.0
313.6
321.6
330.1
338.9
348.2
358.0
368.3
379.2
390.8
403.0
415.9
429.6
444.0
459.4
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
1:19 PM
Page 441
441
Diagram ASD-29a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 4000 psi, n = 10.4
M
bd 2
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
fb = 1700 psi
320
ASD
Kf =
fb = 1600 psi
310
300
fb = 1500 psi
290
280
kd
270
260
250
fb = 1400 psi
fs
n
fb
fb = 1300 psi
d
240
fb = 1200 psi
230
220
fb = 1100 psi
210
200
fb = 1000 psi
190
Kf
180
fb = 900 psi
170
160
fb = 800 psi
150
140
fb = 700 psi
130
120
fb = 600 psi
110
fb = 500 psi
100
90
fb = 400 psi
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
442
1:19 PM
Page 442
Table ASD-29b Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 4000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 8.1
DESIGN DATA
fm = 4000 psi
Fb = fm /3 = 1333 psi
Em = 900 fm = 3,600,000 psi
M
jd
fb
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
DESIGN EQUATIONS
fs/n
n=
kd
Es
= 8.1
Em
Kf =
M (ft kips )
M (in. lbs)
or
bd 2 / 12,000
bd 2
Kf = jkfb/2
k =
1
1 + fs / (nfb )
M
As =
fs jd
j = 1
k
3
A
K
= s = f
bd
fs j
fb
fs
Kf
2/jk
fb
fs
Kf
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
1333
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
28.2
34.2
40.6
47.5
54.7
62.4
70.4
78.7
87.4
96.3
105.6
115.1
124.9
135.0
145.3
155.8
166.5
177.5
184.9
189.7
194.8
200.1
205.8
211.8
218.1
224.8
231.9
239.5
247.5
256.1
265.3
275.1
285.6
296.9
309.1
322.2
0.00123
0.00150
0.00179
0.00210
0.00243
0.00277
0.00314
0.00353
0.00393
0.00435
0.00479
0.00524
0.00570
0.00618
0.00667
0.00718
0.00770
0.00823
0.00859
0.00923
0.00994
0.01074
0.01165
0.01267
0.01384
0.01518
0.01674
0.01855
0.02067
0.02320
0.02624
0.02994
0.03452
0.04030
0.04776
0.05766
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.017
0.020
0.022
0.025
0.028
0.032
0.035
0.039
0.042
0.046
0.050
0.054
0.058
0.062
0.066
0.069
0.074
0.080
0.087
0.094
0.102
0.111
0.122
0.135
0.149
0.167
0.187
0.211
0.241
0.278
0.325
0.385
0.464
0.131
0.144
0.156
0.168
0.179
0.190
0.201
0.212
0.222
0.232
0.242
0.251
0.261
0.270
0.278
0.287
0.296
0.304
0.309
0.318
0.328
0.338
0.349
0.361
0.374
0.387
0.402
0.417
0.434
0.452
0.472
0.494
0.518
0.544
0.573
0.605
0.956
0.952
0.948
0.944
0.940
0.937
0.933
0.929
0.926
0.923
0.919
0.916
0.913
0.910
0.907
0.904
0.901
0.899
0.897
0.894
0.891
0.887
0.884
0.880
0.875
0.871
0.866
0.861
0.855
0.849
0.843
0.835
0.827
0.819
0.809
0.798
15.94
14.62
13.54
12.64
11.88
11.22
10.66
10.17
9.73
9.34
9.00
8.69
8.40
8.15
7.92
7.70
7.51
7.33
7.21
7.03
6.85
6.66
6.48
6.30
6.11
5.93
5.75
5.57
5.39
5.21
5.03
4.85
4.67
4.49
4.31
4.14
600
667
733
800
867
933
1000
1067
1133
1200
1267
1333
1400
1467
1533
1600
1667
1733
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
1778
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
32000
30667
29333
28000
26667
25333
24000
22667
21333
20000
18667
17333
16000
14667
13333
12000
10667
9333
37.6
45.6
54.2
63.3
73.0
83.2
93.8
104.9
116.5
128.4
140.8
153.5
166.6
180.0
193.7
207.7
222.0
236.6
246.5
252.9
259.7
266.9
274.4
282.4
290.8
299.7
309.2
319.3
330.1
341.5
353.7
366.8
380.9
395.9
412.1
429.6
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
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1:20 PM
Page 443
443
Diagram ASD-29b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 4000 psi, n = 8.1
M
bd 2
fb =
M 2
2
= Kf
bd 2 jk
jk
As
bd
ASD
Kf =
320
fb = 1700 psi
310
300
fb = 1600 psi
290
280
kd
260
250
fb = 1500 psi
fs
270
fb
fb = 1400 psi
d
t
240
fb = 1300 psi
230
fb = 1200 psi
220
210
fb = 1100 psi
200
190
fb = 1000 psi
Kf
180
170
fb = 900 psi
160
150
fb = 800 psi
140
130
fb = 700 psi
120
fb = 600 psi
110
100
fb = 500 psi
90
80
fb = 400 psi
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/14/2009
444
11:26 AM
Page 444
1.000
0 105
0.105
0.100
Clay masonry below this line (nr = 0.105) is governed by allowable tension reinforcement stress.
0.069
Concrete masonry below this line (nr = 0.069) is governed by allowable tension reinforcement stress.
0.010
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Kf
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
8/11/2009
1:20 PM
Page 445
445
Es
Em
2 /jk =
bd 2fb
M
Mm =
fb jkbd 2
1
= fb bd 2
2
2 /jk
n
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019
0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024
0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029
0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039
0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.050
2/jk
46.409
33.319
27.523
24.069
21.713
19.975
18.625
17.537
16.636
15.875
15.220
14.649
14.145
13.697
13.294
12.930
12.599
12.296
12.017
11.759
11.521
11.298
11.091
10.897
10.714
10.543
10.381
10.227
10.082
9.945
9.814
9.689
9.570
9.456
9.348
9.244
9.144
9.048
8.956
8.868
8.782
8.700
8.621
8.545
8.471
8.399
8.330
8.263
8.199
8.136
As
bd
n j =
j
0.985
0.980
0.975
0.971
0.968
0.965
0.963
0.960
0.958
0.956
0.954
0.952
0.950
0.949
0.947
0.945
0.944
0.942
0.941
0.940
0.938
0.937
0.936
0.935
0.933
0.932
0.931
0.930
0.929
0.928
0.927
0.926
0.925
0.924
0.923
0.922
0.921
0.920
0.919
0.918
0.917
0.916
0.916
0.915
0.914
0.913
0.912
0.911
0.911
0.910
k = 2n + (n ) n
2
nM
bd 2fs
j = 1
k
3
fb =
M 2
bd 2 jk
fb =
M
bd 2
ASD
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
1
j
M s = fs jbd 2
k
0.044
0.061
0.075
0.086
0.095
0.104
0.112
0.119
0.125
0.132
0.138
0.143
0.149
0.154
0.159
0.164
0.168
0.173
0.177
0.181
0.185
0.189
0.193
0.196
0.200
0.204
0.207
0.210
0.214
0.217
0.220
0.223
0.226
0.229
0.232
0.235
0.238
0.240
0.243
0.246
0.248
0.251
0.253
0.256
0.258
0.261
0.263
0.266
0.268
0.270
n j
0.0010
0.0020
0.0029
0.0039
0.0048
0.0058
0.0067
0.0077
0.0086
0.0096
0.0105
0.0114
0.0124
0.0133
0.0142
0.0151
0.0160
0.0170
0.0179
0.0188
0.0197
0.0206
0.0215
0.0224
0.0233
0.0242
0.0251
0.0260
0.0269
0.0278
0.0287
0.0296
0.0305
0.0314
0.0323
0.0332
0.0341
0.0350
0.0358
0.0367
0.0376
0.0385
0.0394
0.0402
0.0411
0.0420
0.0429
0.0438
0.0446
0.0455
n
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054
0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059
0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064
0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069
0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074
0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079
0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084
0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089
0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094
0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099
0.100
2/jk
8.075
8.016
7.958
7.902
7.848
7.795
7.744
7.694
7.645
7.598
7.552
7.507
7.462
7.419
7.378
7.337
7.296
7.257
7.219
7.182
7.145
7.109
7.074
7.040
7.006
6.973
6.941
6.909
6.878
6.848
6.818
6.788
6.759
6.731
6.703
6.676
6.649
6.623
6.597
6.572
6.547
6.522
6.498
6.474
6.451
6.428
6.405
6.383
6.361
6.340
j
0.909
0.908
0.908
0.907
0.906
0.906
0.905
0.904
0.903
0.903
0.902
0.901
0.901
0.900
0.900
0.899
0.898
0.898
0.897
0.896
0.896
0.895
0.895
0.894
0.894
0.893
0.892
0.892
0.891
0.891
0.890
0.890
0.889
0.889
0.888
0.887
0.887
0.886
0.886
0.885
0.885
0.884
0.884
0.883
0.883
0.882
0.882
0.882
0.881
0.881
k
0.272
0.275
0.277
0.279
0.281
0.283
0.285
0.287
0.290
0.292
0.294
0.296
0.298
0.299
0.301
0.303
0.305
0.307
0.309
0.311
0.312
0.314
0.316
0.318
0.319
0.321
0.323
0.325
0.326
0.328
0.330
0.331
0.333
0.334
0.336
0.338
0.339
0.341
0.342
0.344
0.345
0.347
0.348
0.350
0.351
0.353
0.354
0.355
0.357
0.358
n j
0.0464
0.0472
0.0481
0.0490
0.0498
0.0507
0.0516
0.0524
0.0533
0.0542
0.0550
0.0559
0.0568
0.0576
0.0585
0.0593
0.0602
0.0610
0.0619
0.0628
0.0636
0.0645
0.0653
0.0662
0.0670
0.0679
0.0687
0.0696
0.0704
0.0713
0.0721
0.0729
0.0738
0.0746
0.0755
0.0763
0.0772
0.0780
0.0788
0.0797
0.0805
0.0814
0.0822
0.0830
0.0839
0.0847
0.0856
0.0864
0.0872
0.0881
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
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446
1:20 PM
Page 446
Es
Em
2 /jk =
bd 2fb
M
Mm =
fb jkbd 2
1
= fb bd 2
2
2 /jk
n
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104
0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109
0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114
0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119
0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124
0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129
0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134
0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139
0.140
0.142
0.144
0.146
0.148
0.150
0.152
0.154
0.156
0.158
0.160
2/jk
6.318
6.297
6.277
6.257
6.237
6.217
6.197
6.178
6.159
6.141
6.122
6.104
6.086
6.069
6.051
6.034
6.017
6.001
5.984
5.968
5.952
5.936
5.920
5.905
5.890
5.874
5.860
5.845
5.830
5.816
5.802
5.788
5.774
5.760
5.747
5.733
5.720
5.707
5.694
5.681
5.656
5.631
5.607
5.584
5.560
5.538
5.516
5.494
5.473
5.452
As
bd
n j =
j
0.880
0.880
0.879
0.879
0.878
0.878
0.877
0.877
0.877
0.876
0.876
0.875
0.875
0.874
0.874
0.874
0.873
0.873
0.872
0.872
0.871
0.871
0.871
0.870
0.870
0.869
0.869
0.869
0.868
0.868
0.868
0.867
0.867
0.866
0.866
0.866
0.865
0.865
0.865
0.864
0.863
0.863
0.862
0.861
0.861
0.860
0.859
0.859
0.858
0.857
k = 2n + (n ) n
2
nM
bd 2fs
j = 1
k
3
fb =
M 2
bd 2 jk
fb =
M
bd 2
1
j
M s = fs jbd 2
k
0.360
0.361
0.362
0.364
0.365
0.366
0.368
0.369
0.370
0.372
0.373
0.374
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389
0.390
0.392
0.393
0.394
0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404
0.405
0.406
0.407
0.410
0.412
0.414
0.416
0.418
0.420
0.422
0.424
0.426
0.428
n j
0.0889
0.0897
0.0906
0.0914
0.0922
0.0931
0.0939
0.0947
0.0955
0.0964
0.0972
0.0980
0.0989
0.0997
0.1005
0.1013
0.1022
0.1030
0.1038
0.1046
0.1054
0.1063
0.1071
0.1079
0.1087
0.1096
0.1104
0.1112
0.1120
0.1128
0.1136
0.1145
0.1153
0.1161
0.1169
0.1177
0.1185
0.1194
0.1202
0.1210
0.1226
0.1242
0.1259
0.1275
0.1291
0.1307
0.1323
0.1340
0.1356
0.1372
n
0.162
0.164
0.166
0.168
0.170
0.172
0.174
0.176
0.178
0.180
0.182
0.184
0.186
0.188
0.190
0.192
0.194
0.196
0.198
0.200
0.202
0.204
0.206
0.208
0.210
0.212
0.214
0.216
0.218
0.220
0.222
0.224
0.226
0.228
0.230
0.232
0.234
0.236
0.238
0.240
0.242
0.244
0.246
0.248
0.250
0.252
0.254
0.256
0.258
0.260
2/jk
5.431
5.411
5.392
5.372
5.353
5.335
5.316
5.298
5.281
5.263
5.246
5.230
5.213
5.197
5.181
5.165
5.150
5.135
5.120
5.105
5.091
5.076
5.062
5.049
5.035
5.022
5.008
4.995
4.983
4.970
4.957
4.945
4.933
4.921
4.909
4.898
4.886
4.875
4.864
4.853
4.842
4.831
4.821
4.810
4.800
4.790
4.780
4.770
4.760
4.750
j
0.857
0.856
0.855
0.855
0.854
0.854
0.853
0.852
0.852
0.851
0.851
0.850
0.849
0.849
0.848
0.848
0.847
0.847
0.846
0.846
0.845
0.844
0.844
0.843
0.843
0.842
0.842
0.841
0.841
0.840
0.840
0.839
0.839
0.838
0.838
0.837
0.837
0.837
0.836
0.836
0.835
0.835
0.834
0.834
0.833
0.833
0.832
0.832
0.832
0.831
k
0.430
0.432
0.434
0.436
0.437
0.439
0.441
0.443
0.445
0.446
0.448
0.450
0.452
0.453
0.455
0.457
0.458
0.460
0.462
0.463
0.465
0.467
0.468
0.470
0.471
0.473
0.474
0.476
0.477
0.479
0.480
0.482
0.483
0.485
0.486
0.488
0.489
0.490
0.492
0.493
0.495
0.496
0.497
0.499
0.500
0.501
0.503
0.504
0.505
0.507
n j
0.1388
0.1404
0.1420
0.1436
0.1452
0.1468
0.1484
0.1500
0.1516
0.1532
0.1548
0.1564
0.1580
0.1596
0.1612
0.1628
0.1644
0.1659
0.1675
0.1691
0.1707
0.1723
0.1739
0.1754
0.1770
0.1786
0.1802
0.1817
0.1833
0.1849
0.1865
0.1880
0.1896
0.1912
0.1927
0.1943
0.1959
0.1974
0.1990
0.2005
0.2021
0.2037
0.2052
0.2068
0.2083
0.2099
0.2114
0.2130
0.2145
0.2161
8/11/2009
1:20 PM
Page 447
447
MOMENT CAPACITY
Table ASD-36 Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 1500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi
M=
ASD
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
K f bd 2
(ft kips)
12,000
Tables based on b = 12
with d in inches
and Kfb in psi
Wall Section
Beam Section
Concrete Masonry
Clay Masonry
Effective
f
=
500
psi
4f
/3
=
667
psi
f
=
500
psi
4f
b
b
b/3 = 667 psi
Depth to b
2.75
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
0.52
0.62
0.85
1.11
1.40
1.73
2.10
2.50
2.93
3.40
3.90
4.44
5.62
6.93
8.39
9.98
11.72
13.59
15.60
17.75
27.73
39.93
54.35
70.99
89.85
110.9
134.2
159.7
187.5
217.4
249.6
284.0
320.6
0.70
0.83
1.13
1.48
1.87
2.31
2.80
3.33
3.91
4.53
5.20
5.92
7.49
9.24
11.18
13.31
15.62
18.12
20.80
23.66
36.97
53.24
72.47
94.65
119.8
147.9
179.0
213.0
250.0
289.9
332.8
378.6
427.4
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.35
0.39
0.43
0.46
0.50
0.54
0.58
0.62
0.77
0.93
1.08
1.24
1.39
1.55
1.70
1.86
2.01
2.16
2.32
2.47
2.63
0.61
0.72
0.98
1.28
1.62
2.00
2.43
2.89
3.39
3.93
4.51
5.13
6.50
8.02
9.70
11.55
13.55
15.72
18.04
20.53
32.08
46.19
62.87
82.12
103.9
128.3
155.2
184.8
216.8
251.5
288.7
328.5
370.8
0.81
0.96
1.31
1.71
2.17
2.67
3.23
3.85
4.52
5.24
6.01
6.84
8.66
10.69
12.94
15.40
18.07
20.96
24.06
27.37
42.77
61.59
83.83
109.5
138.6
171.1
207.0
246.4
289.1
335.3
384.9
438.0
494.4
b = 0.003805
As
(sq. in.)
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.37
0.41
0.46
0.50
0.55
0.59
0.64
0.68
0.73
0.91
1.10
1.28
1.46
1.64
1.83
2.01
2.19
2.37
2.56
2.74
2.92
3.10
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
448
1:20 PM
Page 448
Table ASD-37 Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 2000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi
M =
Kf bd 2
(ft kips)
12,000
Tables based on b = 12
with d in inches
and Kfb in psi
Wall Section
Beam Section
Concrete Masonry
Clay Masonry
Effective
f
=
667
psi
4f
/3
=
889
psi
f
=
667
psi
4f
b
b
b/3 = 889 psi
Depth to b
f
4f
f
4f
=
24,000
psi
/3
=
32,000
psi
=
0.004294
=
24,000
psi
Reinf.
s
s
b
s
s/3 = 32,000 psi
Kfb = 92.44
Kfb = 123.2
Kfb = 106.9
Kfb = 142.6
Steel,
d,
As
Moment
Moment
Moment
Moment
(inches)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(sq. in.)
2.75
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
0.70
0.83
1.13
1.48
1.87
2.31
2.80
3.33
3.91
4.53
5.20
5.92
7.49
9.24
11.18
13.31
15.62
18.12
20.80
23.66
36.97
53.24
72.47
94.65
119.8
147.9
179.0
213.0
250.0
289.9
332.8
378.6
427.4
0.93
1.11
1.51
1.97
2.50
3.08
3.73
4.44
5.21
6.04
6.93
7.89
9.98
12.32
14.91
17.75
20.83
24.16
27.73
31.55
49.30
70.99
96.63
126.2
159.7
197.2
238.6
284.0
333.3
386.5
443.7
504.8
569.9
0.14
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.31
0.33
0.36
0.39
0.41
0.46
0.52
0.57
0.62
0.67
0.72
0.77
0.82
1.03
1.24
1.44
1.65
1.86
2.06
2.27
2.47
2.68
2.89
3.09
3.30
3.50
0.81
0.96
1.31
1.71
2.17
2.67
3.23
3.85
4.52
5.24
6.01
6.84
8.66
10.69
12.94
15.40
18.07
20.96
24.06
27.37
42.77
61.59
83.83
109.5
138.6
171.1
207.0
246.4
289.1
335.3
384.9
438.0
494.4
1.08
1.28
1.75
2.28
2.89
3.56
4.31
5.13
6.02
6.99
8.02
9.12
11.55
14.26
17.25
20.53
24.09
27.94
32.08
36.50
57.03
82.12
111.8
146.0
184.8
228.1
276.0
328.5
385.5
447.1
513.2
584.0
659.2
b = 0.005073
As
(sq. in.)
0.17
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.37
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.49
0.55
0.61
0.67
0.73
0.79
0.85
0.91
0.97
1.22
1.46
1.70
1.95
2.19
2.43
2.68
2.92
3.17
3.41
3.65
3.90
4.14
8/11/2009
1:21 PM
Page 449
449
MOMENT CAPACITY
Table ASD-38 Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 2500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi
M =
ASD
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
Kf bd 2
(ft kips)
12,000
Tables based on b = 12
with d in inches
and Kfb in psi
Wall Section
Beam Section
Concrete Masonry
Clay Masonry
Effective
4fb/3 = 1111 psi
fb = 833 psi
4fb/3 = 1111 psi
Depth to fb = 833 psi
b = 0.005368 fs = 24,000 psi 4fs/3 = 32,000 psi
fs = 24,000 psi 4fs/3 = 32,000 psi
Reinf.
Kfb = 115.5
Kfb = 154.1
Kfb = 133.7
Kfb = 178.2
Steel,
d,
As
Moment
Moment
Moment
Moment
(inches)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(sq. in.)
2.75
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
0.87
1.04
1.42
1.85
2.34
2.89
3.50
4.16
4.88
5.66
6.50
7.39
9.36
11.55
13.98
16.64
19.53
22.65
26.00
29.58
46.22
66.55
90.59
118.3
149.8
184.9
223.7
266.2
312.4
362.4
416.0
473.3
534.3
1.17
1.39
1.89
2.46
3.12
3.85
4.66
5.55
6.51
7.55
8.67
9.86
12.48
15.41
18.64
22.18
26.04
30.20
34.66
39.44
61.62
88.74
120.8
157.8
199.7
246.5
298.3
355.0
416.6
483.1
554.6
631.0
712.4
0.18
0.19
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.52
0.58
0.64
0.71
0.77
0.84
0.90
0.97
1.03
1.29
1.55
1.80
2.06
2.32
2.58
2.83
3.09
3.35
3.61
3.86
4.12
4.38
1.01
1.20
1.64
2.14
2.71
3.34
4.04
4.81
5.65
6.55
7.52
8.55
10.83
13.37
16.17
19.25
22.59
26.20
30.07
34.22
53.46
76.99
104.8
136.9
173.2
213.8
258.8
307.9
361.4
419.1
481.2
547.4
618.0
1.35
1.60
2.18
2.85
3.61
4.46
5.39
6.42
7.53
8.73
10.02
11.41
14.43
17.82
21.56
25.66
30.12
34.93
40.10
45.62
71.28
102.6
139.7
182.5
231.0
285.1
345.0
410.6
481.9
558.9
641.6
729.9
824.0
b = 0.006341
As
(sq. in.)
0.21
0.23
0.27
0.30
0.34
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.49
0.53
0.57
0.61
0.68
0.76
0.84
0.91
0.99
1.07
1.14
1.22
1.52
1.83
2.13
2.43
2.74
3.04
3.35
3.65
3.96
4.26
4.57
4.87
5.17
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
450
1:21 PM
Page 450
Table ASD-39 Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 3000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi
M =
Kf bd 2
(ft kips)
12,000
Tables based on b = 12
with d in inches
and Kfb in psi
Wall Section
Beam Section
Concrete Masonry
Clay Masonry
Effective
4fb/3 = 1333 psi
fb = 1000 psi
4fb/3 = 1333 psi
Depth to fb = 1000 psi
b = 0.006441 fs = 24,000 psi 4fs/3 = 32,000 psi
fs = 24,000 psi 4fs/3 = 32,000 psi
Reinf.
Kfb = 138.7
Kfb = 184.9
Kfb = 160.4
Kfb = 213.8
Steel,
d,
As
Moment
Moment
Moment
Moment
(inches)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(sq. in.)
2.75
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
1.05
1.25
1.70
2.22
2.81
3.47
4.19
4.99
5.86
6.79
7.80
8.87
11.23
13.87
16.78
19.97
23.43
27.18
31.20
35.50
55.46
79.86
108.7
142.0
179.7
221.8
268.4
319.5
374.9
434.8
499.2
567.9
641.1
1.40
1.66
2.26
2.96
3.74
4.62
5.59
6.66
7.81
9.06
10.40
11.83
14.97
18.49
22.37
26.62
31.24
36.23
41.60
47.33
73.95
106.5
144.9
189.3
239.6
295.8
357.9
425.9
499.9
579.8
665.5
757.2
854.8
0.21
0.23
0.27
0.31
0.35
0.39
0.43
0.46
0.50
0.54
0.58
0.62
0.70
0.77
0.85
0.93
1.00
1.08
1.16
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.16
2.47
2.78
3.09
3.40
3.71
4.02
4.33
4.64
4.95
5.26
1.21
1.44
1.96
2.57
3.25
4.01
4.85
5.77
6.78
7.86
9.02
10.26
12.99
16.04
19.41
23.10
27.11
31.44
36.09
41.06
64.15
92.38
125.7
164.2
207.9
256.6
310.5
369.5
433.7
503.0
577.4
656.9
741.6
1.62
1.92
2.62
3.42
4.33
5.35
6.47
7.70
9.04
10.48
12.03
13.69
17.32
21.38
25.88
30.79
36.14
41.91
48.12
54.75
85.54
123.2
167.7
219.0
277.2
342.2
414.0
492.7
578.2
670.6
769.8
875.9
988.8
b = 0.007609
As
(sq. in.)
0.25
0.27
0.32
0.37
0.41
0.46
0.50
0.55
0.59
0.64
0.68
0.73
0.82
0.91
1.00
1.10
1.19
1.28
1.37
1.46
1.83
2.19
2.56
2.92
3.29
3.65
4.02
4.38
4.75
5.11
5.48
5.84
6.21
8/11/2009
1:21 PM
Page 451
451
MOMENT CAPACITY
Table ASD-40 Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 3500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi
M =
ASD
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
Kf bd 2
(ft kips)
12,000
Tables based on b = 12
with d in inches
and Kfb in psi
Wall Section
Beam Section
Concrete Masonry
Clay Masonry
Effective
f
=
1167
psi
4f
/3
=
1556
psi
f
=
1167
psi
4f
b
b
b/3 = 1556 psi
Depth to b
f
4f
f
4f
=
24,000
psi
/3
=
32,000
psi
=
0.007515
=
24,000
psi
Reinf.
s
s
b
s
s/3 = 32,000 psi
=
161.8
=
215.7
=
187.1
K
K
K
K
Steel,
fb
fb
fb
fb = 249.5
d,
As
Moment
Moment
Moment
Moment
(inches)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(ft kips)
(sq. in.)
2.75
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
1.22
1.46
1.98
2.59
3.28
4.04
4.89
5.82
6.83
7.93
9.10
10.35
13.10
16.18
19.57
23.29
27.34
31.71
36.40
41.41
64.70
93.18
126.8
165.6
209.6
258.8
313.2
372.7
437.4
507.3
582.3
662.6
748.0
1.63
1.94
2.64
3.45
4.37
5.39
6.52
7.76
9.11
10.57
12.13
13.80
17.47
21.57
26.10
31.06
36.45
42.27
48.53
55.21
86.27
124.2
169.1
220.9
279.5
345.1
417.6
496.9
583.2
676.4
776.5
883.4
997.3
0.25
0.27
0.32
0.36
0.41
0.45
0.50
0.54
0.59
0.63
0.68
0.72
0.81
0.90
0.99
1.08
1.17
1.26
1.35
1.44
1.80
2.16
2.52
2.89
3.25
3.61
3.97
4.33
4.69
5.05
5.41
5.77
6.13
1.42
1.68
2.29
2.99
3.79
4.68
5.66
6.74
7.91
9.17
10.53
11.98
15.16
18.71
22.64
26.94
31.62
36.68
42.10
47.90
74.85
107.8
146.7
191.6
242.5
299.4
362.3
431.1
506.0
586.8
673.6
766.4
865.2
1.89
2.25
3.06
3.99
5.05
6.24
7.55
8.98
10.54
12.23
14.03
15.97
20.21
24.95
30.19
35.93
42.16
48.90
56.14
63.87
99.80
143.7
195.6
255.5
323.3
399.2
483.0
574.8
674.6
782.4
898.2
1022
1154
b = 0.008877
As
(sq. in.)
0.29
0.32
0.37
0.43
0.48
0.53
0.59
0.64
0.69
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.96
1.07
1.17
1.28
1.38
1.49
1.60
1.70
2.13
2.56
2.98
3.41
3.84
4.26
4.69
5.11
5.54
5.97
6.39
6.82
7.24
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
452
1:21 PM
Page 452
Table ASD-41 Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 4000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi
M =
Kf bd 2
(ft kips)
12,000
Tables based on b = 12
with d in inches
and Kfb in psi
Wall Section
Beam Section
Concrete Masonry
Clay Masonry
Effective
f
=
1333
psi
4f
/3
=
1778
psi
f
=
1333
psi
4f
b
b
b/3 = 1778 psi
Depth to b
2.75
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
1.40
1.66
2.26
2.96
3.74
4.62
5.59
6.66
7.81
9.06
10.40
11.83
14.97
18.49
22.37
26.62
31.24
36.23
41.60
47.33
73.95
106.5
144.9
189.3
239.6
295.8
357.9
425.9
499.9
579.8
665.5
757.2
854.8
1.86
2.22
3.02
3.94
4.99
6.16
7.46
8.87
10.41
12.08
13.87
15.78
19.97
24.65
29.83
35.50
41.66
48.31
55.46
63.10
98.60
142.0
193.2
252.4
319.5
394.4
477.2
567.9
666.5
773.0
887.4
1010
1140
0.28
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.52
0.57
0.62
0.67
0.72
0.77
0.82
0.93
1.03
1.13
1.24
1.34
1.44
1.55
1.65
2.06
2.47
2.89
3.30
3.71
4.12
4.53
4.95
5.36
5.77
6.18
6.60
7.01
1.62
1.92
2.62
3.42
4.33
5.35
6.47
7.70
9.04
10.48
12.03
13.69
17.32
21.38
25.88
30.79
36.14
41.91
48.12
54.75
85.54
123.2
167.7
219.0
277.2
342.2
414.0
492.7
578.2
670.6
769.9
875.9
988.8
2.16
2.57
3.49
4.56
5.77
7.13
8.63
10.26
12.05
13.97
16.04
18.25
23.10
28.51
34.50
41.06
48.19
55.89
64.15
72.99
114.0
164.2
223.5
292.0
369.5
456.2
552.0
656.9
771.0
894.2
1026
1168
1318
b = 0.01015
As
(sq. in.)
0.33
0.37
0.43
0.49
0.55
0.61
0.67
0.73
0.79
0.85
0.91
0.97
1.10
1.22
1.34
1.46
1.58
1.70
1.83
1.95
2.43
2.92
3.41
3.90
4.38
4.87
5.36
5.84
6.33
6.82
7.30
7.79
8.28
8/11/2009
1:21 PM
Page 453
453
MOMENT CAPACITY
Table ASD-46a Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Clay Masonry Walls with As = 0.0007bt
b = 12 and Fs = 24,000 psi
fm
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Actual Effective
As
fb
500
667
833
1000
1167
1333
Wall Nominal Thickness Depth,
(sq.in./ft)
Type Thickness
t
d
Em 1,050,000 1,400,000 1,750,000 2,100,000 2,450,000 2,800,000
(inches) (inches)
n
27.6
20.7
16.6
13.8
11.8
10.4
6
Hollow
Clay
Brick
Units
Two
Wythe
Clay
Brick
Walls
5.5
7.5
Mm
0.41
0.49
0.55
0.62
0.67
0.73
Ms
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.24
3.71
Mm
0.77
0.91
1.04
1.15
1.26
1.36
Ms
0.43
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
5.22
Mm
1.32
1.56
1.78
1.97
2.15
2.32
Ms
0.61
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.63
4.51
Mm
1.13
1.34
1.53
1.70
1.85
2.00
0.076
0.63
1.39
0.63
1.65
0.64
1.89
0.64
2.10
0.64
2.29
0.64
2.47
0.084
2.71
10
10
5.01
Ms
Mm
Ms
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.79
0.79
0.80
12
12
6.01
Mm
2.00
2.38
2.71
3.02
3.30
3.56
Ms
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.15
7.52
Mm
2.86
3.39
3.86
4.29
4.68
5.04
Ms
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.44
11.52
Mm
6.36
7.52
8.56
9.49
10.35
11.15
Ms
2.88
2.90
2.92
2.94
2.95
2.95
16
16
0.046
0.063
0.101
0.134
1. Based on d = t/2.
2. Based on a 1 in. distance between the center of reinforcement and the inside of the face shell or wythe, therefore, d = t - 1 common face shell or wythe thickness.
ASD
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/11/2009
454
1:21 PM
Page 454
Table ASD-46b Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Concrete Masonry Walls with As = 0.0007bt
b = 12 and Fs = 24,000 psi
Wall
Type
fm
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Actual
Effective
Nominal Thickfb
500
667
833
1000
1167
1333
As
Depth,
Thick- ness
d
Em 1,350,000 1,800,000 2,250,000 2,700,000 3,150,000 3,600,000 (sq.in./ft)
ness
t
(inches)
(inches)
n
21.5
16.1
12.9
10.7
9.2
8.1
6
8
Concrete
Masonry
Units
10
5.625
7.625
9.625
Mm
0.40
0.47
0.54
0.60
0.65
0.70
Ms
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
3.81
Mm
0.73
0.87
0.99
1.09
1.19
1.29
Ms
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.47
5.12
Mm
1.16
1.37
1.56
1.73
1.88
2.02
Ms
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.63
0.63
5.32
Mm
1.23
1.46
1.65
1.83
2.00
2.15
Ms
0.64
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
4.81
Mm
1.17
1.38
1.57
1.74
1.90
2.05
Ms
0.72
0.73
0.73
0.74
0.74
0.74
Mm
2.16
2.55
2.89
3.20
3.49
3.76
Ms
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.10
Mm
1.70
2.01
2.29
2.54
2.78
2.99
Ms
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.08
Mm
3.46
4.08
4.63
5.12
5.58
6.01
Ms
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.71
5.01
Mm
1.26
1.49
1.70
1.88
2.05
2.21
Ms
0.78
0.79
0.79
0.80
0.80
0.80
6.72
Mm
2.00
2.37
2.69
2.98
3.24
3.49
Ms
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.08
Mm
1.81
2.15
2.44
2.71
2.96
3.19
Ms
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.15
1.15
Mm
3.27
3.86
4.37
4.85
5.28
5.68
Ms
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.69
Mm
6.70
7.90
8.96
9.92
10.80
11.62
Ms
3.21
3.24
3.25
3.27
3.28
3.29
2.81
7.12
12
11.625
5.81
9.12
10
Concrete
Masonry
Component
12
10
12
6.01
(Expandable)
Wall
8.72
16
16
12.72
0.047
0.064
0.081
0.098
0.084
0.101
0.134
1. Based on d = t/2.
2. Based on a 1 in. distance between the center of reinforcement and the inside of the face shell or wythe, therefore, d = t - 1 common face shell or wythe thickness.
8/13/2009
9:32 AM
Page 455
455
MOMENT CAPACITY
Table ASD-47a Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Clay Masonry Walls with As = 0.0013bt
b = 12 and Fs = 24,000 psi
fm
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Actual Effective
As
fb
500
667
833
1000
1167
1333
Wall Nominal Thickness Depth,
(sq.in./ft)
Type Thickness
t
d
Em 1,050,000 1,400,000 1,750,000 2,100,000 2,450,000 2,800,000
(inches) (inches)
n
27.6
20.7
16.6
13.8
11.8
10.4
Hollow
Clay
Brick
Units
5.5
2.71
Mm
0.52
0.62
0.71
0.79
0.87
0.94
Ms
0.41
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.43
0.43
7.5
3.71
Mm
0.97
1.16
1.33
1.49
1.63
1.77
Ms
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.80
0.81
5.22
Mm
1.68
2.01
2.30
2.56
2.80
3.03
Ms
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.14
4.51
Mm
1.42
1.71
1.96
2.19
2.40
2.60
0.140
5.01
Ms
Mm
1.13
1.76
1.15
2.11
1.16
2.42
1.16
2.70
1.17
2.96
1.18
3.21
0.156
Ms
1.40
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.45
Mm
2.53
3.03
3.48
3.89
4.27
4.62
Ms
2.01
2.04
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
Mm
3.64
4.35
4.98
5.56
6.09
6.58
Ms
2.54
2.57
2.59
2.61
2.62
2.63
Mm
8.12
9.69
11.08
12.34
13.50
14.59
Ms
5.22
5.28
5.33
5.36
5.38
5.40
9
10
Two
Wythe
Clay
Brick
Walls
12
9
10
12
6.01
7.52
16
16
11.52
0.086
0.117
0.187
0.250
1. Based on d = t/2.
2. Based on a 1 in. distance between the center of reinforcement and the inside of the face shell or wythe, therefore, d = t - 1 common face shell or wythe thickness.
ASD
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
ASD.8.4.08.qxp
8/13/2009
456
9:34 AM
Page 456
Table ASD-47b Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Concrete Masonry Walls with As = 0.0013bt
b = 12 and Fs = 24,000 psi
Wall
Type
fm
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Actual
Effective
Nominal Thickfb
500
667
833
1000
1167
1333
As
Depth,
Thick- ness
d
Em 1,350,000 1,800,000 2,250,000 2,700,000 3,150,000 3,600,000 (sq.in./ft)
t
ness
(inches)
(inches)
n
21.5
16.1
12.9
10.7
9.2
8.1
6
8
Concrete
Masonry
Units
10
5.625
7.625
9.625
Mm
0.51
0.61
0.69
0.77
0.85
0.91
Ms
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
3.81
Mm
0.93
1.11
1.27
1.42
1.55
1.68
Ms
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.84
0.85
0.85
5.12
Mm
1.49
1.77
2.02
2.25
2.46
2.66
Ms
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.15
5.32
Mm
1.59
1.89
2.15
2.39
2.62
2.82
Ms
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.19
4.81
Mm
1.48
1.77
2.03
2.26
2.48
2.68
Ms
1.31
1.32
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.36
Mm
2.78
3.30
3.77
4.19
4.58
4.94
Ms
1.96
1.98
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.02
Mm
2.16
2.59
2.96
3.30
3.61
3.91
Ms
1.91
1.93
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
Mm
4.46
5.30
6.04
6.71
7.33
7.90
Ms
3.04
3.07
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
5.01
Mm
1.60
1.91
2.19
2.44
2.67
2.89
Ms
1.41
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.46
6.72
Mm
2.57
3.06
3.49
3.88
4.25
4.58
Ms
1.92
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
Mm
2.31
2.76
3.15
3.52
3.85
4.16
Ms
2.03
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
Mm
4.21
5.00
5.70
6.33
6.92
7.47
Ms
2.99
3.03
3.05
3.06
3.08
3.09
Mm
8.65
10.26
11.69
12.99
14.19
15.30
Ms
5.85
5.91
5.95
5.98
6.00
6.02
2.81
7.12
12
11.625
5.81
9.12
10
Concrete
Masonry
Component
12
10
12
6.01
(Expandable)
Wall
8.72
16
16
12.72
0.088
0.119
0.150
0.181
0.156
0.187
0.250
1. Based on d = t/2.
2. Based on a 1 distance between the center of reinforcement and the inside of the face shell or wythe, therefore, d = t - 1 - common
face shell or wythe thickness.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
8/13/2009
9:36 AM
Page 457
457
MOMENT CAPACITY
fm
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Actual Effective
As
fb
500
667
833
1000
1167
1333
Wall Nominal Thickness Depth,
(sq.in./ft)
Type Thickness
t
d
Em 1,050,000 1,400,000 1,750,000 2,100,000 2,450,000 2,800,000
(inches) (inches)
n
27.6
20.7
16.6
13.8
11.8
10.4
6
Hollow
Clay
Brick
Units
Two
Wythe
Clay
Brick
Walls
5.5
7.5
Mm
0.47
0.56
0.64
0.71
0.78
0.85
Ms
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
3.71
Mm
0.88
1.05
1.20
1.34
1.47
1.58
Ms
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62
5.22
Mm
1.52
1.81
2.06
2.30
2.51
2.71
Ms
0.86
0.87
0.87
0.88
0.88
0.89
2.71
0.066
0.090
4.51
Mm
1.29
1.54
1.77
1.97
2.16
2.33
0.108
10
10
5.01
Ms
Mm
0.88
1.60
0.89
1.91
0.90
2.18
0.90
2.43
0.91
2.66
0.91
2.88
0.120
Ms
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.13
12
12
6.01
Mm
2.30
2.74
3.14
3.50
3.83
4.14
Ms
1.57
1.58
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.62
7.52
Mm
3.30
3.93
4.48
4.99
5.45
5.89
Ms
1.98
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
11.52
Mm
7.34
8.72
9.95
11.06
12.08
13.04
Ms
4.06
4.10
4.13
4.15
4.17
4.19
16
16
0.144
0.192
1. Based on d = t/2.
2. Based on a 1 in. distance between the center of reinforcement and the inside of the face shell or wythe, therefore, d = t - 1 common face shell or wythe thickness.
ASD
Table ASD-48a Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Clay Masonry Walls with As = 0.001bt
b = 12 and Fs = 24,000 psi
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
458
8/11/2009
1:31 PM
Page 458
Table ASD-48b Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Concrete Masonry Walls with As = 0.001bt
b = 12 and Fs = 24,000 psi
Wall
Type
fm
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Actual
Effective
Nominal Thickfb
500
667
833
1000
1167
1333
As
Depth,
Thick- ness
d
Em 1,350,000 1,800,000 2,250,000 2,700,000 3,150,000 3,600,000 (sq.in./ft)
ness
t
(inches)
(inches)
n
21.5
16.1
12.9
10.7
9.2
8.1
6
8
5.625
7.625
Mm
0.46
0.55
0.62
0.69
0.76
0.82
Ms
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.36
0.36
0.36
Mm
0.84
1.00
1.14
1.27
1.39
1.50
Ms
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.66
Mm
1.34
1.59
1.81
2.01
2.20
2.37
Ms
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.88
0.89
0.89
Mm
1.43
1.69
1.93
2.14
2.34
2.52
Ms
0.90
0.91
0.91
0.92
0.92
0.92
4.81
Mm
1.34
1.60
1.82
2.03
2.22
2.40
Ms
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.04
1.05
1.05
7.12
Mm
2.50
2.97
3.37
3.74
4.08
4.40
Ms
1.52
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.56
1.57
5.81
Mm
1.96
2.33
2.66
2.96
3.24
3.49
Ms
1.48
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.53
9.12
Mm
4.02
4.75
5.40
5.99
6.54
7.04
Ms
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
Mm
1.45
1.72
1.97
2.19
2.40
2.59
Ms
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.13
Mm
2.32
2.75
3.13
3.47
3.79
4.09
Ms
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.53
Mm
2.09
2.48
2.84
3.15
3.45
3.72
Ms
1.58
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.63
Mm
3.79
4.48
5.10
5.66
6.18
6.66
Ms
2.33
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
Mm
7.78
9.20
10.46
11.60
12.66
13.64
Ms
4.54
4.58
4.61
4.63
4.65
4.66
2.81
3.81
5.12
5.32
Concrete
Masonry
Units
10
12
10
9.625
11.625
10
5.01
6.72
Concrete
Masonry
Component
12
12
6.01
(Expandable)
8.72
Wall
16
16
12.72
0.068
0.092
0.116
0.140
0.120
0.144
0.192
1. Based on d = t/2.
2. Based on a 1 in. distance between the center of reinforcement and the inside of the face shell or wythe, therefore, d = t - 1 common face shell or wythe thickness.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
8/11/2009
1:31 PM
Page 459
MOMENT CAPACITY
459
Table ASD-56 Allowable Shear Stress Capacity1,2,3 (psi) for Nominal 6 Wide Sections Reinforcing Steel
Designed to Carry Entire Shear Force with Fs = 24,000 psi
or rewritten, V =
Since Fv =
Av Fsd
s
AF
V
; Fv = v s
bs
bd
ASD
Vs
(MSJC Code Eq 2 - 26)
Fsd
Av =
Spacing of Shear
Reinforcing Bars
(inches)
#3
0.11
#9
1.00
8
12
59
39
107
71
150
110
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
16
20
29
23
53
43
83
66
117
94
150
128
150
150
150
150
24
28
20
17
36
30
55
47
78
67
107
91
140
120
150
150
32
36
15
13
27
24
41
37
59
52
80
71
105
94
133
119
40
48
12
10
21
18
33
28
47
39
64
53
84
70
107
89
1. For flexural members, Fv may not exceed 150 psi nor 3 f ' m
2. Fv may be limited to lower values for shear walls. See Table ASD-6 for specific values for shear walls.
3. Table values may be incresed by one-third when considering wind or earthquake forces (MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3).
(Dashed = Allowable
200
#4
#5
#6
#7
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
180
160
#3
#8
#9
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
16
24
32
40
48
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
460
8/11/2009
1:31 PM
Page 460
Table ASD-58 Allowable Shear Stress Capacity1,2,3 (psi) for Nominal 8 Wide Sections Reinforcing Steel
Designed to Carry Entire Shear Force with Fs = 24,000 psi
Vs
(MSJC Code Eq 2 - 26)
Fsd
Av =
or rewritten, V =
Since Fv =
Av Fsd
s
AF
V
; Fv = v s
bs
bd
Spacing of Shear
Reinforcing Bars
(inches)
#3
0.11
#9
1.00
8
12
43
29
79
52
122
81
150
115
150
150
150
150
150
150
16
20
22
17
39
31
61
49
87
69
118
94
150
124
150
150
24
28
14
12
26
22
41
35
58
49
79
67
104
89
131
112
32
36
11
10
20
17
30
27
43
38
59
52
78
69
98
87
40
48
9
7
16
13
24
20
35
29
47
39
62
52
79
66
1. For flexural members, Fv may not exceed 150 psi nor 3 f ' m
2. Fv may be limited to lower values for shear walls. See Table ASD-6 for specific values for shear walls.
3. Table values may be incresed by one-third when considering wind or earthquake forces (MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3).
(Dashed = Allowable
200
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
180
160
#8
#9
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
16
24
32
40
48
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
8/11/2009
1:31 PM
Page 461
ALLOWABLE CAPACITY
461
Table ASD-60 Allowable Shear Stress Capacity1,2,3 (psi) for Nominal 10 Wide Sections Reinforcing
Steel Designed to Carry Entire Shear Force with Fs = 24,000 psi
or rewritten, V =
Spacing of Shear
Reinforcing Bars
(inches)
Since Fv =
Av Fsd
s
AF
V
; Fv = v s
bs
bd
ASD
Vs
(MSJC Code Eq 2 - 26)
Fsd
Av =
#3
0.11
#9
1.00
8
12
34
23
62
42
97
64
137
91
150
125
150
150
150
150
16
20
17
14
31
25
48
39
69
55
94
75
123
98
150
125
24
28
11
10
21
18
32
28
46
39
62
53
82
70
104
89
32
36
9
8
16
14
24
21
34
30
47
42
62
55
78
69
40
48
7
6
12
10
19
16
27
23
37
31
49
41
62
52
1. For flexural members, Fv may not exceed 150 psi nor 3 f ' m
2. Fv may be limited to lower values for shear walls. See Table ASD-6 for specific values for shear walls.
3. Table values may be incresed by one-third when considering wind or earthquake forces (MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3).
(Dashed = Allowable
200
#3 #4
#5
#6
#7
#3 #4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
180
160
#8
#9
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
16
24
32
40
48
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
462
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Page 462
Table ASD-62 Allowable Shear Stress Capacity1,2,3 (psi) for Nominal 12 Wide Sections Reinforcing
Steel Designed to Carry Entire Shear Force with Fs = 24,000 psi
Av =
Vs
(MSJC Code Eq 2 - 26)
Fsd
or rewritten, V =
Spacing of Shear
Reinforcing Bars
(inches)
Since Fv =
Av Fsd
s
AF
V
; Fv = v s
bs
bd
#9
1.00
8
12
28
19
52
34
80
53
114
76
150
103
150
136
150
150
16
20
14
11
26
21
40
32
57
45
77
62
102
82
129
103
24
28
9
8
17
15
27
23
38
32
52
44
68
58
86
74
32
36
7
6
13
11
20
18
28
25
39
34
51
45
65
57
40
48
6
5
10
9
16
13
23
19
31
26
41
34
52
43
1. For flexural members, Fv may not exceed 150 psi nor 3 f ' m
2. Fv may be limited to lower values for shear walls. See Table ASD-6 for specific values for shear walls.
3. Table values may be incresed by one-third when considering wind or earthquake forces (MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3).
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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1:31 PM
Page 463
ALLOWABLE CAPACITY
Diagram ASD-62 Spacing of Shear Reinforcement for Nominal 12 Wide Sections
463
(Dashed = Allowable
#6
#3 #4 #5
#6
#7
#8
#9
ASD
200
180
160
#7
#8
#9
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
16
24
32
40
48
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
464
8/11/2009
1:31 PM
Page 464
Table ASD-74a Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member (Clay
Masonry) fm = 1500 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 27.6
DESIGN DATA
fm = 1500 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 500 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 1,050,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 27.6
k = 0.365
Kfb = 80.2
b = 0.0038
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
80.2
0.02
0.0038
0.04
0.0038
0.06
0.0038
0.08
0.0038
0.10
0.0038
0.12
0.0038
0.14
0.0038
0.16
0.0038
0.18
0.0038
0.20
0.0038
0.22
0.0038
0.24
0.0038
0.26
0.0038
0.28
0.0038
0.30
0.0038
d/d2
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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Page 465
465
0.0080
0.0075
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.001
0.18
0.0070
0.002
0.2
0.2
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.004
0.
0. 20
0. 14
08
0.
0.0060
26
0.
32
0.003
0.0055
.0
0
d =
d
0.005
0.0050
0.0045
0.0040
0.0035
80.0
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
90.0
100.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
110.0
120.0
130.0
140.0
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
0.0065
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
466
8/11/2009
1:32 PM
Page 466
Table ASD-74b Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 1500 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 21.5
DESIGN DATA
fm = 1500 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 500 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 1,350,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 21.5
k = 0.309
Kfb = 69.3
b = 0.0032
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
d
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
69.3
0.02
0.0032
0.04
0.0032
0.06
0.0032
0.08
0.0032
0.10
0.0032
0.12
0.0032
0.14
0.0032
0.16
0.0032
0.18
0.0032
0.20
0.0032
0.22
0.0032
0.24
0.0032
0.26
0.0032
0.28
0.0032
0.30
0.0032
d/d2
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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Page 467
467
0.0080
0.0075
ASD
d
d = 0.02
0.06
0.10
0.001
0.1
0.0070
0.002
0.1
0.003
0.
22
0.0060
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.004
0.
32
0.2
0.0055
0.005
0.006
0.0050
26
20
0. 14
0. 08
0. .02
d =0
d
0.
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
0.0065
0.0045
0.0040
0.0035
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.0030
70.0
0.010
80.0
90.0
Kf =
100.0
M
bd 2
110.0
120.0
130.0
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
468
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Page 468
Table ASD-75a Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member (Clay
Masonry) fm = 2000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 20.7
DESIGN DATA
fm = 2000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 667 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 1,400,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 20.7
k = 0.365
Kfb = 106.9
b = 0.0051
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
106.9
0.02
0.0051
0.04
0.0051
0.06
0.0051
0.08
0.0051
0.10
0.0051
0.12
0.0051
0.14
0.0051
0.16
0.0051
0.18
0.0051
0.20
0.0051
0.22
0.0051
0.242
0.0051
0.26
0.0051
0.28
0.0051
0.30
0.0051
d/d2
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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1:32 PM
Page 469
469
0.0090
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.06
0.10
0.1
4
0.1
8
0.0085
0.001
0.2
0.0080
0.002
0.
26
0.
0. 20
1
0. 4
08
0.
0.
32
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.003
0.0075
0.0070
d =
d
02
0.
0.004
0.0065
0.005
0.0060
0.006
0.0055
0.007
0.008
0.0050
100.0
110.0
120.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
130.0
140.0
150.0
160.0
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
26
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
470
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Page 470
Table ASD-75b Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 2000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 16.1
DESIGN DATA
fm = 2000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 667 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 1,800,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 16.1
k = 0.309
Kfb = 92.4
b = 0.0043
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
92.4
0.02
0.0043
0.04
0.0043
0.06
0.0043
0.08
0.0043
0.10
0.0043
0.12
0.0043
0.14
0.0043
0.16
0.0043
0.18
0.0043
0.20
0.0043
0.22
0.0043
0.24
0.0043
0.26
0.0043
0.28
0.0043
0.30
0.0043
d/d2
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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1:32 PM
Page 471
471
0.0090
0.0085
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.06
0.10
0.1
4
0.001
0.1
0.0080
0.002
0.2
0.003
6
0.2
32
26
0. 0
0.2 4
0.1 8
0.0 02
.
d = 0
d
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.004
0.0070
0.
0.0065
0.006
0.0060
0.005
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
0.0075
0.0055
0.007
0.0050
0.008
0.0045
0.009
0.010
0.0040
90.0
100.0
110.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
120.0
130.0
140.0
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
472
8/11/2009
1:32 PM
Page 472
Table ASD-76a Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member (Clay
Masonry) fm = 2500 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 16.6
DESIGN DATA
fm = 2500 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 833 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 1,750,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 16.6
k = 0.365
Kfb = 133.7
b = 0.0063
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
d
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
133.7
0.02
0.0063
0.04
0.0063
0.06
0.0063
0.08
0.0063
0.10
0.0063
0.12
0.0063
0.14
0.0063
0.16
0.0063
0.18
0.0063
0.20
0.0063
0.22
0.0063
0.24
0.0063
0.26
0.0063
0.28
0.0063
0.30
0.0063
d/d2
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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1:32 PM
Page 473
473
0.0100
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.0
0.106
0.14
0.18
0.0095
0.001
0.2
0.002
0.0090
0.2
32
0. 6
2
0. 0
0.2 4
0.1 8
0.0 02
.
d = 0
d
0.0080
0.003
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.0085
0.004
0.005
0.0070
0.006
0.0075
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
0.0065
0.0060
130.0
0.007
0.008
140.0
150.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
160.0
170.0
180.0
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
474
8/11/2009
1:33 PM
Page 474
Table ASD-76b Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 2500 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 12.9
DESIGN DATA
fm = 2500 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 833 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 2,250,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 12.9
k = 0.309
Kfb = 115.5
b = 0.0054
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
115.5
0.02
0.0054
0.04
0.0054
0.06
0.0054
0.08
0.0054
0.10
0.0054
0.12
0.0054
0.14
0.0054
0.16
0.0054
0.18
0.0054
0.20
0.0054
0.22
0.0054
0.24
0.0054
0.26
0.0054
0.28
0.0054
0.30
0.0054
d/d2
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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1:33 PM
Page 475
475
0.0100
0.0095
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.001
0.1
0.0090
0.002
0.2
0.003
0.2
6
32
26
0. 0
0.2 4
0.1 8
0.0 02
.
d = 0
d
0.
0.0075
0.005
0.006
0.0070
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.004
0.0080
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
0.0085
0.0065
0.007
0.0060
0.008
0.0055
0.009
0.010
0.0050
110.0
120.0
130.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
140.0
150.0
160.0
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
476
8/11/2009
1:33 PM
Page 476
Table ASD-77a Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member (Clay
Masonry) fm = 3000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 13.8
DESIGN DATA
fm = 3000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 1000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 2,100,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 13.8
k = 0.365
Kfb = 160.4
b = 0.0076
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
160.4
0.02
0.0076
0.04
0.0076
0.06
0.0076
0.08
0.0076
0.10
0.0076
0.12
0.0076
0.14
0.0076
0.16
0.0076
0.18
0.0076
0.20
0.0076
0.22
0.0076
0.24
0.0076
0.26
0.0076
0.28
0.0076
0.30
0.0076
d/d2
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
8/11/2009
1:33 PM
Page 477
477
0.0110
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.0105
0.001
0.1
0.2
0.002
0.
20
0.
14
0.
08
0. .02
0
d =
d
0.0095
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.
32
0.
26
26
0.003
0.004
0.0085
0.005
0.0090
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
0.0100
0.0080
0.006
0.007
0.0075
160.0
170.0
180.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
190.0
200.0
210.0
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
478
8/11/2009
1:33 PM
Page 478
Table ASD-77b Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 3000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 10.7
DESIGN DATA
fm = 3000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 1000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 2,700,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 10.7
k = 0.309
Kfb = 138.7
b = 0.0064
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
(2n 1) k d' /d 1 d' 2Fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
138.7
0.02
0.0064
0.04
0.0064
0.06
0.0064
0.08
0.0064
0.10
0.0064
0.12
0.0064
0.14
0.0064
0.16
0.0064
0.18
0.0064
0.20
0.0064
0.22
0.0064
0.24
0.0064
0.26
0.0064
0.28
0.0064
0.30
0.0064
d/d2
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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1:33 PM
Page 479
479
0.0110
0.0105
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.001
0.1
0.002
0.0100
0.2
0.003
0.2
32
0.
26
0. 0
0.2 4
0.1 08
0. 02
.
d =0
d
0.0085
0.005
0.006
0.0080
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.004
0.0090
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
0.0095
0.0075
0.007
0.0070
0.008
0.0065
0.009
0.010
0.0060
130.0
140.0
150.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
160.0
170.0
180.0
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
480
8/11/2009
1:33 PM
Page 480
Table ASD-78a Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member (Clay
Masonry) fm = 3500 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 11.8
DESIGN DATA
fm = 3500 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 1167 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 2,450,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 11.8
k = 0.365
Kfb = 187.1
b = 0.0089
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
187.1
0.02
0.0089
0.04
0.0089
0.06
0.0089
0.08
0.0089
0.10
0.0089
0.12
0.0089
0.14
0.0089
0.16
0.0089
0.18
0.0089
0.20
0.0089
0.22
0.0089
0.24
0.0089
0.26
0.0089
0.28
0.0089
0.30
0.0089
d/d2
205
215
225
235
245
255
265
275
285
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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481
0.0130
0.0125
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.1
8
0.001
0.002
0.2
0.0120
0.
26
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.0100
0.006
0.0095
0.007
0.0090
0.008
0.009
0.0085
180.0
190.0
200.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
210.0
220.0
230.0
240.0
0.0105
20
0. 14
0. .08
0 02
0.
d =
d
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
32
26
0.
0.
0.0110
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
0.0115
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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Page 482
Table ASD-78b Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 3500 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 9.2
DESIGN DATA
fm = 3500 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 1167 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 3,150,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 9.2
k = 0.309
Kfb = 161.8
b = 0.0075
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
161.8
0.02
0.0075
0.04
0.0075
0.06
0.0075
0.08
0.0075
0.10
0.0075
0.12
0.0075
0.14
0.0075
0.16
0.0075
0.18
0.0075
0.20
0.0075
0.22
0.0075
0.24
0.0075
0.26
0.0075
0.28
0.0075
0.30
0.0075
d/d2
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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483
0.0125
0.0120
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.001
0.1
0.0115
0.002
0.2
0.003
0.2
32
26
0. 0
0.2 4
0.1 8
0.0 02
.
d =0
d
0.0100
0.
0.0095
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.0105
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
0.0110
0.0090
0.007
0.0085
0.008
0.0080
0.009
0.010
0.0075
160.0
170.0
180.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
190.0
200.0
210.0
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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Page 484
Table ASD-79a Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member (Clay
Masonry) fm = 4000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 10.4
DESIGN DATA
fm = 4000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 1333 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 2,800,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 10.4
k = 0.365
Kfb = 213.8
b = 0.0101
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
213.8
0.02
0.0101
0.04
0.0101
0.06
0.0101
0.08
0.0101
0.10
0.0101
0.12
0.0101
0.14
0.0101
0.16
0.0101
0.18
0.0101
0.20
0.0101
0.22
0.0101
0.24
0.0101
0.26
0.0101
0.28
0.0101
0.30
0.0101
d/d2
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
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Page 485
485
0.0140
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.0
0.106
0.14
0.1
8
0.0135
0.001
0.2
0.002
0.0130
0.
0.
32
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.003
0.0125
0.0120
26
20
0. 14
0. 08
0. 02
0.
d =
d
0.
0.004
0.0115
0.005
0.0110
0.006
0.0105
0.007
0.008
0.0100
210.0
220.0
230.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
240.0
250.0
260.0
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
26
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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Page 486
Table ASD-79b Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 4000 psi, Fs = 24,000 psi, and n = 8.1
DESIGN DATA
fm = 4000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
fb = 1333 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Em = 3,600,000 psi
Es = 29,000,000 psi
n = 8.1
k = 0.309
Kfb = 184.9
b = 0.0086
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Kf =
M (ft kips)
M (in. lbs)
M
or
=
2
F
bd / 12,000
bd 2
= b +
' =
Kfb
K f K fb
Fs (1 d' /d )
K f K fb
k
d
Kf1
Steel Ratio
,
184.9
0.02
0.0086
0.04
0.0086
0.06
0.0086
0.08
0.0086
0.10
0.0086
0.12
0.0086
0.14
0.0086
0.16
0.0086
0.18
0.0086
0.20
0.0086
0.22
0.0086
0.24
0.0086
0.26
0.0086
0.28
0.0086
0.30
0.0086
d/d2
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
1. When Kf is determined where wind or seismic conditions are considered and a 1/3 increase in stress is permitted, multiply the Kf
obtained by 3/4 to use this table.
2. For d/d values greater than 0.24 the effect of the compression steel becomes increasingly negligible.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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Page 487
487
0.0135
0.0130
ASD
0
d
d = 0.02
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.001
0.002
0.1
0.0125
0.
22
0.003
0.2
32
0. 6
2
0. 0
0.2 14
0. 8
0.0 02
.
d =0
d
0.0105
0.005
0.006
0.0110
A' s
(Compression Steel)
bd
0.004
0.0115
As
with As (sq. in.), b and d (in.)
bd
0.0120
0.0100
0.007
0.0095
0.008
0.0090
0.0085
180.0
0.009
0.010
190.0
200.0
Kf =
M
bd 2
210.0
220.0
230.0
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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Page 488
Table ASD-84a Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 3/8 Head Joints1
Nominal size
1000
Actual size
Head joint
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Nominal size
+ 0.65Fs Ast )
Actual size
Pa = (Pmasonry + Psteel )R =
(0.25f' m An
Head joint
Nominal
Column
Size
(inches)
8x8
8 x 10
8 x 12
8 x 14
8 x 16
8 x 18
8 x 20
8 x 22
8 x 24
Effective
Area
An
(sq. in.)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Min.2
Max.3
58.1
73.4
88.6
103.9
119.1
134.4
149.6
164.9
180.1
21.8
27.5
33.2
39.0
44.7
50.4
56.1
61.8
67.6
29.1
36.7
44.3
51.9
59.6
67.2
74.8
82.4
90.1
36.3
45.9
55.4
64.9
74.5
84.0
93.5
103.1
112.6
43.6
55.0
66.5
77.9
89.4
100.8
112.2
123.7
135.1
50.9
64.2
77.6
90.9
104.2
117.6
130.9
144.3
157.6
58.1
73.4
88.6
103.9
119.1
134.4
149.6
164.9
180.1
2.3
2.9
3.5
4.1
4.6
5.2
5.8
6.4
7.0
36.3
45.8
55.3
64.8
74.3
83.9
93.4
102.9
112.4
Psteel (kips) =
(0.65 FsAst)/1000
fm (psi)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
92.6
111.9
131.1
150.4
169.6
188.9
208.1
227.4
246.6
265.9
285.1
34.7
42.0
49.2
56.4
63.6
70.8
78.1
85.3
92.5
99.7
106.9
46.3
55.9
65.6
75.2
84.8
94.4
104.1
113.7
123.3
132.9
142.6
57.9
69.9
82.0
94.0
106.0
118.1
130.1
142.1
154.2
166.2
178.2
69.5
83.9
98.4
112.8
127.2
141.7
156.1
170.5
185.0
199.4
213.9
81.1
97.9
114.7
131.6
148.4
165.3
182.1
199.0
215.8
232.7
249.5
92.6
111.9
131.1
150.4
169.6
188.9
208.1
227.4
246.6
265.9
285.1
3.6
4.4
5.1
5.9
6.6
7.4
8.1
8.9
9.6
10.4
11.1
57.8
69.8
81.8
93.8
105.9
117.9
129.9
141.9
153.9
165.9
177.9
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
135.1
158.4
181.6
204.9
228.1
251.4
274.6
297.9
321.1
344.4
367.6
390.9
414.1
50.7
59.4
68.1
76.8
85.6
94.3
103.0
111.7
120.4
129.1
137.9
146.6
155.3
67.6
79.2
90.8
102.4
114.1
125.7
137.3
148.9
160.6
172.2
183.8
195.4
207.1
84.5
99.0
113.5
128.1
142.6
157.1
171.1
186.2
200.7
215.2
229.8
244.3
258.8
101.4
118.8
136.2
153.7
171.1
188.5
206.0
223.4
240.9
258.3
275.7
293.2
310.6
118.2
138.6
158.9
179.3
199.6
220.0
240.3
260.7
281.0
301.3
321.7
342.0
362.4
135.1
158.4
181.6
204.9
228.1
251.4
274.6
297.9
321.1
344.4
367.6
390.9
414.1
5.3
6.2
7.1
8.0
8.9
9.8
10.7
11.6
12.5
13.4
14.3
15.2
16.2
84.3
98.8
113.3
127.9
142.4
156.9
171.4
185.9
200.4
214.9
229.4
243.9
258.4
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
244.1
306.6
369.1
431.6
494.1
556.6
619.1
681.6
744.1
91.6
115.0
138.4
161.9
185.3
208.7
232.2
255.6
279.1
122.1
153.3
184.6
215.8
247.1
278.3
309.6
340.8
372.1
152.6
191.7
230.7
269.8
308.8
347.9
387.0
426.0
465.1
183.1
230.0
276.9
323.7
370.6
417.5
464.4
511.2
558.1
213.6
268.3
323.0
377.7
432.4
487.1
541.7
596.4
651.1
244.1
306.6
369.1
431.6
494.1
556.6
619.1
681.6
744.1
9.5
12.0
14.4
16.8
19.3
21.7
24.1
26.6
29.0
152.3
191.3
230.3
269.3
308.3
347.3
386.3
425.3
464.3
1. Per MSJC Code Section 2.3.3.2.1 Eqs. 2-17 & 2-18, for R use Tables ASD-9a, 9b, 9c.
2. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, min. = 0.25%.
3. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, max. = 4.0%.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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Page 489
COLUMN CAPACITY
489
Table ASD-84b Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 3/8 Head Joints1
Nominal size
Head joint
Actual size
1000
Actual size
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
ASD
+ 0.65Fs Ast )
Nominal size
Pa = (Pmasonry + Psteel )R =
(0.25f' m An
Head joint
Nominal
Column
Size
(inches)
Effective
Area
An
(sq. in.)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Min.2
Max.3
Psteel (kips) =
(0.65 FsAst)/1000
fm (psi)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
385.1
463.6
542.1
620.6
699.1
777.6
856.1
934.6
1013.0
1092.0
1170.0
144.4
173.9
203.3
232.7
262.2
291.6
321.1
350.5
379.9
409.4
438.8
192.6
231.8
271.1
310.3
349.6
388.8
428.1
467.3
506.6
545.8
585.1
240.7
289.8
338.8
387.9
437.0
486.0
535.1
584.2
633.2
682.3
731.3
288.9
347.7
406.6
465.5
524.4
583.2
642.1
701.0
759.9
818.7
877.6
337.0
405.7
474.4
543.1
611.7
680.4
749.1
817.8
886.5
955.2
1024.0
385.1
463.6
542.1
620.6
699.1
777.6
856.1
934.6
1013.0
1092.0
1170.0
15.0
18.1
21.1
24.2
27.3
30.3
33.4
36.5
39.5
42.6
45.6
240.3
289.3
338.3
387.3
436.3
485.2
534.2
583.2
632.2
681.2
730.2
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
558.1
652.6
747.1
841.6
936.1
1031.0
1125.0
1220.0
1314.0
1409.0
1503.0
1598.0
1692.0
209.3
244.7
280.2
315.6
351.1
386.5
421.9
457.4
492.8
528.2
563.7
599.1
634.6
279.1
326.3
373.6
420.8
468.1
515.3
562.6
609.8
657.1
704.3
751.6
798.8
846.1
348.8
407.9
467.0
526.0
585.1
644.2
703.2
762.3
821.3
880.4
939.5
998.5
1058.0
418.6
489.5
560.4
631.2
702.1
773.0
843.9
914.7
985.6
1056.0
1127.0
1198.0
1269.0
488.4
571.1
653.7
736.4
819.1
901.8
984.5
1067.0
1150.0
1233.0
1315.0
1398.0
1481.0
558.1
652.6
747.1
841.6
936.1
1031.0
1125.0
1220.0
1314.0
1409.0
1503.0
1598.0
1692.0
21.8
25.5
29.1
32.8
36.5
40.2
43.9
47.6
51.3
54.9
58.6
62.3
66.0
348.3
407.2
466.2
525.2
584.2
643.1
702.1
761.1
820.0
879.0
938.0
996.9
1056.0
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
763.1
873.6
984.1
1095.0
1205.0
1316.0
1426.0
1537.0
1647.0
1758.0
1868.0
1979.0
1000.0
1127.0
1253.0
1380.0
1506.0
1633.0
1759.0
1886.0
2012.0
2139.0
2265.0
286.2
327.6
369.1
410.5
451.9
493.4
534.8
576.2
617.7
659.1
700.6
742.0
375.1
422.5
469.9
517.4
564.8
612.2
659.7
707.1
754.6
802.0
849.4
381.6
436.8
492.1
547.3
602.6
657.8
713.1
768.3
823.6
878.8
934.1
989.3
500.1
563.3
626.6
689.8
753.1
816.3
879.6
942.8
1006.0
1069.0
1133.0
477.0
546.0
615.1
684.2
753.2
822.3
891.3
960.4
1030.0
1098.0
1168.0
1238.0
625.1
704.2
783.2
862.3
941.3
1020.0
1100.0
1178.0
1258.0
1337.0
1416.0
572.4
655.2
738.1
821.0
903.9
986.7
1070.0
1152.0
1235.0
1318.0
1401.0
1484.0
750.1
845.0
939.9
1035.0
1130.0
1224.0
1319.0
1414.0
1509.0
1604.0
1699.0
667.7
764.4
861.1
957.8
1054.0
1151.0
1248.0
1345.0
1441.0
1538.0
1635.0
1731.0
875.1
985.8
1096.0
1207.0
1318.0
1429.0
1539.0
1650.0
1761.0
1871.0
1982.0
763.1
873.6
984.1
1095.0
1205.0
1316.0
1426.0
1537.0
1647.0
1758.0
1868.0
1979.0
1000.0
1127.0
1253.0
1380.0
1506.0
1633.0
1759.0
1886.0
2012.0
2139.0
2265.0
29.8
34.1
38.4
42.7
47.0
51.3
55.6
59.9
64.2
68.5
72.9
77.2
39.0
43.9
48.9
53.8
58.7
63.7
68.6
73.5
78.5
83.4
88.3
476.2
545.2
614.1
683.1
752.0
821.0
889.9
958.9
1028.0
1097.0
1166.0
1235.0
624.1
703.0
782.0
860.9
939.8
1019.0
1098.0
1177.0
1256.0
1334.0
1413.0
1. Per MSJC Code Section 2.3.3.2.1 Eqs. 2-17 & 2-18, for R use Tables ASD-9a, 9b, 9c.
2. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, min. = 0.25%.
3. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, max. = 4.0%.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
490
8/11/2009
1:35 PM
Page 490
Table ASD-85a Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 1/2 Head Joints1
Nominal size
1000
Actual size
Head joint
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Nominal size
+ 0.65Fs Ast )
Actual size
Pa = (Pmasonry + Psteel )R =
(0.25f' m An
Head joint
Nominal
Column
Size
(inches)
8x8
8 x 10
8 x 12
8 x 14
8 x 16
8 x 18
8 x 20
8 x 22
8 x 24
Effective
Area
An
(sq. in.)
Psteel (kips) =
(0.65 FsAst)/1000
fm (psi)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Min.2
Max.3
56.3
71.3
86.3
101.3
116.3
131.3
146.3
161.3
176.3
21.1
26.7
32.3
38.0
43.6
49.2
54.8
60.5
66.1
28.1
35.6
43.1
50.6
58.1
65.6
73.1
80.6
88.1
35.2
44.5
53.9
63.3
72.7
82.0
91.4
100.8
110.2
42.2
53.4
64.7
75.9
87.2
98.4
109.7
120.9
132.2
49.2
62.3
75.5
88.6
101.7
114.8
128.0
141.1
154.2
56.3
71.3
86.3
101.3
116.3
131.3
146.3
161.3
176.3
2.2
2.8
3.4
3.9
4.5
5.1
5.7
6.3
6.9
35.1
44.5
53.8
63.2
72.5
81.9
91.3
100.6
110.0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
90.3
109.3
128.3
147.3
166.3
185.3
204.3
223.3
242.3
261.3
280.3
33.8
41.0
48.1
55.2
62.3
69.5
76.6
83.7
90.8
98.0
105.1
45.1
54.6
64.1
73.5
83.1
92.6
102.1
111.6
121.1
130.6
140.1
56.4
68.3
80.2
92.0
103.9
115.8
127.7
139.5
151.4
163.3
175.2
67.7
81.9
96.2
110.4
124.7
138.9
153.2
167.4
181.7
195.9
210.2
79.0
95.6
112.2
128.8
145.5
162.1
178.7
195.3
212.0
228.6
245.2
90.3
109.3
128.3
147.3
166.3
185.3
204.3
223.3
242.3
261.3
280.3
3.5
4.3
5.0
5.7
6.5
7.2
8.0
8.7
9.4
10.2
10.9
56.3
68.2
80.0
91.9
103.7
115.6
127.5
139.3
151.2
163.0
174.9
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
132.3
155.3
178.3
201.3
224.3
247.3
270.3
293.3
316.3
339.3
362.3
385.3
408.3
49.6
58.2
66.8
75.5
84.1
92.7
101.3
110.0
118.6
127.2
135.8
144.5
153.1
66.1
77.6
89.1
100.6
112.1
123.6
135.1
146.6
158.1
169.6
181.1
192.6
204.1
82.7
97.0
111.4
125.8
140.2
154.5
168.9
183.3
197.7
212.0
226.4
240.8
255.2
99.2
116.4
133.7
150.9
168.2
185.4
202.7
219.9
237.2
254.4
271.7
288.9
306.2
115.7
135.8
156.0
176.1
196.2
216.3
236.5
256.6
276.7
296.8
317.0
337.1
357.2
132.3
155.3
178.3
201.3
224.3
247.3
270.3
293.3
316.3
339.3
362.3
385.3
408.3
5.2
6.1
7.0
7.8
8.7
9.6
10.5
11.4
12.3
13.2
14.1
15.0
15.9
82.5
96.9
111.2
125.6
139.9
154.3
168.6
183.0
197.3
211.7
226.0
240.4
254.7
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
240.3
302.3
364.3
426.3
488.3
550.3
612.3
674.3
736.3
90.1
113.3
136.6
159.8
183.1
206.3
229.6
252.8
276.1
120.1
151.1
182.1
213.1
244.1
275.1
306.1
337.1
368.1
150.2
188.9
227.7
266.4
305.2
343.9
382.7
421.4
460.2
180.2
226.7
273.2
319.7
366.2
412.7
459.2
505.7
552.2
210.2
264.5
318.7
373.0
427.2
481.5
535.7
590.0
644.2
240.3
302.3
364.3
426.3
488.3
550.3
612.3
674.3
736.3
9.4
11.8
14.2
16.6
19.0
21.5
23.9
26.3
28.7
149.9
188.6
227.3
266.0
304.7
343.4
382.0
420.7
459.4
1. Per MSJC Code Section 2.3.3.2.1 Eqs. 2-17 & 2-18, for R use Tables ASD-9a, 9b, 9c.
2. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, min. = 0.25%.
3. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, max. = 4.0%.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
8/11/2009
1:35 PM
Page 491
COLUMN CAPACITY
491
Table ASD-85b Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 1/2 Head Joints1
Nominal size
Head joint
Actual size
1000
Actual size
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
ASD
+ 0.65Fs Ast )
Nominal size
Pa = (Pmasonry + Psteel )R =
(0.25f' m An
Head joint
Nominal
Column
Size
(inches)
Effective
Area
An
(sq. in.)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Min.2
Max.3
Psteel (kips) =
(0.65 FsAst)/1000
fm (psi)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
380.3
458.3
536.3
614.3
692.3
770.3
848.3
926.3
1004.0
1082.0
1160.0
142.6
171.8
201.1
230.3
259.6
288.8
318.1
347.3
376.6
405.8
435.1
190.1
229.1
268.1
307.1
346.1
385.1
424.1
463.1
502.1
541.1
580.1
237.7
286.4
335.2
383.9
432.7
481.4
530.2
578.9
627.7
676.4
725.2
285.2
343.7
402.2
460.7
519.2
577.7
636.2
694.7
753.2
811.7
870.2
332.7
401.0
469.2
537.5
605.7
674.0
742.2
810.5
878.7
947.0
1015.0
380.3
458.3
536.3
614.3
692.3
770.3
848.3
926.3
1004.0
1082.0
1160.0
14.8
17.9
20.9
24.0
27.0
30.0
33.1
36.1
39.2
42.2
45.2
237.3
285.9
334.6
383.3
432.0
480.6
529.3
578.0
626.7
675.3
724.0
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
552.3
646.3
740.3
834.3
928.3
1022.0
1116.0
1210.0
1304.0
1398.0
1492.0
1586.0
1680.0
207.1
242.3
277.6
312.8
348.1
383.3
418.6
453.8
489.1
524.3
559.6
594.8
630.1
276.1
323.1
370.1
417.1
464.1
511.1
558.1
605.1
652.1
699.1
746.1
793.1
840.1
345.2
403.9
462.7
521.4
580.2
638.9
697.7
756.4
815.2
873.9
932.7
991.4
1050.0
414.2
484.7
555.2
625.7
696.2
766.7
837.2
907.7
978.2
1049.0
1119.0
1190.0
1260.0
483.2
565.5
647.7
730.0
812.2
894.5
976.7
1059.0
1141.0
1224.0
1306.0
1388.0
1470.0
552.3
646.3
740.3
834.3
928.3
1022.0
1116.0
1210.0
1304.0
1398.0
1492.0
1586.0
1680.0
21.5
25.2
28.9
32.5
36.2
39.9
43.5
47.2
50.9
54.5
58.2
61.9
65.5
344.6
403.3
461.9
520.6
579.2
637.9
696.5
755.2
813.9
872.5
931.2
989.8
1048.0
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
756.3
866.3
976.3
1086.0
1196.0
1306.0
1416.0
1526.0
1636.0
1746.0
1856.0
1966.0
992.3
1118.0
1244.0
1370.0
1496.0
1622.0
1748.0
1874.0
2000.0
2126.0
2252.0
283.6
324.8
366.1
407.3
448.6
489.8
531.1
572.3
613.6
654.8
696.1
737.3
372.1
419.3
466.6
513.8
561.1
608.3
655.6
702.8
750.1
797.3
844.6
378.1
433.1
488.1
543.1
598.1
653.1
708.1
763.1
818.1
873.1
928.1
983.1
496.1
559.1
622.1
685.1
748.1
811.1
874.1
937.1
1000.0
1063.0
1126.0
472.7
541.4
610.2
678.9
747.7
816.4
885.2
953.9
1023.0
1091.0
1160.0
1229.0
620.2
698.9
777.7
856.4
935.2
1014.0
1093.0
1171.0
1250.0
1329.0
1408.0
567.2
649.7
732.2
814.7
897.2
979.7
1062.0
1145.0
1227.0
1310.0
1392.0
1475.0
744.2
838.7
933.2
1028.0
1122.0
1217.0
1311.0
1406.0
1500.0
1595.0
1689.0
661.7
758.0
854.2
950.5
1047.0
1143.0
1239.0
1336.0
1432.0
1528.0
1624.0
1720.0
868.2
978.5
1089.0
1199.0
1309.0
1420.0
1530.0
1640.0
1750.0
1860.0
1971.0
756.3
866.3
976.3
1086.0
1196.0
1306.0
1416.0
1526.0
1636.0
1746.0
1856.0
1966.0
992.3
1118.0
1244.0
1370.0
1496.0
1622.0
1748.0
1874.0
2000.0
2126.0
2252.0
29.5
33.8
38.1
42.4
46.7
50.9
55.2
59.5
63.8
68.1
72.4
76.7
38.7
43.6
48.5
53.4
58.4
63.3
68.2
73.1
78.0
82.9
87.8
471.9
540.5
609.2
677.8
746.5
815.1
883.7
952.4
1021.0
1090.0
1158.0
1227.0
619.2
697.8
776.4
855.0
933.7
1012.0
1091.0
1170.0
1248.0
1327.0
1405.0
1. Per MSJC Code Section 2.3.3.2.1 Eqs. 2-17 & 2-18, for R use Tables ASD-9a, 9b, 9c.
2. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, min. = 0.25%.
3. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, max. = 4.0%.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
492
8/13/2009
9:39 AM
Page 492
Table ASD-86a Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed so that the Nominal
Column Dimension Equals the Actual Column Dimension1
(0.25f' m An
+ 0.65Fs Ast )
1000
Nominal size =
Full size
Nominal size =
Full size
Pa = (Pmasonry + Psteel )R =
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Nominal
Column
Size
(inches)
8x8
8 x 10
8 x 12
8 x 14
8 x 16
8 x 18
8 x 20
8 x 22
8 x 24
Effective
Area
An
(sq. in.)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Min.2
Max.3
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
176
192
24.0
30.0
36.0
42.0
48.0
54.0
60.0
66.0
72.0
32.0
40.0
48.0
56.0
64.0
72.0
80.0
88.0
96.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
48.0
60.0
72.0
84.0
96.0
108.0
120.0
132.0
144.0
56.0
70.0
84.0
98.0
112.0
126.0
140.0
154.0
168.0
64.0
80.0
96.0
112.0
128.0
144.0
160.0
176.0
192.0
2.5
3.1
3.7
4.4
5.0
5.6
6.2
6.9
7.5
39.9
49.9
59.9
69.9
79.9
89.9
99.8
109.8
119.8
Psteel (kips) =
(0.65 FsAst)/1000
fm (psi)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
37.5
45.0
52.5
60.0
67.5
75.0
82.5
90.0
97.5
105.0
112.5
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
130.0
140.0
150.0
62.5
75.0
87.5
100.0
112.5
125.0
137.5
150.0
162.5
175.0
187.5
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
180.0
195.0
210.0
225.0
87.5
105.0
122.5
140.0
157.5
175.0
192.5
210.0
227.5
245.0
262.5
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
220.0
240.0
260.0
280.0
300.0
3.9
4.7
5.5
6.2
7.0
7.8
8.6
9.4
10.1
10.9
11.7
62.4
74.9
87.4
99.8
112.3
124.8
137.3
149.8
162.2
174.7
187.2
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
144
168
192
216
240
264
288
312
336
360
384
408
432
54.0
63.0
72.0
81.0
90.0
99.0
108.0
117.0
126.0
135.0
144.0
153.0
162.0
72.0
84.0
96.0
108.0
120.0
132.0
144.0
156.0
168.0
180.0
192.0
204.0
216.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
180.0
195.0
210.0
225.0
240.0
255.0
270.0
108.0
126.0
144.0
162.0
180.0
198.0
216.0
234.0
252.0
270.0
288.0
306.0
324.0
126.0
147.0
168.0
189.0
210.0
231.0
252.0
273.0
294.0
315.0
336.0
357.0
378.0
144.0
168.0
192.0
216.0
240.0
264.0
288.0
312.0
336.0
360.0
384.0
408.0
432.0
5.6
6.6
7.5
8.4
9.4
10.3
11.2
12.2
13.1
14.0
15.0
15.9
16.8
89.9
104.8
119.8
134.8
149.8
164.7
179.7
194.7
209.7
224.6
239.6
254.6
269.6
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
256
320
384
448
512
576
640
704
768
96.0
120.0
144.0
168.0
192.0
216.0
240.0
264.0
288.0
128.0
160.0
192.0
224.0
256.0
288.0
320.0
352.0
384.0
160.0
200.0
240.0
280.0
320.0
360.0
400.0
440.0
480.0
192.0
240.0
288.0
336.0
384.0
432.0
480.0
528.0
576.0
224.0
280.0
336.0
392.0
448.0
504.0
560.0
616.0
672.0
256.0
320.0
384.0
448.0
512.0
576.0
640.0
704.0
768.0
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
25.0
27.5
30.0
159.7
199.7
239.6
279.6
319.5
359.4
399.4
439.3
479.2
1. Per MSJC Code Section 2.3.3.2.1 Eqs. 2-17 & 2-18, for R use Tables ASD-9a, 9b, 9c.
2. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, min. = 0.25%.
3. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, max. = 4.0%.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
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9:41 AM
Page 493
COLUMN CAPACITY
493
Table ASD-86b Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed so that the Nominal
Column Dimension Equals the Actual Column Dimension1
+ 0.65Fs Ast )
1000
Nominal size =
Full size
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Nominal
Column
Size
(inches)
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
ASD
(0.25f' m An
Nominal size =
Full size
Pa = (Pmasonry + Psteel )R =
Effective
Area
An
(sq. in.)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Min.2
Max.3
400.0
480.0
560.0
640.0
720.0
800.0
880.0
960.0
1040.0
1120.0
1200.0
576.0
672.0
768.0
864.0
960.0
1056.0
1152.0
1248.0
1344.0
1440.0
1536.0
1632.0
1728.0
784.0
896.0
1008.0
1120.0
1232.0
1344.0
1456.0
1568.0
1680.0
1792.0
1904.0
2016.0
1024.0
1152.0
1280.0
1408.0
1536.0
1664.0
1792.0
1920.0
2048.0
2176.0
2304.0
150.0
180.0
210.0
240.0
270.0
300.0
330.0
360.0
390.0
420.0
450.0
216.0
252.0
288.0
324.0
360.0
396.0
432.0
468.0
504.0
540.0
576.0
612.0
648.0
294.0
336.0
378.0
420.0
462.0
504.0
546.0
588.0
630.0
672.0
714.0
756.0
384.0
432.0
480.0
528.0
576.0
624.0
672.0
720.0
768.0
816.0
864.0
200.0
240.0
280.0
320.0
360.0
400.0
440.0
480.0
520.0
560.0
600.0
288.0
336.0
384.0
432.0
480.0
528.0
576.0
624.0
672.0
720.0
768.0
816.0
864.0
392.0
448.0
504.0
560.0
616.0
672.0
728.0
784.0
840.0
896.0
952.0
1008.0
512.0
576.0
640.0
704.0
768.0
832.0
896.0
960.0
1024.0
1088.0
1152.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
600.0
650.0
700.0
750.0
360.0
420.0
480.0
540.0
600.0
660.0
720.0
780.0
840.0
900.0
960.0
1020.0
1080.0
490.0
560.0
630.0
700.0
770.0
840.0
910.0
980.0
1050.0
1120.0
1190.0
1260.0
640.0
720.0
800.0
880.0
960.0
1040.0
1120.0
1200.0
1280.0
1360.0
1440.0
300.0
360.0
420.0
480.0
540.0
600.0
660.0
720.0
780.0
840.0
900.0
432.0
504.0
576.0
648.0
720.0
792.0
864.0
936.0
1008.0
1080.0
1152.0
1224.0
1296.0
588.0
672.0
756.0
840.0
924.0
1008.0
1092.0
1176.0
1260.0
1344.0
1428.0
1512.0
768.0
864.0
960.0
1056.0
1152.0
1248.0
1344.0
1440.0
1536.0
1632.0
1728.0
350.0
420.0
490.0
560.0
630.0
700.0
770.0
840.0
910.0
980.0
1050.0
504.0
588.0
672.0
756.0
840.0
924.0
1008.0
1092.0
1176.0
1260.0
1344.0
1428.0
1512.0
686.0
784.0
882.0
980.0
1078.0
1176.0
1274.0
1372.0
1470.0
1568.0
1666.0
1764.0
896.0
1008.0
1120.0
1232.0
1344.0
1456.0
1568.0
1680.0
1792.0
1904.0
2016.0
400.0
480.0
560.0
640.0
720.0
800.0
880.0
960.0
1040.0
1120.0
1200.0
576.0
672.0
768.0
864.0
960.0
1056.0
1152.0
1248.0
1344.0
1440.0
1536.0
1632.0
1728.0
784.0
896.0
1008.0
1120.0
1232.0
1344.0
1456.0
1568.0
1680.0
1792.0
1904.0
2016.0
1024.0
1152.0
1280.0
1408.0
1536.0
1664.0
1792.0
1920.0
2048.0
2176.0
2304.0
15.6
18.7
21.8
25.0
28.1
31.2
34.3
37.4
40.6
43.7
46.8
22.5
26.2
30.0
33.7
37.4
41.2
44.9
48.7
52.4
56.2
59.9
63.6
67.4
30.6
34.9
39.3
43.7
48.0
52.4
56.8
61.2
65.5
69.9
74.3
78.6
39.9
44.9
49.9
54.9
59.9
64.9
69.9
74.9
79.9
84.9
89.9
249.6
299.5
349.4
399.4
449.3
499.2
549.1
599.0
649.0
698.9
748.8
359.4
419.3
479.2
539.1
599.0
658.9
718.8
778.8
838.7
898.6
958.5
1018.0
1078.0
489.2
559.1
629.0
698.9
768.8
838.7
908.5
978.4
1048.0
1118.0
1188.0
1258.0
639.0
718.8
798.7
878.6
958.5
1038.0
1118.0
1198.0
1278.0
1358.0
1438.0
Psteel (kips) =
(0.65 FsAst)/1000
fm (psi)
1. Per MSJC Code Section 2.3.3.2.1 Eqs. 2-17 & 2-18, for R use Tables ASD-9a, 9b, 9c.
2. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, min. = 0.25%.
3. Based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.4, max. = 4.0%.
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
494
8/11/2009
1:35 PM
Page 494
fy = 60,000 psi
Fs = 24,000 psi
Number of Bars
Bar
Size2
10
12
14
16
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
6.9
12.3
19.1
27.6
37.5
49.0
62.4
79.0
97.4
10.3
18.4
28.7
41.4
56.3
73.5
93.5
118.6
146.2
13.8
24.5
38.3
55.1
75.0
98.0
124.7
158.1
194.9
17.2
30.6
47.9
68.9
93.8
122.5
155.9
197.6
243.6
20.7
36.8
57.4
82.7
112.6
147.0
187.1
237.1
292.3
24.1
42.9
67.0
96.5
131.3
171.5
218.3
276.7
341.0
27.6
49.0
76.6
110.3
150.1
196.0
249.4
316.2
389.7
1. Note that MSJC Code Table 1.16.1 Footnote 4 limits the maximum area of masonry reinforcement to 6% of the grout space and MSJC
Code Section 2.1.6.4 limits masonry reinforcement to a minimum of 0.25% of An and a maximum of 4% of An
2. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
#3
#4
#5
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
12.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
12.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
12.0
18.0
20.3
20.3
12.0
18.0
22.6
22.6
1. This table shows the maximum spacing of ties permitted by MSJC Code Section 2.1.6.5 based on 48 times the tie diameter or 16 times
the longitudinal bar diameter. The spacing determined from this table may not exceed the least column dimension.
2. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
8/11/2009
1:35 PM
Page 495
WALL RIGIDITIES
495
Table ASD-89a Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of Horizontal
Forces
F = Deflection of wall or pier
fixed top and bottom2
F =
P
Emt
h 3
h
+ 3
d
d
3
C =
h
3
h
h
C = 0.4 + 0.3
d
d
h
h
F = 0.1 + 0.3
d
d
P
d
RF =
3
P h
h
4 + 3
E mt d
d
1 Rigidity of fixed
F wall or pier
RC =
1 Rigidity of cantilever
C wall or pier
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.030
0.033
0.036
0.039
0.042
0.045
0.048
0.051
0.055
0.058
0.061
0.064
0.067
0.070
0.073
0.077
0.080
0.083
0.086
0.089
0.093
0.096
0.099
0.103
0.106
0.109
0.113
0.116
0.119
0.123
0.126
0.130
0.133
0.137
0.141
0.144
0.148
0.151
0.155
0.159
0.030
0.034
0.037
0.040
0.043
0.046
0.050
0.053
0.056
0.060
0.063
0.067
0.070
0.074
0.078
0.081
0.085
0.089
0.093
0.097
0.101
0.105
0.109
0.113
0.118
0.122
0.127
0.131
0.136
0.141
0.146
0.151
0.156
0.161
0.166
0.171
0.177
0.183
0.188
0.194
33.220
30.180
27.640
25.500
23.660
22.060
20.660
19.420
18.320
17.340
16.450
15.640
14.910
14.240
13.630
13.060
12.540
12.050
11.600
11.180
10.790
10.420
10.070
9.747
9.440
9.150
8.876
8.616
8.369
8.135
7.911
7.699
7.496
7.302
7.117
6.939
6.769
6.606
6.449
6.299
32.900
29.820
27.250
25.080
23.200
21.580
20.150
18.880
17.750
16.740
15.820
14.990
14.230
13.540
12.900
12.310
11.760
11.250
10.780
10.340
9.921
9.531
9.165
8.820
8.495
8.187
7.895
7.618
7.356
7.106
6.868
6.641
6.425
6.219
6.021
5.833
5.652
5.479
5.312
5.153
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.163
0.166
0.170
0.174
0.178
0.182
0.186
0.190
0.194
0.198
0.202
0.206
0.210
0.214
0.218
0.222
0.227
0.231
0.235
0.240
0.244
0.249
0.253
0.258
0.263
0.267
0.272
0.277
0.281
0.286
0.291
0.296
0.301
0.306
0.311
0.316
0.322
0.327
0.332
0.337
0.200
0.206
0.212
0.219
0.225
0.232
0.238
0.245
0.252
0.259
0.266
0.274
0.281
0.289
0.297
0.305
0.313
0.321
0.330
0.338
0.347
0.356
0.365
0.375
0.384
0.394
0.404
0.414
0.424
0.434
0.445
0.456
0.467
0.478
0.489
0.501
0.512
0.524
0.537
0.549
6.154
6.014
5.880
5.751
5.626
5.505
5.389
5.277
5.168
5.062
4.960
4.861
4.766
4.673
4.583
4.495
4.410
4.328
4.247
4.169
4.093
4.019
3.948
3.877
3.809
3.743
3.678
3.615
3.553
3.493
3.434
3.377
3.321
3.266
3.213
3.160
3.109
3.060
3.011
2.963
5.000
4.853
4.712
4.576
4.445
4.319
4.197
4.080
3.968
3.859
3.754
3.652
3.555
3.460
3.369
3.280
3.195
3.112
3.032
2.955
2.880
2.808
2.737
2.669
2.604
2.540
2.478
2.418
2.359
2.303
2.248
2.195
2.143
2.093
2.045
1.997
1.952
1.907
1.864
1.822
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
0.343
0.348
0.354
0.359
0.365
0.371
0.376
0.382
0.388
0.394
0.400
0.406
0.412
0.418
0.424
0.431
0.437
0.444
0.450
0.457
0.463
0.470
0.476
0.483
0.490
0.497
0.504
0.511
0.518
0.526
0.533
0.540
0.548
0.555
0.563
0.570
0.578
0.586
0.594
0.602
0.562
0.574
0.587
0.601
0.614
0.628
0.642
0.656
0.670
0.685
0.700
0.715
0.730
0.746
0.762
0.778
0.794
0.811
0.828
0.845
0.862
0.880
0.898
0.916
0.935
0.953
0.972
0.992
1.011
1.031
1.051
1.072
1.092
1.113
1.135
1.156
1.178
1.200
1.223
1.246
2.916
2.871
2.826
2.782
2.739
2.697
2.656
2.616
2.577
2.538
2.500
2.463
2.426
2.391
2.356
2.321
2.288
2.255
2.222
2.191
2.159
2.129
2.099
2.069
2.040
2.012
1.984
1.956
1.929
1.903
1.877
1.851
1.826
1.802
1.777
1.753
1.730
1.707
1.684
1.662
1.781
1.741
1.702
1.665
1.628
1.592
1.558
1.524
1.491
1.460
1.429
1.398
1.369
1.340
1.312
1.285
1.259
1.233
1.208
1.183
1.160
1.136
1.114
1.092
1.070
1.049
1.028
1.008
0.989
0.970
0.951
0.933
0.915
0.898
0.881
0.865
0.849
0.833
0.818
0.803
ASD
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
496
8/11/2009
1:35 PM
Page 496
Table ASD-89b Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of Horizontal
Forces
F =
P
Emt
h 3
h
+ 3
d
d
3
C =
h
RF =
h 3
h
4 + 3
d
d
3
h
h
C = 0.4 + 0.3
d
d
h
h
F = 0.1 + 0.3
d
d
P
E mt
1 Rigidity of fixed
F wall or pier
RC =
1 Rigidity of cantilever
C wall or pier
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
0.610
0.618
0.626
0.634
0.643
0.651
0.660
0.668
0.677
0.686
0.694
0.703
0.712
0.721
0.731
0.740
0.749
0.759
0.768
0.778
0.788
0.797
0.807
0.817
0.827
0.837
0.848
0.858
0.868
0.879
0.890
0.900
0.911
0.922
0.933
0.944
0.955
0.967
0.978
0.990
1.269
1.292
1.316
1.340
1.364
1.389
1.414
1.440
1.465
1.491
1.518
1.544
1.571
1.599
1.626
1.654
1.683
1.712
1.741
1.770
1.800
1.830
1.861
1.892
1.923
1.955
1.987
2.019
2.052
2.085
2.118
2.152
2.187
2.221
2.256
2.292
2.328
2.364
2.401
2.438
1.640
1.619
1.597
1.577
1.556
1.536
1.516
1.497
1.478
1.459
1.440
1.422
1.404
1.386
1.369
1.352
1.335
1.318
1.302
1.286
1.270
1.254
1.239
1.224
1.209
1.194
1.180
1.166
1.152
1.138
1.124
1.111
1.098
1.085
1.072
1.059
1.047
1.034
1.022
1.010
0.788
0.774
0.760
0.746
0.733
0.720
0.707
0.695
0.682
0.671
0.659
0.648
0.636
0.626
0.615
0.604
0.594
0.584
0.574
0.565
0.556
0.546
0.537
0.529
0.520
0.512
0.503
0.495
0.487
0.480
0.472
0.465
0.457
0.450
0.443
0.436
0.430
0.423
0.417
0.410
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
1.001
1.013
1.025
1.037
1.049
1.061
1.073
1.086
1.098
1.111
1.123
1.136
1.149
1.162
1.175
1.188
1.201
1.215
1.228
1.242
1.256
1.270
1.284
1.298
1.312
1.326
1.341
1.356
1.370
1.385
1.400
1.415
1.430
1.446
1.461
1.477
1.492
1.508
1.524
1.540
2.475
2.513
2.551
2.590
2.629
2.669
2.709
2.749
2.790
2.831
2.873
2.915
2.957
3.000
3.044
3.088
3.132
3.177
3.222
3.268
3.314
3.360
3.407
3.455
3.503
3.551
3.600
3.649
3.699
3.749
3.800
3.851
3.903
3.955
4.008
4.061
4.115
4.169
4.224
4.279
0.999
0.987
0.976
0.965
0.953
0.943
0.932
0.921
0.911
0.900
0.890
0.880
0.870
0.861
0.851
0.842
0.832
0.823
0.814
0.805
0.796
0.788
0.779
0.770
0.762
0.754
0.746
0.738
0.730
0.722
0.714
0.707
0.699
0.692
0.684
0.677
0.670
0.663
0.656
0.649
0.404
0.398
0.392
0.386
0.380
0.375
0.369
0.364
0.358
0.353
0.348
0.343
0.338
0.333
0.329
0.324
0.319
0.315
0.310
0.306
0.302
0.298
0.293
0.289
0.286
0.282
0.278
0.274
0.270
0.267
0.263
0.260
0.256
0.253
0.250
0.246
0.243
0.240
0.237
0.234
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
1.556
1.572
1.589
1.605
1.622
1.639
1.656
1.673
1.690
1.707
1.725
1.742
1.760
1.778
1.796
1.814
1.832
1.851
1.869
1.888
1.907
1.926
1.945
1.964
1.983
2.003
2.022
2.042
2.062
2.082
2.102
2.123
2.143
2.164
2.185
2.206
2.227
2.248
2.269
2.291
4.334
4.391
4.447
4.504
4.562
4.620
4.679
4.738
4.798
4.858
4.919
4.981
5.042
5.105
5.168
5.231
5.295
5.360
5.425
5.491
5.557
5.624
5.691
5.759
5.827
5.896
5.966
6.036
6.107
6.178
6.250
6.322
6.395
6.469
6.543
6.617
6.693
6.769
6.845
6.922
0.643
0.636
0.629
0.623
0.617
0.610
0.604
0.598
0.592
0.586
0.580
0.574
0.568
0.562
0.557
0.551
0.546
0.540
0.535
0.530
0.524
0.519
0.514
0.509
0.504
0.499
0.494
0.490
0.485
0.480
0.476
0.471
0.467
0.462
0.458
0.453
0.449
0.445
0.441
0.437
0.231
0.228
0.225
0.222
0.219
0.216
0.214
0.211
0.208
0.206
0.203
0.201
0.198
0.196
0.194
0.191
0.189
0.187
0.184
0.182
0.180
0.178
0.176
0.174
0.172
0.170
0.168
0.166
0.164
0.162
0.160
0.158
0.156
0.155
0.153
0.151
0.149
0.148
0.146
0.144
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
8/11/2009
1:35 PM
Page 497
WALL RIGIDITIES
497
Table ASD-89c Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of Horizontal
Forces
F = Deflection of wall or pier
fixed top and bottom2
F =
P
Emt
h 3
h
+ 3
d
d
C =
h
RF =
h 3
h
4 + 3
d
d
3
h
h
C = 0.4 + 0.3
d
d
h
h
F = 0.1 + 0.3
d
d
P
E mt
1 Rigidity of fixed
F wall or pier
RC =
1 Rigidity of cantilever
C wall or pier
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
2.313
2.334
2.356
2.378
2.401
2.423
2.446
2.468
2.491
2.514
2.538
2.561
2.584
2.608
2.632
2.656
2.680
2.704
2.729
2.754
2.778
2.803
2.828
2.854
2.879
2.905
2.930
2.956
2.982
3.009
3.035
3.062
3.089
3.116
3.143
3.170
3.197
3.225
3.253
3.281
7.000
7.078
7.157
7.237
7.317
7.398
7.479
7.561
7.643
7.727
7.810
7.895
7.980
8.066
8.152
8.239
8.326
8.415
8.504
8.593
8.683
8.774
8.865
8.958
9.050
9.144
9.238
9.333
9.428
9.524
9.621
9.718
9.816
9.915
10.020
10.120
10.220
10.320
10.420
10.520
0.432
0.428
0.424
0.420
0.417
0.413
0.409
0.405
0.401
0.398
0.394
0.390
0.387
0.383
0.380
0.377
0.373
0.370
0.366
0.363
0.360
0.357
0.354
0.350
0.347
0.344
0.341
0.338
0.335
0.332
0.329
0.327
0.324
0.321
0.318
0.315
0.313
0.310
0.307
0.305
0.143
0.141
0.140
0.138
0.137
0.135
0.134
0.132
0.131
0.129
0.128
0.127
0.125
0.124
0.123
0.121
0.120
0.119
0.118
0.116
0.115
0.114
0.113
0.112
0.110
0.109
0.108
0.107
0.106
0.105
0.104
0.103
0.102
0.101
0.100
0.099
0.098
0.097
0.096
0.095
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
3.00
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.309
3.337
3.366
3.394
3.423
3.452
3.481
3.511
3.540
3.570
3.600
3.630
3.660
3.691
3.721
3.752
3.783
3.814
3.846
3.877
3.909
3.941
3.973
4.005
4.038
4.071
4.103
4.137
4.170
4.203
4.237
4.271
4.305
4.339
4.373
4.408
4.443
4.478
4.513
4.548
10.63
10.73
10.84
10.94
11.05
11.15
11.26
11.37
11.48
11.59
11.70
11.81
11.92
12.04
12.15
12.26
12.38
12.50
12.61
12.73
12.85
12.96
13.08
13.20
13.33
13.45
13.57
13.69
13.82
13.94
14.07
14.19
14.32
14.45
14.58
14.71
14.84
14.97
15.10
15.23
0.302
0.300
0.297
0.295
0.292
0.290
0.287
0.285
0.282
0.280
0.278
0.275
0.273
0.271
0.269
0.267
0.264
0.262
0.260
0.258
0.256
0.254
0.252
0.250
0.248
0.246
0.244
0.242
0.240
0.238
0.236
0.234
0.232
0.230
0.229
0.227
0.225
0.223
0.222
0.220
0.094
0.093
0.092
0.091
0.091
0.090
0.089
0.088
0.087
0.086
0.085
0.085
0.084
0.083
0.082
0.082
0.081
0.080
0.079
0.079
0.078
0.077
0.076
0.076
0.075
0.074
0.074
0.073
0.072
0.072
0.071
0.070
0.070
0.069
0.069
0.068
0.067
0.067
0.066
0.066
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
3.63
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
4.584
4.619
4.655
4.692
4.728
4.765
4.801
4.838
4.875
4.913
4.950
4.988
5.026
5.064
5.103
5.141
5.180
5.219
5.258
5.298
5.337
5.377
5.417
5.458
5.498
5.539
5.580
5.621
5.662
5.704
5.746
5.788
5.830
5.872
5.915
5.958
6.001
6.044
6.088
6.131
15.36
15.50
15.63
15.77
15.91
16.04
16.18
16.32
16.46
16.60
16.74
16.88
17.03
17.17
17.32
17.46
17.61
17.75
17.90
18.05
18.20
18.35
18.50
18.65
18.81
18.96
19.12
19.27
19.43
19.58
19.74
19.90
20.06
20.22
20.38
20.55
20.71
20.87
21.04
21.20
0.218
0.216
0.215
0.213
0.212
0.210
0.208
0.207
0.205
0.204
0.202
0.200
0.199
0.197
0.196
0.195
0.193
0.192
0.190
0.189
0.187
0.186
0.185
0.183
0.182
0.181
0.179
0.178
0.177
0.175
0.174
0.173
0.172
0.170
0.169
0.168
0.167
0.165
0.164
0.163
0.065
0.065
0.064
0.063
0.063
0.062
0.062
0.061
0.061
0.060
0.060
0.059
0.059
0.058
0.058
0.057
0.057
0.056
0.056
0.055
0.055
0.054
0.054
0.054
0.053
0.053
0.052
0.052
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.050
0.050
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.047
ASD
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
498
8/11/2009
1:36 PM
Page 498
Table ASD-89d Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of Horizontal
Forces
F =
P
Emt
h 3
h
+ 3
d
d
C =
h
RF =
h 3
h
4 + 3
d
d
3
h
h
C = 0.4 + 0.3
d
d
h
h
F = 0.1 + 0.3
d
d
P
E mt
1 Rigidity of fixed
F wall or pier
RC =
1 Rigidity of cantilever
C wall or pier
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
3.07
3.71
3.72
3.73
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
3.79
3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84
3.85
3.86
3.87
3.88
3.89
3.90
3.91
3.92
3.93
3.94
3.95
3.96
3.97
3.98
3.99
4.00
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
6.175
6.219
6.264
6.309
6.353
6.398
6.444
6.489
6.535
6.581
6.627
6.674
6.720
6.767
6.814
6.862
6.909
6.957
7.005
7.053
7.102
7.151
7.200
7.249
7.298
7.348
7.398
7.448
7.498
7.549
7.600
7.651
7.702
7.754
7.806
7.858
7.910
7.963
8.016
8.069
21.37
21.54
21.71
21.88
22.05
22.22
22.39
22.56
22.74
22.91
23.09
23.27
23.44
23.62
23.80
23.98
24.16
24.35
24.53
24.71
24.90
25.08
25.27
25.46
25.65
25.84
26.03
26.22
26.41
26.61
26.80
27.00
27.19
27.39
27.59
27.79
27.99
28.19
28.39
28.59
0.162
0.161
0.160
0.159
0.157
0.156
0.155
0.154
0.153
0.152
0.151
0.150
0.149
0.148
0.147
0.146
0.145
0.144
0.143
0.142
0.141
0.140
0.139
0.138
0.137
0.136
0.135
0.134
0.133
0.132
0.132
0.131
0.130
0.129
0.128
0.127
0.126
0.126
0.125
0.124
0.047
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.039
0.039
0.039
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.038
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.035
0.035
0.035
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.46
4.47
4.48
4.49
8.122
8.176
8.229
8.283
8.338
8.392
8.447
8.502
8.557
8.613
8.669
8.725
8.781
8.838
8.895
8.952
9.009
9.066
9.124
9.182
9.241
9.299
9.358
9.417
9.477
9.536
9.596
9.656
9.717
9.777
9.838
9.900
9.961
10.020
10.080
10.150
10.210
10.270
10.340
10.400
28.80
29.00
29.21
29.42
29.63
29.83
30.04
30.26
30.47
30.68
30.90
31.11
31.33
31.54
31.76
31.98
32.20
32.42
32.65
32.87
33.09
33.32
33.54
33.77
34.00
34.23
34.46
34.69
34.93
35.16
35.39
35.63
35.87
36.10
36.34
36.58
36.82
37.07
37.31
37.55
0.123
0.122
0.122
0.121
0.120
0.119
0.118
0.118
0.117
0.116
0.115
0.115
0.114
0.113
0.112
0.112
0.111
0.110
0.110
0.109
0.108
0.108
0.107
0.106
0.106
0.105
0.104
0.104
0.103
0.102
0.102
0.101
0.100
0.100
0.099
0.099
0.098
0.097
0.097
0.096
0.035
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64
4.65
4.66
4.67
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74
4.75
4.76
4.77
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
10.46
10.53
10.59
10.65
10.72
10.78
10.85
10.92
10.98
11.05
11.11
11.18
11.25
11.31
11.38
11.45
11.52
11.59
11.65
11.72
11.79
11.86
11.93
12.00
12.07
12.14
12.21
12.28
12.36
12.43
12.50
12.57
12.64
12.72
12.79
12.86
12.94
13.01
13.09
13.16
37.80
38.05
38.29
38.54
38.79
39.04
39.30
39.55
39.80
40.06
40.31
40.57
40.83
41.09
41.35
41.61
41.88
42.14
42.41
42.67
42.94
43.21
43.48
43.75
44.02
44.29
44.57
44.84
45.12
45.40
45.68
45.96
46.24
46.52
46.80
47.09
47.37
47.66
47.95
48.24
0.096
0.095
0.094
0.094
0.093
0.093
0.092
0.092
0.091
0.091
0.090
0.089
0.089
0.088
0.088
0.087
0.087
0.086
0.086
0.085
0.085
0.084
0.084
0.083
0.083
0.082
0.082
0.081
0.081
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.079
0.079
0.078
0.078
0.077
0.077
0.076
0.076
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
8/11/2009
1:36 PM
Page 499
WALL RIGIDITIES
499
Table ASD-89e Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of Horizontal
Forces
F = Deflection of wall or pier
fixed top and bottom2
F =
P
Emt
h 3
h
+ 3
d
d
3
C =
h
P
d
RF =
h 3
h
4 + 3
d
d
3
h
h
C = 0.4 + 0.3
d
d
h
h
F = 0.1 + 0.3
d
d
P
E mt
1 Rigidity of fixed
F wall or pier
RC =
1 Rigidity of cantilever
C wall or pier
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94
4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
4.99
5.00
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
13.23
13.31
13.39
13.46
13.54
13.61
13.69
13.77
13.84
13.92
14.00
14.08
14.16
14.24
14.31
14.39
14.47
14.55
14.63
14.71
14.80
14.88
14.96
15.04
15.12
15.20
15.29
15.37
15.45
15.54
15.62
15.71
15.79
15.87
15.96
16.05
16.13
16.22
16.30
16.39
48.53
48.82
49.11
49.41
49.70
50.00
50.30
50.60
50.90
51.20
51.50
51.80
52.11
52.41
52.72
53.03
53.34
53.65
53.96
54.28
54.59
54.91
55.22
55.54
55.86
56.18
56.50
56.83
57.15
57.48
57.80
58.13
58.46
58.79
59.12
59.46
59.79
60.13
60.46
60.80
0.076
0.075
0.075
0.074
0.074
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.072
0.072
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.070
0.070
0.069
0.069
0.069
0.068
0.068
0.068
0.067
0.067
0.066
0.066
0.066
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.061
0.061
0.021
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.016
5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39
5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49
5.50
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
5.59
5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.69
16.48
16.57
16.65
16.74
16.83
16.92
17.01
17.10
17.19
17.28
17.37
17.46
17.55
17.64
17.73
17.82
17.92
18.01
18.10
18.19
18.29
18.38
18.48
18.57
18.67
18.76
18.86
18.95
19.05
19.14
19.24
19.34
19.44
19.53
19.63
19.73
19.83
19.93
20.03
20.13
61.14
61.48
61.82
62.17
62.51
62.86
63.20
63.55
63.90
64.25
64.61
64.96
65.31
65.67
66.03
66.39
66.75
67.11
67.47
67.83
68.20
68.57
68.93
69.30
69.67
70.05
70.42
70.79
71.17
71.55
71.93
72.31
72.69
73.07
73.45
73.84
74.23
74.61
75.00
75.40
0.061
0.060
0.060
0.060
0.059
0.059
0.059
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.057
0.057
0.057
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.056
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.054
0.054
0.054
0.054
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.052
0.052
0.052
0.052
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.051
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74
5.75
5.76
5.77
5.78
5.79
5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85
5.86
5.87
5.88
5.89
5.90
5.91
5.92
5.93
5.94
5.95
5.96
5.97
5.98
5.99
6.00
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
20.23
20.33
20.43
20.53
20.63
20.74
20.84
20.94
21.04
21.15
21.25
21.36
21.46
21.56
21.67
21.78
21.88
21.99
22.09
22.20
22.31
22.42
22.52
22.63
22.74
22.85
22.96
23.07
23.18
23.29
23.40
23.51
23.62
23.73
23.85
23.96
24.07
24.19
24.30
24.41
75.79
76.18
76.58
76.97
77.37
77.77
78.17
78.57
78.97
79.38
79.78
80.19
80.60
81.01
81.42
81.84
82.25
82.67
83.08
83.50
83.92
84.34
84.77
85.19
85.62
86.04
86.47
86.90
87.33
87.77
88.20
88.64
89.07
89.51
89.95
90.39
90.84
91.28
91.73
92.17
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.048
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.046
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.043
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.041
0.041
0.041
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
ASD
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
500
8/11/2009
1:36 PM
Page 500
Table ASD-89f Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of Horizontal
Forces
F =
P
Emt
h 3
h
+ 3
d
d
C =
h
RF =
h 3
h
4 + 3
d
d
3
h
h
C = 0.4 + 0.3
d
d
h
h
F = 0.1 + 0.3
d
d
P
E mt
1 Rigidity of fixed
F wall or pier
RC =
1 Rigidity of cantilever
C wall or pier
h/d
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.15
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.40
6.41
6.42
6.43
6.44
6.45
6.46
6.47
6.48
6.49
24.53
24.64
24.76
24.87
24.99
25.11
25.22
25.34
25.46
25.57
25.69
25.81
25.93
26.05
26.17
26.29
26.41
26.53
26.65
26.77
26.89
27.02
27.14
27.26
27.39
27.51
27.63
27.76
27.88
28.01
28.13
28.26
28.39
28.51
28.64
28.77
28.90
29.03
29.15
29.28
92.62
93.07
93.52
93.98
94.43
94.89
95.35
95.81
96.27
96.73
97.19
97.66
98.12
98.59
99.06
99.53
100.00
100.50
101.00
101.40
101.90
102.40
102.90
103.40
103.80
104.30
104.80
105.30
105.80
106.30
106.80
107.30
107.80
108.30
108.80
109.30
109.80
110.30
110.80
111.30
RF
RC
0.041 0.011
0.041 0.011
0.040 0.011
0.040 0.011
0.040 0.011
0.040 0.011
0.040 0.0.10
0.039 0.010
0.039 0.010
0.039 0.010
0.039 0.010
0.039 0.010
0.039 0.010
0.038 0.010
0.038 0.010
0.038 0.010
0.038 0.010
0.038 0.010
0.038 0.010
0.037 0.010
0.037 0.010
0.037 0.010
0.037 0.010
0.037 0.010
0.037 0.010
0.036 0.010
0.036 0.010
0.036 0.009
0.036 0.009
0.036 0.009
0.036 0.009
0.035 0.009
0.035 0.009
0.035 0.009
0.035 0.009
0.035 0.009
0.035 0.009
0.034 0.009
0.034 0.009
0.034 0.009
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
6.50
6.51
6.52
6.53
6.54
6.55
6.56
6.57
6.58
6.59
6.60
6.61
6.62
6.63
6.64
6.65
6.66
6.67
6.68
6.69
6.70
6.71
6.72
6.73
6.74
6.75
6.76
6.77
6.78
6.79
6.80
6.81
6.82
6.83
6.84
6.85
6.86
6.87
6.88
6.89
29.41
29.54
29.67
29.80
29.93
30.07
30.20
30.33
30.46
30.60
30.73
30.86
31.00
31.13
31.27
31.40
31.54
31.68
31.81
31.95
32.09
32.22
32.36
32.50
32.64
32.78
32.92
33.06
33.20
33.34
33.48
33.63
33.77
33.91
34.05
34.20
34.34
34.49
34.63
34.78
111.8
112.3
112.8
113.3
113.9
114.4
114.9
115.4
115.9
116.5
117.0
117.5
118.0
118.6
119.1
119.6
120.2
120.7
121.2
121.8
122.3
122.9
123.4
123.9
124.5
125.0
125.6
126.1
126.7
127.3
127.8
128.4
128.9
129.5
130.1
130.6
131.2
131.8
132.3
132.9
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
6.90
6.91
6.92
6.93
6.94
6.95
6.96
6.97
6.98
6.99
7.00
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29
34.92
35.07
35.21
35.36
35.51
35.66
35.80
35.95
36.10
36.25
36.40
36.55
36.70
36.85
37.00
37.16
37.31
37.46
37.61
37.77
37.92
38.08
38.23
38.39
38.54
38.70
38.85
39.01
39.17
39.33
39.48
39.64
39.80
39.96
40.12
40.28
40.44
40.61
40.77
40.93
133.5
134.0
134.6
135.2
135.8
136.4
136.9
137.5
138.1
138.7
139.3
139.9
140.5
141.1
141.7
142.3
142.9
143.5
144.1
144.7
145.3
145.9
146.5
147.1
147.7
148.4
149.0
149.6
150.2
150.8
151.5
152.1
152.7
153.3
154.0
154.6
155.2
155.9
156.5
157.2
0.029
0.029
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.028
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.024
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
ASD.8.4.08(2).qxp
8/11/2009
1:36 PM
Page 501
WALL RIGIDITIES
501
Table ASD-89g Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of Horizontal
Forces
F = Deflection of wall or pier
fixed top and bottom2
F =
P
Emt
h 3
h
+ 3
d
d
C =
h
P
d
RF =
h 3
h
4 + 3
d
d
3
h
h
C = 0.4 + 0.3
d
d
h
h
F = 0.1 + 0.3
d
d
P
E mt
1 Rigidity of fixed
F wall or pier
RC =
1 Rigidity of cantilever
C wall or pier
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
h/d
RF
RC
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34
7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39
7.40
7.41
7.42
7.43
7.44
7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
7.49
7.50
7.51
7.52
7.53
7.54
7.55
7.56
7.57
7.58
7.59
7.60
7.61
7.62
7.63
7.64
7.65
7.66
7.67
7.68
7.69
41.09
41.25
41.42
41.58
41.75
41.91
42.08
42.24
42.41
42.58
42.74
42.91
43.08
43.25
43.42
43.58
43.75
43.92
44.09
44.27
44.44
44.61
44.78
44.95
45.13
45.30
45.48
45.65
45.83
46.00
46.18
46.35
46.53
46.71
46.89
47.06
47.24
47.42
47.60
47.78
157.8
158.4
159.1
159.7
160.4
161.0
161.7
162.3
163.0
163.7
164.3
165.0
165.6
166.3
167.0
167.6
168.3
169.0
169.6
170.3
171.0
171.7
172.4
173.0
173.7
174.4
175.1
175.8
176.5
177.2
177.9
178.6
179.3
180.0
180.7
181.4
182.1
182.8
183.5
184.2
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
7.70
7.71
7.72
7.73
7.74
7.75
7.76
7.77
7.78
7.79
7.80
7.81
7.82
7.83
7.84
7.85
7.86
7.87
7.88
7.89
7.90
7.91
7.92
7.93
7.94
7.95
7.96
7.97
7.98
7.99
8.00
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.09
47.96
48.14
48.33
48.51
48.69
48.87
49.06
49.24
49.43
49.61
49.80
49.98
50.17
50.35
50.54
50.73
50.92
51.11
51.29
51.48
51.67
51.86
52.06
52.25
52.44
52.63
52.82
53.02
53.21
53.41
53.60
53.80
53.99
54.19
54.38
54.58
54.78
54.98
55.18
55.37
184.9
185.6
186.4
187.1
187.8
188.5
189.2
190.0
190.7
191.4
192.2
192.9
193.6
194.4
195.1
195.8
196.6
197.3
198.1
198.8
199.6
200.3
201.1
201.8
202.6
203.4
204.1
204.9
205.7
206.4
207.2
208.0
208.7
209.5
210.3
211.1
211.9
212.6
213.4
214.2
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
8.10
8.11
8.12
8..13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34
8.35
8.36
8.37
8.38
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44
8.45
8.46
8.47
8.48
8.49
55.57
55.77
55.97
56.18
56.38
56.58
56.78
56.98
57.19
57.39
57.60
57.80
58.01
58.21
58.42
58.63
58.83
59.04
59.25
59.46
59.67
59.88
60.09
60.30
60.51
60.72
60.94
61.15
61.36
61.58
61.79
62.01
62.22
62.44
62.65
62.87
63.09
63.31
63.52
63.74
215.0
215.8
216.6
217.4
218.2
219.0
219.8
220.6
221.4
222.2
223.0
223.8
224.6
225.4
226.3
227.1
227.9
228.7
229.5
230.4
231.2
232.0
232.9
233.7
234.5
235.4
236.2
237.1
237.9
238.8
239.6
240.5
241.3
242.2
243.0
243.9
244.7
245.6
246.5
247.3
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.017
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
ASD
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Table ASD-91 Allowable Tension Ba (pounds) for Embedded Anchor Bolts in Clay and Concrete
Masonry Based on the Masonry Strength1,2,3
Embedment Length lb or Edge Distance lbe (inches)
fm
(psi)
10
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
200
240
280
310
340
370
400
420
440
470
490
450
550
630
710
770
840
890
950
1000
1050
1100
790
970
1120
1260
1380
1490
1590
1690
1780
1860
1950
1240
1520
1760
1960
2150
2320
2480
2630
2780
2910
3040
1790
2190
2530
2830
3100
3350
3580
3790
4000
4190
4380
3180
3890
4500
5030
5510
5950
6360
6740
7110
7460
7790
4970
6080
7020
7850
8600
9290
9930
10540
11110
11650
12170
1. The allowable tension values in Table ASD-91 are based on the compressive strength of masonry assemblages. Where yield strength
of anchor bolt steel governs, the allowable tension in pounds is given in Table ASD-92.
2. Values based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.2 Eq. 2-1.
3. Values may be increased by one-third when considering load combinations including earthquake per MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3.
Table ASD-92 Allowable Tension Ba (pounds) for Embedded Anchor Bolts in Clay and Concrete
Masonry Based on ASTM A307 Anchor Bolts1,2,3
Anchor Bolt Diameter (inches)
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
11/8
350
800
1410
2210
3180
4330
5650
7160
1. Values are for bolts conforming to ASTM A307. Bolts shall be those specified in MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.
2. Values based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.2 Eq. 2-2.
3. Values may be increased by one-third when considering load combinations including earthquake per MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3.
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503
ANCHOR BOLTS
Table ASD-93 Allowable Shear Bv (pounds) for Embedded Anchor Bolts in Clay and Concrete Masonry
Based on the Masonry Strength and A307 Anchor Bolts1,2,3,4
Anchor Bolt Diameter (inches)
fm
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
(psi)
1
11/8
1000
210
480
850
1330
1600
1730
1850
1970
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
210
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1330
1780
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1920
2060
2180
2280
2370
2450
2520
2590
2600
2050
2200
2330
2440
2530
2620
2700
2770
2840
2170
2340
2470
2590
2690
2780
2860
2940
3010
6000
210
480
850
1330
1910
2600
2900
3080
1. Values are for bolts conforming to ASTM A307. Bolts shall be those specified in MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.
2. The allowable shear values in Table ASD-93 are based on where the compressive strength of masonry assemblages or yield strength
of anchor bolt steel governs. Refer to Table ASD-94 for the percent capacity of anchor bolts based on edge distance.
3. Values based on MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.3 and MSJC Code Eqs. 2-5 and 2-6. Shaded values are controlled by the capacity of the
bolt as given by MSJC Code Eq. 2-6.
4. Values may be increased by one-third when considering load combinations including earthquake per MSJC Code Section 2.1.2.3.
Table ASD-94 Percentage of Shear Capacity of Anchor Bolts Based on Edge Distance lbe1,2,3,4
Anchor Bolt Diameter (inches)
Edge
Distance
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
lbe
lbe
lbe
lbe
lbe
12db
11db
3.0
2.8
100
87.5
4.5
4.1
100
89.3
6.0
5.5
100
90.0
7.5
6.9
100
90.4
9.0
8.3
10db
9db
2.5
2.3
75.0
62.5
3.8
3.4
78.6
67.9
5.0
4.5
80.0
70.0
6.3
5.6
80.8
71.2
7.5
6.8
81.3
71.9
8.8
7.9
8db
7db
2.0
1.8
50.0
37.5
3.0
2.6
57.1
46.4
4.0
3.5
60.0
50.0
5.0
4.4
61.5
51.9
6.0
5.3
62.5
53.1
7.0
6.1
63.2
53.9
8.0
7.0
63.6
54.5
9.0
7.9
64.0
55.0
6db
5db
4db
3db
2db
1db
1.5
1.3
25.0
12.5
2.3
1.9
35.7
25.0
3.0
2.5
40.0
30.0
3.8
3.1
42.3
32.7
4.5
3.8
43.8
34.4
5.3
4.4
44.7
35.5
6.0
5.0
45.5
36.4
6.8
5.6
46.0
37.0
1.0
1.5
1.1
14.3
3.6
2.0
1.5
1.0
20.0
10.0
0
2.5
1.9
1.3
23.1
13.5
3.8
3.0
2.3
1.5
25.0
15.6
6.3
3.5
2.6
1.8
26.3
17.1
7.9
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
27.3
18.2
9.1
0
4.5
3.4
2.3
1.1
28.0
19.0
10.0
1.0
1 in.
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
lbe
lbe
11/8
%
lbe
1. MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.3 requires that the capacity of anchor bolts determined by MSJC Code Eq. 2-5 be reduced when the edge
distance is less than 12db.
2. db = Bar diameters
3. lbe = Edge distance in inches
4. % = Percentage capacity of Anchor Bolts
ASD
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GENERAL NOTES
505
GENERAL
NOTES
TABLES
AND
DIAGRAMS
Based on the
International
Building
Code
Requirements
GEN. NOTES
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Weight (psf)
Pounds per
Square Foot
FLOORS:
Concrete finish, per inch of thickness.........................12
Light weight concrete fill, per inch of thickness............9
7/8 Hardwood floor on sleepers clipped to
concrete without fill.......................................................5
11/2 Terrazzo floor finish directly on slab....................19
11/2 Terrazzo floor finish on 1 mortar bed..................30
1 Terrazzo finish on 2 concrete bed..........................38
3/4 Ceramic or quarry tile on 1/2 mortar bed...............16
3/4 Ceramic or quarry tile on 1 mortar bed................22
1/4 Linoleum or asphalt tile directly on concrete...........1
1/4 Linoleum or asphalt tile on 1 mortar.....................12
3/4 Mastic floor.............................................................9
Hardwood flooring, 7/8 thick.........................................4
Sub-flooring (soft wood), 3/4 thick.............................21/2
Gypsum slab, per inch of thickness..............................6
Asphalt mastic finish, 11/2 thick..................................18
1/2 Douglas Fir plywood...........................................11/2
1 Douglas Fir plywood.................................................3
CEILINGS:
3/4 Plaster directly on concrete, blocks
or tile............................................................................5
3/4 Plaster on metal lath furring....................................8
3/4 Gypsum plater on metal lath and channel
suspended ceiling construction..................................10
Plaster on rock lath and channel ceiling
construction..................................................................6
Acoustical fiber tile directly on concrete blocks
or tile............................................................................1
Acoustical fiber tile on rock lath and channel
ceiling construction.......................................................5
Acoustical fiber tile on suspended wood
furring strips..................................................................3
ROOFS:
Five-ply felt and gravel (or slag)................................61/2
Three-ply felt and gravel (or slag).............................51/2
Five-ply composition roof, no gravel.............................4
Three-ply felt composition roof, no gravel.....................3
Asphalt strip shingles...................................................3
Concrete tile...............................................................16
Slate, 1/4 thick (laid)...................................................10
Slate, 1/2 thick (laid)...................................................20
Sheathing, 3/4 thick, yellow pine...............................31/2
Sheathing, 3/4 thick, spruce or hemlock...................21/2
Skylight with galvanized iron frame, 1/4 wire glass.......7
Gypsum, per inch of thickness......................................4
Poured gypsum on steel rails, per inch of thickness.....5
Light weight fill or insulation, porous glass,
vermiculite, etc, per inch of thickness....................1 to 2
Spanish tile (laid).................................................9 to 12
Shingle-type clay tile..........................................12 to 14
Metal Deck (20 gauge).................................................2
Metal Deck (18 gauge).................................................3
Corrugated metal (20 gauge).......................................2
PARTITIONS:2
3 clay tile...................................................................17
4 clay tile...................................................................18
6 clay tile...................................................................25
8 clay tile...................................................................31
10 clay tile.................................................................35
3 gypsum block.........................................................10
4 gypsum block.........................................................13
5 gypsum block.........................................................16
6 gypsum block.........................................................17
2 solid plaster............................................................20
2 x 4 studs, or metal studs, lath and 3/4 plaster..........18
Steel partitions..............................................................4
Gypsum plaster per 1/8 thick........................................1
WALLS:1
Windows, Glass, frame and sash.................................8
Porcelain enamel on sheet steel...................................3
Structural glass, per inch of thickness........................15
Stone 4 thick..............................................................55
Glass block 4 thick....................................................18
1. See Tables GN-2 and Tables GN-3a, 3b, 3c for masonry walls.
2. IBC Section 1607.5 In office buildings and in other buildings
where partition locations are subject to change, provisions for
partition weight shall be made, whether or not partitions are
shown on the construction documents, unless the specified live
load exceeds 80 psf (3.83 kN/m2). The partition load shall not be
less than a uniformly distributed live load of 15 psf (0.74 kN/m2).
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507
WEIGHT OF MATERIALS
Table GN-2 Average Weight1 of Concrete Masonry Units, Pounds Per Unit (16 Long Units)
Lightweight Units:
103 pcf
Thickness of Units
Individual 4 high units
Block
8 high units
10 12
10 12
10 12
8
16
11
23
13
27
15
32
9
18
13
28
16
32
17
36
10
21
16
33
18
37
20
42
20
42
22
47
26
55
1. ASTM C90 classifies masonry units as follows: Lightweight: Less than 105 pcf. Medium Weight: 105 pcf to 125 pcf. Normal Weight:
125 pcf or more.
Table GN-3a Average Weight of Completed Walls,1 Pounds per Square Foot, and Equivalent Solid
Thickness, Inches (Weight of Grout = 140 pcf)
Hollow Concrete Block
Lightweight
103 pcf
Wall Thickness
Medium Weight
115 pcf
Normal Weight
135 pcf
10 12
10 12
52
75
93 118 58
78
98 124 63
84 104 133 38
56
77
Vertical
Cores
Grouted
at
41
37
36
35
34
60
55
52
50
49
69
61
57
55
53
88
79
74
71
69
47
43
42
41
40
63
58
55
53
51
80
72
68
66
64
94
85
80
77
75
52
48
47
46
45
66
61
58
56
55
86 103 33
78 94 31
74 89 30
72 86 29
70 83 28
45
42
40
39
38
59
54
51
49
48
4.5
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.7
26
33
36
47
32
36
41
53
37
42
47
30
35
No Grout in Wall
10 12
o.c.
o.c.
o.c.
o.c.
o.c.
Equivalent
Solid Thickness2
(inches)
16
24
32
40
48
Hollow Clay
Block
120 pcf
62
25
5.8
5.2
4.9
4.7
4.6
10 12
7.2
6.3
5.9
5.7
5.5
8.5
7.5
7.0
6.7
6.5
1. The above table gives the average weight of completed walls of various thicknesses in pounds per square foot of wall face area. An
average amount has been added into these values to include the weight of bond beams and reinforcing steel.
2. Equivalent solid thickness means the calculated thickness of the wall if there were no hollow cores, and is obtained by dividing the
volume of the solid material in the wall by the face area of the wall. This Equivalent Solid Thickness (EST) is for the determination of
area for structural design only, e.g., fa = P/(EST)b. A fire rating thickness is based either on equivalent solid thickness of ungrouted
units or solid grouted walls (partial grouted walls are considered as ungrouted for fire ratings).
GEN. NOTES
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Table GN-3b Average Weight of Completed Walls,1 Pounds per Square Foot, and Equivalent Solid
Thickness, Inches (Weight of Grout = 105 pcf)
Hollow Concrete Block
Lightweight
103 pcf
Wall Thickness
Medium Weight
115 pcf
Normal Weight
135 pcf
Hollow Clay
Block
120 pcf
Equivalent
Solid Thickness2
(inches)
10 12
10 12
10 12
45
65
79 100 51
68
84 106 56
74
90 115 35
49
66
Vertical
Cores
Grouted
at
37
35
33
32
31
51
47
45
43
42
61
55
52
50
49
78
71
67
65
63
43
41
39
38
37
54
50
48
46
45
66
60
57
55
54
84
77
73
71
69
48
46
44
43
42
60
56
54
52
51
72
66
63
61
60
93
86
82
80
78
32
30
29
28
27
44
39
37
36
35
58
49
47
45
44
4.5
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.7
26
33
36
47
32
36
41
53
37
42
47
62
25
30
35
16
24
32
40
48
o.c.
o.c.
o.c.
o.c.
o.c.
No Grout in Wall
5.8
5.2
4.9
4.7
4.6
10 12
7.2
6.3
5.9
5.7
5.5
8.5
7.5
7.0
6.7
6.5
1. The above table gives the average weight of completed walls of various thicknesses in pounds per square foot of wall face area. An
average amount has been added into these values to include the weight of bond beams and reinforcing steel.
2. Equivalent solid thickness means the calculated thickness of the wall if there were no hollow cores, and is obtained by dividing the
volume of the solid material in the wall by the face area of the wall. This Equivalent Solid Thickness (EST) is for the determination of
area for structural design only, e.g., fa = P/(EST)b. A fire rating thickness is based either on equivalent solid thickness of ungrouted
units or solid grouted walls (partial grouted walls are considered as ungrouted for fire ratings).
81/2
91/2
10
11
12
13
Weight (psf)
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
Diagram GN-4 Wall Section Properties (for Use with Tables GN-4 through GN-12b)
Face shell bedding shown
Masonry
spanning
vertically
Horizontal Section
8 inch nominal
unit dimension
Cell grouted
vertically
Grout spacing
Masonry
spanning
horizontally
Vertical Section
8 inch nominal
unit dimension
Grout spacing
Cell grouted
horizontally
8/11/2009
1:49 PM
Page 509
509
Table GN-4a.4 Wall Section Properties of 4Inch Clay Masonry, Single Wythe, 4Inch High, 16Inch
Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1,2
Anet
in.2 per
Inet
in.4 per
Snet
in.3 per
rnet
Aavg
in.2 per
Iavg
in.4 per
Savg
in.3 per
ravg
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
spc3
ft
8 Solid
28.5
42.8
30.1
45.2
16.9
25.4
1.03
28.5
42.8
30.1
45.2
16.9
25.4
1.03
16
40.5
30.4
54.4
40.8
30.6
22.9
1.16
44.6
33.5
55.9
41.9
31.4
23.5
1.12
24
52.5
26.3
78.7
39.4
44.2
22.1
1.22
60.8
30.4
81.7
40.8
45.8
22.9
1.16
32
64.5
24.2
103
38.6
57.8
21.7
1.26
76.9
28.8
107
40.3
60.3
22.6
1.18
40
76.5
23.0
127
38.2
71.5
21.4
1.29
93.0
27.9
133
40.0
74.8
22.4
1.20
48
88.5
22.1
152
37.9
85.1
21.3
1.31
109
27.3
159
39.7
89.2
22.3
1.21
56
101
21.5
176
37.7
98.8
21.2
1.32
125
26.8
185
39.6
104
22.2
1.21
64
113
21.1
200
37.5
112
21.1
1.33
141
26.5
210
39.5
118
22.2
1.22
72
125
20.8
224
37.4
126
21.0
1.34
158
26.3
236
39.4
133
22.1
1.22
96
161
20.1
297
37.2
167
20.9
1.36
206
25.7
313
39.2
176
22.0
1.23
120
197
19.7
370
37.0
208
20.8
1.37
254
25.4
391
39.1
219
21.9
1.24
8 Ungrouted 12.0
18.0
24.3
36.4
13.6
20.5
1.42
16.1
24.2
25.8
38.6
14.5
21.7
1.26
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
(in.)
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
(in.)
36.0
18.0
72.9
36.4
40.9
20.5
1.42
54.6
27.3
79.5
39.7
44.6
22.3
1.21
48
72.0
18.0
146
36.4
81.8
20.5
1.42
103
25.7
157
39.2
88.0
22.0
1.23
72
108
18.0
219
36.4
123
20.5
1.42
151
25.2
234
39.0
131
21.9
1.24
96
144
18.0
292
36.4
164
20.5
1.42
200
25.0
311
38.9
175
21.8
1.25
120
180
18.0
364
36.4
205
20.5
1.42
248
24.8
389
38.9
218
21.8
1.25
24
36.0
18.0
72.9
36.4
40.9
20.5
1.42
60.8
30.4
81.7
40.8
45.8
22.9
1.16
48
72.0
18.0
146
36.4
81.8
20.5
1.42
109
27.3
159
39.7
89.2
22.3
1.21
72
108
18.0
219
36.4
123
20.5
1.42
158
26.3
236
39.4
133
22.1
1.22
96
144
18.0
292
36.4
164
20.5
1.42
206
25.7
313
39.2
176
22.0
1.23
120
180
18.0
364
36.4
205
20.5
1.42
254
25.4
391
39.1
219
21.9
1.24
14.3
42.8
15.1
45.2
8.5
25.4
1.03
14.3
42.8
15.1
45.2
8.5
25.4
1.03
20.3
30.4
27.2
40.8
15.3
22.9
1.16
22.3
33.5
28.0
41.9
15.7
23.5
1.12
16
32.3
24.2
51.5
38.6
28.9
21.7
1.26
38.4
28.8
53.7
40.3
30.2
22.6
1.18
24
44.3
22.1
75.8
37.9
42.6
21.3
1.31
54.6
27.3
79.5
39.7
44.6
22.3
1.21
32
56.3
21.1
100
37.5
56.2
21.1
1.33
70.7
26.5
105
39.5
59.1
22.2
1.22
40
68.3
20.5
124
37.3
69.8
20.9
1.35
86.8
26.1
131
39.3
73.5
22.1
1.23
48
80.3
20.1
149
37.2
83.5
20.9
1.36
103
25.7
157
39.2
88.0
22.0
1.23
56
92.3
19.8
173
37.1
97.1
20.8
1.37
119
25.5
182
39.1
102
22.0
1.24
64
104
19.5
197
37.0
111
20.8
1.38
135
25.4
208
39.0
117
21.9
1.24
72
116
19.4
222
36.9
124
20.7
1.38
151
25.2
234
39.0
131
21.9
1.24
96
152
19.0
294
36.8
165
20.7
1.39
200
25.0
311
38.9
175
21.8
1.25
120
188
18.8
367
36.7
206
20.6
1.40
248
24.8
389
38.9
218
21.8
1.25
6.0
18.0
12.1
36.4
6.8
20.5
1.42
8.1
24.2
12.9
38.6
7.2
21.7
1.26
4 Ungrouted
3/4
7/16
39/16
1. Based on
in. Face Shells and
in. joints for
in. actual unit width with 6 cross-webs.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
GEN. NOTES
GN.8.11.08.qxp
GN.8.11.08.qxp
8/11/2009
510
1:50 PM
Page 510
Table GN-4a.8 Wall Section Properties of 4Inch Clay Masonry, Single Wythe, 8Inch High, 16Inch
Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1,2
Anet
in.2 per
Inet
in.4 per
Snet
in.3 per
rnet
Aavg
in.2 per
Iavg
in.4 per
Savg
in.3 per
ravg
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
spc3
ft
8 Solid
28.5
42.8
30.1
45.2
16.9
25.4
1.03
28.5
42.8
30.1
45.2
16.9
25.4
1.03
16
40.5
30.4
54.4
40.8
30.6
22.9
1.16
44.9
33.7
56.0
42.0
31.4
23.6
1.12
24
52.5
26.3
78.7
39.4
44.2
22.1
1.22
61.3
30.6
81.8
40.9
45.9
23.0
1.16
32
64.5
24.2
103
38.6
57.8
21.7
1.26
77.7
29.1
108
40.4
60.5
22.7
1.18
40
76.5
23.0
127
38.2
71.5
21.4
1.29
94.0
28.2
134
40.1
75.0
22.5
1.19
48
88.5
22.1
152
37.9
85.1
21.3
1.31
110
27.6
159
39.8
89.5
22.4
1.20
56
101
21.5
176
37.7
98.8
21.2
1.32
127
27.2
185
39.7
104
22.3
1.21
64
113
21.1
200
37.5
112
21.1
1.33
143
26.9
211
39.6
119
22.2
1.21
72
125
20.8
224
37.4
126
21.0
1.34
160
26.6
237
39.5
133
22.2
1.22
96
161
20.1
297
37.2
167
20.9
1.36
209
26.1
314
39.3
177
22.1
1.23
120
197
19.7
370
37.0
208
20.8
1.37
258
25.8
392
39.2
220
22.0
1.23
8 Ungrouted 12.0
18.0
24.3
36.4
13.6
20.5
1.42
16.4
24.6
25.8
38.8
14.5
21.8
1.26
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
(in.)
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
(in.)
36.0
18.0
72.9
36.4
40.9
20.5
1.42
61.3
30.6
81.8
40.9
45.9
23.0
1.16
48
72.0
18.0
146
36.4
81.8
20.5
1.42
110
27.6
159
39.8
89.5
22.4
1.20
72
108
18.0
219
36.4
123
20.5
1.42
160
26.6
237
39.5
133
22.2
1.22
96
144
18.0
292
36.4
164
20.5
1.42
209
26.1
314
39.3
177
22.1
1.23
120
180
18.0
364
36.4
205
20.5
1.42
258
25.8
392
39.2
220
22.0
1.23
24
36.0
18.0
72.9
36.4
40.9
20.5
1.42
61.3
30.6
81.8
40.9
45.9
23.0
1.16
48
72.0
18.0
146
36.4
81.8
20.5
1.42
110
27.6
159
39.8
89.5
22.4
1.20
72
108
18.0
219
36.4
123
20.5
1.42
160
26.6
237
39.5
133
22.2
1.22
96
144
18.0
292
36.4
164
20.5
1.42
209
26.1
314
39.3
177
22.1
1.23
120
180
18.0
364
36.4
205
20.5
1.42
258
25.8
392
39.2
220
22.0
1.23
28.5
42.8
30.1
45.2
16.9
25.4
1.03
28.5
42.8
30.1
45.2
16.9
25.4
1.03
16
40.5
30.4
54.4
40.8
30.6
22.9
1.16
44.9
33.7
56.0
42.0
31.4
23.6
1.12
24
52.5
26.3
78.7
39.4
44.2
22.1
1.22
61.3
30.6
81.8
40.9
45.9
23.0
1.16
32
64.5
24.2
103
38.6
57.8
21.7
1.26
77.7
29.1
108
40.4
60.5
22.7
1.18
40
76.5
23.0
127
38.2
71.5
21.4
1.29
94.0
28.2
134
40.1
75.0
22.5
1.19
48
88.5
22.1
152
37.9
85.1
21.3
1.31
110
27.6
159
39.8
89.5
22.4
1.20
56
101
21.5
176
37.7
98.8
21.2
1.32
127
27.2
185
39.7
104
22.3
1.21
64
113
21.1
200
37.5
112
21.1
1.33
143
26.9
211
39.6
119
22.2
1.21
72
125
20.8
224
37.4
126
21.0
1.34
160
26.6
237
39.5
133
22.2
1.22
96
161
20.1
297
37.2
167
20.9
1.36
209
26.1
314
39.3
177
22.1
1.23
120
197
19.7
370
37.0
208
20.8
1.37
258
25.8
392
39.2
220
22.0
1.23
8 Ungrouted 12.0
18.0
24.3
36.4
13.6
20.5
1.42
16.4
24.6
25.8
38.8
14.5
21.8
1.26
1. Based on 3/4 in. Face Shells and 7/16 in. joints for 39/16 in. actual unit width with 6 cross-webs 3/4 in. thick.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
8/13/2009
9:48 AM
Page 511
511
Table GN-4b Wall Section Properties of 4Inch Concrete Masonry, Single Wythe Walls, 8Inch High,
16Inch Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1, 2
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
rnet
ft
(in.)
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ravg
ft
(in.)
28.6
42.9
31.6
47.4
17.4
26.2
1.05
28.6
42.9
31.6
47.4
17.4
26.2
1.05
16
41.4
31.0
57.3
43.0
31.6
23.7
1.18
43.7
32.2
57.8
43.4
31.9
23.9
1.16
24
53.4
26.7
82.6
41.3
45.6
22.8
1.24
58.0
28.6
84.0
42.0
46.4
23.2
1.21
32
65.4
24.5
108
40.5
59.6
22.3
1.28
72.2
26.8
110
41.4
60.8
22.8
1.24
40
77.4
23.2
133
40.0
73.6
22.1
1.31
86.5
25.7
137
41.0
75.3
22.6
1.26
48
89.4
22.4
159
39.7
87.6
21.9
1.33
101
25.0
163
40.7
89.8
22.4
1.28
56
101
21.7
184
39.4
102
21.8
1.35
115
24.5
189
40.5
104
22.3
1.29
64
113
21.3
209
39.3
116
21.7
1.36
129
24.1
215
40.3
119
22.3
1.29
72
125
20.9
235
39.1
130
21.6
1.37
144
23.8
241
40.2
134
22.2
1.30
96
161
20.2
311
38.9
172
21.4
1.39
186
23.2
320
40.0
177
22.1
1.31
120
197
19.7
387
38.7
213
21.4
1.40
229
22.8
399
39.9
220
22.0
1.32
8 Ungrouted 12.0
18.0
25.4
38.0
14.0
21.0
1.45
14.3
21.4
26.2
39.3
14.5
21.7
1.36
36.0
18.0
76.1
38.0
42.0
21.0
1.45
57.6
28.8
84.2
42.1
46.4
23.2
1.21
48
72.0
18.0
152
38.0
84.0
21.0
1.45
100
25.1
163
40.7
89.8
22.5
1.27
72
108
18.0
228
38.0
126
21.0
1.45
143
23.9
241
40.2
133
22.2
1.30
96
144
18.0
304
38.0
168
21.0
1.45
187
23.3
320
40.0
177
22.1
1.31
120
180
18.0
380
38.0
210
21.0
1.45
229
22.9
399
39.9
220
22.0
1.32
24
36.0
18.0
76.1
38.0
42.0
21.0
1.45
57.1
26.5
84.2
42.1
46.4
23.2
1.26
48
72.0
18.0
152
38.0
84.0
21.0
1.45
99.3
22.2
163
40.7
89.8
22.5
1.35
72
108
18.0
228
38.0
126
21.0
1.45
141
20.8
241
40.2
133
22.2
1.39
96
144
18.0
304
38.0
168
21.0
1.45
184
20.1
320
40.0
177
22.1
1.41
120
180
18.0
380
38.0
210
21.0
1.45
226
19.7
399
39.9
220
22.0
1.42
8 Solid
29.0
43.5
31.8
47.6
17.5
26.3
1.05
29.0
43.5
31.8
47.6
17.5
26.3
1.05
16
41.0
30.8
57.1
42.8
31.5
23.6
1.18
43.0
34.0
57.8
43.9
31.9
24.2
1.14
24
53.0
26.5
82.5
41.2
45.5
22.8
1.25
57.1
29.8
83.9
42.3
46.3
23.3
1.19
32
65.0
24.4
108
40.4
59.5
22.3
1.29
71.2
27.6
101
41.5
60.6
22.9
1.22
40
77.0
23.1
133
40.0
73.5
22.0
1.32
85.2
26.4
136
41.0
75.0
22.6
1.25
48
89.0
22.2
159
39.6
87.5
21.9
1.34
99.3
25.5
162
40.7
89.4
22.4
1.26
56
101
21.6
184
39.4
101
21.7
1.35
113
24.9
188
40.4
104
22.3
1.28
64
113
21.2
209
39.2
115
21.6
1.36
127
24.4
214
40.3
118
22.2
1.28
72
125
20.8
235
39.1
129
21.6
1.37
141
24.1
240
40.1
132
22.2
1.29
96
161
20.1
311
38.8
171
21.4
1.39
184
23.4
318
39.9
176
22.0
1.31
120
197
19.7
387
38.7
213
21.3
1.40
226
23.0
396
39.7
219
21.9
1.32
8 Ungrouted 12.0
18.0
25.4
38.0
14.0
21.0
1.45
14.0
21.2
26.0
39.1
14.4
21.6
1.36
1. Based on 3/4 in. Face Shells and in part on NCMA TEK Note 14-1B.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
GEN. NOTES
GN.8.11.08.qxp
GN.8.11.08.qxp
8/11/2009
512
1:51 PM
Page 512
Table GN-5a.4 Wall Section Properties of 5Inch Clay Masonry, Single Wythe, 31/8Inch High, 10Inch
Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1,2
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
rnet
ft
(in.)
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ravg
ft
(in.)
23.1
55.5
41.2
98.9
17.8
42.8
1.34
23.1
55.5
41.2
98.9
17.8
42.8
1.34
10
33.1
39.8
74.9
89.9
32.4
38.9
1.50
36.6
43.9
76.9
92.3
33.3
39.9
1.45
20
53.1
31.9
142
85.4
61.5
36.9
1.64
63.5
38.1
148
88.9
64.1
38.5
1.53
30
73.1
29.3
210
83.9
90.7
36.3
1.69
90.5
36.2
220
87.8
95.0
38.0
1.56
40
93.1
27.9
277
83.1
120
35.9
1.72
117
35.2
291
87.3
126
37.7
1.57
50
113
27.2
344
82.7
149
35.7
1.74
144
34.6
362
87.0
157
37.6
1.58
60
133
26.6
412
82.4
178
35.6
1.76
171
34.2
434
86.7
188
37.5
1.59
70
153
26.3
479
82.1
207
35.5
1.77
198
34.0
505
86.6
218
37.4
1.60
80
173
26.0
546
82.0
236
35.4
1.78
225
33.8
576
86.5
249
37.4
1.60
100
213
25.6
681
81.7
295
35.4
1.79
279
33.5
719
86.3
311
37.3
1.61
120
253
25.3
816
81.6
353
35.3
1.80
333
33.3
862
86.2
373
37.3
1.61
5 Ungrouted
10.0
24.0
33.7
80.8
14.6
35.0
1.84
13.5
32.3
35.7
85.6
15.4
37.0
1.63
25
50.0
24.0
168
80.8
72.8
35.0
1.84
73.4
35.2
182
87.3
78.6
37.7
1.57
50
100
24.0
337
80.8
146
35.0
1.84
141
33.8
360
86.5
156
37.4
1.60
75
150
24.0
505
80.8
218
35.0
1.84
208
33.3
539
86.2
233
37.3
1.61
100
200
24.0
674
80.8
291
35.0
1.84
275
33.0
717
86.0
310
37.2
1.61
125
250
24.0
842
80.8
364
35.0
1.84
343
32.9
895
86.0
387
37.2
1.62
20
40.0
24.0
135
80.8
58.3
35.0
1.84
66.1
39.7
150
89.8
64.8
38.9
1.50
40
80.0
24.0
269
80.8
117
35.0
1.84
123
37.0
294
88.3
127
38.2
1.54
60
120
24.0
404
80.8
175
35.0
1.84
181
36.2
439
87.8
190
38.0
1.56
80
160
24.0
539
80.8
233
35.0
1.84
238
35.7
584
87.6
252
37.9
1.57
100
200
24.0
674
80.8
291
35.0
1.84
295
35.5
728
87.4
315
37.8
1.57
120
240
24.0
808
80.8
350
35.0
1.84
353
35.3
873
87.3
378
37.8
1.57
14.5
55.5
25.8
98.9
11.1
42.8
1.34
14.5
55.5
25.8
98.9
11.1
42.8
1.34
12.5
33.2
31.9
88.9
85.4
38.5
36.9
1.64
39.7
38.1
92.7
88.9
40.1
38.5
1.53
25.0
58.2
27.9
173
83.1
74.9
35.9
1.72
73.4
35.2
182
87.3
78.6
37.7
1.57
37.5
83.2
26.6
257
82.4
111
35.6
1.76
107
34.2
271
86.7
117
37.5
1.59
50.0
108
26.0
342
82.0
148
35.4
1.78
141
33.8
360
86.5
156
37.4
1.60
62.5
133
25.6
426
81.7
184
35.4
1.79
174
33.5
449
86.3
194
37.3
1.61
75.0
158
25.3
510
81.6
221
35.3
1.80
208
33.3
539
86.2
233
37.3
1.61
87.5
183
25.1
594
81.5
257
35.2
1.80
242
33.1
628
86.1
271
37.2
1.61
100.0
208
25.0
678
81.4
293
35.2
1.81
275
33.0
717
86.0
310
37.2
1.61
112.5
233
24.9
763
81.3
330
35.2
1.81
309
33.0
806
86.0
349
37.2
1.62
125.0
258
24.8
847
81.3
366
35.2
1.81
343
32.9
895
86.0
387
37.2
1.62
6.3
24.0
21.1
80.8
9.1
35.0
1.84
8.4
32.3
22.3
85.6
9.6
37.0
1.63
31/8
Ungrouted
1. Based on 1 in. Face Shells and 3/8 in. joints for 45/8 in. actual unit width with 4 cross-webs.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
8/11/2009
1:51 PM
Page 513
513
Table GN-6a.4 Wall Section Properties of 6Inch Clay Masonry, Single Wythe, 4Inch High, 16Inch
Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1,2
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
rnet
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
ravg
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
spc3
ft
8 Solid
44.5
66.8
115
172
41.3
61.9
1.61
44.5
66.8
115
172
41.3
61.9
1.61
16
64.5
48.4
210
158
75.6
56.7
1.81
69.6
52.2
214
161
77.1
57.8
1.75
24
84.5
42.3
306
153
110
55.0
1.90
94.7
47.4
314
157
113
56.4
1.82
32
105
39.2
402
151
144
54.1
1.96
120
44.9
414
155
149
55.8
1.86
40
125
37.4
497
149
179
53.6
2.00
145
43.5
513
154
184
55.3
1.88
48
145
36.1
593
148
213
53.3
2.03
170
42.5
613
153
220
55.1
1.90
56
165
35.3
688
147
247
53.0
2.05
195
41.8
712
153
256
54.9
1.91
64
185
34.6
784
147
282
52.8
2.06
220
41.3
812
152
292
54.7
1.92
72
205
34.1
879
147
316
52.7
2.07
245
40.9
911
152
328
54.6
1.93
96
265
33.1
1166
146
419
52.4
2.10
321
40.1
1210
151
435
54.4
1.94
120
325
32.5
1453
145
522
52.2
2.12
396
39.6
1509
151
543
54.3
1.95
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
95.6
143
34.4
51.6
2.19
25.1
37.7
99.6
149
35.8
53.7
1.99
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
(in.)
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
(in.)
60.0
30.0
287
143
103
51.6
2.19
85.0
42.5
306
153
110
55.1
1.90
48
120
30.0
574
143
206
51.6
2.19
160
40.1
605
151
218
54.4
1.94
72
180
30.0
860
143
309
51.6
2.19
236
39.3
904
151
325
54.2
1.96
96
240
30.0
1147
143
412
51.6
2.19
311
38.9
1203
150
432
54.1
1.97
120
300
30.0
1434
143
516
51.6
2.19
386
38.6
1501
150
540
54.0
1.97
24
60.0
30.0
287
143
103
51.6
2.19
94.7
47.4
314
157
113
56.4
1.82
48
120
30.0
574
143
206
51.6
2.19
170
42.5
613
153
220
55.1
1.90
72
180
30.0
860
143
309
51.6
2.19
245
40.9
911
152
328
54.6
1.93
96
240
30.0
1147
143
412
51.6
2.19
321
40.1
1210
151
435
54.4
1.94
120
300
30.0
1434
143
516
51.6
2.19
396
39.6
1509
151
543
54.3
1.95
4 Solid
22.3
66.8
57.4
172
20.6
61.9
1.61
22.3
66.8
57.4
172
20.6
61.9
1.61
32.3
48.4
105
158
37.8
56.7
1.81
34.8
52.2
107
161
38.5
57.8
1.75
16
52.3
39.2
201
151
72.2
54.1
1.96
59.9
44.9
207
155
74.3
55.8
1.86
24
72.3
36.1
296
148
107
53.3
2.03
85.0
42.5
306
153
110
55.1
1.90
32
92.3
34.6
392
147
141
52.8
2.06
110
41.3
406
152
146
54.7
1.92
40
112
33.7
488
146
175
52.6
2.08
135
40.6
506
152
182
54.5
1.93
48
132
33.1
583
146
210
52.4
2.10
160
40.1
605
151
218
54.4
1.94
56
152
32.6
679
145
244
52.3
2.11
185
39.7
705
151
253
54.3
1.95
64
172
32.3
774
145
278
52.2
2.12
211
39.5
804
151
289
54.2
1.95
72
192
32.0
870
145
313
52.1
2.13
236
39.3
904
151
325
54.2
1.96
96
252
31.5
1157
145
416
52.0
2.14
311
38.9
1203
150
432
54.1
1.97
120
312
31.2
1443
144
519
51.9
2.15
386
38.6
1501
150
540
54.0
1.97
4 Ungrouted 10.0
30.0
47.8
143
17.2
51.6
2.19
12.6
37.7
49.8
149
17.9
53.7
1.99
11/4
7/16
59/16
1. Based on
in. Face Shells and
in. joints for
in. actual unit width with 4 cross-webs.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
GEN. NOTES
GN.8.11.08.qxp
GN.8.11.08.qxp
8/11/2009
514
1:52 PM
Page 514
Table GN-6a.8 Wall Section Properties of 6Inch Clay Masonry, Single Wythe, 8Inch High, 16Inch
Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1,2
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
rnet
ft
(in.)
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ravg
ft
(in.)
44.5
66.8
115
172
41.3
61.9
1.61
44.5
66.8
115
172
41.3
61.9
1.61
16
64.5
48.4
210
158
75.6
56.7
1.81
69.9
52.4
215
161
77.2
57.9
1.75
24
84.5
42.3
306
153
110
55.0
1.90
95.4
47.7
314
157
113
56.5
1.82
32
105
39.2
402
151
144
54.1
1.96
121
45.3
414
155
149
55.9
1.85
40
125
37.4
497
149
179
53.6
2.00
146
43.9
514
154
185
55.5
1.88
48
145
36.1
593
148
213
53.3
2.03
172
42.9
614
153
221
55.2
1.89
56
165
35.3
688
147
247
53.0
2.05
197
42.2
714
153
257
55.0
1.90
64
185
34.6
784
147
282
52.8
2.06
222
41.7
814
153
293
54.8
1.91
72
205
34.1
879
147
316
52.7
2.07
248
41.3
913
152
328
54.7
1.92
96
265
33.1
1166
146
419
52.4
2.10
324
40.5
1213
152
436
54.5
1.93
120
325
32.5
1453
145
522
52.2
2.12
400
40.0
1512
151
544
54.4
1.94
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
95.6
143
34.4
51.6
2.19
25.4
38.1
99.8
150
35.9
53.8
1.98
60.0
30.0
287
143
103
51.6
2.19
95.4
47.7
314
157
113
56.5
1.82
48
120
30.0
574
143
206
51.6
2.19
172
42.9
614
153
221
55.2
1.89
72
180
30.0
860
143
309
51.6
2.19
248
41.3
913
152
328
54.7
1.92
96
240
30.0
1147
143
412
51.6
2.19
324
40.5
1213
152
436
54.5
1.93
120
300
30.0
1434
143
516
51.6
2.19
400
40.0
1512
151
544
54.4
1.94
24
60.0
30.0
287
143
103
51.6
2.19
95.4
47.7
314
157
113
56.5
1.82
48
120
30.0
574
143
206
51.6
2.19
172
42.9
614
153
221
55.2
1.89
72
180
30.0
860
143
309
51.6
2.19
248
41.3
913
152
328
54.7
1.92
96
240
30.0
1147
143
412
51.6
2.19
324
40.5
1213
152
436
54.5
1.93
120
300
30.0
1434
143
516
51.6
2.19
400
40.0
1512
151
544
54.4
1.94
8 Solid
44.5
66.8
115
172
41.3
61.9
1.61
44.5
66.8
115
172
41.3
61.9
1.61
16
64.5
48.4
210
158
75.6
56.7
1.81
69.9
52.4
215
161
77.2
57.9
1.75
24
84.5
42.3
306
153
110
55.0
1.90
95.4
47.7
314
157
113
56.5
1.82
32
105
39.2
402
151
144
54.1
1.96
121
45.3
414
155
149
55.9
1.85
40
125
37.4
497
149
179
53.6
2.00
146
43.9
514
154
185
55.5
1.88
48
145
36.1
593
148
213
53.3
2.03
172
42.9
614
153
221
55.2
1.89
56
165
35.3
688
147
247
53.0
2.05
197
42.2
714
153
257
55.0
1.90
64
185
34.6
784
147
282
52.8
2.06
222
41.7
814
153
293
54.8
1.91
72
205
34.1
879
147
316
52.7
2.07
248
41.3
913
152
328
54.7
1.92
96
265
33.1
1166
146
419
52.4
2.10
324
40.5
1213
152
436
54.5
1.93
120
325
32.5
1453
145
522
52.2
2.12
400
40.0
1512
151
544
54.4
1.94
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
95.6
143
34.4
51.6
2.19
25.4
38.1
99.8
150
35.9
53.8
1.98
1. Based on 11/4 in. Face Shells and 7/16 in. joints for 59/16 in.actual unit width with 4 cross-webs.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
8/13/2009
9:59 AM
Page 515
515
Table GN-6b Wall Section Properties of 6Inch Concrete Masonry, Single Wythe Walls, 8Inch High,
16Inch Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1, 2
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
rnet
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
ravg
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
spc3
ft
8 Solid
44.3
66.5
118
177
41.9
62.9
1.63
44.3
66.5
118
177
41.9
62.9
1.63
16
62.1
46.6
207
155
73.5
55.1
1.82
67.3
49.2
211
158
74.9
56.2
1.79
24
78.1
39.1
294
147
104
52.2
1.94
88.5
43.4
303
152
108
53.9
1.87
32
94.1
35.3
381
143
135
50.7
2.01
110
40.5
396
149
141
52.8
1.92
40
110
33.0
467
140
166
49.9
2.06
131
38.7
488
146
174
52.1
1.94
48
126
31.5
554
139
197
49.3
2.10
152
37.6
581
145
207
51.6
1.97
56
142
30.5
641
137
228
48.9
2.12
173
36.8
673
144
239
51.3
1.98
64
158
29.7
728
137
259
48.5
2.15
194
36.1
766
144
272
51.1
1.99
72
174
29.0
815
136
290
48.3
2.16
216
35.6
859
143
305
50.9
2.00
96
222
27.8
1076
134
382
47.8
2.20
279
34.7
1136
142
404
50.5
2.02
120
270
27.0
1336
134
475
47.5
2.22
343
34.1
1414
141
503
50.3
2.04
8 Ungrouted 16.0
24.0
86.9
130
30.9
46.3
2.33
21.2
31.8
92.6
139
32.9
49.4
2.09
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
(in.)
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
(in.)
48.0
24.0
261
130
92.7
46.3
2.33
87.4
43.7
304
152
108
54.0
1.86
48
96.0
24.0
521
130
185
46.3
2.33
151
37.7
582
145
207
51.7
1.96
72
144
24.0
782
130
278
46.3
2.33
214
35.7
859
143
306
50.9
2.00
96
192
24.0
1043
130
371
46.3
2.33
278
34.8
1137
142
404
50.5
2.02
120
240
24.0
1303
130
463
46.3
2.33
342
34.2
1415
141
503
50.3
2.04
24
48.0
24.0
261
130
92.7
46.3
2.33
86.3
38.5
304
152
108
54.0
1.99
48
96.0
24.0
521
130
185
46.3
2.33
148
31.3
582
145
207
51.7
2.16
72
144
24.0
782
130
278
46.3
2.33
210
28.8
859
143
306
50.9
2.23
96
192
24.0
1043
130
371
46.3
2.33
272
27.6
1137
142
404
50.5
2.27
120
240
24.0
1303
130
463
46.3
2.33
334
26.9
1415
142
503
50.3
2.29
8 Solid
45.0
67.5
119
178
42.2
63.3
1.62
45.0
67.5
119
178
42.2
63.3
1.62
16
61.0
45.8
206
154
73.1
54.8
1.84
65.7
53.1
210
162
74.8
57.4
1.74
24
77.0
38.5
292
146
104
52.0
1.95
86.3
45.9
302
154
108
54.6
1.83
32
93.0
34.9
379
142
135
50.6
2.02
107
42.3
394
150
140
53.2
1.88
40
109
32.7
466
140
166
49.7
2.07
128
40.1
486
147
173
52.4
1.92
48
125
31.3
553
138
197
49.2
2.10
148
38.6
578
146
205
51.8
1.94
56
141
30.2
640
137
228
48.8
2.13
169
37.6
670
144
238
51.4
1.96
64
157
29.4
727
136
258
48.5
2.15
190
36.8
761
144
271
51.1
1.98
72
173
28.8
814
136
289
48.2
2.17
210
36.2
853
143
303
50.8
1.99
96
221
27.6
1074
134
382
47.8
2.20
272
35.0
1128
142
401
50.4
2.01
120
269
26.9
1335
134
475
47.5
2.23
334
34.3
1404
141
499
50.1
2.03
8 Ungrouted 16.0
24.0
86.9
130
30.9
46.3
2.33
21.7
31.4
91.8
138
32.6
49.0
2.09
1. Based on 1 in. Face Shells and in part on NCMA TEK Note 14-1B.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
GEN. NOTES
GN.8.11.08.qxp
GN.8.11.08.qxp
8/11/2009
516
1:53 PM
Page 516
Table GN-8a.4 Wall Section Properties of 8Inch Clay Masonry, Single Wythe, 4Inch High, 16Inch
Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1,2
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
rnet
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
ravg
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
spc3
ft
8 Solid
60.5
90.8
288
433
76.3
114
2.18
60.5
90.8
288
433
76.3
114
2.18
16
80.5
60.4
490
368
130
97.2
2.47
89.0
66.7
508
381
134
101
2.39
24
101
50.3
692
346
183
91.5
2.62
117
58.7
728
364
193
96.3
2.49
32
121
45.2
894
335
236
88.6
2.72
146
54.7
948
356
251
94.0
2.55
40
141
42.2
1096
329
290
86.9
2.79
174
52.3
1168
350
309
92.7
2.59
48
161
40.1
1298
324
343
85.8
2.84
203
50.7
1388
347
367
91.8
2.62
56
181
38.7
1499
321
397
85.0
2.88
231
49.5
1608
345
425
91.1
2.64
64
201
37.6
1701
319
450
84.4
2.91
260
48.7
1828
343
483
90.6
2.65
72
221
36.8
1903
317
503
83.9
2.94
288
48.0
2048
341
541
90.2
2.67
96
281
35.1
2509
314
663
82.9
2.99
373
46.7
2707
338
716
89.5
2.69
120
341
34.1
3114
311
824
82.4
3.02
459
45.9
3367
337
890
89.0
2.71
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
202
303
53.4
80.1
3.18
28.5
42.7
220
330
58.2
87.2
2.78
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
(in.)
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
(in.)
60.0
30.0
606
303
160
80.1
3.18
101
50.7
694
347
184
91.8
2.62
48
120
30.0
1211
303
320
80.1
3.18
187
46.7
1354
338
358
89.5
2.69
72
180
30.0
1817
303
480
80.1
3.18
272
45.4
2013
336
532
88.7
2.72
96
240
30.0
2422
303
641
80.1
3.18
357
44.7
2673
334
707
88.4
2.73
120
300
30.0
3028
303
801
80.1
3.18
443
44.3
3333
333
881
88.1
2.74
24
60.0
30.0
606
303
160
80.1
3.18
117
58.7
728
364
193
96.3
2.49
48
120
30.0
1211
303
320
80.1
3.18
203
50.7
1388
347
367
91.8
2.62
72
180
30.0
1817
303
480
80.1
3.18
288
48.0
2048
341
541
90.2
2.67
96
240
30.0
2422
303
641
80.1
3.18
373
46.7
2707
338
716
89.5
2.69
120
300
30.0
3028
303
801
80.1
3.18
459
45.9
3367
337
890
89.0
2.71
4 Solid
30.3
90.8
144
433
38.1
114
2.18
30.3
90.8
144
433
38.1
114
2.18
40.3
60.4
245
368
64.8
97.2
2.47
44.5
66.7
254
381
67.2
101
2.39
16
60.3
45.2
447
335
118
88.6
2.72
72.9
54.7
474
356
125
94.0
2.55
24
80.3
40.1
649
324
172
85.8
2.84
101
50.7
694
347
184
91.8
2.62
32
100
37.6
851
319
225
84.4
2.91
130
48.7
914
343
242
90.6
2.65
40
120
36.1
1052
316
278
83.5
2.96
158
47.5
1134
340
300
89.9
2.68
48
140
35.1
1254
314
332
82.9
2.99
187
46.7
1354
338
358
89.5
2.69
56
160
34.3
1456
312
385
82.5
3.01
215
46.1
1574
337
416
89.2
2.70
64
180
33.8
1658
311
438
82.2
3.03
244
45.7
1793
336
474
88.9
2.71
72
200
33.4
1860
310
492
82.0
3.05
272
45.4
2013
336
532
88.7
2.72
96
260
32.5
2465
308
652
81.5
3.08
357
44.7
2673
334
707
88.4
2.73
120
320
32.0
3071
307
812
81.2
3.10
443
44.3
3333
333
881
88.1
2.74
4 Ungrouted 10.0
30.0
101
303
26.7
80.1
3.18
14.2
42.7
110
330
29.1
87.2
2.78
11/4
7/16
79/16
1. Based on
in. Face Shells and
in. joints for
in. actual unit width with 4 cross-webs.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
8/11/2009
1:54 PM
Page 517
517
Table GN-8a.8 Wall Section Properties of 8Inch Clay Masonry, Single Wythe, 8Inch High, 16Inch
Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1,2
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
rnet
ft
(in.)
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ravg
ft
(in.)
60.5
90.8
288
433
76.3
114
2.18
60.5
90.8
288
433
76.3
114
2.18
16
80.5
60.4
490
368
130
97.2
2.47
89.5
67.1
509
382
24
101
50.3
692
346
183
91.5
2.62
118
59.2
730
365
135
101
2.39
193
96.6
2.48
32
121
45.2
894
335
236
88.6
2.72
147
55.3
951
357
252
94.3
2.54
40
141
42.2
1096
329
290
86.9
2.79
176
52.9
48
161
40.1
1298
324
343
85.8
2.84
205
51.3
1172
352
310
93.0
2.58
1393
348
368
92.1
2.60
56
181
38.7
1499
321
397
85.0
2.88
234
50.2
1614
346
427
91.5
2.62
64
201
37.6
1701
319
450
84.4
2.91
263
72
221
36.8
1903
317
503
83.9
2.94
292
49.4
1835
344
485
91.0
2.64
48.7
2056
343
544
90.6
2.65
96
281
35.1
2509
314
663
82.9
2.99
379
47.4
2719
340
719
89.9
2.68
120
341
34.1
3114
311
824
82.4
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
202
303
53.4
80.1
3.02
466
46.6
3382
338
895
89.5
2.69
3.18
29.0
43.5
221
332
58.4
87.7
2.76
60.0
30.0
606
303
160
80.1
3.18
118
59.2
730
365
193
96.6
2.48
48
120
30.0
1211
303
320
80.1
3.18
205
51.3
1393
348
368
92.1
2.60
72
180
30.0
1817
303
480
80.1
3.18
292
48.7
2056
343
544
90.6
2.65
96
240
30.0
2422
303
641
80.1
3.18
379
47.4
2719
340
719
89.9
2.68
120
300
30.0
3028
303
801
80.1
3.18
466
46.6
3382
338
895
89.5
2.69
24
60.0
30.0
606
303
160
80.1
3.18
118
59.2
730
365
193
96.6
2.48
48
120
30.0
1211
303
320
80.1
3.18
205
51.3
1393
348
368
92.1
2.60
72
180
30.0
1817
303
480
80.1
3.18
292
48.7
2056
343
544
90.6
2.65
96
240
30.0
2422
303
641
80.1
3.18
379
47.4
2719
340
719
89.9
2.68
120
300
30.0
3028
303
801
80.1
3.18
466
46.6
3382
338
895
89.5
2.69
8 Solid
60.5
90.8
288
433
76.3
114
2.18
60.5
90.8
288
433
76.3
16
80.5
60.4
490
368
130
97.2
2.47
89.5
67.1
509
382
24
101
50.3
692
346
183
91.5
2.62
118
59.2
730
365
32
121
45.2
894
335
236
88.6
2.72
147
55.3
951
40
141
42.2
1096
329
290
86.9
2.79
176
52.9
48
161
40.1
1298
324
343
85.8
2.84
205
51.3
56
181
38.7
1499
321
397
85.0
2.88
234
50.2
64
201
37.6
1701
319
450
84.4
2.91
263
72
221
36.8
1903
317
503
83.9
2.94
292
96
281
35.1
2509
314
663
82.9
2.99
120
341
34.1
3114
311
824
82.4
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
202
303
53.4
80.1
2.18
135
101
2.39
193
96.6
2.48
357
252
94.3
2.54
1172
352
310
93.0
2.58
1393
348
368
92.1
2.60
1614
346
427
91.5
2.62
49.4
1835
344
485
91.0
2.64
48.7
2056
343
544
90.6
2.65
379
47.4
2719
340
719
89.9
2.68
3.02
466
46.6
3382
338
895
89.5
2.69
3.18
29.0
43.5
221
332
58.4
87.7
2.76
1. Based on 11/4 in. Face Shells and 7/16 in. joints for 79/16 in. actual unit width with 4 cross-webs.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
GEN. NOTES
GN.8.11.08.qxp
GN.8.11.08.qxp
8/13/2009
518
10:01 AM
Page 518
Table GN-8b Wall Section Properties of 8Inch Concrete Masonry, Single Wythe Walls, 8Inch High,
16Inch Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1, 2
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
rnet
ft
(in.)
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ravg
ft
(in.)
60.0
90.1
293
440
77.0
115
2.21
60.0
90.1
293
440
77.0
115
2.21
16
82.6
62.0
505
379
132
99.3
2.47
89.9
65.6
516
387
24
103
51.3
711
355
186
93.2
2.63
117
57.4
737
369
135
101
2.43
193
96.7
2.53
32
123
46.0
916
344
240
90.2
2.73
145
53.3
959
360
252
94.4
2.60
40
143
42.8
1122
337
294
88.3
2.81
172
50.8
48
163
40.6
1328
332
348
87.1
2.86
199
49.2
1182
354
310
92.9
2.64
1403
351
368
92.0
2.67
56
183
39.1
1534
329
402
86.2
2.90
227
48.0
1625
348
426
91.3
2.69
64
203
38.0
1740
326
456
85.6
2.93
254
72
223
37.1
1946
324
510
85.0
2.96
281
47.2
1847
346
484
90.8
2.71
46.5
2068
345
543
90.4
2.72
96
283
35.3
2563
320
672
84.0
3.01
363
45.1
2734
342
717
89.6
2.75
120
343
34.3
3180
318
834
83.4
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
206
309
54.0
81.0
3.05
445
44.3
3400
340
892
89.2
2.77
3.21
27.3
41.0
222
333
58.2
87.3
2.85
60.0
30.0
617
309
162
81.0
3.21
116
57.8
739
370
194
97.0
2.53
48
120
30.0
1235
309
324
81.0
3.21
198
49.4
1405
351
368
92.1
2.67
72
180
30.0
1852
309
486
81.0
3.21
280
46.6
2070
345
543
90.5
2.72
96
240
30.0
2470
309
648
81.0
3.21
362
45.2
2736
342
718
89.7
2.75
120
300
30.0
3087
309
810
81.0
3.21
444
44.4
3401
340
892
89.2
2.77
24
60.0
30.0
617
309
162
81.0
3.21
114
50.5
739
370
194
96.9
2.71
48
120
30.0
1235
309
324
81.0
3.21
194
40.3
1405
351
368
92.1
2.95
72
180
30.0
1852
309
486
81.0
3.21
274
36.8
2070
345
543
90.5
3.06
96
240
30.0
2470
309
648
81.0
3.21
354
35.1
2736
342
718
89.7
3.12
120
300
30.0
3087
309
810
81.0
3.21
434
34.1
3401
340
892
89.2
3.16
8 Solid
61.0
91.5
296
443
77.5
116
2.20
61.0
91.5
296
443
77.5
116
2.20
16
81.0
60.8
501
376
132
98.6
2.49
87.6
71.2
516
397
135
104
2.36
24
101
50.5
707
354
186
92.7
2.65
114
61.0
736
375
193
98.3
2.48
32
121
45.4
913
342
240
89.8
2.75
141
55.8
956
364
251
95.4
2.55
40
141
42.3
1118
336
293
88.0
2.82
167
52.8
1176
357
308
93.6
2.60
48
161
40.3
1324
331
347
86.9
2.87
194
50.7
1396
352
366
92.5
2.64
56
181
38.8
1530
328
401
86.0
2.91
221
49.2
1616
349
424
91.6
2.66
64
201
37.7
1736
326
455
85.4
2.94
247
48.1
1836
347
482
91.0
2.68
72
221
36.8
1942
324
509
84.9
2.96
274
47.3
2056
345
539
90.5
2.70
96
281
35.1
2559
320
671
83.9
3.02
354
45.6
2716
341
712
89.5
2.74
120
341
34.1
3177
318
833
83.3
3.05
434
44.6
3376
339
886
88.9
2.76
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
206
309
54.0
81.0
3.21
26.6
40.5
220
330
57.7
86.6
2.86
1. Based on 1.25 in. Face Shells and in part on NCMA TEK Note 14-1B.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
8/13/2009
10:04 AM
Page 519
519
Table GN-10b Wall Section Properties of 10Inch Concrete Masonry, Single Wythe Walls, 8Inch High,
16Inch Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1, 2
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
rnet
ft
(in.)
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ravg
ft
(in.)
75.7
114
589
883
122
184
2.79
75.7
114
16
99.7
24
120
32
589
883
122
184
2.79
74.8
959
719
199
149
59.8
1312
656
273
136
3.10
111
3.31
143
80.5
991
744
206
154
3.04
69.4
1393
697
290
145
3.17
140
52.4
1666
625
346
130
3.45
174
63.8
1795
673
373
140
3.25
40
160
47.9
2019
606
48
180
44.9
2372
593
420
126
493
123
3.56
206
60.5
2197
659
457
137
3.30
3.63
237
58.3
2599
650
540
135
3.34
56
200
42.8
2726
584
566
121
3.69
268
56.7
3000
643
623
134
3.37
64
220
41.2
72
240
40.0
3079
577
3432
572
640
120
3.74
300
55.5
3402
638
707
133
3.39
713
119
3.78
331
54.6
3804
634
790
132
3.41
96
300
37.5
4492
562
933
117
3.87
426
52.7
5009
626
1041
130
3.45
360
36.0
8 Ungrouted 20.0
120
30.0
5552
555
1154
115
3.93
520
51.6
6215
621
1291
129
3.47
353
530
73.4
110
4.20
31.5
47.2
402
603
83.5
125
3.57
60.0
30.0
1060
530
220
110
4.20
140
70.0
1398
699
290
146
3.16
48
120
30.0
2120
530
440
110
4.20
234
58.6
2603
651
541
135
3.33
72
180
30.0
3180
530
661
110
4.20
329
54.8
3809
635
791
132
3.40
96
240
30.0
4240
530
881
110
4.20
423
52.9
5014
627
1042
130
3.44
120
300
30.0
5300
530
1101
110
4.20
517
51.7
6219
622
1292
129
3.47
24
60.0
30.0
1060
530
220
110
4.20
138
58.5
1398
699
290
145
3.46
48
120
30.0
2120
530
440
110
4.20
229
44.3
2603
651
541
135
3.84
72
180
30.0
3180
530
661
110
4.20
320
39.5
3809
635
791
132
4.01
96
240
30.0
4240
530
881
110
4.20
411
37.1
5014
627
1042
130
4.11
120
300
30.0
5300
530
1101
110
4.20
502
35.7
6219
622
1292
129
4.17
77.0
116
16
97.0
72.8
24
117
58.5
32
137
51.4
40
157
48
177
56
594
892
124
185
2.78
77.0
116
594
892
124
185
2.78
948
711
197
148
3.13
107
1301
650
270
135
3.33
138
89.1
993
778
206
162
2.96
74.8
1391
718
289
149
3.10
1654
620
344
129
3.48
168
67.7
1789
688
372
143
3.19
47.1
2008
602
417
125
44.3
2361
590
491
123
3.58
198
63.4
2188
670
455
139
3.25
3.65
229
60.6
2586
658
537
137
3.29
197
42.2
2714
582
564
121
3.71
259
58.6
2984
649
620
135
3.33
64
217
40.7
3068
575
72
237
39.5
3421
570
637
120
3.76
289
57.0
3382
643
703
134
3.36
711
118
3.80
320
55.8
3781
638
786
132
3.38
96
297
37.1
4481
120
357
35.7
5541
560
931
116
3.88
411
53.5
4976
628
1034
130
3.43
554
1151
115
3.94
502
52.0
6171
622
1282
129
3.46
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
353
530
73.4
110
4.20
30.3
46.3
398
597
82.8
124
3.59
1. Based on 1.25 in. Face Shells and in part on NCMA TEK Note 14-1B.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
GEN. NOTES
GN.8.11.08.qxp
GN.8.11.08.qxp
8/11/2009
520
1:56 PM
Page 520
Table GN-12a.4 Wall Section Properties of 12Inch Clay Masonry, Single Wythe, 4Inch High, 16Inch
Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1,2
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
spc3
ft
8 Solid
92.0
138
1014
1521
176
16
116
87.0
1618
1214
24
140
70.0
2223
1111
32
164
61.5
2827
40
188
56.4
48
212
53.0
56
236
64
72
spc3
ft
spc3
rnet
ft
(in.)
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ravg
ft
(in.)
3.32
92.0
138
1014
1521
176
265
3.32
281
211
3.74
387
193
3.98
135
101
1730
1298
301
226
3.59
177
88.6
2447
1223
426
213
3.72
1060
492
184
4.15
220
82.4
3163
1186
550
206
3.79
3432
1030
597
4036
1009
702
179
4.27
262
78.7
3880
1164
675
202
3.85
175
4.36
305
76.2
4596
1149
799
200
3.88
50.6
4641
994
807
173
4.43
348
74.5
5313
1138
924
198
3.91
260
48.8
5245
284
47.3
5850
984
912
171
4.49
390
73.2
6029
1130
1049
197
3.93
975
1017
170
4.54
433
72.1
6746
1124
1173
196
3.95
96
356
44.5
7663
958
1333
167
4.64
561
70.1
8895
1112
1547
193
3.98
120
428
8 Ungrouted 24.0
42.8
9477
948
1648
165
4.71
688
68.8
11044 1104
1921
192
4.01
36.0
605
907
105
158
5.02
42.6
63.9
125
187
4.10
716
1075
72.0
36.0
1814
907
315
158
5.02
152
76.2
2298
1149
400
200
3.88
48
144
36.0
3627
907
631
158
5.02
280
70.1
4447
1112
773
193
3.98
72
216
36.0
5441
907
946
158
5.02
408
68.0
6597
1099
1147
191
4.02
96
288
36.0
7254
907
1262
158
5.02
536
67.0
8746
1093
1521
190
4.04
120
360
36.0
9068
907
1577
158
5.02
664
66.4
10895 1090
1895
189
4.05
24
72.0
36.0
1814
907
315
158
5.02
177
88.6
2447
1223
426
216
3.72
48
144
36.0
3627
907
631
158
5.02
305
76.2
4596
1149
799
200
3.88
72
216
36.0
5441
907
946
158
5.02
433
72.1
6746
1124
1173
196
3.95
96
288
36.0
7254
907
1262
158
5.02
561
70.1
8895
1112
1547
193
3.98
120
360
36.0
9068
907
1577
158
5.02
688
68.8
11044 1104
1921
192
4.01
4 Solid
46.0
138
507
1521
88.2
265
3.32
46.0
138
507
1521
88.2
265
3.32
58.0
87.0
809
1214
141
211
3.74
67.3
101
865
1298
150
226
3.59
16
82.0
61.5
1414
1060
246
184
4.15
110
82.4
1582
1186
275
206
3.79
24
106
53.0
2018
1009
351
175
4.36
152
76.2
2298
1149
400
200
3.88
32
130
48.8
2623
984
456
171
4.49
195
73.2
3015
1130
524
197
3.93
40
154
46.2
3227
968
561
168
4.58
238
71.3
3731
1119
649
195
3.96
48
178
44.5
3832
958
666
167
4.64
280
70.1
4447
1112
773
193
3.98
56
202
43.3
4436
951
772
165
4.69
323
69.2
5164
1107
898
192
4.00
64
226
42.4
5041
945
877
164
4.72
365
68.5
5880
1103
1023
192
4.01
72
250
41.7
5645
941
982
164
4.75
408
68.0
6597
1099
1147
191
4.02
96
322
40.3
7459
932
1297
162
4.81
536
67.0
8746
1093
1521
190
4.04
120
394
39.4
9272
927
1613
161
4.85
664
66.4
10895 1090
1895
189
4.05
4 Ungrouted 12.0
36.0
302
907
52.6
158
5.02
21.3
63.9
62.3
187
4.10
on11/2
1/2
111/2
358
1075
1. Based
in. Face Shells and
in. joints for
in. actual unit width with 4 cross-webs and 1 long center web.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
8/11/2009
1:56 PM
Page 521
521
Table GN-12a.8 Wall Section Properties of 12Inch Clay Masonry, Single Wythe, 8Inch High, 16Inch
Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1,2
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
Anet
Inet
Snet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
rnet
ft
(in.)
Aavg
Iavg
Savg
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ravg
ft
(in.)
92.0
138
1014
1521
176
265
3.32
92.0
138
1014
1521
176
265
3.32
16
116
87.0
1618
1214
24
140
70.0
2223
1111
281
211
3.74
387
193
3.98
136
102
1738
1304
302
227
3.58
180
89.9
2463
1231
428
214
3.70
32
164
61.5
2827
1060
492
184
4.15
224
83.9
3187
1195
554
208
3.77
40
188
56.4
48
212
53.0
3432
1030
597
4036
1009
702
179
4.27
268
80.3
3912
1174
680
204
3.82
175
4.36
312
77.9
4636
1159
806
202
3.86
56
236
50.6
4641
994
807
173
4.43
356
76.2
5361
1149
932
200
3.88
64
72
260
48.8
5245
284
47.3
5850
984
912
171
4.49
399
74.9
6085
1141
1058
198
3.90
975
1017
170
4.54
443
73.9
6809
1135
1184
197
3.92
96
356
44.5
7663
958
1333
167
4.64
575
71.9
8983
1123
1562
195
3.95
120
428
8 Ungrouted 24.0
42.8
9477
948
1648
165
4.71
707
70.7
11156
1116
1940
194
3.97
36.0
605
907
105
158
5.02
43.9
65.9
724
1087
126
189
4.06
72.0
36.0
1814
907
315
158
5.02
180
89.9
2463
1231
428
214
3.70
48
144
36.0
3627
907
631
158
5.02
312
77.9
4636
1159
806
202
3.86
72
216
36.0
5441
907
946
158
5.02
443
73.9
6809
1135
1184
197
3.92
96
288
36.0
7254
907
1262
158
5.02
575
71.9
8983
1123
1562
195
3.95
120
360
36.0
9068
907
1577
158
5.02
707
70.7
11156
1116
1940
194
3.97
24
72.0
36.0
1814
907
315
158
5.02
180
89.9
2463
1231
428
214
3.70
48
144
36.0
3627
907
631
158
5.02
312
77.9
4636
1159
806
202
3.86
72
216
36.0
5441
907
946
158
5.02
443
73.9
6809
1135
1184
197
3.92
96
288
36.0
7254
907
1262
158
5.02
575
71.9
8983
1123
1562
195
3.95
120
360
36.0
9068
907
1577
158
5.02
707
70.7
11156
1116
1940
194
3.97
8 Solid
92.0
138
1014
1521
176
16
116
87.0
1618
1214
24
140
70.0
2223
1111
32
164
61.5
2827
40
188
56.4
48
212
53.0
56
236
64
72
3.32
92.0
138
1014
1521
176
265
3.32
281
211
3.74
387
193
3.98
136
102
1738
1304
302
227
3.58
180
89.9
2463
1231
428
214
3.70
1060
492
184
4.15
224
83.9
3187
1195
554
208
3.77
3432
1030
597
4036
1009
702
179
4.27
268
80.3
3912
1174
680
204
3.82
175
4.36
312
77.9
4636
1159
806
202
3.86
50.6
4641
994
807
173
4.43
356
76.2
5361
1149
932
200
3.88
260
48.8
5245
284
47.3
5850
984
912
171
4.49
399
74.9
6085
1141
1058
198
3.90
975
1017
170
4.54
443
73.9
6809
1135
1184
197
3.92
96
356
44.5
7663
958
1333
167
4.64
575
71.9
8983
1123
1562
195
3.95
120
428
8 Ungrouted 24.0
42.8
9477
948
1648
165
4.71
707
70.7
11156
1116
1940
194
3.97
36.0
605
907
105
158
5.02
43.9
65.9
724
1087
126
189
4.06
1. Based on 11/2 in. Face Shells and 1/2 in. joints for 111/2 in. actual unit width with 4 cross-webs.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
GEN. NOTES
GN.8.11.08.qxp
GN.8.11.08.qxp
8/13/2009
522
10:06 AM
Page 522
Table GN-12b Wall Section Properties of 12Inch Concrete Masonry, Single Wythe Walls, 8Inch High,
16Inch Long Masonry Units, Face Shell Bedding1, 2
Inet
Iavg
Anet
Snet
Aavg
Savg
rnet
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
in.2 per
in.4 per
in.3 per
(in.) spc3
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
ft
spc3
ft
spc3
ft
Horizontal Section Properties (Grouted Vertically, Masonry Spanning Vertically)
91.3
137 1035 1553 178
267
3.37 91.3
137 1035 1553 178
267
3.37
16
116
87.3
1612
1209
277
208
3.72
131
94.6
1680
1260
289
217
3.65
24
136
68.2
2153
1076
370
185
3.97
166
80.4
2322
1161
400
200
3.80
32
156
58.7
2694
1010
463
174
4.15
200
73.3
2965
1112
510
191
3.89
40
176
52.9
3234
970
556
167
4.28
235
69.1
3608
1082
621
186
3.96
48
196
49.1
3775
944
649
162
4.38
270
66.2
4250
1063
731
183
4.01
56
216
46.4
4316
925
743
159
4.47
304
64.2
4893
1048
842
180
4.04
64
236
44.3
4857
911
836
157
4.53
339
62.7
5536
1038
952
179
4.07
72
256
42.7
5398
900
929
155
4.59
374
61.5
6178
1030
1063
177
4.09
96
316
39.6
7020
878
1208
151
4.71
478
59.1
8106
1013
1395
174
4.14
120
376
37.6
8642
864
1487
149
4.79
582
57.7
10034 1003
1726
173
4.17
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
541
811
93.0
140
5.20
34.7
52.0
111
166
4.30
Grout
Spacing
(in.)
8 Solid
643
964
ravg
(in.)
60.0
30.0
1622
811
279
140
5.20
162
81.2
2333
1166
401
201
3.79
48
120
30.0
3245
811
558
140
5.20
266
66.6
4261
72
180
30.0
4867
811
837
140
5.20
370
61.7
6188
1065
733
183
4.00
1031
1065
177
4.09
96
240
30.0
6490
811
1117
140
5.20
474
59.3
8116
1015
1396
175
4.14
120
300
30.0
8112
811
1396
140
5.20
578
57.8
10044 1004
1728
173
4.17
60.0
30.0
1622
811
279
140
5.20
160
66.5
2333
1166
401
201
4.19
48
120
30.0
3245
811
558
140
5.20
259
48.3
4261
72
180
30.0
4867
811
837
140
5.20
359
42.2
6188
1065
733
183
4.70
1031
1065
177
4.95
96
240
30.0
6490
811
1116
140
5.20
459
39.1
8116
1015
1396
174
5.09
120
300
30.0
8112
811
1396
140
5.20
558
37.3
10044 1004
1728
173
5.19
93.0
140
1047
1571
180
270
3.36
93.0
140
1047
1571
180
270
3.36
16
113
84.8
1588
1191
273
205
3.75
126
106
1685
1336
290
230
3.56
24
133
66.5
2129
1064
366
183
4.00
160
87.4
2322
1209
400
208
3.72
32
153
57.4
2670
1001
459
172
4.18
193
78.3
2959
1146
509
197
3.83
40
173
51.9
3211
963
552
166
4.31
226
72.8
3596
1108
619
191
3.90
48
193
48.3
3751
938
645
161
4.41
259
69.2
4234
1083
728
186
3.96
56
213
45.6
4292
920
738
158
4.49
292
66.6
4871
1064
838
183
4.00
64
233
43.7
4833
906
832
156
4.55
326
64.6
5508
1051
948
181
4.03
72
253
42.2
5374
896
924
154
4.61
359
63.1
6146
1040
1057
179
4.06
96
313
39.1
6996
874
1204
150
4.73
459
60.1
8058
1019
1386
175
4.12
120
373
37.3
8619
862
1483
148
4.81
558
58.2
9970
1007
1715
173
4.16
8 Ungrouted 20.0
30.0
541
811
93.0
140
5.20
33.2
50.9
637
956
110
164
4.33
1. Based on 1.25 in. Face Shells and in part on NCMA TEK Note 14-1B.
2. Net section properties are averaged over the grout spacing in the plane of the section. Average section properties are averaged over
the span and are intended for stiffness or displacement computations only.
3. Properties in noted columns are based on a length of wall section equal to the grout spacing. (spc = spacing)
8/11/2009
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Page 523
GROUT QUANTITIES
523
Weight
(lbs)
Volume
(cu. ft)
94
38
1.0
0.4
80
30
80
40
100
1.0
0.37
1.0
1.0
2.18
60
100
1.0
3.69
2700
200
100
40
1.0
0.75
1.0
0.4
GEN. NOTES
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Page 524
44
Solid
16
24
32
40
48
0.31
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.14
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
731
1463
1925
2286
2575
2813
0.31
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.27
0.14
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
366
731
962
1143
1288
1407
55
Solid
10
20
30
40
48
0.50
0.25
0.18
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
897
1794
2473
3050
3547
3979
0.50
0.25
0.18
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.22
0.11
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
449
897
1237
1525
1773
1989
64
Solid
16
24
32
40
48
0.72
0.36
0.26
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.32
0.16
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.07
313
626
853
1043
1203
1340
0.72
0.36
0.26
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.64
0.32
0.23
0.19
0.17
0.15
156
313
426
521
601
670
84
Solid
16
24
32
40
48
1.19
0.59
0.44
0.36
0.31
0.28
0.53
0.26
0.19
0.16
0.14
0.12
189
378
516
631
728
811
1.19
0.59
0.44
0.36
0.31
0.28
1.06
0.53
0.39
0.32
0.27
0.25
95
189
258
315
364
405
124
Solid
16
24
32
40
48
1.76
0.88
0.64
0.52
0.45
0.40
0.78
0.39
0.28
0.23
0.20
0.18
128
255
352
433
504
565
1.76
0.88
0.64
0.52
0.45
0.40
1.57
0.78
0.57
0.46
0.40
0.35
64
128
176
217
252
282
1. Table is based on running bond (no grout in middle cells) and horizontal beams at 4 foot on center.
2. Table includes a 3 percent allowance for grout loss and various job conditions.
3. For open end units increase the approximate quantities of grout required by about 10 percent. For slumped block reduce the above
grout quantities by 5 percent.
4. Based on 16 long clay masonry units.
5. Based on 10 long clay masonry units.
8/11/2009
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Page 525
GROUT QUANTITIES
525
Spacing of Grouted
Cells and Vertical
Reinforcing Bars
Cubic Yards of
Grout2 per 100
Square Feet
of Wall
Cubic Yards of
Grout2 per 100
Block Units4
Number of Block
Units4 Filled per
Cubic Yard of
Grout
Solid
16
24
32
40
48
0.93
0.55
0.42
0.35
0.31
0.28
0.83
0.49
0.37
0.31
0.28
0.25
120
205
270
320
360
396
Solid
16
24
32
40
48
1.12
0.65
0.50
0.43
0.37
0.34
1.00
0.58
0.44
0.38
0.33
0.30
100
171
225
267
300
330
10
Solid
16
24
32
40
48
1.38
0.82
0.63
0.53
0.47
0.43
1.23
0.73
0.56
0.47
0.42
0.38
80
137
180
214
240
264
12
Solid
16
24
32
40
48
1.73
1.01
0.76
0.64
0.57
0.53
1.54
0.90
0.68
0.57
0.51
0.47
65
111
146
174
195
215
Table GN-18c Approximate Grout Quantities Needed in 2 Wythe Brick Wall Construction
Width of Grout Space
(inches)
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.02
5.52
6.02
6.52
7.02
8.02
0.64
0.79
0.96
1.11
1.27
1.43
1.59
1.75
1.91
2.07
2.23
2.54
157
126
105
90
79
70
63
57
52
48
45
39
1. Table includes a 3 percent allowance for grout loss and various job conditions.
2. When the width of the grout space is 5 or more, it is advisable to use floaters during low lift grouting.
GEN. NOTES
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Page 526
Nominal
Weight
(lbs/ft)
Minimum
Average
Height
Maximum Gap
(chord of 121/2%
of nominal
perimeter)
#3
#4
#5
0.376
0.668
1.043
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.11
0.20
0.31
1.178
1.571
1.963
0.262
0.350
0.437
0.015
0.020
0.028
0.143
0.191
0.239
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.356
2.749
3.142
3.544
3.990
4.430
0.525
0.612
0.700
0.790
0.889
0.987
0.038
0.044
0.050
0.056
0.064
0.071
0.286
0.334
0.383
0.431
0.487
0.540
#14
#18
7.650
13.600
1.693
2.257
2.25
4.00
5.319
7.091
1.185
1.580
0.085
0.102
0.648
0.864
1. The nominal dimension of a deformed bar is equivalent to that of a plain bar having the same weight per foot as the deformed bar.
2. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
Table GN-19b SI Properties of Standard Steel Reinforcing Bars1,3 (Soft Metric Bar Properties)
Weight
(kgm)
#10 (#3)
#13 (#4)
0.560
0.994
9.5
12.7
71
129
29.9
39.9
#16 (#5)
#19 (#6)
1.552
2.235
15.9
19.1
199
284
49.9
59.8
#22 (#7)
#25 (#8)
#29 (#9)
3.042
3.973
5.060
22.2
25.4
28.7
387
510
645
69.8
79.8
90.0
#32 (#10)
#36 (#11)
6.404
7.907
32.3
35.8
819
1006
101.3
112.5
43.0
57.3
1452
2581
135.1
180.1
#43 (#14)
#57 (#18)
11.38
20.24
Diameter
(mm)
Area
(mm2)
Bar Size2
Perimeter
(mm)
8/11/2009
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Page 527
SPACING OF STEEL
527
Bar Size
Area
(mm2)
Diameter
(mm)
Perimeter
(mm)
#10
#15
0.785
1.570
11.3
16.0
100
200
35.5
50.3
#20
#25
2.355
3.925
19.5
25.2
300
500
61.3
79.2
#30
#35
5.495
7.850
29.9
35.7
700
1000
93.9
112.2
#45
#55
11.775
19.625
43.7
56.4
1500
2500
137.3
177.2
Overall
Diameter
Section AA
Bar Size
#3
#4
Approx. Dia. to
Outside of
Deformations1
(inches)
7/16
9/16
#5
#6
11/16
#7
7/8
Bar Size2
Approx. Dia. to
Outside of
Deformations1
(inches)
#8
#9
11/8
11/4
#10
#11
17/16
15/8
#14
#18
17/8
21/2
1. Diameters tabulated are the approximate dimension to the outside of the deformations.
2. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits
the maximum bar size to #9 (MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
GEN. NOTES
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Page 528
Steel
Wire
Gage
Diameter
(inches)
Perimeter
(inches)
Area
(square
inches)
Ultimate
Strength
(lbs)
Weight
(plf)
14
13
12
11
0.080
0.092
0.106
0.120
0.251
0.287
0.330
0.377
0.005
0.007
0.009
0.011
375
525
675
825
0.017
0.022
0.030
0.039
150
198
261
342
200
264
348
456
10
93
83
7
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.424
0.465
0.509
0.556
0.014
0.017
0.021
0.025
1050
1275
1575
1875
0.049
0.059
0.070
0.084
429
519
618
738
572
692
824
984
3/ 3
16
0.188
0.192
0.207
0.225
0.587
0.603
0.650
0.707
0.028
0.029
0.034
0.040
2100
2175
2550
3000
0.094
0.098
0.114
0.135
828
867
1008
1197
1104
1156
1344
1596
0.244
0.250
0.262
0.283
0.763
0.785
0.823
0.889
0.047
0.049
0.054
0.063
3525
3675
4050
4725
0.158
0.167
0.184
0.214
1398
1473
1623
1887
1864
1964
2163
2515
0.306
0.313
0.331
0.362
0.961
0.980
1.040
1.137
0.074
0.077
0.086
0.103
5550
5775
6450
7725
0.251
0.261
0.292
0.351
2214
2301
2580
3096
2952
3068
3440
4128
6
5
4
3
1/ 3
4
2
1
1-0
5/ 3
16
2-0
3-0
1. Based on the United States Steel Wire Gage and ASTM A951 with Fsu = 75,000 psi min., Fy = 60,000 psi min. and Fs allowable = 30,000
psi.
2. Allowable tension loads increased 1/3 for wind and seismic loads.
3. Used for joint reinforcement.
8/11/2009
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Page 529
529
SPACING OF STEEL
Table GN-20a Areas of Various Combinations of Bars1
0
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
0.20 1.20
0.31 0.42
0.53
0.64
0.40 1.40
0.51 0.62
0.73
0.84
0.95
0.93
1.04
1.15
0.80 1.80
0.91 1.02
1.13
1.24
1.35
1.00 2.00
1.11 1.22
1.33
1.44
1.55
0.31 1.86
0.51 0.71
0.91
1.11
1.31
0.62 2.17
0.82 1.02
1.22
1.42
1.62
1.53
1.73
1.24 2.79
1.44 1.64
1.84
2.04
2.24
1.55 3.10
1.75 1.95
2.15
2.35
2.55
0.44 2.64
0.75 1.06
1.37
1.68
1.99
0.88 3.08
1.19 1.50
1.81
2.12
2.43
2.25
2.56
GEN. NOTES
GN.8.11.08.qxp
1.76 3.96
2.07 2.38
2.69
3.00
3.31
2.20 4.40
2.51 2.82
3.13
3.44
3.75
0.60 3.60
1.04 1.48
1.92
2.36
2.80
1.20 4.20
1.64 2.08
2.52
2.96
3.40
#7 1.80 4.80
#6 2.24 2.68
3.12
3.56
4.00 #5 2.11 2.42 2.73 3.04 3.35 #4 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80
2.40 5.40
2.84 3.28
3.72
4.16
4.60
3.00 6.00
3.44 3.88
4.32
4.76
5.20
0.79 4.74
1.39 1.99
2.59
3.19
3.79
1.58 5.53
2.18 2.78
3.38
3.98
4.58
4.17
4.77
5.37 #6 2.81 3.25 3.69 4.13 4.57 #5 2.68 2.99 3.30 3.61 3.92
3.16 7.11
3.76 4.36
4.96
5.56
6.16
3.95 7.90
4.55 5.15
5.75
6.35
6.95
1.00 6.00
1.79 2.58
3.37
4.16
4.95
2.00 7.00
2.79 3.58
4.37
5.16
5.95
5.37
6.16
6.95 #7 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00 #6 3.44 3.88 4.32 4.76 5.20
3
4
4.00 9.00
4.79 5.58
6.37
7.16
7.95
5.00 10.00
5.79 6.58
7.37
8.16
8.95
1.27 7.62
2.27 3.27
4.27
5.27
6.27
2.54 8.89
3.54 4.54
5.54
6.54
7.54
6.81
7.81
8.81 #8 4.00 5.39 6.18 6.97 7.76 #7 4.41 5.01 5.61 6.21 6.81
5.08 11.43
6.08 7.08
8.08
9.08 10.08
6.35 12.70
7.35 8.35
1.56 9.36
2.83 4.10
5.37
6.64
7.91
3.12 10.92
4.39 5.66
6.93
8.20
9.47
8.49
9.76 11.03 #9 5.68 6.68 7.68 8.68 9.68 #8 5.47 6.26 7.05 7.84 8.63
6.24 14.04
7.80 15.60
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
GN.8.11.08.qxp
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Table GN-20b Areas of Reinforcing Steel Per Foot for Various Spacing
Spacing
(in.)
(ft)
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
Bar Size1
8 cells
Spacing
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
0.167
0.188
0.208
0.229
0.250
0.271
0.292
0.313
0.333
0.354
0.375
0.396
0.66
0.59
0.53
0.48
0.44
0.41
0.38
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.28
1.20
1.07
0.96
0.87
0.80
0.74
0.69
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.53
0.51
1.86
1.65
1.49
1.35
1.24
1.14
1.06
0.99
0.93
0.88
0.83
0.78
2.64
2.35
2.11
1.92
1.76
1.62
1.51
1.41
1.32
1.24
1.17
1.11
3.60
3.20
2.88
2.62
2.40
2.22
2.06
1.92
1.80
1.69
1.60
1.52
4.74
4.21
3.79
3.45
3.16
2.92
2.71
2.53
2.37
2.23
2.11
2.00
4.80
4.36
4.00
3.69
3.43
3.20
3.00
2.82
2.67
2.53
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
0.417
0.438
0.458
0.479
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.74
0.71
0.68
0.65
1.06
1.01
0.96
0.92
1.44
1.37
1.31
1.25
1.90
1.81
1.72
1.65
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
0.500
0.542
0.583
0.625
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.40
0.37
0.34
0.32
0.62
0.57
0.53
0.50
0.88
0.81
0.75
0.70
1.20
1.11
1.03
0.96
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
0.667
0.708
0.750
0.792
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.30
0.28
0.27
0.25
0.47
0.44
0.41
0.39
0.66
0.62
0.59
0.56
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
30.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
42.0
48.0
54.0
56.0
60.0
64.0
66.0
72.0
78.0
80.0
84.0
88.0
90.0
96.0
0.833
0.875
0.917
0.958
1.000
1.083
1.167
1.250
1.333
1.500
1.667
1.833
2.000
2.500
2.667
3.000
3.333
3.500
4.000
4.500
4.667
5.000
5.333
5.500
6.000
6.500
6.667
7.000
7.333
7.500
8.000
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.37
0.35
0.34
0.32
0.31
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.53
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.41
0.38
0.35
0.33
0.29
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
#9
#10
#11
(in.)
5.54
5.08
4.69
4.35
4.06
3.81
3.59
3.39
3.21
6.24
5.76
5.35
4.99
4.68
4.40
4.16
3.94
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
2.40
2.29
2.18
2.09
3.05
2.90
2.77
2.65
3.74
3.57
3.40
3.26
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
1.58
1.46
1.35
1.26
2.00
1.85
1.71
1.60
2.54
2.34
2.18
2.03
3.12
2.88
2.67
2.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.76
1.19
1.12
1.05
1.00
1.50
1.41
1.33
1.26
1.91
1.79
1.69
1.60
2.34
2.20
2.08
1.97
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
0.72
0.69
0.65
0.63
0.60
0.55
0.51
0.48
0.45
0.40
0.36
0.33
0.30
0.24
0.23
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.95
0.90
0.86
0.82
0.79
0.73
0.68
0.63
0.59
0.53
0.47
0.43
0.40
0.32
0.30
0.26
0.24
0.23
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
1.20
1.14
1.09
1.04
1.00
0.92
0.86
0.80
0.75
0.67
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.40
0.38
0.33
0.30
0.29
0.25
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
1.52
1.45
1.39
1.33
1.27
1.17
1.09
1.02
0.95
0.85
0.76
0.69
0.64
0.51
0.48
0.42
0.38
0.36
0.32
0.28
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
1.87
1.78
1.70
1.63
1.56
1.44
1.34
1.25
1.17
1.04
0.94
0.85
0.78
0.62
0.59
0.52
0.47
0.45
0.39
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.20
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
30.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
42.0
48.0
54.0
56.0
60.0
64.0
66.0
72.0
78.0
80.0
84.0
88.0
90.0
96.0
Note2
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
2. Limited by the one inch or one diameter clear spacing minimum MSJC Code Section 1.13.3.1.
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SPACING OF STEEL
531
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Diameter Area
(inches) (sq. in.) 0 - 8 0 - 10 1 - 0 1 - 2 1 - 4 1 - 6 1 - 8 1 - 10 2 - 0
0.1480
0.035
0.052
0.041
0.035
0.030
0.026
0.023
0.021
0.019
0.017
0.1620
0.041
0.062
0.049
0.041
0.035
0.031
0.027
0.025
0.022
0.021
2 - 3/16
wires
0.1875
0.055
0.083
0.066
0.055
0.047
0.041
0.037
0.033
0.030
0.028
2 - 1/4
wires
0.2500
0.098
0.147
0.118
0.098
0.084
0.074
0.065
0.059
0.053
0.049
2 - 5/16
wires
0.3125
0.152
0.228
0.182
0.152
0.130
0.114
0.101
0.091
0.083
0.076
#2
1/4
0.049
0.074
0.059
0.049
0.042
0.037
0.033
0.029
0.027
0.025
#3
3/8
0.110
0.165
0.132
0.110
0.094
0.083
0.073
0.066
0.060
0.055
#4
1/2
0.200
0.294
0.235
0.196
0.168
0.147
0.131
0.118
0.107
0.098
#5
5/8
0.310
0.461
0.368
0.307
0.263
0.230
0.205
0.184
0.167
0.154
#6
3/4
0.440
0.663
0.530
0.442
0.379
0.332
0.295
0.265
0.241
0.221
#7
7/8
0.600
0.902
0.721
0.601
0.515
0.451
0.401
0.361
0.328
0.301
#8
1.0
0.790
1.179
0.943
0.786
0.674
0.590
0.524
0.472
0.429
0.393
#9
11/8
1.000
1.500
1.200
1.000
0.857
0.750
0.667
0.600
0.545
0.500
#10
11/4
1.270
1.905
1.524
1.270
1.089
0.953
0.847
0.762
0.693
0.635
#11
13/8
1.560
2.340
1.872
1.560
1.337
1.170
1.040
0.936
0.851
0.780
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
GEN. NOTES
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Diameter Area
(inches) (sq. in.)
26
28
30
32
34
36
40
44
48
2- 2
2 - 4 2 - 6 2 - 8 2 - 10 3 - 0 3 - 4 3 - 8
4 - 0
0.1480
0.035
0.016
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.010
0.009
0.009
0.1620
0.041
0.019
0.018
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.011
0.010
2 - 3/16
wires
0.1875
0.055
0.025
0.024
0.022
0.021
0.019
0.018
0.017
0.015
0.014
2 - 1/4
wires
0.2500
0.098
0.045
0.042
0.039
0.037
0.035
0.033
0.029
0.027
0.025
2 - 5/16
wires
0.3125
0.152
0.070
0.065
0.061
0.057
0.054
0.051
0.046
0.041
0.038
#2
1/4
0.049
0.023
0.021
0.020
0.018
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.013
0.012
#3
3/8
0.110
0.051
0.047
0.044
0.041
0.039
0.037
0.033
0.030
0.028
#4
1/2
0.200
0.090
0.084
0.078
0.074
0.069
0.065
0.059
0.053
0.049
#5
5/8
0.310
0.142
0.132
0.123
0.115
0.108
0.102
0.092
0.084
0.077
#6
3/4
0.440
0.204
0.189
0.177
0.166
0.156
0.147
0.133
0.121
0.111
#7
7/8
0.600
0.277
0.258
0.240
0.225
0.212
0.200
0.180
0.164
0.150
#8
1.0
0.790
0.363
0.337
0.314
0.295
0.277
0.262
0.236
0.214
0.197
#9
11/8
1.000
0.462
0.429
0.400
0.375
0.353
0.333
0.300
0.273
0.250
#10
11/4
1.270
0.586
0.544
0.508
0.476
0.448
0.423
0.381
0.346
0.318
#11
13/8
1.560
0.720
0.669
0.624
0.585
0.551
0.520
0.468
0.425
0.390
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
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SPACING OF STEEL
533
#4
#5
#6
#7
3.50
3.63
3.75
4.00
4.50
0.029
0.030
0.032
0.034
0.038
45
43
42
39
35
48
48
48
48
48
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.63
5.75
0.042
0.044
0.046
0.047
0.048
31
30
29
28
27
48
48
48
48
48
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
0.050
0.053
0.055
0.057
0.059
26
25
24
23
22
48
46
44
42
41
48
48
48
48
7.25
7.50
7.63
7.75
8.00
0.061
0.063
0.064
0.065
0.067
21
20
20
20
20
39
38
37
36
36
48
48
48
48
48
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.50
9.63
0.071
0.074
0.076
0.080
0.081
18
18
17
17
16
34
33
32
30
30
48
48
48
47
46
48
48
48
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
11.63
0.084
0.088
0.092
0.097
0.098
16
15
14
14
13
29
27
26
25
24
44
42
40
39
38
48
48
48
48
48
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
0.101
0.105
0.109
0.113
0.118
13
13
12
12
11
24
23
22
21
20
37
35
34
33
32
48
48
48
47
45
48
48
14.50
15.00
15.50
15.63
16.00
0.122
0.126
0.130
0.131
0.134
11
10
10
10
10
20
19
18
18
18
31
30
29
28
28
43
42
41
40
39
48
48
48
48
48
#8
#9
See
Footnote
3
1. Reinforcing steel spacing shown will provide required area of steel based on min = 0.0007. To be conservative, all spacing values
shown were truncated to the nearest lower inch.
2. Minimum area of principal reinforcement may be less than 0.0013bt but may not be less than 0.0007bt per MSJC Code Section
1.14.6.3 The sum of the horizontal and vertical reinforcement must be at least 0.002bt which is 0.002 times the gross sectional area.
3. Values shown to the right of the heavy zigzag line are limited to a maximum spacing of 4 ft (48 in.) o. c. per MSJC Code Section
1.14.6.3. Values to the right of the zigzag line which are less than 48 in. are limited to 6 times the thickness per MSJC Code Section
2.3.3.3.1.
GEN. NOTES
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Actual Wall
Thickness,
t (inches)
Area As1,2
(sq. in./ft)
#3
#4
3.50
3.63
3.75
4.00
4.50
0.055
0.057
0.059
0.062
0.070
21
22
23
21
19
23
24
27
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.63
5.75
0.078
0.082
0.086
0.088
0.090
17
16
15
15
14
30
29
28
27
27
30
31
33
34
35
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
0.094
0.098
0.101
0.105
0.109
14
14
13
13
12
26
25
24
23
22
36
37
37
35
34
39
40
42
7.25
7.50
7.63
7.75
8.00
0.113
0.117
0.119
0.121
0.125
11
11
11
11
11
21
21
20
20
19
33
32
31
31
30
44
45
44
44
42
48
48
48
48
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.50
9.63
0.133
0.137
0.140
0.148
0.150
10
9
9
9
8
18
18
17
16
15
28
27
26
25
24
40
39
38
36
35
48
48
48
48
48
48
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
11.63
0.156
0.164
0.172
0.179
0.181
8
8
8
7
7
15
15
14
13
13
24
23
22
21
20
34
32
31
29
29
46
44
42
40
39
48
48
48
48
48
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
0.187
0.195
0.203
0.211
0.218
7
7
7
6
6
13
12
12
11
11
20
19
18
18
17
28
27
26
25
24
38
37
36
34
33
48
48
47
45
43
48
48
48
14.50
15.00
15.50
15.63
16.00
0.226
0.234
0.242
0.244
0.250
6
6
5
5
5
11
10
10
10
10
16
16
15
15
15
23
23
22
22
21
32
31
30
30
29
42
41
39
38
38
48
48
48
48
48
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
See
Footnote
3
1. Reinforcing steel spacing shown will provide required area of steel based on = 0.0013. To be conservative, all spacing values shown
were truncated to the nearest lower inch.
2. Minimum area of principal reinforcement may be less than 0.0013bt but may not be less than 0.0007bt per MSJC Code Section
1.14.6.3 The sum of the horizontal and vertical reinforcement must be at least 0.002bt which is 0.002 times the gross sectional area.
3. Values shown to the right of the heavy zigzag line are limited to a maximum spacing of 4 ft (48 in.) o. c. per MSJC Code Section
1.14.6.3. Values to the right of the zigzag line which are less than 48 in. are limited to 6 times the thickness per MSJC Code Section
2.3.3.3.1.
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SPACING OF STEEL
535
Actual Wall
Thickness,
t (inches)
Area As1,2
(sq. in./ft)
#3
#4
3.50
3.63
3.75
4.00
4.50
0.042
0.044
0.045
0.048
0.054
21
22
23
24
24
27
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.63
5.75
0.060
0.063
0.066
0.068
0.069
22
21
20
19
19
30
31
33
34
35
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
0.072
0.075
0.078
0.081
0.084
18
18
17
16
16
33
32
31
30
29
36
37
39
40
42
7.25
7.50
7.63
7.75
8.00
0.087
0.090
0.092
0.093
0.096
15
15
14
14
14
28
27
26
26
25
43
41
40
40
39
44
45
46
47
48
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.50
9.63
0.102
0.105
0.108
0.114
0.116
13
13
12
12
11
24
23
22
21
21
36
35
34
33
32
48
48
48
46
46
48
48
48
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50
11.63
0.120
0.126
0.132
0.138
0.140
11
10
10
10
9
20
19
18
17
17
31
30
28
27
27
44
42
40
38
38
48
48
48
48
48
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
0.144
0.150
0.156
0.162
0.168
9
9
8
8
8
17
16
15
15
14
26
25
24
23
22
37
35
34
33
31
48
48
46
44
43
48
48
48
48
14.50
15.00
15.50
15.63
16.00
0.174
0.180
0.186
0.188
0.192
8
7
7
7
7
14
13
13
13
13
21
21
20
20
19
30
29
28
28
28
41
40
39
38
38
48
48
48
48
47
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
See
Footnote
3
1. Reinforcing steel spacing shown will provide required area of steel based on = 0.001. To be conservative, all spacing values shown
were truncated to the nearest lower inch.
2. Minimum area of principal reinforcement may be less than 0.0013bt but may not be less than 0.0007bt per MSJC Code Section
1.14.6.3 The sum of the horizontal and vertical reinforcement must be at least 0.002bt which is 0.002 times the gross sectional area.
3. Values shown to the right of the heavy zigzag line are limited to a maximum spacing of 4 ft (48 in.) o. c. per MSJC Code Section
1.14.6.3. Values to the right of the zigzag line which are less than 48 in. are limited to 6 times the thickness per MSJC Code Section
2.3.3.3.1.
GEN. NOTES
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Table GN-22a Basic Development Length (inches) for Tension and Compression Bars1,2
fm (psi)
Fy
BAR
(ksi)
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
40
12.33
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
#3
50
15.42 12.59
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
60
18.50 15.10 13.08
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
40
16.44 13.43
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
#4
50
20.56 16.78 14.53 13.00
12
12
12
12
12
12
60
24.67 20.14 17.44 15.60 14.24 13.18 12.33
12
12
12
40
20.56 16.78 14.53 13.00
12
12
12
12
12
12
#5
50
25.69 20.98 18.17 16.25 14.83 13.73 12.85 12.11
12
12
60
30.83 25.17 21.80 19.50 17.80 16.48 15.42 14.53 13.79 13.15
40
32.06 26.18 22.67 20.28 18.51 17.14 16.03 15.12 14.34 13.67
#6
50
40.08 32.73 28.34 25.35 23.14 21.42 20.04 18.89 17.93 17.09
60
48.10 39.27 34.01 30.42 27.77 25.71 24.05 22.67 21.51 20.51
40
37.41 30.54 26.45 23.66 21.60 20.00 18.70 17.64 16.73 15.95
#7
50
46.76 38.18 33.07 29.58 27.00 25.00 23.38 22.04 20.91 19.94
60
56.12 45.82 39.68 35.49 32.40 29.99 28.06 26.45 25.10 23.93
40
49.33 40.28 34.88 31.20 28.48 26.37 24.67 23.26 22.06 21.04
#8
50
61.66 50.35 43.60 39.00 35.60 32.96 30.83 29.07 27.58 26.30
60
74.00 60.42 52.32 46.80 42.72 39.55 37.00 34.88 33.09 31.55
40
55.65 45.43 39.35 35.19 32.13 29.74 27.82 26.23 24.89 23.73
#9
50
69.56 56.79 49.18 43.99 40.16 37.18 34.78 32.79 31.11 29.66
60
83.47 68.15 59.02 52.79 48.19 44.62 41.73 39.35 37.33 35.59
40
62.65 51.15 44.30 39.62 36.17 33.49 31.33 29.53 28.02 26.71
50
78.31 63.94 55.38 49.53 45.21 41.86 39.16 36.92 35.02 33.39
#103
60
93.98 76.73 66.45 59.44 54.26 50.23 46.99 44.30 42.03 40.07
40
69.56 56.79 49.18 43.99 40.16 37.18 34.78 32.79 31.11 29.66
3
50
86.95 70.99 61.48 54.99 50.20 46.48 43.47 40.99 38.88 37.07
#11
60
104.34 85.19 73.78 65.99 60.24 55.77 52.17 49.18 46.66 44.49
6000
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12.59
13.09
16.36
19.64
15.27
19.09
22.91
20.14
25.17
30.21
22.72
28.40
34.08
25.58
31.97
38.37
28.40
35.50
42.60
1. Based on MSJC Code Eq. 2-9 and 3-15. Bar cover and bar clear spacing must be less than or equal to 5db.
2. When using epoxy coated bars, increase development length by 50%.
3. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
Table GN-22b Basic Development Length (inches) for Standard Hooks in Tension
Bar
Size
Bar Diameter
(in.)
Allowable
Stress Design1
Strength
Design2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
4.22
5.63
7.03
8.44
9.84
11.25
12.69
4.88
6.50
8.13
9.75
11.38
13.00
14.66
#103
#113
1.270
1.410
14.29
15.86
Page 537
STEEL RATIO
2.75
3.00
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0055
0.0100
0.0155
0.0028
0.0050
0.0078
0.0018
0.0033
0.0052
0.0014
0.0025
0.0039
0.0011
0.0020
0.0031
0.0009
0.0017
0.0026
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0220
0.0300
0.0110
0.0150
0.0073
0.0100
0.0055
0.0075
0.0044
0.0060
0.0037
0.0050
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0395
0.0500
0.0198
0.0250
0.0132
0.0167
0.0099
0.0125
0.0079
0.0100
0.0066
0.0083
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0635
0.0780
0.0318
0.0390
0.0212
0.0260
0.0159
0.0195
0.0127
0.0156
0.0106
0.0130
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0050
0.0091
0.0141
0.0025
0.0045
0.0070
0.0017
0.0030
0.0047
0.0013
0.0023
0.0035
0.0010
0.0018
0.0028
0.0008
0.0015
0.0023
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0200
0.0273
0.0100
0.0136
0.0067
0.0091
0.0050
0.0068
0.0040
0.0055
0.0033
0.0045
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0359
0.0455
0.0180
0.0227
0.0120
0.0152
0.0090
0.0114
0.0072
0.0091
0.0060
0.0076
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0577
0.0709
0.0289
0.0355
0.0192
0.0236
0.0144
0.0177
0.0115
0.0142
0.0096
0.0118
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0046
0.0083
0.0129
0.0023
0.0042
0.0065
0.0015
0.0028
0.0043
0.0011
0.0021
0.0032
0.0009
0.0017
0.0026
0.0008
0.0014
0.0022
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0183
0.0250
0.0092
0.0125
0.0061
0.0083
0.0046
0.0063
0.0037
0.0050
0.0031
0.0042
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0329
0.0417
0.0165
0.0208
0.0110
0.0139
0.0082
0.0104
0.0066
0.0083
0.0055
0.0069
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0529
0.0650
0.0265
0.0325
0.0176
0.0217
0.0132
0.0163
0.0106
0.0130
0.0088
0.0108
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0042
0.0077
0.0119
0.0021
0.0038
0.0060
0.0014
0.0026
0.0040
0.0011
0.0019
0.0030
0.0008
0.0015
0.0024
0.0007
0.0013
0.0020
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0169
0.0231
0.0085
0.0115
0.0056
0.0077
0.0042
0.0058
0.0034
0.0046
0.0028
0.0038
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0304
0.0385
0.0152
0.0192
0.0101
0.0128
0.0076
0.0096
0.0061
0.0077
0.0051
0.0064
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0488
0.0600
0.0244
0.0300
0.0163
0.0200
0.0122
0.0150
0.0098
0.0120
0.0081
0.0100
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Section 3.3.3.1).
GEN. NOTES
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
2.50
2.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
2.75
537
3.00
1:59 PM
3.25
8/11/2009
3.25
GN.8.11.08.qxp
8/11/2009
Page 538
3.75
d
(inches)
4.00
d
(inches)
4.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0039
0.0071
0.0111
0.0020
0.0036
0.0055
0.0013
0.0024
0.0037
0.0010
0.0018
0.0028
0.0008
0.0014
0.0022
0.0007
0.0012
0.0018
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0157
0.0214
0.0079
0.0107
0.0052
0.0071
0.0039
0.0054
0.0031
0.0043
0.0026
0.0036
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0282
0.0357
0.0141
0.0179
0.0094
0.0119
0.0071
0.0089
0.0056
0.0071
0.0047
0.0060
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0454
0.0557
0.0227
0.0279
0.0151
0.0186
0.0113
0.0139
0.0091
0.0111
0.0076
0.0093
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0037
0.0067
0.0103
0.0018
0.0033
0.0052
0.0012
0.0022
0.0034
0.0009
0.0017
0.0026
0.0007
0.0013
0.0021
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0147
0.0200
0.0073
0.0100
0.0049
0.0067
0.0037
0.0050
0.0029
0.0040
0.0024
0.0033
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0263
0.0333
0.0132
0.0167
0.0088
0.0111
0.0066
0.0083
0.0053
0.0067
0.0044
0.0056
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0423
0.0520
0.0212
0.0260
0.0141
0.0173
0.0106
0.0130
0.0085
0.0104
0.0071
0.0087
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0034
0.0063
0.0097
0.0017
0.0031
0.0048
0.0011
0.0021
0.0032
0.0009
0.0016
0.0024
0.0007
0.0013
0.0019
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0138
0.0188
0.0069
0.0094
0.0046
0.0063
0.0034
0.0047
0.0028
0.0038
0.0023
0.0031
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0247
0.0313
0.0123
0.0156
0.0082
0.0104
0.0062
0.0078
0.0049
0.0063
0.0041
0.0052
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0397
0.0488
0.0198
0.0244
0.0132
0.0163
0.0099
0.0122
0.0079
0.0098
0.0066
0.0081
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0032
0.0059
0.0091
0.0016
0.0029
0.0046
0.0011
0.0020
0.0030
0.0008
0.0015
0.0023
0.0006
0.0012
0.0018
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0129
0.0176
0.0065
0.0088
0.0043
0.0059
0.0032
0.0044
0.0026
0.0035
0.0022
0.0029
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0232
0.0294
0.0116
0.0147
0.0077
0.0098
0.0058
0.0074
0.0046
0.0059
0.0039
0.0049
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0374
0.0459
0.0187
0.0229
0.0125
0.0153
0.0093
0.0115
0.0075
0.0092
0.0062
0.0076
d
(inches)
3.50
3.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
d
(inches)
3.75
d
(inches)
4.00
538
1:59 PM
d
(inches)
4.25
GN.8.11.08.qxp
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
Page 539
STEEL RATIO
4.75
5.00
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0031
0.0056
0.0086
0.0015
0.0028
0.0043
0.0010
0.0019
0.0029
0.0008
0.0014
0.0022
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0122
0.0167
0.0061
0.0083
0.0041
0.0056
0.0031
0.0042
0.0024
0.0033
0.0020
0.0028
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0219
0.0278
0.0110
0.0139
0.0073
0.0093
0.0055
0.0069
0.0044
0.0056
0.0037
0.0046
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0353
0.0433
0.0176
0.0217
0.0118
0.0144
0.0088
0.0108
0.0071
0.0087
0.0059
0.0072
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0029
0.0053
0.0082
0.0014
0.0026
0.0041
0.0010
0.0018
0.0027
0.0007
0.0013
0.0020
0.0006
0.0011
0.0016
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0116
0.0158
0.0058
0.0079
0.0039
0.0053
0.0029
0.0039
0.0023
0.0032
0.0019
0.0026
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0208
0.0263
0.0104
0.0132
0.0069
0.0088
0.0052
0.0066
0.0042
0.0053
0.0035
0.0044
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0334
0.0411
0.0167
0.0205
0.0111
0.0137
0.0084
0.0103
0.0067
0.0082
0.0056
0.0068
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0028
0.0050
0.0078
0.0014
0.0025
0.0039
0.0009
0.0017
0.0026
0.0007
0.0013
0.0019
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0005
0.0008
0.0013
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0110
0.0150
0.0055
0.0075
0.0037
0.0050
0.0028
0.0038
0.0022
0.0030
0.0018
0.0025
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0198
0.0250
0.0099
0.0125
0.0066
0.0083
0.0049
0.0063
0.0040
0.0050
0.0033
0.0042
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0318
0.0390
0.0159
0.0195
0.0106
0.0130
0.0079
0.0098
0.0064
0.0078
0.0053
0.0065
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0026
0.0048
0.0074
0.0013
0.0024
0.0037
0.0009
0.0016
0.0025
0.0007
0.0012
0.0018
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0105
0.0143
0.0052
0.0071
0.0035
0.0048
0.0026
0.0036
0.0021
0.0029
0.0017
0.0024
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0188
0.0238
0.0094
0.0119
0.0063
0.0079
0.0047
0.0060
0.0038
0.0048
0.0031
0.0040
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0302
0.0371
0.0151
0.0186
0.0101
0.0124
0.0076
0.0093
0.0060
0.0074
0.0050
0.0062
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
GEN. NOTES
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
4.50
4.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
4.75
539
5.00
1:59 PM
5.25
8/11/2009
5.25
GN.8.11.08.qxp
8/11/2009
Page 540
5.75
d
(inches)
6.00
d
(inches)
6.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0025
0.0045
0.0070
0.0013
0.0023
0.0035
0.0008
0.0015
0.0023
0.0006
0.0011
0.0018
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0100
0.0136
0.0050
0.0068
0.0033
0.0045
0.0025
0.0034
0.0020
0.0027
0.0017
0.0023
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0180
0.0227
0.0090
0.0114
0.0060
0.0076
0.0045
0.0057
0.0036
0.0045
0.0030
0.0038
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0289
0.0355
0.0144
0.0177
0.0096
0.0118
0.0072
0.0089
0.0058
0.0071
0.0048
0.0059
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0024
0.0043
0.0067
0.0012
0.0022
0.0034
0.0008
0.0014
0.0022
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0005
0.0009
0.0013
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0096
0.0130
0.0048
0.0065
0.0032
0.0043
0.0024
0.0033
0.0019
0.0026
0.0016
0.0022
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0172
0.0217
0.0086
0.0109
0.0057
0.0072
0.0043
0.0054
0.0034
0.0043
0.0029
0.0036
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0276
0.0339
0.0138
0.0170
0.0092
0.0113
0.0069
0.0085
0.0055
0.0068
0.0046
0.0057
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0023
0.0042
0.0065
0.0011
0.0021
0.0032
0.0008
0.0014
0.0022
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0005
0.0008
0.0013
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0092
0.0125
0.0046
0.0063
0.0031
0.0042
0.0023
0.0031
0.0018
0.0025
0.0015
0.0021
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0165
0.0208
0.0082
0.0104
0.0055
0.0069
0.0041
0.0052
0.0033
0.0042
0.0027
0.0035
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0265
0.0325
0.0132
0.0163
0.0088
0.0108
0.0066
0.0081
0.0053
0.0065
0.0044
0.0054
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0022
0.0040
0.0062
0.0011
0.0020
0.0031
0.0007
0.0013
0.0021
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0088
0.0120
0.0044
0.0060
0.0029
0.0040
0.0022
0.0030
0.0018
0.0024
0.0015
0.0020
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0158
0.0200
0.0079
0.0100
0.0053
0.0067
0.0040
0.0050
0.0032
0.0040
0.0026
0.0033
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0254
0.0312
0.0127
0.0156
0.0085
0.0104
0.0064
0.0078
0.0051
0.0062
0.0042
0.0052
d
(inches)
5.50
5.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
d
(inches)
5.75
d
(inches)
6.00
540
1:59 PM
d
(inches)
6.25
GN.8.11.08.qxp
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
Page 541
STEEL RATIO
6.75
d
(inches)
7.00
d
(inches)
7.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0021
0.0038
0.0060
0.0011
0.0019
0.0030
0.0007
0.0013
0.0020
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
0.0004
0.0006
0.0010
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0085
0.0115
0.0042
0.0058
0.0028
0.0038
0.0021
0.0029
0.0017
0.0023
0.0014
0.0019
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0152
0.0192
0.0076
0.0096
0.0051
0.0064
0.0038
0.0048
0.0030
0.0038
0.0025
0.0032
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0244
0.0300
0.0122
0.0150
0.0081
0.0100
0.0061
0.0075
0.0049
0.0060
0.0041
0.0050
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0020
0.0037
0.0057
0.0010
0.0019
0.0029
0.0007
0.0012
0.0019
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0006
0.0010
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0081
0.0111
0.0041
0.0056
0.0027
0.0037
0.0020
0.0028
0.0016
0.0022
0.0014
0.0019
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0146
0.0185
0.0073
0.0093
0.0049
0.0062
0.0037
0.0046
0.0029
0.0037
0.0024
0.0031
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0235
0.0289
0.0118
0.0144
0.0078
0.0096
0.0059
0.0072
0.0047
0.0058
0.0039
0.0048
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0020
0.0036
0.0055
0.0010
0.0018
0.0028
0.0007
0.0012
0.0018
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0079
0.0107
0.0039
0.0054
0.0026
0.0036
0.0020
0.0027
0.0016
0.0021
0.0013
0.0018
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0141
0.0179
0.0071
0.0089
0.0047
0.0060
0.0035
0.0045
0.0028
0.0036
0.0024
0.0030
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0227
0.0279
0.0113
0.0139
0.0076
0.0093
0.0057
0.0070
0.0045
0.0056
0.0038
0.0046
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0019
0.0034
0.0053
0.0009
0.0017
0.0027
0.0006
0.0011
0.0018
0.0005
0.0009
0.0013
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0076
0.0103
0.0038
0.0052
0.0025
0.0034
0.0019
0.0026
0.0015
0.0021
0.0013
0.0017
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0136
0.0172
0.0068
0.0086
0.0045
0.0057
0.0034
0.0043
0.0027
0.0034
0.0023
0.0029
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0219
0.0269
0.0109
0.0134
0.0073
0.0090
0.0055
0.0067
0.0044
0.0054
0.0036
0.0045
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
GEN. NOTES
6.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
6.50
541
6.75
2:06 PM
7.00
8/11/2009
7.25
GN.8.11.08(2).qxp
2:06 PM
Page 542
7.75
d
(inches)
8.00
d
(inches)
8.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0018
0.0033
0.0052
0.0009
0.0017
0.0026
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0005
0.0008
0.0013
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0073
0.0100
0.0037
0.0050
0.0024
0.0033
0.0018
0.0025
0.0015
0.0020
0.0012
0.0017
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0132
0.0167
0.0066
0.0083
0.0044
0.0056
0.0033
0.0042
0.0026
0.0033
0.0022
0.0028
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0212
0.0260
0.0106
0.0130
0.0071
0.0087
0.0053
0.0065
0.0042
0.0052
0.0035
0.0043
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0018
0.0032
0.0050
0.0009
0.0016
0.0025
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0004
0.0008
0.0013
0.0004
0.0006
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0071
0.0097
0.0035
0.0048
0.0024
0.0032
0.0018
0.0024
0.0014
0.0019
0.0012
0.0016
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0127
0.0161
0.0064
0.0081
0.0042
0.0054
0.0032
0.0040
0.0025
0.0032
0.0021
0.0027
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0205
0.0252
0.0102
0.0126
0.0068
0.0084
0.0051
0.0063
0.0041
0.0050
0.0034
0.0042
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0017
0.0031
0.0048
0.0009
0.0016
0.0024
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
0.0003
0.0006
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0069
0.0094
0.0034
0.0047
0.0023
0.0031
0.0017
0.0023
0.0014
0.0019
0.0011
0.0016
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0123
0.0156
0.0062
0.0078
0.0041
0.0052
0.0031
0.0039
0.0025
0.0031
0.0021
0.0026
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0198
0.0244
0.0099
0.0122
0.0066
0.0081
0.0050
0.0061
0.0040
0.0049
0.0033
0.0041
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0017
0.0030
0.0047
0.0008
0.0015
0.0023
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0067
0.0091
0.0033
0.0045
0.0022
0.0030
0.0017
0.0023
0.0013
0.0018
0.0011
0.0015
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0120
0.0152
0.0060
0.0076
0.0040
0.0051
0.0030
0.0038
0.0024
0.0030
0.0020
0.0025
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0192
0.0236
0.0096
0.0118
0.0064
0.0079
0.0048
0.0059
0.0038
0.0047
0.0032
0.0039
d
(inches)
7.50
7.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
d
(inches)
7.75
d
(inches)
8.00
542
8/11/2009
d
(inches)
8.25
GN.8.11.08(2).qxp
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
Page 543
STEEL RATIO
8.75
d
(inches)
9.00
d
(inches)
9.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0016
0.0029
0.0046
0.0008
0.0015
0.0023
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0065
0.0088
0.0032
0.0044
0.0022
0.0029
0.0016
0.0022
0.0013
0.0018
0.0011
0.0015
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0116
0.0147
0.0058
0.0074
0.0039
0.0049
0.0029
0.0037
0.0023
0.0029
0.0019
0.0025
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0187
0.0229
0.0093
0.0115
0.0062
0.0076
0.0047
0.0057
0.0037
0.0046
0.0031
0.0038
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0016
0.0029
0.0044
0.0008
0.0014
0.0022
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0063
0.0086
0.0031
0.0043
0.0021
0.0029
0.0016
0.0021
0.0013
0.0017
0.0010
0.0014
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0113
0.0143
0.0056
0.0071
0.0038
0.0048
0.0028
0.0036
0.0023
0.0029
0.0019
0.0024
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0181
0.0223
0.0091
0.0111
0.0060
0.0074
0.0045
0.0056
0.0036
0.0045
0.0030
0.0037
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0015
0.0028
0.0043
0.0008
0.0014
0.0022
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0061
0.0083
0.0031
0.0042
0.0020
0.0028
0.0015
0.0021
0.0012
0.0017
0.0010
0.0014
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0110
0.0139
0.0055
0.0069
0.0037
0.0046
0.0027
0.0035
0.0022
0.0028
0.0018
0.0023
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0176
0.0217
0.0088
0.0108
0.0059
0.0072
0.0044
0.0054
0.0035
0.0043
0.0029
0.0036
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0015
0.0027
0.0042
0.0007
0.0014
0.0021
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0005
0.0007
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0059
0.0081
0.0030
0.0041
0.0020
0.0027
0.0015
0.0020
0.0012
0.0016
0.0010
0.0014
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0107
0.0135
0.0053
0.0068
0.0036
0.0045
0.0027
0.0034
0.0021
0.0027
0.0018
0.0023
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0172
0.0211
0.0086
0.0105
0.0057
0.0070
0.0043
0.0053
0.0034
0.0042
0.0029
0.0035
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
GEN. NOTES
8.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
8.50
543
8.75
2:06 PM
9.00
8/11/2009
9.25
GN.8.11.08(2).qxp
2:06 PM
Page 544
9.75
d
(inches)
10.00
d
(inches)
10.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0014
0.0026
0.0041
0.0007
0.0013
0.0020
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0007
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0058
0.0079
0.0029
0.0039
0.0019
0.0026
0.0014
0.0020
0.0012
0.0016
0.0010
0.0013
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0104
0.0132
0.0052
0.0066
0.0035
0.0044
0.0026
0.0033
0.0021
0.0026
0.0017
0.0022
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0167
0.0205
0.0084
0.0103
0.0056
0.0068
0.0042
0.0051
0.0033
0.0041
0.0028
0.0034
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0014
0.0026
0.0040
0.0007
0.0013
0.0020
0.0005
0.0009
0.0013
0.0004
0.0006
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0007
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0056
0.0077
0.0028
0.0038
0.0019
0.0026
0.0014
0.0019
0.0011
0.0015
0.0009
0.0013
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0101
0.0128
0.0051
0.0064
0.0034
0.0043
0.0025
0.0032
0.0020
0.0026
0.0017
0.0021
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0163
0.0200
0.0081
0.0100
0.0054
0.0067
0.0041
0.0050
0.0033
0.0040
0.0027
0.0033
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0014
0.0025
0.0039
0.0007
0.0013
0.0019
0.0005
0.0008
0.0013
0.0003
0.0006
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0055
0.0075
0.0028
0.0038
0.0018
0.0025
0.0014
0.0019
0.0011
0.0015
0.0009
0.0013
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0099
0.0125
0.0049
0.0063
0.0033
0.0042
0.0025
0.0031
0.0020
0.0025
0.0016
0.0021
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0159
0.0195
0.0079
0.0098
0.0053
0.0065
0.0040
0.0049
0.0032
0.0039
0.0026
0.0033
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0013
0.0024
0.0038
0.0007
0.0012
0.0019
0.0004
0.0008
0.0013
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0054
0.0073
0.0027
0.0037
0.0018
0.0024
0.0013
0.0018
0.0011
0.0015
0.0009
0.0012
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0096
0.0122
0.0048
0.0061
0.0032
0.0041
0.0024
0.0030
0.0019
0.0024
0.0016
0.0020
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0155
0.0190
0.0077
0.0095
0.0052
0.0063
0.0039
0.0048
0.0031
0.0038
0.0026
0.0032
d
(inches)
9.50
9.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
d
(inches)
9.75
d
(inches)
10.00
544
8/11/2009
d
(inches)
10.25
GN.8.11.08(2).qxp
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
Page 545
STEEL RATIO
10.75
d
(inches)
11.00
d
(inches)
11.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0013
0.0024
0.0037
0.0007
0.0012
0.0018
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0052
0.0071
0.0026
0.0036
0.0017
0.0024
0.0013
0.0018
0.0010
0.0014
0.0009
0.0012
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0094
0.0119
0.0047
0.0060
0.0031
0.0040
0.0024
0.0030
0.0019
0.0024
0.0016
0.0020
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0151
0.0186
0.0076
0.0093
0.0050
0.0062
0.0038
0.0046
0.0030
0.0037
0.0025
0.0031
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0013
0.0023
0.0036
0.0006
0.0012
0.0018
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0051
0.0070
0.0026
0.0035
0.0017
0.0023
0.0013
0.0017
0.0010
0.0014
0.0009
0.0012
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0092
0.0116
0.0046
0.0058
0.0031
0.0039
0.0023
0.0029
0.0018
0.0023
0.0015
0.0019
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0148
0.0181
0.0074
0.0091
0.0049
0.0060
0.0037
0.0045
0.0030
0.0036
0.0025
0.0030
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0013
0.0023
0.0035
0.0006
0.0011
0.0018
0.0004
0.0008
0.0012
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0050
0.0068
0.0025
0.0034
0.0017
0.0023
0.0013
0.0017
0.0010
0.0014
0.0008
0.0011
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0090
0.0114
0.0045
0.0057
0.0030
0.0038
0.0022
0.0028
0.0018
0.0023
0.0015
0.0019
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0144
0.0177
0.0072
0.0089
0.0048
0.0059
0.0036
0.0044
0.0029
0.0035
0.0024
0.0030
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0012
0.0022
0.0034
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0002
0.0004
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0049
0.0067
0.0024
0.0033
0.0016
0.0022
0.0012
0.0017
0.0010
0.0013
0.0008
0.0011
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0088
0.0111
0.0044
0.0056
0.0029
0.0037
0.0022
0.0028
0.0018
0.0022
0.0015
0.0019
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0141
0.0173
0.0071
0.0087
0.0047
0.0058
0.0035
0.0043
0.0028
0.0035
0.0024
0.0029
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
GEN. NOTES
10.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
10.50
545
10.75
2:06 PM
11.00
8/11/2009
11.25
GN.8.11.08(2).qxp
2:06 PM
Page 546
11.75
d
(inches)
12.00
d
(inches)
12.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0012
0.0022
0.0034
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0048
0.0065
0.0024
0.0033
0.0016
0.0022
0.0012
0.0016
0.0010
0.0013
0.0008
0.0011
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0086
0.0109
0.0043
0.0054
0.0029
0.0036
0.0021
0.0027
0.0017
0.0022
0.0014
0.0018
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0138
0.0170
0.0069
0.0085
0.0046
0.0057
0.0035
0.0042
0.0028
0.0034
0.0023
0.0028
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0012
0.0021
0.0033
0.0006
0.0011
0.0016
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0047
0.0064
0.0023
0.0032
0.0016
0.0021
0.0012
0.0016
0.0009
0.0013
0.0008
0.0011
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0084
0.0106
0.0042
0.0053
0.0028
0.0035
0.0021
0.0027
0.0017
0.0021
0.0014
0.0018
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0135
0.0166
0.0068
0.0083
0.0045
0.0055
0.0034
0.0041
0.0027
0.0033
0.0023
0.0028
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0011
0.0021
0.0032
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0046
0.0063
0.0023
0.0031
0.0015
0.0021
0.0011
0.0016
0.0009
0.0013
0.0008
0.0010
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0082
0.0104
0.0041
0.0052
0.0027
0.0035
0.0021
0.0026
0.0016
0.0021
0.0014
0.0017
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0132
0.0163
0.0066
0.0081
0.0044
0.0054
0.0033
0.0041
0.0026
0.0033
0.0022
0.0027
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0011
0.0020
0.0032
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0045
0.0061
0.0022
0.0031
0.0015
0.0020
0.0011
0.0015
0.0009
0.0012
0.0007
0.0010
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0081
0.0102
0.0040
0.0051
0.0027
0.0034
0.0020
0.0026
0.0016
0.0020
0.0013
0.0017
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0130
0.0159
0.0065
0.0080
0.0043
0.0053
0.0032
0.0040
0.0026
0.0032
0.0022
0.0027
d
(inches)
11.50
11.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
d
(inches)
11.75
d
(inches)
12.00
546
8/11/2009
d
(inches)
12.25
GN.8.11.08(2).qxp
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
Page 547
STEEL RATIO
12.75
d
(inches)
13.00
d
(inches)
13.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0011
0.0020
0.0031
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0044
0.0060
0.0022
0.0030
0.0015
0.0020
0.0011
0.0015
0.0009
0.0012
0.0007
0.0010
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0079
0.0100
0.0040
0.0050
0.0026
0.0033
0.0020
0.0025
0.0016
0.0020
0.0013
0.0017
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0127
0.0156
0.0064
0.0078
0.0042
0.0052
0.0032
0.0039
0.0025
0.0031
0.0021
0.0026
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0011
0.0020
0.0030
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0043
0.0059
0.0022
0.0029
0.0014
0.0020
0.0011
0.0015
0.0009
0.0012
0.0007
0.0010
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0077
0.0098
0.0039
0.0049
0.0026
0.0033
0.0019
0.0025
0.0015
0.0020
0.0013
0.0016
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0125
0.0153
0.0062
0.0076
0.0042
0.0051
0.0031
0.0038
0.0025
0.0031
0.0021
0.0025
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0011
0.0019
0.0030
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0004
0.0006
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0042
0.0058
0.0021
0.0029
0.0014
0.0019
0.0011
0.0014
0.0008
0.0012
0.0007
0.0010
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0076
0.0096
0.0038
0.0048
0.0025
0.0032
0.0019
0.0024
0.0015
0.0019
0.0013
0.0016
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0122
0.0150
0.0061
0.0075
0.0041
0.0050
0.0031
0.0038
0.0024
0.0030
0.0020
0.0025
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0010
0.0019
0.0029
0.0005
0.0009
0.0015
0.0003
0.0006
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0042
0.0057
0.0021
0.0028
0.0014
0.0019
0.0010
0.0014
0.0008
0.0011
0.0007
0.0009
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0075
0.0094
0.0037
0.0047
0.0025
0.0031
0.0019
0.0024
0.0015
0.0019
0.0012
0.0016
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0120
0.0147
0.0060
0.0074
0.0040
0.0049
0.0030
0.0037
0.0024
0.0029
0.0020
0.0025
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
GEN. NOTES
12.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
12.50
547
12.75
2:07 PM
13.00
8/11/2009
13.25
GN.8.11.08(2).qxp
2:07 PM
Page 548
13.75
d
(inches)
14.00
d
(inches)
14.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0010
0.0019
0.0029
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0003
0.0006
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0041
0.0056
0.0020
0.0028
0.0014
0.0019
0.0010
0.0014
0.0008
0.0011
0.0007
0.0009
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0073
0.0093
0.0037
0.0046
0.0024
0.0031
0.0018
0.0023
0.0015
0.0019
0.0012
0.0015
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0118
0.0144
0.0059
0.0072
0.0039
0.0048
0.0029
0.0036
0.0024
0.0029
0.0020
0.0024
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0010
0.0018
0.0028
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0040
0.0055
0.0020
0.0027
0.0013
0.0018
0.0010
0.0014
0.0008
0.0011
0.0007
0.0009
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0072
0.0091
0.0036
0.0045
0.0024
0.0030
0.0018
0.0023
0.0014
0.0018
0.0012
0.0015
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0115
0.0142
0.0058
0.0071
0.0038
0.0047
0.0029
0.0035
0.0023
0.0028
0.0019
0.0024
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0010
0.0018
0.0028
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0002
0.0004
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0039
0.0054
0.0020
0.0027
0.0013
0.0018
0.0010
0.0013
0.0008
0.0011
0.0007
0.0009
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0071
0.0089
0.0035
0.0045
0.0024
0.0030
0.0018
0.0022
0.0014
0.0018
0.0012
0.0015
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0113
0.0139
0.0057
0.0070
0.0038
0.0046
0.0028
0.0035
0.0023
0.0028
0.0019
0.0023
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0010
0.0018
0.0027
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0002
0.0004
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0039
0.0053
0.0019
0.0026
0.0013
0.0018
0.0010
0.0013
0.0008
0.0011
0.0006
0.0009
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0069
0.0088
0.0035
0.0044
0.0023
0.0029
0.0017
0.0022
0.0014
0.0018
0.0012
0.0015
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0111
0.0137
0.0056
0.0068
0.0037
0.0046
0.0028
0.0034
0.0022
0.0027
0.0019
0.0023
d
(inches)
13.50
13.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
d
(inches)
13.75
d
(inches)
14.00
548
8/11/2009
d
(inches)
14.25
GN.8.11.08(2).qxp
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
Page 549
STEEL RATIO
14.75
d
(inches)
15.00
d
(inches)
15.25
d
(inches)
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0009
0.0017
0.0027
0.0005
0.0009
0.0013
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0002
0.0004
0.0007
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0038
0.0052
0.0019
0.0026
0.0013
0.0017
0.0009
0.0013
0.0008
0.0010
0.0006
0.0009
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0068
0.0086
0.0034
0.0043
0.0023
0.0029
0.0017
0.0022
0.0014
0.0017
0.0011
0.0014
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0109
0.0134
0.0055
0.0067
0.0036
0.0045
0.0027
0.0034
0.0022
0.0027
0.0018
0.0022
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0009
0.0017
0.0026
0.0005
0.0008
0.0013
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0002
0.0004
0.0007
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0037
0.0051
0.0019
0.0025
0.0012
0.0017
0.0009
0.0013
0.0007
0.0010
0.0006
0.0008
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0067
0.0085
0.0033
0.0042
0.0022
0.0028
0.0017
0.0021
0.0013
0.0017
0.0011
0.0014
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0108
0.0132
0.0054
0.0066
0.0036
0.0044
0.0027
0.0033
0.0022
0.0026
0.0018
0.0022
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0009
0.0017
0.0026
0.0005
0.0008
0.0013
0.0003
0.0006
0.0009
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0037
0.0050
0.0018
0.0025
0.0012
0.0017
0.0009
0.0013
0.0007
0.0010
0.0006
0.0008
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0066
0.0083
0.0033
0.0042
0.0022
0.0028
0.0016
0.0021
0.0013
0.0017
0.0011
0.0014
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0106
0.0130
0.0053
0.0065
0.0035
0.0043
0.0026
0.0033
0.0021
0.0026
0.0018
0.0022
Bar
Size1
Steel
Area
(sq. in.)
16
24
32
40
48
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0009
0.0016
0.0025
0.0005
0.0008
0.0013
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0036
0.0049
0.0018
0.0025
0.0012
0.0016
0.0009
0.0012
0.0007
0.0010
0.0006
0.0008
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0065
0.0082
0.0032
0.0041
0.0022
0.0027
0.0016
0.0020
0.0013
0.0016
0.0011
0.0014
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0104
0.0128
0.0052
0.0064
0.0035
0.0043
0.0026
0.0032
0.0021
0.0026
0.0017
0.0021
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
d
(inches)
1. MSJC Code limits the maximum bar size to #11 (MSJC Code Section 1.12.2.1) and Strength Design limits the maximum bar size to #9
(MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.1).
GEN. NOTES
14.50
d
(inches)
As
As in Square Inches; b and d in Inches
bd
14.50
549
14.75
2:07 PM
15.00
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15.25
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Page 550
Bar
Size2
Area
(sq. in.)
5.625
(6 Nominal)
#3
#4
#5
7.625
(8 Nominal)
9.625
(10 Nominal)
11.625
(12 Nominal)
15.625
(16 Nominal)
16
24
32
40
48
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0024
0.0044
0.0069
0.0012
0.0022
0.0034
0.0008
0.0015
0.0023
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0005
0.0009
0.0014
0.0004
0.0007
0.0011
#3
#4
#5
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.0018
0.0033
0.0051
0.0009
0.0016
0.0025
0.0006
0.0011
0.0017
0.0005
0.0008
0.0013
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
#6
#7
0.44
0.60
0.0072
0.0098
0.0036
0.0049
0.0024
0.0033
0.0018
0.0025
0.0014
0.0020
0.0012
0.0016
#8
#9
0.79
1.00
0.0130
0.0164
0.0065
0.0082
0.0043
0.0055
0.0032
0.0041
0.0026
0.0033
0.0022
0.0027
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0208
0.0256
0.0104
0.0128
0.0069
0.0085
0.0052
0.0064
0.0042
0.0051
0.0035
0.0043
#4
#5
#6
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.0026
0.0040
0.0057
0.0013
0.0020
0.0029
0.0009
0.0013
0.0019
0.0006
0.0010
0.0014
0.0005
0.0008
0.0011
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
#7
#8
#9
0.60
0.79
1.00
0.0078
0.0103
0.0130
0.0039
0.0051
0.0065
0.0026
0.0034
0.0043
0.0019
0.0026
0.0032
0.0016
0.0021
0.0026
0.0013
0.0017
0.0022
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0165
0.0203
0.0082
0.0101
0.0055
0.0068
0.0041
0.0051
0.0033
0.0041
0.0027
0.0034
#4
#5
#6
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.0022
0.0033
0.0047
0.0011
0.0017
0.0024
0.0007
0.0011
0.0016
0.0005
0.0008
0.0012
0.0004
0.0007
0.0009
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
#7
#8
#9
0.60
0.79
1.00
0.0065
0.0085
0.0108
0.0032
0.0042
0.0054
0.0022
0.0028
0.0036
0.0016
0.0021
0.0027
0.0013
0.0017
0.0022
0.0011
0.0014
0.0018
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0137
0.0168
0.0068
0.0084
0.0046
0.0056
0.0034
0.0042
0.0027
0.0034
0.0023
0.0028
#4
#5
#6
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.0016
0.0025
0.0035
0.0008
0.0012
0.0018
0.0005
0.0008
0.0012
0.0004
0.0006
0.0009
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
#7
#8
#9
0.60
0.79
1.00
0.0048
0.0063
0.0080
0.0024
0.0032
0.0040
0.0016
0.0021
0.0027
0.0012
0.0016
0.0020
0.0010
0.0013
0.0016
0.0008
0.0011
0.0013
#10
#11
1.27
1.56
0.0102
0.0125
0.0051
0.0062
0.0034
0.0042
0.0025
0.0031
0.0020
0.0025
0.0017
0.0021
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STEEL RATIO
551
Approximate
Cell Area
(sq. in.)
6% Working
Stress Design
Limit on
Steel Area
(sq. in.)1
4% Strength
Design
Limit on
Steel Area
(sq. in.)2
4
6
8
10
12
35/8
55/8
75/8
95/8
115/8
12.6
21.0
30.0
42.0
54.0
0.76
1.26
1.80
2.52
3.24
0.50
0.84
1.20
1.68
2.16
GEN. NOTES
Nominal
Thickness
(inches)
#5
0.31
#6
0.44
#7
0.60
#8
0.79
#9
1.00
#103
1.27
#113
1.56
4% Code
Limit on
Steel Area2
Area of
Steel
(sq. in.)1
4
6
8
10
12
0.50
0.84
1.20
1.68
2.16
2
4
6
8
10
1
2
4
5
7
1
2
2
3
5
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
6% Code
Limit on
Steel Area4
Nominal
Thickness
(inches)
4
6
8
10
12
0.76
1.26
1.80
2.52
3.24
3
6
9
12
16
2
4
5
8
10
1
2
4
5
7
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
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Page 552
Exact conversion
Length
1 mile...................................................................1.609344
1 yard.......................................................................0.9144
1 foot........................................................................0.3048
1 inch..........................................................................25.40
Approximate Conversion
kilometers...................................................1.6 km or 11/2 km
meter...........................................................0.9 m or 1 meter
meter..........................................................0.3 m or 1/3 meter
millimeters..............................................25 mm or 1/40 meter
Area
1 acre..................................................................4,046.856 square meters..........................................................4000 m2
1 square foot............................................................0.0929 square meters........................................1/10 m2 or 1000 cm2
1 square inch..............................................................645.2 square millimeters.....................................6 cm2 or 650 mm2
Volume
1 cubic yard..............................................................0.7646
764.56
1 cubic foot...............................................................0.0283
28.217
1 cubic inch..............................................................16.387
1 gallon...................................................................3,785.4
3.785
1 quart......................................................................946.35
0.94635
Speed
1 mile per hour.....................................................1.609344 kilometers per hour..............................1.6 km/h or 11/2 km/h
1 foot per second......................................................0.3048 meters per second.....................................0.3 m/s or 1/3 m/s
Weight or Mass
1 ounce......................................................................28.35
1 pound..................................................................0.45359
1 kip.........................................................................453.59
1 Ton (Short)*...........................................................907.18
grams.....................................................................30 grams
kilogram or 453 grams...................................1/2 kg or 500 g
kilograms....................................................500 kg or 0.5 Mg
kilograms.......................................................................1 Mg
Density
1 pound/cubic foot....................................................16.018 kilograms/cubic meter.............................................16 kg/m3
1 pound/gallon..........................................................119.83 kilograms/cubic meter............................................120 kg/m3
Force
1 pound force.............................................................4.448
1 kip force..................................................................4.448
1 pound force/lin. ft....................................................14.59
1 kip force/lin. ft..........................................................14.59
newtons........................................................................41/2 N
kilo newtons...............................................4500 N or 41/2 kN
newtons/meter........................................................141/2 N/m
kilo newtons/meter................................................141/2 kN/m
Pressure
1 pound/sq. in.........................................................6,894.8
1 kip/sq. in..................................................................6.895
1 pound force/sq. ft......................................................47.9
1 kip force/sq. ft............................................................47.9
pascals.......................................................7000 Pa or 7 kPa
mega pascals..............................................................7 MPa
pascals.........................................................................48 Pa
kilo pascals..................................................................48 kPa
Moment
1 foot pound force......................................................1.356 newton meters..........................................................1.36 Nm
1 foot kip force...........................................................1.356 kilo newton meters.................................................1.36 kNm
1 foot pound force/foot...............................................4.448 newton meters/meters..........................................4.45 Nm/m
Energy
1 BTU....................................................................1,054.35 joule or 1.054 kj................................................................1 kj
Temperature
Fahrenheit.....................................................[(F-32) (5/9)] Celcius
* A Short Ton is a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds (0.907 metric ton or 907.18 kilograms), as compared to a Long Ton which is a unit
of weight equal to 2,240 pounds (1.016 metric tons or 1,016.04 kilograms).
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SI CONVERSIONS
553
Length
1 kilometer................................................................0.6214
1 meter.....................................................................3.2808
1 centimeter..............................................................0.3937
1 millimeter...............................................................0.0394
Approximate Conversion
Area
1 square kilometer....................................................0.3861 square mile or 247.1 acres......................1/3 mi2 or 250 acres
1 square meter...........................................................1.196 square yds or 10.764 sq. ft..............................1/2 yd2 or 10 ft2
1 square centimeter....................................................0.155 square inch...................................................................1/6 in2
Volume
1 cubic meter............................................................35.315
264.17
1 liter.........................................................................0.0353
0.2642
1 cubic centimeter......................................................0.061
Speed
1 kilometer per hour..................................................0.6214 mile per hour.............................................5/8 mph or 0.6 mph
1 meter per second...................................................3.2808 feet per second................................................3 ft/s or 1 yd/s
Weight or Mass
1 gram....................................................................0.03527
1 kilogram...................................................................2.205
1 megagram..........................................2.205 kips or 2,205
1 gigagram.................................................................1,102
ounces...................................................................1/30 ounce
pounds.............................................21/4 pounds or 2 pounds
pounds...........................................21/4 kips or 2,000 pounds
tons or 2,205,000 lbs....................1,000 Tons or 2 million lbs
Density
1 gram/cubic centimeter.............................................8.345 lbs/gal or 62.428 lbs/cu ft...................81/2 lbs/gal or 62 lbs/ft3
1 kg/cubic meter.................................................0.0081345 lbs/gal or 0.062428 lbs/cu ft...................1/8 oz/gal or 1/16 lb/ft3
Force
1 newton...................................................................0.2248 pound force.....................................................1/4 pound force
1 kilo newton..............................................................224.8 pound force..................................................225 pound force
Pressure
1 pascal................................................................0.000145 pounds/square inch
1 kilo pascal................................................................0.145 pounds/square inch.......................................................1/7 psi
1 mega pascal...............................................................145 pounds/square inch....................................................150 psi
Moment
1 newton meter...........................................................0.737 foot pound force...........................................................3/4 ft lb
1 kilo newton meter..................................................0.737 foot kip force...............................................................3/4 ft kip
1 newton meter/meter................................................0.225 foot pound force/foot.................................................1/4 ft lb/ft
Energy
1000 joules.............................................................0.94845 BTU..............................................................................1 BTU
Temperature
Celcius......................................................[(1.8 x C) + 32] Fahrenheit
GEN. NOTES
Unit
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Page 554
Prefix
Symbol
1012
109
tera
giga
T
G
1 000 000
1 000
106
103
mega
kilo
M
k
100
10
102
101
hecta
deka
h
da
0.1
0.01
0.001
10-1
10-2
10-3
deci
centi
milli
d
c
m
0.000 001
0.000 000 001
10-6
10-9
micro
nano
Amount
Millimeters
0
10
20
0.0
254.0
508.0
25.4
279.4
533.4
50.8
304.8
558.8
76.2
330.2
584.2
101.6
355.6
609.6
127.0
381.0
635.0
152.4
406.4
660.4
177.8
431.8
685.8
203.2
457.2
711.2
228.6
482.6
736.6
30
40
50
762.0
1016.0
1270.0
787.4
1041.4
1295.4
812.8
1066.8
1320.8
838.2
1092.2
1346.2
863.6
1117.6
1371.6
889.0
1143.0
1397.0
914.4
1168.4
1422.4
939.8
1139.8
1447.8
965.2
1219.2
1473.2
990.6
1244.6
1498.6
60
70
80
1524.0
1778.0
2032.0
1549.4
1803.4
2057.4
1574.8
1828.8
2082.8
1600.2
1854.2
2108.2
1625.6
1879.6
2133.6
1651.0
1905.0
2159.0
1676.4
1930.4
2184.4
1701.8
1955.8
2209.8
1727.2
1981.2
2235.2
1752.6
2006.6
2260.6
90
100
2286.0
2540.0
2311.4
2565.4
2336.8
2590.8
2362.2
2616.2
2387.6
2641.6
2413.0
2667.0
2438.4
2692.4
2463.8
2717.8
2489.2
2743.2
2514.6
2768.6
1. All values in this table are based on the relation, 1 in. = 25.4 mm. By manipulation of the decimal point any decimal value or multiple
of an inch may be converted to its equivalent in millimeters.
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SI CONVERSIONS
555
0
10
20
0.00
3.05
6.10
0.30
3.35
6.40
0.61
3.66
6.71
0.91
3.96
7.01
1.22
4.27
7.32
1.52
4.57
7.62
1.83
4.88
7.92
2.13
5.18
8.23
2.44
5.49
8.53
2.74
5.79
8.84
30
40
50
9.14
12.19
15.24
9.45
12.50
15.54
9.75
12.80
15.85
10.06
13.11
16.15
10.36
13.41
16.46
10.67
13.72
16.76
10.97
14.02
17.07
11.28
14.33
17.37
11.58
14.63
17.68
11.89
14.94
17.98
60
70
80
18.29
21.34
24.38
18.59
21.64
24.69
18.90
21.95
24.99
19.20
22.25
25.30
19.51
22.56
25.60
19.81
22.86
25.91
20.12
23.16
26.21
20.42
23.47
26.52
20.73
23.77
26.82
21.03
24.08
27.13
90
100
27.43
30.48
27.74
30.78
28.04
31.09
28.35
31.70
28.65
31.70
28.96
32.00
29.26
32.31
29.57
32.61
29.87
32.92
30.18
33.22
1. All values in this table are based on the relation, 1 ft = 0.3048 m. By manipulation of the decimal point any decimal value or multiple
of a foot may be converted to its equivalent in meters.
Newtons
0
10
20
0.0
44.5
89.0
4.5
48.9
93.4
8.9
53.4
97.9
13.3
57.8
102.3
17.8
62.3
106.8
22.2
66.7
111.2
26.7
71.2
115.7
31.1
75.6
120.1
35.6
80.1
124.5
40.0
84.5
129.0
30
40
50
133.4
177.9
222.4
137.9
182.4
226.9
142.3
186.8
231.3
146.8
191.3
235.7
151.2
195.7
240.2
155.7
200.2
244.6
160.1
204.6
249.1
164.6
209.1
253.5
169.0
213.5
258.0
173.5
218.0
262.4
60
70
80
266.9
311.4
355.8
271.3
315.8
360.3
275.8
320.3
364.7
280.2
324.7
369.2
284.7
329.2
373.6
289.1
333.6
378.1
293.6
338.1
382.5
298.0
342.5
387.0
302.5
346.9
391.4
306.9
351.4
395.9
90
100
400.3
444.8
404.8
449.3
409.2
453.7
413.7
458.1
418.1
462.6
422.6
467.0
427.0
471.5
431.5
475.9
435.9
480.4
440.4
484.8
1. All values in this table are based on the relation, 1 lbf = 4.448 N. By manipulation of the decimal point any decimal value or multiple
of a pounds force may be converted to its equivalent in Newtons.
GEN. NOTES
Meters
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Table GN-28a Masonry and Steel Stresses1 - psi to MPa and kg/cm2
psi
MPa
kg/cm2
psi
MPa
psi
MPa
100
150
200
0.69
1.03
1.38
7.03
10.55
14.06
1000
1100
1167
6.90
7.58
8.05
70.30
77.33
82.04
4500
5000
5300
31.03
34.48
36.54
316.35
351.50
372.59
250
300
333
1.72
2.07
2.30
17.58
21.09
23.41
1200
1333
1500
8.27
9.19
10.34
84.36
93.71
105.45
10000
16000
18000
68.95
110.32
124.11
703.00
1124.80
1265.40
400
500
2.76
3.45
28.12
35.15
1667
2000
11.49
13.79
117.19
140.60
20000
24000
137.90
165.48
1406.00
1687.20
600
667
750
4.14
4.60
5.17
42.18
46.89
52.73
2400
2500
2700
16.55
17.24
18.62
168.72
175.75
189.81
26700
30000
32000
184.10
206.85
220.64
1877.01
2109.00
2249.60
800
833
900
5.52
5.74
6.21
56.24
58.56
63.27
3000
3500
4000
20.69
24.13
27.58
210.90
246.50
281.20
40000
50000
60000
275.80
344.75
413.70
2812.00
3515.00
4218.00
kg/cm2
kg/cm2
Note: Modulus of reinforcing steel = 29,000,000 psi = 199 955 MPa = 2 038 700 kg/cm2.
1. Values in this table are based on the relations, 1 psi = 0.006 895 MPa = 0.0703 kg/cm2.
Table GN-28b Pressure and Stress Equivalents1 - Pounds per Square Inch to Kilogram per Square
Centimeter
psi
kg/cm2
0
10
20
0.00
0.71
1.41
0.07
0.78
1.48
0.14
0.85
1.55
0.21
0.92
1.62
0.28
0.99
1.69
0.35
1.06
1.76
0.42
1.13
1.83
0.49
1.20
1.90
0.56
1.27
1.97
0.63
1.34
2.05
30
40
50
2.12
2.82
3.53
2.19
2.89
3.60
2.26
2.96
3.67
2.33
3.03
3.74
2.40
3.10
3.81
2.47
3.17
3.88
2.54
3.24
3.95
2.61
3.31
4.02
2.68
3.39
4.09
2.75
3.46
4.16
60
70
80
4.23
4.94
5.64
4.30
5.01
5.71
4.37
5.08
5.78
4.44
5.15
5.85
4.51
5.22
5.92
4.58
5.29
5.99
4.65
5.36
6.07
4.73
5.43
6.14
4.80
5.50
6.21
4.87
5.57
6.28
90
100
6.35
7.05
6.42
7.12
6.49
7.19
6.56
7.26
6.63
7.33
6.70
7.48
6.77
7.48
6.84
7.55
6.91
7.62
6.98
7.69
1. All values in this table are based on the relation, 1 psi = 0.0705 kg/cm2. By manipulation of the decimal point any decimal value or
multiple of pounds per square inch may be converted to its equivalent in kilograms per square centimenter.
GN.8.11.08(2).qxp
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Page 557
SI CONVERSIONS
557
0
10
20
0.00
68.95
137.9
6.89
75.84
144.8
13.79
82.74
151.7
20.68
89.63
158.6
27.58
96.53
165.5
34.47
103.4
172.4
41.37
110.3
179.3
48.26
117.2
186.2
55.16
124.1
193.0
62.05
131.0
200.0
30
40
50
206.8
275.8
344.7
213.7
282.7
351.6
220.6
289.6
358.5
227.5
296.5
365.4
234.4
303.4
372.3
241.3
310.3
379.2
248.2
317.2
386.1
255.1
324.0
393.0
262.0
331.0
399.9
268.9
337.8
406.8
60
70
80
413.7
482.6
551.6
420.6
489.5
558.5
427.5
496.4
565.4
434.4
503.3
572.3
441.3
510.2
579.2
448.2
517.1
586.0
455.0
524.0
592.9
461.9
530.9
599.8
468.8
537.8
606.7
475.7
544.7
613.6
90
100
620.5
689.5
627.4
696.4
634.3
703.3
641.2
710.2
648.1
717.0
655.0
723.9
661.9
730.8
668.8
737.7
675.7
744.6
682.6
751.5
1. All values in this table are based on the relation, 1 psi = 6.895 kPa. By manipulation of the decimal point any decimal value or multiple
of a psi may be converted to its equivalent in kilopascals.
Table GN-28d Pressure and Stress Equivalents1 - Pounds per Square Foot to Pascals
psf
Pascals
0
10
20
0.0
479.0
958.0
47.9
526.9
1005.9
95.8
574.8
1053.8
143.7
622.7
1101.7
191.6
670.6
1149.6
239.5
718.5
1197.5
287.4
766.4
1245.4
335.3
814.3
1293.3
383.2
862.2
1341.2
431.1
910.1
1389.1
30
40
50
1437.0
1916.0
2395.0
1484.9
1963.9
2442.9
1532.8
2011.8
2490.8
1580.7
2059.7
2538.7
1628.6
2107.6
2586.6
1676.5
2155.5
2634.5
1724.4
2203.4
2682.4
1772.3
2251.3
2730.3
1820.2
2299.2
2778.2
1868.1
2347.1
2826.1
60
70
80
2874.0
3353.0
3832.0
2921.9
3400.9
3879.9
2969.8
3448.8
3927.8
3017.7
3496.7
3975.7
3065.6
3544.6
4023.6
3113.5
3592.5
4071.5
3161.4
3640.4
4119.4
3209.3
3688.3
4167.3
3257.2
3736.2
4215.2
3305.1
3784.1
4263.1
90
100
4311.0
4790.0
4358.9
4837.9
4406.8
4885.8
4454.7
4933.7
4502.6
4981.6
4550.5
5029.5
4598.4
5077.4
4646.3
5125.3
4694.2
5173.2
4742.1
5221.1
1. All values in this table are based on the relation, 1 psf = 47.90 Pa. By manipulation of the decimal point any decimal value or multiple
of a psf may be converted to its equivalent in pascals.
GEN. NOTES
Kilopascals
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Page 558
N m
0
10
20
0.00
13.59
27.18
1.36
14.95
28.54
2.72
16.31
29.90
4.08
17.67
31.26
5.44
19.03
32.62
6.80
20.39
33.98
8.15
21.74
35.33
9.51
23.10
36.69
10.87
24.46
38.05
12.23
25.82
39.41
30
40
50
40.77
54.36
67.95
42.13
55.72
69.31
43.49
57.08
70.67
44.85
58.44
72.03
46.21
59.80
73.39
47.57
61.16
74.75
48.92
62.51
76.10
50.28
63.87
77.46
51.64
65.23
78.82
53.00
66.59
80.18
60
70
80
81.54
95.13
108.72
82.90
96.49
110.08
84.26
97.85
111.44
85.62
99.21
112.80
86.98
100.57
114.16
88.34
101.93
115.52
89.69
103.28
116.87
91.05
104.64
118.23
92.41
106.00
119.59
93.77
107.36
120.95
90
100
122.31
135.90
123.67
137.26
125.03
138.62
126.39
139.98
127.75
141.34
129.11
142.70
130.46
144.05
131.82
145.41
133.18
146.77
134.54
148.13
1. All values in this table are based on the relation, 1 ft lb = 1.359 Nm. By manipulation of the decimal point any decimal value or multiple
of foot pounds may be converted to its equivalent in Newton meters.
kgm
0
10
20
0.00
13.87
27.74
1.39
15.26
29.13
2.77
16.64
30.51
4.16
18.03
31.90
5.55
19.42
33.29
6.94
20.81
34.68
8.32
22.19
36.06
9.71
23.58
37.45
11.10
24.97
38.84
12.48
26.35
40.22
30
40
50
41.61
55.48
69.35
43.00
56.87
70.74
44.38
58.25
72.12
45.77
59.64
73.51
47.16
61.03
74.90
48.55
62.42
76.29
49.93
63.80
77.67
51.32
65.19
79.06
52.71
66.58
80.45
54.09
67.96
81.83
60
70
80
83.22
97.09
110.96
84.61
98.48
112.35
85.99
99.86
113.73
87.38
101.25
115.12
88.77
102.64
116.51
90.16
104.03
117.90
91.54
105.41
119.28
92.93
106.80
120.67
94.32
108.19
122.06
95.70
109.57
123.44
90
100
124.83
138.70
126.22
140.09
127.60
141.47
128.99
142.86
130.38
144.25
131.77
145.64
133.15
147.02
134.54
148.41
135.93
149.80
137.31
151.18
1. All values in this table are based on the relation, 1 ft k = 1.387 kgm. By manipulation of the decimal point any decimal value or multiple
of foot kips may be converted to its equivalent in kilograms meters.
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SI CONVERSIONS
559
Table GN-30 Pounds per Linear Foot Equivalents to Kilograms per Meter1
lb/ft
0
10
20
0.00
14.93
29.86
1.49
16.42
31.35
2.99
17.91
32.84
4.48
19.41
34.33
5.97
20.90
35.83
7.46
22.39
37.32
8.96
23.88
38.81
10.45
25.38
40.31
11.94
26.87
41.80
13.44
28.36
43.29
30
40
50
44.78
59.71
74.64
46.28
61.20
76.13
47.77
62.70
77.62
49.26
64.19
79.12
50.75
65.68
80.61
52.25
67.18
82.10
53.74
68.67
83.60
55.23
70.16
85.09
56.73
71.65
86.58
58.22
73.15
88.07
60
70
80
89.57
104.49
119.42
91.06
105.99
120.92
92.55
107.48
122.41
94.05
108.97
123.90
95.54
110.47
125.39
97.03
111.96
126.89
98.52
113.45
128.38
100.02
114.94
129.87
101.51
116.44
131.36
103.00
117.93
132.86
90
100
134.35
149.28
135.84
150.77
137.34
152.26
138.83
153.76
140.32
155.25
141.81
156.74
143.31
158.23
144.80
159.73
146.29
161.22
147.79
162.71
1. All values in this table are based on the relation, 1 lb/ft = 1.49 kg/m. By manipulation of the decimal point any decimal value or multiple
of pounds per foot may be converted to its equivalent in kilograms per meter.
Table GN-31 Moment per Unit Length Equivalents1 Foot Pounds Force per Foot to Newton Meters per
Meters
ft lb/ft
N.m/m
0
10
20
0.00
44.48
88.96
4.45
48.93
93.41
8.90
53.38
97.86
13.34
57.82
102.30
17.79
62.27
106.75
22.24
66.72
111.20
26.69
71.17
115.65
31.14
75.62
120.10
35.58
80.06
124.54
40.03
84.51
128.99
30
40
50
133.44
177.92
222.40
137.89
182.37
226.85
142.34
186.82
231.30
146.78
191.26
235.74
151.23
195.71
240.19
155.68
200.16
244.64
160.13
204.61
249.09
164.58
209.06
253.54
164.58
209.06
253.54
173.47
217.95
262.43
60
70
80
266.88
311.36
355.84
271.33
315.81
360.29
275.78
320.26
364.74
280.22
324.70
369.18
284.67
329.15
373.63
289.12
333.60
378.08
293.57
338.05
382.53
298.02
342.50
386.98
298.02
342.50
386.98
306.91
351.39
395.87
90
100
400.32
444.80
404.77
449.25
409.22
453.70
413.66
458.14
418.11
462.59
422.56
467.04
427.01
471.49
431.46
475.94
431.46
475.94
440.35
484.83
1. All values in this table are based on the relation, 1 ft lb/ft = 4.448 N.m/m. By manipulation of the decimal point any decimal value or
multiple of foot pounds per foot may be converted to its equivalent in Newton meters per meter.
GEN. NOTES
kg/m
GN.8.11.08(2).qxp
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Page 560
350
225
160
115
300
200
140
100
225
160
115
200
140
100
225
160
115
200
140
100
140
115
75
60
120
100
70
55
160
115
75
140
100
70
720
450
360
640
400
320
120
100
1. Linear interpolation shall be permitted for determining allowable stresses for masonry units having compressive strengths which are
intermediate between those given in Table GN-32.
2. Where floor and roof loads are carried upon one wythe, the gross cross-sectional area is that of the wythe under load; if both wythes
are loaded, the gross cross-sectional area is that of the wall minus the area of the cavity between the wythes. Walls bonded with metal
ties shall be considered as non-composite walls, unless collar joints are filled with mortar or grout.
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ANCHOR BOLTS
561
Table GN-91 Percent Tension Capacity of Anchor Bolts Based on Bolt Spacing1,2,3
Per MSJC Code Section 2.1.4.2.2.1, the tension capacity of anchor bolts must be reduced if the areas of their
tension (pullout) cones, Ap, overlap. The tensile capacity of such bolts must be determined by reducing, Ap,
of the bolts by one half the overlapping area. The values in this table show the appropriate percent capacity
reduction based on the spacing of the anchor bolts (see figure below).
Area of Segment, adb = Area of Sector, adbc - Area of
Triangle, abc
b
2
s s 2 s
cos
lb
2
2lb 2
-1
c
d
Anchor
bolt cone
area
overlap
a
S/2
Spacing of Bolts, s
0.0
0.1lb
0.2lb
0.3lb
0.4lb
0.5lb
0.6lb
0.7lb
0.8lb
0.9lb
1.0lb
% Capacity
50
53
56
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
80
% Reduction
50
47
44
40
37
34
31
28
25
22
20
Spacing of Bolts, s
1.1lb
1.2lb
1.3lb
1.4lb
1.5lb
1.6lb
1.7lb
1.8lb
1.9lb
2.0lb
% Capacity
83
86
88
91
93
95
97
98
99
100
% Reduction
17
14
12
GEN. NOTES
= lb
Radius,
r = lb
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Page 563
STRENGTH DESIGN
563
STRENGTH
DESIGN
TABLES
AND
DIAGRAMS
Based on the
International
Building
Code
Requirements
STR. DES.
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
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Page 564
jd
a
c
As
fy = 60,000 psi
Mu
bd 2
fy
q =
f' m
au =
fy (1 0.625q )
Ku
=
12,000
12,000
f' A
= q m = s
fy bd
As =
Mu
au d
j = 1
1a
2 d
c
= 1.5625q
d
a
c
= 0.80
d
d
= 0.80
Ku
au
c/d
a/d
0.030
0.040
0.050
35.3
46.8
58.1
3.93
3.90
3.88
0.0008
0.0010
0.0013
0.047
0.063
0.078
0.038
0.050
0.063
0.981
0.975
0.969
0.060
0.070
0.080
69.3
80.3
91.2
3.85
3.83
3.80
0.0015
0.0018
0.0020
0.094
0.109
0.125
0.075
0.088
0.100
0.963
0.956
0.950
0.090
0.100
0.110
101.9
112.5
122.9
3.78
3.75
3.73
0.0023
0.0025
0.0028
0.141
0.156
0.172
0.113
0.125
0.138
0.944
0.938
0.931
0.120
0.130
0.140
133.2
143.3
153.3
3.70
3.68
3.65
0.0030
0.0033
0.0035
0.188
0.203
0.219
0.150
0.163
0.175
0.925
0.919
0.913
0.150
0.160
0.170
163.1
172.8
182.3
3.63
3.60
3.58
0.0038
0.0040
0.0043
0.234
0.250
0.266
0.188
0.200
0.213
0.906
0.900
0.894
0.180
0.190
0.200
191.7
200.9
210.0
3.55
3.53
3.50
0.0045
0.0048
0.0050
0.281
0.297
0.313
0.225
0.238
0.250
0.888
0.881
0.875
0.210
0.220
0.230
218.9
227.7
236.3
3.48
3.45
3.43
0.0053
0.0055
0.0058
0.328
0.344
0.359
0.263
0.275
0.288
0.869
0.863
0.856
0.240
0.250
0.260
244.8
253.1
261.3
3.40
3.38
3.35
0.0060
0.0063
0.0065
0.375
0.391
0.406
0.300
0.313
0.325
0.850
0.844
0.838
0.270
0.280
0.290
269.3
277.2
284.9
3.33
3.30
3.28
0.0068
0.0070
0.0073
0.422
0.438
0.453
0.338
0.350
0.363
0.831
0.825
0.819
0.300
0.310
0.320
292.5
299.9
307.2
3.25
3.23
3.20
0.0075
0.0078
0.0080
0.469
0.484
0.500
0.375
0.388
0.400
0.813
0.806
0.800
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Page 565
565
jd
fy = 60,000 psi
As
Ku = f' m q(1 0.625q ) =
a
c
Mu
bd 2
fy
q =
f' m
au =
fy (1 0.625q )
Ku
=
12,000
12,000
f' A
= q m = s
fy bd
As =
Mu
au d
j = 1
1a
2 d
c
= 1.5625q
d
a
c
= 0.80
d
d
= 0.80
Ku
au
c/d
a/d
0.030
0.040
0.050
47.1
62.4
77.5
3.93
3.90
3.88
0.0010
0.0013
0.0017
0.047
0.063
0.078
0.038
0.050
0.063
0.981
0.975
0.969
0.060
0.070
0.080
92.4
107.1
121.6
3.85
3.83
3.80
0.0020
0.0023
0.0027
0.094
0.109
0.125
0.075
0.088
0.100
0.963
0.956
0.950
0.090
0.100
0.110
135.9
150.0
163.9
3.78
3.75
3.73
0.0030
0.0033
0.0037
0.141
0.156
0.172
0.113
0.125
0.138
0.944
0.938
0.931
0.120
0.130
0.140
177.6
191.1
204.4
3.70
3.68
3.65
0.0040
0.0043
0.0047
0.188
0.203
0.219
0.150
0.163
0.175
0.925
0.919
0.913
0.150
0.160
0.170
217.5
230.4
243.1
3.63
3.60
3.58
0.0050
0.0053
0.0057
0.234
0.250
0.266
0.188
0.200
0.213
0.906
0.900
0.894
0.180
0.190
0.200
255.6
267.9
280.0
3.55
3.53
3.50
0.0060
0.0063
0.0067
0.281
0.297
0.313
0.225
0.238
0.250
0.888
0.881
0.875
0.210
0.220
0.230
291.9
303.6
315.1
3.48
3.45
3.43
0.0070
0.0073
0.0077
0.328
0.344
0.359
0.263
0.275
0.288
0.869
0.863
0.856
0.240
0.250
0.260
326.4
337.5
348.4
3.40
3.38
3.35
0.0080
0.0083
0.0087
0.375
0.391
0.406
0.300
0.313
0.325
0.850
0.844
0.838
0.270
0.280
0.290
359.1
369.6
379.9
3.33
3.30
3.28
0.0090
0.0093
0.0097
0.422
0.438
0.453
0.338
0.350
0.363
0.831
0.825
0.819
0.300
0.310
0.320
390.0
399.9
409.6
3.25
3.23
3.20
0.0100
0.0103
0.0107
0.469
0.484
0.500
0.375
0.388
0.400
0.813
0.806
0.800
STR. DES.
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
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Page 566
0.80fm
jd
fy = 60,000 psi
As
Ku = f' m q(1 0.625q ) =
a
c
Mu
bd 2
fy
q =
f' m
au =
fy (1 0.625q )
Ku
=
12,000
12,000
f' A
= q m = s
fy bd
As =
Mu
au d
j = 1
1a
2 d
c
= 1.5625q
d
a
c
= 0.80
d
d
= 0.80
Ku
au
c/d
a/d
0.030
0.040
0.050
58.9
78.0
96.9
3.93
3.90
3.88
0.0013
0.0017
0.0021
0.047
0.063
0.078
0.038
0.050
0.063
0.981
0.975
0.969
0.060
0.070
0.080
115.5
133.9
152.0
3.85
3.83
3.80
0.0025
0.0029
0.0033
0.094
0.109
0.125
0.075
0.088
0.100
0.963
0.956
0.950
0.090
0.100
0.110
169.9
187.5
204.9
3.78
3.75
3.73
0.0038
0.0042
0.0046
0.141
0.156
0.172
0.113
0.125
0.138
0.944
0.938
0.931
0.120
0.130
0.140
222.0
238.9
255.5
3.70
3.68
3.65
0.0050
0.0054
0.0058
0.188
0.203
0.219
0.150
0.163
0.175
0.925
0.919
0.913
0.150
0.160
0.170
271.9
288.0
303.9
3.63
3.60
3.58
0.0063
0.0067
0.0071
0.234
0.250
0.266
0.188
0.200
0.213
0.906
0.900
0.894
0.180
0.190
0.200
319.5
334.9
350.0
3.55
3.53
3.50
0.0075
0.0079
0.0083
0.281
0.297
0.313
0.225
0.238
0.250
0.888
0.881
0.875
0.210
0.220
0.230
364.9
379.5
393.9
3.48
3.45
3.43
0.0088
0.0092
0.0096
0.328
0.344
0.359
0.263
0.275
0.288
0.869
0.863
0.856
0.240
0.250
0.260
408.0
421.9
435.5
3.40
3.38
3.35
0.0100
0.0104
0.0108
0.375
0.391
0.406
0.300
0.313
0.325
0.850
0.844
0.838
0.270
0.280
0.290
448.9
462.0
474.9
3.33
3.30
3.28
0.0113
0.0117
0.0121
0.422
0.438
0.453
0.338
0.350
0.363
0.831
0.825
0.819
0.300
0.310
0.320
487.5
499.9
512.0
3.25
3.23
3.20
0.0125
0.0129
0.0133
0.469
0.484
0.500
0.375
0.388
0.400
0.813
0.806
0.800
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
8/11/2009
2:17 PM
Page 567
567
jd
fy = 60,000 psi
As
Ku = f' m q(1 0.625q ) =
a
c
Mu
bd 2
fy
q =
f' m
au =
fy (1 0.625q )
Ku
=
12,000
12,000
f' A
= q m = s
fy bd
As =
Mu
au d
j = 1
1a
2 d
c
= 1.5625q
d
a
c
= 0.80
d
d
= 0.80
Ku
au
c/d
a/d
0.030
0.040
0.050
70.7
93.6
116.3
3.93
3.90
3.88
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.047
0.063
0.078
0.038
0.050
0.063
0.981
0.975
0.969
0.060
0.070
0.080
138.6
160.7
182.4
3.85
3.83
3.80
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.094
0.109
0.125
0.075
0.088
0.100
0.963
0.956
0.950
0.090
0.100
0.110
203.9
225.0
245.9
3.78
3.75
3.73
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.141
0.156
0.172
0.113
0.125
0.138
0.944
0.938
0.931
0.120
0.130
0.140
266.4
286.7
306.6
3.70
3.68
3.65
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.188
0.203
0.219
0.150
0.163
0.175
0.925
0.919
0.913
0.150
0.160
0.170
326.3
345.6
364.7
3.63
3.60
3.58
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.234
0.250
0.266
0.188
0.200
0.213
0.906
0.900
0.894
0.180
0.190
0.200
383.4
401.9
420.0
3.55
3.53
3.50
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.281
0.297
0.313
0.225
0.238
0.250
0.888
0.881
0.875
0.210
0.220
0.230
437.9
455.4
472.7
3.48
3.45
3.43
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.328
0.344
0.359
0.263
0.275
0.288
0.869
0.863
0.856
0.240
0.250
0.260
489.6
506.3
522.6
3.40
3.38
3.35
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.375
0.391
0.406
0.300
0.313
0.325
0.850
0.844
0.838
0.270
0.280
0.290
538.7
554.4
569.9
3.33
3.30
3.28
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.422
0.438
0.453
0.338
0.350
0.363
0.831
0.825
0.819
0.300
0.310
0.320
585.0
599.9
614.4
3.25
3.23
3.20
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.469
0.484
0.500
0.375
0.388
0.400
0.813
0.806
0.800
STR. DES.
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
568
8/11/2009
2:17 PM
Page 568
0.80fm
jd
fy = 60,000 psi
As
Ku = f' m q(1 0.625q ) =
a
c
Mu
bd 2
fy
q =
f' m
au =
fy (1 0.625q )
Ku
=
12,000
12,000
f' A
= q m = s
fy bd
As =
Mu
au d
j = 1
1a
2 d
c
= 1.5625q
d
a
c
= 0.80
d
d
= 0.80
Ku
au
c/d
a/d
0.030
0.040
0.050
82.4
109.2
135.6
3.93
3.90
3.88
0.0018
0.0023
0.0029
0.047
0.063
0.078
0.038
0.050
0.063
0.981
0.975
0.969
0.060
0.070
0.080
161.7
187.4
212.8
3.85
3.83
3.80
0.0035
0.0041
0.0047
0.094
0.109
0.125
0.075
0.088
0.100
0.963
0.956
0.950
0.090
0.100
0.110
237.8
262.5
286.8
3.78
3.75
3.73
0.0053
0.0058
0.0064
0.141
0.156
0.172
0.113
0.125
0.138
0.944
0.938
0.931
0.120
0.130
0.140
310.8
334.4
357.7
3.70
3.68
3.65
0.0070
0.0076
0.0082
0.188
0.203
0.219
0.150
0.163
0.175
0.925
0.919
0.913
0.150
0.160
0.170
380.6
403.2
425.4
3.63
3.60
3.58
0.0088
0.0093
0.0099
0.234
0.250
0.266
0.188
0.200
0.213
0.906
0.900
0.894
0.180
0.190
0.200
447.3
468.8
490.0
3.55
3.53
3.50
0.0105
0.0111
0.0117
0.281
0.297
0.313
0.225
0.238
0.250
0.888
0.881
0.875
0.210
0.220
0.230
510.8
531.3
551.4
3.48
3.45
3.43
0.0123
0.0128
0.0134
0.328
0.344
0.359
0.263
0.275
0.288
0.869
0.863
0.856
0.240
0.250
0.260
571.2
590.6
609.7
3.40
3.38
3.35
0.0140
0.0146
0.0152
0.375
0.391
0.406
0.300
0.313
0.325
0.850
0.844
0.838
0.270
0.280
0.290
628.4
646.8
664.8
3.33
3.30
3.28
0.0158
0.0163
0.0169
0.422
0.438
0.453
0.338
0.350
0.363
0.831
0.825
0.819
0.300
0.310
0.320
682.5
699.8
716.8
3.25
3.23
3.20
0.0175
0.0181
0.0187
0.469
0.484
0.500
0.375
0.388
0.400
0.813
0.806
0.800
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
8/11/2009
2:17 PM
Page 569
569
jd
fy = 60,000 psi
As
Ku = f' m q(1 0.625q ) =
a
c
Mu
bd 2
fy
q =
f' m
au =
fy (1 0.625q )
Ku
=
12,000
12,000
f' A
= q m = s
fy bd
As =
Mu
au d
j = 1
1a
2 d
c
= 1.5625q
d
a
c
= 0.80
d
d
= 0.80
Ku
au
c/d
a/d
0.030
0.040
0.050
94.2
124.8
155.0
3.93
3.90
3.88
0.0020
0.0027
0.0033
0.047
0.063
0.078
0.038
0.050
0.063
0.981
0.975
0.969
0.060
0.070
0.080
184.8
214.2
243.2
3.85
3.83
3.80
0.0040
0.0047
0.0053
0.094
0.109
0.125
0.075
0.088
0.100
0.963
0.956
0.950
0.090
0.100
0.110
271.8
300.0
327.8
3.78
3.75
3.73
0.0060
0.0067
0.0073
0.141
0.156
0.172
0.113
0.125
0.138
0.944
0.938
0.931
0.120
0.130
0.140
355.2
382.2
408.8
3.70
3.68
3.65
0.0080
0.0087
0.0093
0.188
0.203
0.219
0.150
0.163
0.175
0.925
0.919
0.913
0.150
0.160
0.170
435.0
460.8
486.2
3.63
3.60
3.58
0.0100
0.0107
0.0113
0.234
0.250
0.266
0.188
0.200
0.213
0.906
0.900
0.894
0.180
0.190
0.200
511.2
535.8
560.0
3.55
3.53
3.50
0.0120
0.0127
0.0133
0.281
0.297
0.313
0.225
0.238
0.250
0.888
0.881
0.875
0.210
0.220
0.230
583.8
607.2
630.2
3.48
3.45
3.43
0.0140
0.0147
0.0153
0.328
0.344
0.359
0.263
0.275
0.288
0.869
0.863
0.856
0.240
0.250
0.260
652.8
675.0
696.8
3.40
3.38
3.35
0.0160
0.0167
0.0173
0.375
0.391
0.406
0.300
0.313
0.325
0.850
0.844
0.838
0.270
0.280
0.290
718.2
739.2
759.8
3.33
3.30
3.28
0.0180
0.0187
0.0193
0.422
0.438
0.453
0.338
0.350
0.363
0.831
0.825
0.819
0.300
0.310
0.320
780.0
799.8
819.2
3.25
3.23
3.20
0.0200
0.0207
0.0213
0.469
0.484
0.500
0.375
0.388
0.400
0.813
0.806
0.800
STR. DES.
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
570
8/11/2009
2:17 PM
Page 570
TABLE SD-12 Design Coefficient q for the Determination of the Reinforcing Ratio
Mu
f ' m bd
Mu
f ' m bd
Design:
= q (1 0.625q )
fy
q =
f 'm
f'
= q m
fy
fy
a
f 'm
Nominal Moment Mn = Mu
As f y
and a =
0.80f ' m b
Mu
; find a and compute
f 'm bd 2
f'
the steel percentage from = q m .
fy
f
Mn
Investigation: Enter the table with q from q = y ; find the value of
and solve for
f 'm bd 2
f 'm
0
0.0000
0.0099
0.0198
0.0294
0.0390
0.0484
0.0578
0.0669
0.0760
0.0849
0.0938
0.1024
0.1110
0.1194
0.1278
0.1359
0.1440
0.1519
0.1598
0.1674
0.1750
0.1824
0.1898
0.1969
0.2040
0.2109
0.2178
0.2244
0.2310
0.2374
0.2438
0.2499
0.2560
0.2619
0.2678
0.2734
0.2790
0.2844
0.2898
0.2949
0.001
0.0010
0.0109
0.0207
0.0304
0.0399
0.0494
0.0587
0.0678
0.0769
0.0858
0.0946
0.1033
0.1118
0.1203
0.1286
0.1367
0.1448
0.1527
0.1605
0.1682
0.1757
0.1832
0.1905
0.1976
0.2047
0.2116
0.2184
0.2251
0.2316
0.2381
0.2444
0.2505
0.2566
0.2625
0.2683
0.2740
0.2795
0.2850
0.2903
0.2954
0.002
0.0020
0.0119
0.0217
0.0314
0.0409
0.0503
0.0596
0.0688
0.0778
0.0867
0.0955
0.1042
0.1127
0.1211
0.1294
0.1376
0.1456
0.1535
0.1613
0.1690
0.1765
0.1839
0.1912
0.1984
0.2054
0.2123
0.2191
0.2258
0.2323
0.2387
0.2450
0.2512
0.2572
0.2631
0.2689
0.2746
0.2801
0.2855
0.2908
0.2960
0.003
0.0030
0.0129
0.0227
0.0323
0.0418
0.0512
0.0605
0.0697
0.0787
0.0876
0.0964
0.1050
0.1135
0.1219
0.1302
0.1384
0.1464
0.1543
0.1621
0.1697
0.1772
0.1846
0.1919
0.1991
0.2061
0.2130
0.2198
0.2264
0.2329
0.2393
0.2456
0.2518
0.2578
0.2637
0.2695
0.2751
0.2806
0.2860
0.2913
0.2965
0.004
0.0040
0.0139
0.0236
0.0333
0.0428
0.0522
0.0614
0.0706
0.0796
0.0885
0.0972
0.1059
0.1144
0.1228
0.1310
0.1392
0.1472
0.1551
0.1628
0.1705
0.1780
0.1854
0.1926
0.1998
0.2068
0.2137
0.2204
0.2271
0.2336
0.2400
0.2462
0.2524
0.2584
0.2643
0.2700
0.2757
0.2812
0.2866
0.2918
0.2970
0.005
0.0050
0.0149
0.0246
0.0342
0.0437
0.0531
0.0624
0.0715
0.0805
0.0894
0.0981
0.1067
0.1152
0.1236
0.1319
0.1400
0.1480
0.1559
0.1636
0.1712
0.1787
0.1861
0.1934
0.2005
0.2075
0.2144
0.2211
0.2277
0.2342
0.2406
0.2469
0.2530
0.2590
0.2649
0.2706
0.2762
0.2817
0.2871
0.2924
0.2975
0.006
0.0060
0.0158
0.0256
0.0352
0.0447
0.0540
0.0633
0.0724
0.0814
0.0902
0.0990
0.1076
0.1161
0.1244
0.1327
0.1408
0.1488
0.1566
0.1644
0.1720
0.1795
0.1868
0.1941
0.2012
0.2082
0.2150
0.2218
0.2284
0.2349
0.2412
0.2475
0.2536
0.2596
0.2654
0.2712
0.2768
0.2823
0.2876
0.2929
0.2980
0.007
0.0070
0.0168
0.0265
0.0361
0.0456
0.0550
0.0642
0.0733
0.0823
0.0911
0.0998
0.1084
0.1169
0.1253
0.1335
0.1416
0.1496
0.1574
0.1651
0.1727
0.1802
0.1876
0.1948
0.2019
0.2089
0.2157
0.2224
0.2290
0.2355
0.2419
0.2481
0.2542
0.2602
0.2660
0.2717
0.2773
0.2828
0.2882
0.2934
0.2985
0.008
0.0080
0.0178
0.0275
0.0371
0.0466
0.0559
0.0651
0.0742
0.0832
0.0920
0.1007
0.1093
0.1178
0.1261
0.1343
0.1424
0.1504
0.1582
0.1659
0.1735
0.1810
0.1883
0.1955
0.2026
0.2096
0.2164
0.2231
0.2297
0.2362
0.2425
0.2487
0.2548
0.2608
0.2666
0.2723
0.2779
0.2834
0.2887
0.2939
0.2990
0.009
0.0089
0.0188
0.0285
0.0380
0.0475
0.0568
0.0660
0.0751
0.0840
0.0929
0.1016
0.1101
0.1186
0.1269
0.1351
0.1432
0.1511
0.1590
0.1667
0.1742
0.1817
0.1890
0.1962
0.2033
0.2102
0.2171
0.2238
0.2303
0.2368
0.2431
0.2493
0.2554
0.2613
0.2672
0.2729
0.2784
0.2839
0.2892
0.2944
0.2995
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
8/11/2009
2:17 PM
Page 571
MOMENT CAPACITY
571
fy = 60,000 psi
f 'm
= 0.80
d (inches)
2.8
3.8
4.8
5.3
7.3
9.0
12.0
18.0
22.0
26.0
30.0
36.0
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.37
0.54
0.72
0.68
1.00
1.32
1.08
1.60
2.10
1.31
1.95
2.56
2.49
3.69
4.86
3.79
5.61
7.39
6.74
9.98
13.13
15.16
22.45
29.55
22.65
33.54
44.14
31.64
46.85
61.65
42.12
62.37
82.08
60.65
89.81
118.20
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.88
1.04
1.20
1.62
1.92
2.21
2.59
3.07
3.53
3.16
3.74
4.31
6.00
7.10
8.17
9.11
10.79
12.42
16.20
19.18
22.08
36.45
43.16
49.67
54.45
64.47
74.20
76.05
90.04
103.63
101.25
119.88
137.97
145.80
172.63
198.68
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
1.35
1.50
1.65
2.50
2.77
3.03
3.98
4.42
4.84
4.85
5.38
5.90
9.21
10.22
11.19
14.00
15.53
17.01
24.88
27.60
30.24
55.99
62.11
68.04
83.64
92.78
101.64
116.81
129.59
141.96
155.52
172.53
189.00
223.95
248.44
272.16
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
1.79
1.92
2.05
3.29
3.53
3.77
5.25
5.64
6.02
6.40
6.88
7.34
12.13
13.05
13.92
18.44
19.83
21.17
32.79
35.25
37.63
73.77
79.32
84.66
110.21
118.48
126.47
153.93
165.48
176.64
204.93
220.32
235.17
295.10
317.26
338.64
0.0070
2.17
4.00
6.39
7.79
14.77
22.45
39.92
89.81
134.16
187.39
249.48
359.25
0.0075
0.0080
2.29
2.41
4.22
4.44
6.74
7.08
8.22
8.63
15.59
16.37
23.69
24.88
42.12
44.24
94.77
99.53
141.57
148.68
197.73
207.67
263.25
276.48
379.08
398.13
0.0085
2.52
4.64
7.40
9.03
17.12
26.03
46.27
104.10
155.51
217.20
289.17
416.40
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
2.63
2.73
2.82
4.84
5.02
5.20
7.72
8.02
8.30
9.41
9.77
10.12
17.86
18.54
19.20
27.14
28.18
29.18
48.25
50.11
51.87
108.56
112.74
116.72
162.17
168.41
174.36
226.50
235.22
243.52
301.56
313.16
324.22
434.24
450.95
466.87
1. in excess of 0.0088 applies to clay masonry (shaded), but exceeds balanced for concrete masonry.
2. may be limited by MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5 maximum area of flexural tensile reinforcement; dashed lines represent limit based
on MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5.1 for concrete and clay masonry respectively, where R > 1.5 or Mu /Vudv > 1.
STR. DES.
1,2
Beam Section
Wall Section
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
572
8/11/2009
2:17 PM
Page 572
fy = 60,000 psi
f 'm
= 0.80
Beam Section
Wall Section
d (inches)
2.8
3.8
4.8
5.3
7.3
9.0
12.0
18.0
22.0
26.0
30.0
36.0
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.37
0.55
0.72
0.68
1.01
1.33
1.09
1.61
2.13
1.32
1.97
2.60
2.51
3.73
4.92
3.82
5.67
7.48
6.78
10.08
13.31
15.26
22.67
29.94
22.80
33.87
44.72
31.84
47.30
62.46
42.39
62.98
83.16
61.04
90.69
119.75
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.90
1.07
1.23
1.65
1.96
2.27
2.64
3.13
3.62
3.21
3.82
4.41
6.10
7.24
8.37
9.26
11.01
12.71
16.47
19.57
22.60
37.06
44.03
50.86
55.36
65.78
75.98
77.32
91.87
106.12
102.94
122.31
141.28
148.23
176.13
203.44
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
1.39
1.55
1.71
2.56
2.86
3.14
4.09
4.56
5.01
4.99
5.56
6.11
9.46
10.54
11.59
14.39
16.02
17.62
25.57
28.48
31.32
57.54
64.08
70.47
85.96
95.72
105.27
120.06
133.70
147.03
159.84
178.00
195.75
230.17
256.32
281.88
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
1.86
2.00
2.15
3.42
3.69
3.96
5.46
5.89
6.31
6.65
7.18
7.70
12.62
13.62
14.60
19.18
20.70
22.19
34.10
36.81
39.45
76.72
82.81
88.77
114.60
123.71
132.60
160.06
172.79
185.21
213.10
230.04
246.58
306.86
331.26
355.07
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
2.29
2.43
2.56
4.22
4.47
4.71
6.73
7.13
7.52
8.20
8.69
9.17
15.56
16.49
17.39
23.64
25.06
26.44
42.03
44.55
47.00
94.58
100.24
105.75
141.28
149.74
157.98
197.32
209.14
220.65
262.71
278.44
293.76
378.30
400.95
423.01
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
2.69
2.82
2.94
4.95
5.19
5.41
7.90
8.27
8.63
9.63
10.09
10.53
18.28
19.14
19.97
27.78
29.09
30.36
49.39
51.71
53.97
111.12
116.35
121.43
166.00
173.80
181.39
231.85
242.75
253.35
308.68
323.19
337.30
444.50
465.39
485.71
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
3.06
3.17
3.29
5.63
5.84
6.05
8.99
9.33
9.66
10.96
11.37
11.77
20.78
21.57
22.33
31.59
32.79
33.95
56.16
58.29
60.35
126.36
131.15
135.79
188.76
195.91
202.84
263.64
273.63
283.31
351.00
364.30
377.19
505.44
524.59
543.15
0.0115
3.39
6.25
9.98
12.16
23.07
35.07
62.35
140.28
209.56
292.69
389.68
561.14
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
3.50
3.60
3.70
6.45
6.63
6.81
10.29
10.58
10.87
12.54
12.90
13.26
23.79
24.48
25.15
36.16
37.21
38.22
64.28
66.15
67.95
144.63
148.84
152.90
216.06
222.34
228.40
301.77
310.54
319.00
401.76
413.44
424.71
578.53
595.35
611.58
1. in excess of 0.0117 applies to clay masonry (shaded), but exceeds balanced for concrete masonry.
2. may be limited by MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5 maximum area of flexural tensile reinforcement; dashed lines represent limit based
on MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5.1 for concrete and clay masonry respectively, where R > 1.5 or Mu /Vudv > 1.
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
8/11/2009
2:18 PM
Page 573
MOMENT CAPACITY
573
fy = 60,000 psi
f 'm
= 0.80
d (inches)
2.8
3.8
4.8
5.3
7.3
9.0
12.0
18.0
22.0
26.0
30.0
36.0
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.37
0.55
0.73
0.68
1.02
1.34
1.09
1.62
2.15
1.33
1.98
2.62
2.52
3.75
4.96
3.83
5.70
7.54
6.81
10.13
13.41
15.32
22.80
30.17
22.88
34.06
45.07
31.96
47.58
62.95
42.55
63.34
83.81
61.27
91.21
120.68
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.91
1.08
1.25
1.67
1.99
2.30
2.66
3.17
3.67
3.24
3.86
4.47
6.15
7.33
8.48
9.36
11.14
12.89
16.63
19.80
22.92
37.42
44.56
51.57
55.90
66.56
77.04
78.08
92.96
107.61
103.95
123.77
143.26
149.69
178.23
206.30
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
1.41
1.58
1.74
2.61
2.91
3.21
4.16
4.64
5.11
5.07
5.66
6.24
9.62
10.73
11.83
14.62
16.32
17.98
25.99
29.00
31.97
58.48
65.26
71.93
87.35
97.49
107.45
122.00
136.16
150.07
162.43
181.28
199.80
233.90
261.04
287.71
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
1.90
2.05
2.21
3.50
3.78
4.07
5.58
6.04
6.49
6.80
7.36
7.91
12.91
13.97
15.01
19.62
21.23
22.81
34.88
37.74
40.55
78.48
84.91
91.23
117.23
126.85
136.28
163.74
177.17
190.35
218.00
235.87
253.42
313.92
339.66
364.93
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
2.36
2.50
2.65
4.34
4.61
4.88
6.93
7.36
7.79
8.45
8.97
9.49
16.03
17.03
18.01
24.36
25.88
27.37
43.30
46.01
48.66
97.43
103.52
109.49
145.55
154.64
163.55
203.29
215.98
228.43
270.65
287.55
304.13
389.73
414.07
437.94
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
2.79
2.93
3.07
5.14
5.40
5.65
8.20
8.61
9.01
10.00
10.50
10.98
18.97
19.91
20.84
28.83
30.27
31.67
51.26
53.81
56.31
115.34
121.07
126.69
172.29
180.86
189.25
240.64
252.61
264.33
320.38
336.31
351.92
461.35
484.29
506.76
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
3.20
3.33
3.46
5.89
6.13
6.37
9.40
9.78
10.16
11.46
11.93
12.38
21.74
22.63
23.49
33.05
34.39
35.71
58.75
61.15
63.49
132.19
137.58
142.85
197.47
205.52
213.39
275.81
287.04
298.03
367.20
382.16
396.79
528.77
550.31
571.38
0.0115
3.58
6.60
10.52
12.83
24.34
37.00
65.78
148.00
221.08
308.78
411.10
591.99
0.0120
0.0125
3.70
3.82
6.82
7.04
10.88
11.23
13.27
13.69
25.17
25.98
38.26
39.49
68.01
70.20
153.03
157.95
228.60
235.95
319.29
329.55
425.09
438.75
612.13
631.80
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
3.94
4.05
4.16
7.25
7.46
7.67
11.57
11.91
12.23
14.11
14.52
14.91
26.77
27.54
28.29
40.69
41.86
43.00
72.33
74.42
76.45
162.75
167.44
172.01
243.12
250.12
256.95
339.57
349.34
358.87
452.09
465.10
477.79
651.01
669.75
688.02
0.0145
4.27
7.86
12.55
15.30
29.02
44.11
78.43
176.46
263.60
368.16
490.16
705.83
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
4.37
4.48
4.58
8.06
8.25
8.43
12.86
13.16
13.45
15.67
16.04
16.40
29.74
30.43
31.10
45.20
46.25
47.28
80.35
82.23
84.05
180.79
185.01
189.11
270.07
276.37
282.50
377.21
386.01
394.57
502.20
513.92
525.31
723.17
740.04
756.45
0.0165
4.67
8.61
13.73
16.74
31.76
48.27
85.82
193.10
288.45
402.88
536.38
772.39
1. in excess of 0.0146 applies to clay masonry (shaded), but exceeds balanced for concrete masonry.
2. may be limited by MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5 maximum area of flexural tensile reinforcement; dashed lines represent limit based
on MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5.1 for concrete and clay masonry respectively, where R > 1.5 or Mu /Vudv > 1.
STR. DES.
1,2
Beam Section
Wall Section
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
574
8/11/2009
2:18 PM
Page 574
fy = 60,000 psi
f 'm
= 0.80
Beam Section
Wall Section
d (inches)
2.8
3.8
4.8
5.3
7.3
9.0
12.0
18.0
22.0
26.0
30.0
36.0
0.37
0.55
0.73
0.91
1.09
1.26
1.43
1.60
1.76
1.93
2.09
2.25
2.40
2.56
2.71
2.86
3.01
3.15
3.29
3.43
3.57
3.71
3.84
3.97
4.10
4.22
4.35
4.47
4.59
4.70
4.82
4.93
5.04
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.45
5.55
5.64
0.68
1.02
1.35
1.68
2.00
2.32
2.63
2.94
3.25
3.55
3.85
4.14
4.43
4.71
4.99
5.27
5.54
5.80
6.06
6.32
6.58
6.83
7.07
7.31
7.55
7.78
8.01
8.23
8.45
8.66
8.87
9.08
9.28
9.48
9.67
9.86
10.04
10.22
10.40
1.09
1.63
2.16
2.68
3.19
3.70
4.20
4.70
5.18
5.66
6.14
6.60
7.06
7.52
7.96
8.40
8.83
9.26
9.68
10.09
10.49
10.89
11.28
11.66
12.04
12.41
12.77
13.13
13.48
13.82
14.16
14.48
14.81
15.12
15.43
15.73
16.02
16.31
16.59
1.33
1.98
2.63
3.27
3.89
4.51
5.12
5.73
6.32
6.91
7.48
8.05
8.61
9.16
9.71
10.24
10.77
11.29
11.80
12.30
12.79
13.28
13.75
14.22
14.68
15.13
15.57
16.01
16.43
16.85
17.26
17.66
18.05
18.43
18.81
19.18
19.53
19.88
20.22
2.53
3.76
4.99
6.19
7.39
8.56
9.72
10.86
11.99
13.10
14.20
15.28
16.34
17.39
18.42
19.43
20.43
21.41
22.38
23.33
24.27
25.19
26.09
26.98
27.85
28.70
29.54
30.37
31.17
31.97
32.74
33.50
34.24
34.97
35.68
36.38
37.06
37.72
38.37
3.84
5.72
7.58
9.42
11.23
13.01
14.77
16.51
18.23
19.91
21.58
23.22
24.83
26.43
27.99
29.54
31.06
32.55
34.02
35.47
36.89
38.28
39.66
41.01
42.33
43.63
44.91
46.16
47.39
48.59
49.77
50.92
52.05
53.16
54.24
55.29
56.33
57.34
58.32
6.83
10.17
13.48
16.74
19.96
23.13
26.27
29.35
32.40
35.40
38.36
41.28
44.15
46.98
49.77
52.51
55.21
57.87
60.48
63.05
65.58
68.06
70.50
72.90
75.25
77.57
79.83
82.06
84.24
86.38
88.47
90.53
92.53
94.50
96.42
98.30
100.14
101.93
103.68
15.36
22.89
30.33
37.67
44.91
52.05
59.10
66.05
72.90
79.66
86.31
92.87
99.34
105.71
111.97
118.15
124.22
130.20
136.08
141.86
147.55
153.14
158.63
164.03
169.32
174.52
179.63
184.63
189.54
194.35
199.07
203.68
208.20
212.63
216.95
221.18
225.31
229.34
233.28
22.94
34.19
45.30
56.27
67.08
77.75
88.28
98.66
108.90
118.99
128.94
138.74
148.39
157.91
167.27
176.49
185.57
194.50
203.28
211.92
220.41
228.76
236.97
245.03
252.94
260.71
268.33
275.81
283.14
290.33
297.37
304.27
311.02
317.63
324.09
330.40
336.57
342.60
348.48
32.04
47.76
63.27
78.59
93.69
108.60
123.30
137.80
152.10
166.19
180.09
193.78
207.26
220.55
233.63
246.50
259.18
271.65
283.92
295.99
307.85
319.51
330.97
342.23
353.28
364.13
374.77
385.22
395.46
405.50
415.33
424.97
434.40
443.63
452.65
461.47
470.09
478.51
486.72
42.66
63.59
84.24
104.63
124.74
144.59
164.16
183.47
202.50
221.27
239.76
257.99
275.94
293.63
311.04
328.19
345.06
361.67
378.00
394.07
409.86
425.39
440.64
455.63
470.34
484.79
498.96
512.87
526.50
539.87
552.96
565.79
578.34
590.63
602.64
614.39
625.86
637.07
648.00
61.43
91.56
121.31
150.66
179.63
208.20
236.39
264.19
291.60
318.62
345.25
371.50
397.35
422.82
447.90
472.59
496.89
520.80
544.32
567.45
590.20
612.55
634.52
656.10
677.29
698.09
718.50
738.53
758.16
777.41
796.26
814.73
832.81
850.50
867.80
884.71
901.24
917.37
933.12
1. in excess of 0.0175 applies to clay masonry (shaded), but exceeds balanced for concrete masonry.
2. may be limited by MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5 maximum area of flexural tensile reinforcement; dashed lines represent limit based
on MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5.1 for concrete and clay masonry respectively, where R > 1.5 or Mu /Vudv > 1.
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
8/11/2009
2:18 PM
Page 575
MOMENT CAPACITY
575
fy = 60,000 psi
= 0.80
Beam Section
Wall Section
d (inches)
9.0
12.0
2.8
3.8
4.8
5.3
7.3
18.0
22.0
26.0
30.0
36.0
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0105
0.0110
0.0115
0.0120
0.0125
0.0130
0.0135
0.0140
0.0145
0.0150
0.0155
0.0160
0.0165
0.0170
0.0175
0.0180
0.0185
0.0190
0.0195
0.37
0.56
0.74
0.92
1.09
1.27
1.44
1.61
1.78
1.95
2.11
2.28
2.44
2.60
2.75
2.91
3.06
3.21
3.36
3.51
3.65
3.79
3.94
4.07
4.21
4.35
4.48
4.61
4.74
4.86
4.99
5.11
5.23
5.35
5.47
5.58
5.69
5.81
0.69
1.02
1.36
1.69
2.01
2.33
2.65
2.97
3.28
3.59
3.89
4.19
4.49
4.78
5.07
5.35
5.64
5.91
6.19
6.46
6.73
6.99
7.25
7.50
7.76
8.00
8.25
8.49
8.73
8.96
9.19
9.41
9.64
9.86
10.07
10.28
10.49
10.69
1.09
1.63
2.16
2.69
3.21
3.73
4.23
4.74
5.23
5.72
6.21
6.69
7.16
7.63
8.09
8.54
8.99
9.44
9.87
10.31
10.73
11.15
11.56
11.97
12.37
12.77
13.16
13.54
13.92
14.30
14.66
15.02
15.38
15.72
16.07
16.40
16.73
17.06
1.33
1.99
2.64
3.28
3.91
4.54
5.16
5.77
6.38
6.98
7.57
8.15
8.73
9.30
9.86
10.42
10.96
11.51
12.04
12.56
13.08
13.60
14.10
14.60
15.09
15.57
16.05
16.51
16.97
17.43
17.87
18.31
18.75
19.17
19.59
20.00
20.40
20.80
2.53
3.78
5.01
6.22
7.43
8.62
9.79
10.96
12.10
13.24
14.36
15.47
16.56
17.64
18.71
19.76
20.80
21.83
22.84
23.84
24.82
25.79
26.75
27.69
28.62
29.54
30.44
31.33
32.20
33.06
33.91
34.74
35.56
36.37
37.16
37.94
38.71
39.46
3.85
5.74
7.61
9.46
11.29
13.10
14.89
16.65
18.40
20.12
21.83
23.51
25.17
26.82
28.44
30.04
31.62
33.18
34.71
36.23
37.73
39.20
40.66
42.09
43.50
44.90
46.27
47.62
48.95
50.26
51.54
52.81
54.06
55.28
56.49
57.67
58.83
59.98
6.84
10.20
13.53
16.82
20.07
23.28
26.46
29.60
32.71
35.78
38.81
41.80
44.76
47.67
50.56
53.40
56.21
58.98
61.71
64.41
67.07
69.69
72.28
74.83
77.34
79.82
82.25
84.65
87.02
89.34
91.63
93.89
96.10
98.28
100.42
102.53
104.59
106.62
15.39
22.95
30.44
37.84
45.16
52.39
59.54
66.61
73.59
80.50
87.31
94.05
100.70
107.27
113.75
120.15
126.47
132.71
138.86
144.93
150.91
156.81
162.63
168.36
174.02
179.58
185.07
190.47
195.79
201.02
206.18
211.24
216.23
221.13
225.95
230.68
235.34
239.90
22.98
34.29
45.47
56.52
67.46
78.26
88.95
99.50
109.94
120.25
130.43
140.49
150.43
160.24
169.93
179.49
188.93
198.24
207.43
216.49
225.43
234.25
242.94
251.51
259.95
268.27
276.46
284.53
292.47
300.29
307.99
315.56
323.01
330.33
337.53
344.60
351.55
358.37
32.10
47.89
63.51
78.95
94.22
109.31
124.23
138.98
153.55
167.95
182.17
196.22
210.10
223.80
237.33
250.69
263.87
276.88
289.71
302.37
314.86
327.17
339.31
351.28
363.07
374.69
386.13
397.40
408.50
419.42
430.17
440.74
451.14
461.37
471.42
481.30
491.01
500.54
42.74
63.76
84.55
105.11
125.43
145.53
165.39
185.03
204.43
223.60
242.54
261.24
279.72
297.96
315.98
333.76
351.31
368.63
385.71
402.57
419.19
435.59
451.75
467.68
483.38
498.84
514.08
529.08
543.86
558.40
572.71
586.79
600.63
614.25
627.63
640.79
653.71
666.40
61.54
91.81
121.75
151.35
180.63
209.56
238.17
266.44
294.38
321.98
349.25
376.19
402.80
429.07
455.01
480.61
505.88
530.82
555.43
579.70
603.64
627.25
650.52
673.46
696.06
718.34
740.28
761.88
783.15
804.09
824.70
844.97
864.91
884.52
903.79
922.73
941.34
959.61
0.0200
0.0205
0.0210
0.0215
0.0220
0.0225
0.0230
0.0235
5.91
6.02
6.12
6.23
6.33
6.43
6.52
6.62
10.89
11.09
11.28
11.47
11.65
11.84
12.01
12.19
17.38
17.69
18.00
18.30
18.60
18.88
19.17
19.45
21.19
21.57
21.94
22.31
22.67
23.02
23.37
23.71
40.20
40.92
41.63
42.33
43.01
43.68
44.33
44.98
61.10
62.20
63.28
64.34
65.37
66.39
67.39
68.36
108.62
110.57
112.49
114.38
116.22
118.03
119.80
121.53
244.39
248.79
253.11
257.34
261.50
265.56
269.55
273.45
365.07
371.65
378.10
384.43
390.63
396.71
402.66
408.49
509.90
519.08
528.09
536.93
545.59
554.08
562.39
570.53
678.86
691.08
703.08
714.84
726.38
737.68
748.75
759.59
977.55
995.16
1012.44
1029.38
1045.98
1062.26
1078.20
1093.81
1. in excess of 0.0204 applies to clay masonry (shaded), but exceeds balanced for concrete masonry.
2. may be limited by MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5 maximum area of flexural tensile reinforcement; dashed lines represent limit based
on MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5.1 for concrete and clay masonry respectively, where R > 1.5 or Mu /Vudv > 1.
STR. DES.
fy
q =
f 'm
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
576
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Page 576
fy = 60,000 psi
f 'm
= 0.80
2.8
0.37
0.56
0.74
0.92
1.10
1.27
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.96
2.13
2.30
2.46
2.62
2.78
2.94
3.10
3.26
3.41
3.56
3.71
3.86
4.01
4.15
4.30
4.44
4.58
4.71
4.85
4.99
5.12
5.25
5.38
5.51
5.63
5.75
5.88
6.00
6.12
6.23
6.35
6.46
6.57
6.68
6.79
6.90
7.00
7.10
7.20
7.30
7.40
7.49
3.8
0.69
1.02
1.36
1.69
2.02
2.35
2.67
2.99
3.30
3.62
3.92
4.23
4.53
4.83
5.13
5.42
5.71
6.00
6.28
6.56
6.84
7.11
7.38
7.65
7.91
8.17
8.43
8.68
8.93
9.18
9.43
9.67
9.91
10.14
10.37
10.60
10.82
11.04
11.26
11.48
11.69
11.90
12.10
12.31
12.50
12.70
12.89
13.08
13.27
13.45
13.63
13.80
4.8
1.10
1.64
2.17
2.70
3.22
3.74
4.26
4.77
5.27
5.77
6.26
6.75
7.23
7.71
8.18
8.65
9.11
9.57
10.02
10.47
10.91
11.35
11.78
12.20
12.62
13.04
13.45
13.86
14.26
14.65
15.04
15.42
15.80
16.18
16.55
16.91
17.27
17.62
17.97
18.31
18.65
18.98
19.31
19.63
19.95
20.26
20.57
20.87
21.17
21.46
21.75
22.03
Wall Section
5.3
1.34
1.99
2.65
3.29
3.93
4.56
5.19
5.81
6.43
7.03
7.63
8.23
8.82
9.40
9.98
10.55
11.11
11.67
12.22
12.76
13.30
13.83
14.36
14.88
15.39
15.90
16.40
16.89
17.38
17.86
18.34
18.81
19.27
19.72
20.17
20.62
21.05
21.49
21.91
22.33
22.74
23.15
23.55
23.94
24.32
24.70
25.08
25.45
25.81
26.16
26.51
26.85
7.3
2.53
3.78
5.02
6.24
7.46
8.66
9.85
11.03
12.19
13.34
14.48
15.61
16.73
17.84
18.93
20.01
21.08
22.14
23.18
24.21
25.24
26.24
27.24
28.23
29.20
30.16
31.11
32.05
32.97
33.89
34.79
35.68
36.55
37.42
38.27
39.11
39.94
40.76
41.57
42.36
43.14
43.91
44.67
45.41
46.15
46.87
47.58
48.27
48.96
49.63
50.30
50.94
d (inches)
9.0
12.0
3.85
6.85
5.75
10.22
7.63
13.56
9.49
16.88
11.34
20.15
13.16
23.40
14.97
26.61
16.76
29.79
18.53
32.94
20.28
36.06
22.02
39.14
23.73
42.19
25.43
45.21
27.11
48.20
28.77
51.15
30.41
54.07
32.04
56.96
33.65
59.82
35.24
62.64
36.81
65.43
38.36
68.19
39.89
70.92
41.41
73.61
42.90
76.28
44.38
78.90
45.84
81.50
47.29
84.07
48.71
86.60
50.12
89.10
51.51
91.57
52.88
94.00
54.23
96.41
55.56
98.78
56.88
101.12
58.17
103.42
59.45
105.69
60.71
107.94
61.96
110.14
63.18
112.32
64.39
114.46
65.57
116.58
66.74
118.65
67.89
120.70
69.03
122.72
70.14
124.70
71.24
126.65
72.32
128.56
73.38
130.45
74.42
132.30
75.44
134.12
76.45
135.91
77.43
137.66
18.0
15.41
23.00
30.52
37.97
45.34
52.65
59.88
67.03
74.12
81.13
88.06
94.93
101.72
108.44
115.08
121.66
128.16
134.59
140.94
147.22
153.43
159.57
165.63
171.62
177.54
183.38
189.15
194.85
200.48
206.03
211.51
216.91
222.25
227.51
232.70
237.81
242.85
247.82
252.72
257.54
262.29
266.97
271.58
276.11
280.57
284.95
289.27
293.51
297.68
301.77
305.79
309.74
22.0
23.01
34.36
45.59
56.72
67.74
78.64
89.44
100.13
110.72
121.19
131.55
141.81
151.95
161.99
171.92
181.74
191.45
201.05
210.54
219.92
229.20
238.36
247.42
256.37
265.21
273.94
282.56
291.07
299.48
307.77
315.96
324.03
332.00
339.86
347.61
355.25
362.78
370.21
377.52
384.73
391.82
398.81
405.69
412.46
419.12
425.67
432.12
438.45
444.68
450.79
456.80
462.70
Beam Section
26.0
32.14
47.99
63.68
79.22
94.61
109.84
124.92
139.86
154.64
169.26
183.74
198.06
212.23
226.25
240.12
253.83
267.39
280.80
294.06
307.17
320.12
332.92
345.57
358.07
370.41
382.61
394.65
406.54
418.28
429.86
441.29
452.57
463.70
474.68
485.50
496.18
506.70
517.06
527.28
537.34
547.26
557.02
566.62
576.08
585.38
594.53
603.53
612.38
621.08
629.62
638.01
646.25
30.0
42.80
63.89
84.78
105.47
125.96
146.24
166.32
186.20
205.88
225.35
244.62
263.69
282.56
301.22
319.68
337.94
356.00
373.85
391.50
408.95
426.20
443.24
460.08
476.72
493.16
509.39
525.42
541.25
556.88
572.30
587.52
602.54
617.36
631.97
646.38
660.59
674.60
688.40
702.00
715.40
728.60
741.59
754.38
766.97
779.36
791.54
803.52
815.30
826.88
838.25
849.42
860.39
36.0
61.62
92.00
122.08
151.88
181.38
210.58
239.50
268.13
296.46
324.50
352.25
379.71
406.88
433.76
460.34
486.63
512.63
538.34
563.76
588.89
613.72
638.26
662.52
686.48
710.14
733.52
756.60
779.40
801.90
824.11
846.03
867.66
888.99
910.04
930.79
951.25
971.42
991.29
1010.88
1030.17
1049.18
1067.89
1086.31
1104.44
1122.27
1139.82
1157.07
1174.03
1190.70
1207.08
1223.16
1238.96
1. in excess of 0.0233 applies to clay masonry (shaded), but exceeds balanced for concrete masonry.
2. may be limited by MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.5 maximum area of flexural tensile reinforcement; dashed lines represent limit based on MSJC
Code Section 3.3.3.5.1 for concrete and clay masonry respectively, where R > 1.5 or Mu /Vudv > 1.
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577
BAR
#3
#3
#4
#4
#5
#5
#6
#6
#7
#7
#8
#9
(#10)
(#10)
(#13)
(#13)
(#16)
(#16)
(#19)
(#19)
(#22)
(#22)
(#25)
(#29)
Bar
Diameter
(in.)
fy
(ksi)
Minimum
Diameters of
Bend2 (in.)
0.375
0.375
0.500
0.500
0.625
0.625
0.750
0.750
0.875
0.875
1.000
1.128
40
50, 60
40
50, 60
40
50, 60
40
50, 60
40
50, 60
50, 60
50, 60
1.875
2.25
2.5
3
3.125
3.75
3.75
4.5
4.375
5.25
6
9.0
Minimum Extension
Beyond Bend3 (in.)
180-degree
Hook
90-degree
Bend
Development
Length
Provided1
(in.)
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.5
3.5
4
4.5
4.5
4.5
6
6
7.5
7.5
9
9
10.5
10.5
12
13.5
4.88
4.88
6.5
6.5
8.12
8.12
9.75
9.75
11.38
11.38
13
14.66
Table SD-24 Modulus of Rupture (fr) for Clay and Concrete Masonry (psi)2
Mortar Types
Direction of Flexural Tensile Stress
and Masonry Type
Portland Cement/Lime or
Mortar Cement
M or S
M or S
100
75
60
38
63
163
48
158
38
153
23
145
200
150
120
75
125
200
95
150
75
120
48
75
1. For partially grouted masonry, modulus of rupture shall be determined on the basis of linear interpolation between fully grouted hollow
units and ungrouted hollow units based on amount (percentage) of grouting.
2. Based on MSJC Code Table 3.1.8.2.1.
STR. DES.
1. Development length provided by the hook or bend - based on MSJC Code Section 3.3.3.2 Eq. 3-14.
2. MSJC Code Section 1.13.6 Table 1.13.6 for Hooks and Bends other than for stirrups and ties.
3. MSJC Code Section 1.13.5 for Hooks and Bends other than for stirrups and ties.
str.des.8.13.08.qxp
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Page 578
Table SD-26 Maximum Nominal Shear Stress Provided by the Masonry, Vm, psi
Mu /Vudv
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
4.00
3.83
3.65
3.48
3.30
3.13
2.95
2.78
2.60
2.43
2.25
fm (psi)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
155
179
200
219
237
253
u v
)] f'
148
171
191
210
226
242
141
163
183
200
216
231
135
155
174
190
206
220
128
148
165
181
195
209
121
140
156
171
185
198
114
132
148
162
175
187
107
124
139
152
164
176
101
116
130
142
154
164
94
108
121
133
143
153
87
101
113
123
133
142
. To use in MSJC Code Eq. 3-21, multiply by An and add the result to 0.25Pu.
Diagram SD-26 Maximum Nominal Shear Stress Provided by the Masonry, Vm, psi
260
253 psi
240
237 psi
220
219 psi
200
fm
fm
200 psi
180
179 psi
160
155 psi
= 40
00 p
si
= 35
00 p
si
fm =
3000
psi
fm =
2500
ps
M/Vd = 1.0
i
fm =
2000
psi
140
142 psi
133 psi
123 psi
113 psi
fm = 1
500 p
si
120
101 psi
100
80
0.00
87 psi
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
M/Vd
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
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Page 579
SHEAR STRESS
579
Table SD-27 Maximum Nominal Shear Stress of Masonry and Reinforcement, Vn, psi
Mu /Vudv
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
Coefficient1
Vn
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
5.87
5.60
5.33
5.07
4.80
4.53
4.27
4.00
165
191
213
234
252
270
155
179
200
219
237
253
An f 'm
fm (psi)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
232
268
300
329
355
379
232
268
300
329
355
379
232
268
300
329
355
379
232
268
300
329
355
379
227
262
293
321
347
371
217
250
280
307
331
354
207
239
267
292
316
337
196
227
253
278
300
320
186
215
240
263
284
304
176
203
227
248
268
287
by An.
390
370
379 psi
fm
355 psi
350
330
310
=4
000
fm
329 psi
300 psi
psi
=3
500
fm
250
230
00 p
si
fm =
250
0
268 psi
M/Vd = 1.0
psi
fm =
2000
232 psi
253 psi
237 psi
psi
219 psi
fm =
150
210
190
psi
= 30
290
270
200 psi
0 psi
M/Vd = 0.25
179 psi
170
150
0.00
STR. DES.
Diagram SD-27 Maximum Nominal Shear Stress of Masonry and Reinforcing Steel, Vn, psi
155 psi
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
M/Vd
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
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Table SD-91 Nominal Axial Tensile Strength Ban (pounds) in Anchor Bolts Based on lb or lbe1
Ban = 4 Apt f 'm
Apt = lb2
Projected area
Edge
Conical
projection
lb
1
1
Bearing surface
Headed
anchor
db
Bent anchor
lbe
Area
deducted
fm (psi)
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
2
3
2
4
3
2
5
4
3
2
6
5
4
3
2
7
6
5
4
3
2
8
7
6
5
12.566
28.274
25.177
50.265
46.639
40.439
78.54
74.452
67.357
58.723
113.1
108.6
100.71
90.987
80.097
153.94
149.06
140.45
129.75
117.65
104.58
201.06
195.83
186.56
174.96
1000
1,590
3,576
3,185
6,358
5,899
5,115
9,935
9,418
8,520
7,428
14,306
13,736
12,739
11,509
10,131
19,472
18,854
17,765
16,412
14,881
13,229
25,433
24,771
23,598
22,131
1500
1,947
4,380
3,900
7,787
7,225
6,265
12,167
11,534
10,435
9,097
17,521
16,824
15,602
14,096
12,408
23,848
23,092
21,758
20,101
18,226
16,202
31,148
30,338
28,901
27,105
2000
2,248
5,058
4,504
8,992
8,343
7,234
14,050
13,318
12,049
10,505
20,231
19,426
18,015
16,276
14,328
27,537
26,664
25,124
23,211
21,045
18,708
35,967
35,031
33,372
31,299
2500
2,513
5,655
5,035
10,053
9,328
8,088
15,708
14,890
13,471
11,745
22,619
21,719
20,141
18,197
16,019
30,788
29,811
28,090
25,950
23,529
20,917
40,212
39,166
37,311
34,993
3000
2,753
6,195
5,516
11,013
10,218
8,860
17,207
16,312
14,757
12,866
24,778
23,792
22,064
19,934
17,548
33,726
32,657
30,771
28,427
25,775
22,913
44,050
42,904
40,872
38,333
3500
2,974
6,691
5,958
11,895
11,037
9,570
18,586
17,619
15,940
13,896
26,764
25,698
23,832
21,531
18,954
36,428
35,273
33,236
30,705
27,840
24,749
47,580
46,342
44,147
41,404
4000
3,179
7,153
6,369
12,716
11,799
10,230
19,869
18,835
17,040
14,856
28,612
27,473
25,477
23,018
20,263
38,944
37,709
35,531
32,825
29,762
26,458
50,865
49,541
47,195
44,263
4500
3,372
7,587
6,756
13,488
12,515
10,851
21,074
19,978
18,074
15,757
30,347
29,139
27,023
24,414
21,492
41,306
39,996
37,686
34,816
31,568
28,063
53,951
52,547
50,058
46,948
5000
3,554
7,997
7,121
14,217
13,191
11,438
22,214
21,058
19,052
16,609
31,989
30,716
28,484
25,735
22,655
43,540
42,160
39,725
36,699
33,275
29,581
56,869
55,389
52,766
49,487
5500
3,728
8,388
7,469
14,911
13,835
11,996
23,299
22,086
19,981
17,420
33,550
32,215
29,875
26,991
23,760
45,665
44,218
41,664
38,490
34,899
31,024
59,645
58,092
55,341
51,903
6000
3,894
8,760
7,801
15,574
14,451
12,529
24,335
23,068
20,870
18,195
35,042
33,647
31,203
28,191
24,817
47,696
46,184
43,516
40,202
36,451
32,404
62,297
60,676
57,802
54,211
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
4
3
2
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
161.75
147.38
132.19
254.47
248.91
239.01
226.59
212.36
196.79
180.22
162.94
314.16
308.29
297.81
284.61
269.43
252.74
234.89
216.17
196.81
20,460
18,642
16,721
32,188
31,485
30,233
28,662
26,862
24,892
22,796
20,610
39,738
38,996
37,670
36,001
34,080
31,969
29,712
27,343
24,895
25,059
22,832
20,479
39,422
38,561
37,028
35,103
32,899
30,486
27,919
25,242
48,669
47,760
46,136
44,091
41,740
39,154
36,389
33,488
30,490
28,935
26,364
23,648
45,521
44,526
42,756
40,534
37,989
35,203
32,238
29,147
56,199
55,148
53,274
50,912
48,197
45,212
42,019
38,669
35,207
32,351
29,476
26,439
50,894
49,781
47,803
45,318
42,473
39,358
36,043
32,587
62,832
61,657
59,562
56,922
53,886
50,548
46,978
43,233
39,362
35,439
32,290
28,962
55,751
54,533
52,365
49,644
46,526
43,114
39,484
35,697
68,829
67,542
65,247
62,355
59,029
55,373
51,462
47,360
43,119
38,278
34,877
31,283
60,218
58,902
56,561
53,621
50,254
46,569
42,647
38,558
74,344
72,954
70,475
67,351
63,759
59,809
55,586
51,154
46,574
40,921
37,285
33,443
64,376
62,969
60,466
57,324
53,724
49,784
45,592
41,220
79,477
77,991
75,340
72,001
68,161
63,939
59,423
54,686
49,790
43,403
39,546
35,471
68,281
66,789
64,134
60,801
56,983
52,804
48,357
43,720
84,298
82,722
79,911
76,369
72,296
67,817
63,028
58,004
52,810
45,751
41,686
37,390
71,975
70,402
67,603
64,090
60,065
55,660
50,973
46,085
88,858
87,197
84,233
80,500
76,206
71,486
66,437
61,141
55,667
47,984
43,720
39,215
75,488
73,838
70,903
67,218
62,997
58,377
53,461
48,335
93,195
91,453
88,344
84,429
79,926
74,975
69,680
64,126
58,384
50,118
45,664
40,959
78,844
77,121
74,056
70,207
65,798
60,973
55,838
50,484
97,339
95,519
92,273
88,183
83,480
78,309
72,779
66,977
60,980
1. Projected area Apt and Nominal Axial Tensile Strength Ban have been reduced by the projected area extending beyond a single edge
where lbe < lb.
2. The minimum effective embedment length required for placement of headed and bent bar anchor bolts shall be the greater of 2 in. or
4 bolt diameters.
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581
ANCHOR BOLTS
Table SD-92 Nominal Axial Tensile Strength Ban (pounds) Based on ASTM A307 Grade A Steel Bolts
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
11/8
11/4
0.0491
0.1104
0.1963
0.3068
0.4418
0.6013
0.7854
0.9940
1.2272
1,767
3,976
7,069
11,045
15,904
21,648
28,274
35,785
44,179
Diameter (in.)
1. Strength Values based on MSJC Code Eqs. 3-2 and 3-5, in MSJC Code Sections 3.1.6.1 and 3.1.6.2.
Table SD-93 Anchor Bolt Shear Strength Bvn (pounds) Based on Bolt Steel Strength and Masonry
Breakout Strength1,2,3,4
954
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.53
6.28
9.82
14.14
19.24
25.13
31.81
39.27
47.52
56.55
66.37
76.97
88.36
100.53
113.49
127.23
141.76
157.08
173.18
3/8
0.1104
2,147
1/2
0.1963
3,817
5/8
0.3068
5,964
3/4
0.4418
8,588
7/8
0.6013 11,690
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
0.7854 15,268
11
11.5
12
12.5
190.07
207.74
226.19
245.44
11/8
0.994 19,324
13
13.5
265.46
286.28
1.2272 23,856
14
14.5
15
307.88
330.26
353.43
11/4
Masonry Breakout
= 0.50
Bvn = 4 Apv f 'm
2
Apv =
lbe
2
1500
274
487
760
1,095
1,490
1,947
2000
316
562
878
1,264
1,721
2,248
2,845
3,512
1,217
1,590
2,012
2,464
3,042
2,484
3,681
3,005
4,250
3,576
5,058
4,380
5,936
4,197
5,141
4,868
5,962
6,884
5,588
7,903
6,844
7,787
6,358
8,992
7,178
8,791 10,151
8,047
9,856 11,380
8,966 10,981 12,680
9,935 12,167 14,050
10,953 13,414 15,490
12,021 14,722 17,000
13,138 16,091 18,581
14,306 17,521 20,231
15,523 19,011 21,953
16,789 20,563 23,744
18,106 22,175
23,848
19,472
20,887
22,353
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
353
628
982
1,414
1,924
2,513
3,181
3,927
4,752
5,655
6,637
7,697
8,836
10,053
11,349
12,723
14,176
15,708
17,318
19,007
20,774
22,619
387
688
1,075
1,549
2,108
2,753
3,484
4,302
5,205
6,195
7,270
8,432
9,679
11,013
12,432
13,938
15,530
17,207
18,971
20,821
22,757
418
743
1,162
1,673
2,277
2,974
3,764
4,646
5,622
6,691
7,853
9,107
10,455
11,895
13,428
15,055
16,774
18,586
20,491
22,489
447
795
1,242
1,788
2,434
3,179
4,024
4,967
6,010
7,153
8,395
9,736
11,176
12,716
14,355
16,094
17,932
19,869
21,906
474
843
1,317
1,897
2,582
3,372
4,268
5,269
6,375
7,587
8,904
10,326
11,854
13,488
15,226
17,070
19,020
21,074
23,235
500
889
1,388
1,999
2,721
3,554
4,498
5,554
6,720
7,997
9,386
10,885
12,496
14,217
16,050
17,994
20,049
22,214
524
932
1,456
2,097
2,854
3,728
4,718
5,825
7,048
8,388
9,844
11,416
13,106
14,911
16,833
18,872
21,027
23,299
548
973
1,521
2,190
2,981
3,894
4,928
6,084
7,361
8,760
10,281
11,924
13,688
15,574
17,582
19,711
21,962
1. Based on MSJC Code Sections 3.1.4.4 and 3.1.6.3, and MSJC Code Eqs. 3-8, 3-9 and 3-10.
2. Based on ASTM A307 Grade A Anchor Bolts.
3. Projected area Apv and masonry breakout controls for the anchor bolt shear strengths Bvn provided on the right hand side of the table, for edge distances
above the solid line associated with a particular anchor bolt diameter. Anchor bolt strength controls below the solid lines associated with a particular anchor
bolt diameter. The anchor bolt strength associated with a solid line is the anchor bolt with a diameter listed on the left hand side of the table just above
the solid line.
4. Based on masonry strength fm and edge distance in the direction of the shear force, the masonry breakout limiting force can be determined as well as
the most efficient bolt diameter available to resist the lateral shear load.
STR. DES.
0.0491
1/4
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References.7.31.09.qxp
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Page 583
H A P T E R
15
REFERENCES
SECTION 1 MATERIALS
Amrhein, J.E. (June 1977). Grout...The Third
Ingredient. Masonry Industry Magazine, pp. 914.
Brick Industry Association. (1989). Principles of Brick
Masonry. Reston: BIA.
Brick Industry Association. (December 2006).
Manufacturing of Brick. Technical Notes on
Brick Construction. No. 9.
Brick Industry Association. (October 2007).
Specification for and Classification of Brick.
Technical Notes on Brick Construction. No. 9A.
Brick Industry Association. (December 2003).
Selection of Brick, Classification. Technical
Notes on Brick Construction. No. 9B.
Building News, Inc. (1981). Concrete Masonry
Design Manual, 4th Edition. Los Angeles:
Building News, Inc.
Chrysler, J. (2000). Reinforced Grouted Brick
Masonry, 14th Edition. Los Angeles: Masonry
Institute of America.
REFERENCES
GENERAL
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REFERENCES
Hamid, A.A.: Drysdale, R.G.; Heidebrecht, A.C.
(August 1978). Effect of Grouting on the
Strength Characteristics of Concrete Block
Masonry. Proceedings of the North American
Masonry Conference. Boulder: The Masonry
Society. paper #11.
585
Masonry.
REFERENCES
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Page 586
SECTION 3 LOADS
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REFERENCES
Merryman, K.M.; Leiva, G.; Antrobus, N.; Klingner,
R.E. (May, 1990). In-Plane Seismic Resistance
of Two-Story Concrete Masonry Coupled Shear
Walls. U.S.-Japan Coordinated Program for
Masonry Building Research, Report No. 3.1(c)-1.
Austin: The University of Texas.
Meyer, Ron. (April 1988). "Effect of Plank Depth
Parameter on Seismic Resistance of Precast
Hollow-Core Plank Diaphragms", a MS Thesis.
Iowa State University.
Nielson, Mike. (November 1984). "Effects of Gravity
Load on Composite Floor Diaphragm Behavior",
a MS Thesis. Iowa State University.
Porter, M. L. (June, 1995) "NSF/ISU Diaphragm Floor
Slab Results", First National Conference and
Workshop on Research Transformed Into
Practice: Implementation of NSF Research
Proceedings, University of Maryland, College
Park, MD.
Porter, Max L. (July, 1994). "Diaphragms in
Buildings", Proceedings Fifth U.S. National
Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
Porter, M. L. and Sabri, A. (June 1990) "Diaphragm
Floor Research for Masonry Buildings",
Proceedings of Fifth North American Masonry
Conference, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign.
Porter, M. L. and Easterling, W.S. (August 1986).
"Results of Full-Scale Tests of Steel-Deck
Reinforced Concrete Floor Diaphragms",
Proceedings of Third U.S. National Conference
on Earthquake Engineering, Charleston, SC.
Porter, M. L., Sabri, A. A. (August 1990). "HollowCore Plank Diaphragms in Masonry Buildings",
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Joint Technical Coordinating Committee on
Masonry Research, Seattle, WA.
Porter, M. L., Yeomans, F. S. (August 1990). "A
Hysteretic Model for Hollow-Core Plank
Diaphragms", Proceedings of Sixth Meeting of
the U.S.-Japan Joint Technical Coordinating
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Porter, M. L. and Sabri, A. A. (October 1988).
"Diaphragm Floor Slabs for TCCMAR Study",
Proceedings of Fourth Meeting of the Joint
Technical Coordinating Committee on Masonry
Research of the U.S.-Japan Joint Coordinated
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(1987). APA
Diaphragms.
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McGinley, W.M.; Borchlet, J.G. (1989) Friction
Between Brick and Its Support. 5th Canadian
Masonry Symposium, Vol 2. Vancouver, BC:
University of British Columbia, pp. 713.
McGinley, W.M.; Borchelt, J.G. (1991). Influence of
Materials on the Friction Developed at the Base
of Clay Brick Walls. 9th International Brick/Block
Masonry Conference, Vol. 1. Berlin: pp. 292.
Modena, C. & Cecchinato, P. (1987). Researches on
the Interaction Mechanisms Between Steel Bars
& Hollow Clay Unit Masonry. 4th North American
Masonry Conference. Los Angeles: University of
California, pp. 16.
Pfeffermann, I.O.; Van de Loock, I.G. (1991). 20
Years Experience with Bed Joint Reinforced
Masonry in Belgium and Europe. 9th
International Brick/Block Masonry Conference,
Vol. 1. Berlin: pp. 427.
Pfeir, I.M. (1987). Analytical Investigations of
Masonry Walls Subjected to Axial Compressive
Forces & Bi-axial Bending Moments. 4th North
American Masonry Conference. Los Angeles:
University of California, pp. 13.
Schneider, R.R., Dickey, W.L. (1987). Reinforced
Masonry Design, 2nd Edition. Englewood Cliffs:
Prentiss Hall, Inc.
Scrivener, J.C. (July, 1986). Bond Reinforcement in
Grouted Hollow-Unit Masonry: A State-of-theArt. U.S.-Japan Coordinated Program for
Masonry Building Research. Report No. 6.2.-1.
Boulder: Atkinson-Noland & Associates, Inc.
Soric, Z.; Tulin, L.G. (1987). Comparison Between
Predicted & Observed Responses for Bond
Stress and Relative Displacement in Reinforced
Concrete Masonry. 4th North American Masonry
Conference. Los Angeles: University of
California, pp. 44.
Soric, Z.; Tulin, L.G. (August 1987). Bond & Splices
in Reinforced Masonry. U.S. - Japan
Coordinated Program for Masonry Building
Research, Report No. 6.2-2. Boulder: University
of Colorado.
Tawresey, J.G. (1987). Walls with Axial Load
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REFERENCES
591
REFERENCES
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592
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1:00 PM
Page 592
16.Index.7.31.09.qxp
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Page 593
H A P T E R
16
Accidental Torsion----------------------------------------------------------128
Additional Considerations in the Design of Multi-Story
Shear Wall Structures--------------------------------------------------380
Admixtures--------------------------------------------------------------------15
Advantages of Inspection---------------------------------------------------44
Aggregates for Grout--------------------------------------------------------21
Allowable Bond Stress-----------------------------------------------------165
Allowable Foundation and Lateral Pressure-------------------------396
Allowable Stress Design--------------------------------------------------370
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Equations---------------------------319
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Formulas----------------------------319
Allowable Stress Design Tables and Diagrams----------------405-503
Allowable Capacity--------------------------------------------460-463
Allowable Stresses--------------------------------------------409-419
Anchor Bolts-----------------------------------------------------502-503
Column Capacity-----------------------------------------------488-494
Compression Steel and Diagrams-------------------------464-487
Flexural Coefficients and Diagrams-----------------------420-446
Moment Capacity----------------------------------------------447-459
Strength of Masonry-------------------------------------------406-408
Wall Rigidities---------------------------------------------------495-501
Alternate Method of Moment Distribution-----------------------------234
Amplification of the Accidental Torsion---------------------------------128
Analysis for Ultimate Strength Design of Footing-------------------398
Analysis of Masonry Wall Frames--------------------------------------249
Anchor Bolts-----------------------------------------------------------------279
Anchor Bolts in Masonry-------------------------------------------279
Effective Embedment Length-------------------------------------281
Minimum Edge Distance and Spacing Requirements-------282
Anchorage of Masonry Walls----------------------------------------------99
Anchorage of Reinforcing Steel-----------------------------------------274
Development Length, Bond---------------------------------------274
Hooks-------------------------------------------------------------------274
Anchorage of Shear Reinforcement------------------------------------285
ASCE 7 Masonry Seismic Requirements-----------------------------100
ASD Length of Lap---------------------------------------------------------278
ASTM E119 Acceptance Criteria for Walls----------------------------313
INDEX
INDEX
16.Index.7.31.09.qxp
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Page 594
C
Calculated STC Ratings for Concrete Masonry Walls---------------40
Calculation of Minimum Steel Area-------------------------------------266
Cantilever Pier or Wall-----------------------------------------------------114
Cantilever Retaining Wall Design Example---------------------------388
Design Criteria--------------------------------------------------------388
Footing Design-------------------------------------------------------394
Analysis for Ultimate Strength Design of Footing------398
Design of Footing Bottom Steel----------------------------401
Design of Footing Key----------------------------------------402
Design of Footing Thickness for Development
of Wall Reinforcement------------------------------------401
Design of Footing Thickness for Shear------------------400
Design of Footing Top Steel---------------------------------402
Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement-------------------403
Sliding------------------------------------------------------------397
Soil Bearing and Overturning-------------------------------394
Stem Design-----------------------------------------------------------389
Brick Wall Stem------------------------------------------------389
Concrete Masonry Stem-------------------------------------392
Cantilever Retaining Walls------------------------------------------------385
Categories of Hollow Concrete Units------------------------------------7
Caulking Details-------------------------------------------------------------307
Cements------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Classes of Hollow Brick-------------------------------------------------------4
Clay Brick and Hollow Brick Masonry------------------------------------36
Clay Masonry-------------------------------------------------------------------2
Hollow Clay Units--------------------------------------------------------4
Physical Requirements of Clay Masonry Units------------------5
Solid Clay Units----------------------------------------------------------3
Clear Water Repellents----------------------------------------------------310
Types of Clear Water Repellents---------------------------------311
Clearances--------------------------------------------------------------270
Clearance Between Reinforcing Steel and
Masonry Units-------------------------------------------------------270
Clear Spacing Between Reinforcing Bars----------------------270
Coarse Grout------------------------------------------------------------------19
CodeMasters------------------------------------------------------------------49
Coefficient of Static Friction----------------------------------------------163
Color-----------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Column Capacity Tables--------------------------------------------488-494
Columns----------------------------------------------------------------173, 287
Column Tie Requirements-----------------------------------------289
Design of Pilasters---------------------------------------------------177
Flush Wall Columns-------------------------------------------------288
Flush Wall Pilasters--------------------------------------------------178
General----------------------------------------------------------173, 287
Lateral Tie Spacing For Columns---------------------------------289
Lateral Tie Spacing in Seismic Design Categories
A, B, and C--------------------------------------------------289
Lateral Tie Spacing in Seismic Design Categories
D, E, and F---------------------------------------------------290
Projecting Pilaster---------------------------------------------------177
Projection Wall Columns or Pilasters----------------------------288
Ties Around Anchor Bolts on Columns--------------------------290
Combinations of Walls-----------------------------------------------------116
Combined Bending and Axial Loads-----------------------------------180
General-----------------------------------------------------------------180
Method 1. Vertical Load and Moment Considered
Independently-------------------------------------------------------185
Method 2. Evaluation of Forces Based on Static
Equilibrium of Fv = 0 and M = 0------------------------------190
Method 3. Section Assumed Homogeneous for
Combined Loads, Vertical Load with Bending
Moment Parallel to Wall------------------------------------------194
Methods of Design for Interaction of Load and Moment----181
Unity Equation-------------------------------------------------181
Cracked Section----------------------------------------183
Uncracked Section-------------------------------------182
D
Dead and Live Loads on the Masonry Walls-------------------------356
Dead Loads--------------------------------------------------------------------55
Deep Lintel Beams---------------------------------------------------------342
Definitions----------------------------------------------------------------------67
Deflection Criteria-----------------------------------------------------------228
Deflection of Diaphragms and Walls-----------------------------------109
Deflection of Wall-----------------------------------------------------------228
Derivation of Flexural Formulas-----------------------------------------138
Compression Reinforcement--------------------------------------149
Compression Steel Modular Ratio---------------------150
Design Using nj and 2/jk Values--------------------------------146
8/13/2009
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INDEX
Location of Neutral Axis--------------------------------------------139
Moment Capacity of a Section------------------------------------140
Partially Grouted Walls---------------------------------------------147
Summary---------------------------------------------------------------141
Maximum Amount of Reinforcement---------------------146
Strain Compatibility-------------------------------------------142
Variation in Stress Levels of the Materials---------------144
Variation of Coefficients k, j, and Flexural Coefficient Kf----139
Derivation of Flexural Strength Design Equations------------------216
Strength Design for Combined Axial Load and Moment----226
Derivation for P-M Loading---------------------------------226
Strength Design for Sections with Tension and
Compression Steel------------------------------------------------223
Strength Design for Sections with Tension Steel Only-------216
Balanced Steel Ratio-----------------------------------------217
Derivation for P-M Loading-----------------------------------------------226
Design Coefficients and Factors for Seismic Force-Resisting
Systems--------------------------------------------------------------------97
Design Considerations----------------------------------------------------307
Copings and Wall Caps---------------------------------------------308
Horizontal SurfacesProjections, Ledges and Sills----------308
Mortar Joints----------------------------------------------------------307
Movement Joints-----------------------------------------------------308
Parapets and Fire Walls--------------------------------------------307
Wall Penetrations----------------------------------------------------309
Design Criteria---------------------------------------------------------------388
Design Criteria: Allowable Stress Design-----------------------------335
Loads----------------------------------------------------------336
Lateral Loads (Wind and Seismic)------------------------336
Seismic Loads (IBC Chapter 16)-------------------336
Vertical Loads-------------------------------------------336
Wind Loads (Per ASCE 7 Method 2)---------------336
Materials and Allowable Stresses--------------------------------335
Design Criteria, Elevation and Plan------------------------------------354
Design Example Shear Wall-------------------------------------------239
Design Formulas Allowable Stress Design-------------------------323
Design Formulas Strength Design-----------------------------------330
Design Ground Motion (SDS, SD1)----------------------------------------92
MCE Ground Motion (Ss, S1)---------------------------------------92
Site Class and Coefficients (Fa, Fv)--------------------------------92
Design Limit State 1A------------------------------------------------------257
Design Limit State 1B------------------------------------------------------257
Design Limit State 2A------------------------------------------------------258
Design Limit State 2B------------------------------------------------------258
Design of Flush Wall Pilaster North WallSection 4-4.
Designed as a Wall Not a Column-----------------------------------342
Bearing Plate Design------------------------------------------------343
Loads-------------------------------------------------------------------342
Design of Footing Bottom Steel-----------------------------------------401
Design of Footing Key-----------------------------------------------------402
Design of Footing Thickness for Development
of Wall Reinforcement--------------------------------------------------401
Design of Footing Thickness for Shear--------------------------------400
Design of Footing Top Steel----------------------------------------------402
Design of Lintel Beam South WallSection 3-3----------------------341
Deep Lintel Beams--------------------------------------------------342
Flexural Design-------------------------------------------------------341
Lateral Wind Load on Beam---------------------------------------342
Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement---------------------------------403
Design of OneStory Industrial Building-------------------------------333
Design of Pilasters----------------------------------------------------------177
Design of Retaining Walls------------------------------------------------386
Effect of Corners on Lateral Supporting Capacity of
Retaining Walls-------------------------------------------------------386
Preliminary Proportioning of Retaining Walls-----------------387
Design of Section 5-5 for Vertical and Lateral Loads---------------344
Design of SevenStory Masonry Load Bearing Wall
Apartment Building------------------------------------------------------353
General-----------------------------------------------------------------353
Dead and Live Loads on the Masonry Walls------------356
595
E
E-Tabs Output---------------------------------------------------------------362
Effect of Corners on Lateral Supporting Capacity of
Retaining Walls----------------------------------------------------------386
Effective Depth, d, in a Wall----------------------------------------------272
Effect of d Distance in a Wall (Location of Steel)-----------273
Hollow Masonry Unit Walls----------------------------------------272
Multi-Wythe Brick Walls--------------------------------------------273
Effective Embedment Length--------------------------------------------281
INDEX
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F
fm Based on Masonry Prism Strength------------------------------31-35
fm from Code Tables-------------------------------------------37, 407, 408
fm from Prism Test Records-------------------------------------------31-38
fm Verification-------------------------------------------------------------31-37
Factored Moments---------------------------------------------------------398
Fine Grout----------------------------------------------------------------------19
Fire Ratings (IBC)-----------------------------------------------------------313
Fire Resistance--------------------------------------------------------------312
General-----------------------------------------------------------------312
End of Test------------------------------------------------------313
Fire Ratings (IBC)---------------------------------------------313
Hose Stream Test---------------------------------------------313
Temperature Rise Test---------------------------------------313
Fixed Pier or Wall-----------------------------------------------------------115
Flexible Diaphragms-------------------------------------------------------110
Flexural Design--------------------------------------------------------------341
Flood Loads--------------------------------------------------------------------66
Floor and Roof Systems--------------------------------------------------354
Floor Loads--------------------------------------------------------------------59
Flush Wall Columns--------------------------------------------------------288
Flush Wall Pilasters--------------------------------------------------------178
Footing Design--------------------------------------------------------------394
Analysis for Ultimate Strength Design of Footing-------------398
Design of Footing Bottom Steel-----------------------------------401
Design of Footing Key----------------------------------------402
Design of Footing Thickness for Development
of Wall Reinforcement--------------------------------------------401
Design of Footing Thickness for Shear-------------------------400
Design of Footing Top Steel---------------------------------------402
Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement--------------------------403
Sliding-------------------------------------------------------------------397
Soil Bearing and Overturning-------------------------------------394
Formulas for Reinforced Masonry Design----------------------------319
G
General---1, 9, 19, 27, 31, 43, 53, 88, 105, 127, 133, 152, 180, 199
211, 227, 230, 234, 247, 257, 282, 284, 287, 303, 307
312, 315, 319, 353, 370, 383
Dead and Live Loads on the Masonry Walls------------------356
Design Criteria, Elevation and Plan-----------------------------354
End of Test-------------------------------------------------------------313
Fire Ratings (IBC)----------------------------------------------------313
Floor and Roof Systems-------------------------------------------354
Hose Stream Test----------------------------------------------------313
Introduction to ASCE 7-----------------------------------------------90
Principles of Seismic Design----------------------------------------88
Seismic Loading------------------------------------------------------360
Structural Response--------------------------------------------------89
Structural Wall System----------------------------------------------356
Temperature Rise Test----------------------------------------------313
The Design Earthquake----------------------------------------------89
Wind Design-----------------------------------------------------------364
General Connections------------------------------------------------------295
General, Flexural Stress--------------------------------------------------137
General Notes Tables and Diagrams----------------------------505-561
Anchor Bolts-----------------------------------------------------------561
Compressive Stresses----------------------------------------------560
Grout Quantities------------------------------------------------523-525
SI Conversions-------------------------------------------------552-559
Spacing of Steel------------------------------------------------526-536
Steel Ratio -----------------------------------------------------537-551
Wall Section Properties---------------------------------------509-522
Weight of Materials--------------------------------------------506-508
General Reinforcement-----------------------------------------------------27
Grade Requirements for Face Exposures-------------------------------3
Grades of Building and Facing Bricks-------------------------------------3
Grades of Hollow Brick--------------------------------------------------------4
Grading Requirements------------------------------------------------------21
Gravity Load Distribution for Building----------------------------------359
Gravity Load Distribution for Wall f--------------------------------------358
Gravity Load Distribution for Wall j--------------------------------------357
Gravity Loads on Building------------------------------------------------359
Gravity Loads on Wall f----------------------------------------------------358
Gravity Loads on Wall j----------------------------------------------------357
Gravity Walls-----------------------------------------------------------------383
Ground Snow Loads, pg, for Alaskan Locations-----------------------63
Grout------------------------------------------------------------------------19, 36
General-------------------------------------------------------------------19
Grout Admixtures------------------------------------------------------21
Grout Demonstration Panels----------------------------------------27
Grout for AAC Masonry-----------------------------------------------27
Grout Strength Requirements--------------------------------------22
Methods of Grouting Masonry Walls------------------------------23
Consolidation of Grout-----------------------------------------26
Grout Pour and Lift----------------------------------------------23
Low Lift and High Lift Grouting-------------------------------24
High Lift Grouting Procedure--------------------------25
Low Lift Grouting Procedure---------------------------24
Mixing---------------------------------------------------------------------21
Proportions--------------------------------------------------------------20
Aggregates for Grout-------------------------------------------21
Self-Consolidating Grout---------------------------------------------26
Slump of Grout---------------------------------------------------------20
Testing Grout Strength------------------------------------------------22
Types of Grout----------------------------------------------------------19
Coarse Grout-----------------------------------------------------19
Fine Grout--------------------------------------------------------19
Grout Admixtures-------------------------------------------------------------21
Grout Demonstration Panels----------------------------------------------27
Grout for AAC Masonry-----------------------------------------------------27
Grout Pour and Lift-----------------------------------------------------------23
Grout Proportions by Volume----------------------------------------------21
Grout Space Requirements------------------------------------------------19
Grout Strength Requirements---------------------------------------------22
Guide for the Selection of Masonry Mortars----------------------------10
H
High Lift Grouting Procedure----------------------------------------------25
High Rise Walls--------------------------------------------------------------117
History-------------------------------------------------------------------------137
History of Wall j--------------------------------------------------------------378
Hollow Brick Minimum Thickness of Face Shells and Webs--------5
Hollow Clay Units--------------------------------------------------------------4
Hollow Concrete Masonry--------------------------------------------------36
Hollow Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units---------------------------6
Hollow Masonry Unit Walls-----------------------------------------------272
Hooks--------------------------------------------------------------------------274
Horizontal Diaphragms----------------------------------------------------106
8/13/2009
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INDEX
Deflection of Diaphragms and Walls----------------------------109
Diaphragm Anchorage Requirements--------------------------107
Types of Diaphragms-----------------------------------------------110
Flexible Diaphragms------------------------------------------110
Rigid Diaphragms---------------------------------------------113
Horizontal Expansion Joints----------------------------------------------304
Horizontal Structural Irregularities--------------------------------------124
Horizontal SurfacesProjections, Ledges and Sills----------------308
Hose Stream Test-----------------------------------------------------------313
Hydrated Lime-----------------------------------------------------------------13
I
Importance Factor, I------------------------------------------------65, 72, 97
Importance Factors----------------------------------------------------------98
Inherent Torsion-------------------------------------------------------------128
Initial Rate of Absorption, I.R.A.--------------------------------------------5
Inspection of Masonry During Construction----------------------------43
Advantages of Inspection--------------------------------------------44
Inspection Requirements--------------------------------------------44
Summary of Quality Assurance (QA) Requirements----------48
Inspection Requirements---------------------------------------------------44
Integral Water Repellents-------------------------------------------------311
International System of Units (SI System)----------------------------315
General-----------------------------------------------------------------315
Measurement Conversion Factors-------------------------------315
Introduction to ASCE 7------------------------------------------------------90
J
Jobsite Mixed Mortar--------------------------------------------------------16
Joint Reinforcement---------------------------------------------------------29
K
k Coefficient-----------------------------------------------420-444, 464-487
Kf Coefficient----------------------------------------------420-444, 464-487
Kf vs n Table----------------------------------------------------------------444
Kf vs and Tables and Diagrams-----------------------------464-487
L
Lap Splices for Reinforcing Steel----------------------------------------277
Lateral Forces on Wall-----------------------------------------------------337
Lateral Loads (Wind and Seismic)--------------------------------------336
Seismic Loads (IBC Chapter 16)---------------------------------336
Vertical Loads---------------------------------------------------------336
Wind Loads (Per ASCE 7 Method 2)----------------------------336
Lateral Tie Spacing for Columns----------------------------------------289
Lateral Tie Spacing in Seismic Design Categories
A, B, and C-----------------------------------------------------------289
Lateral Tie Spacing in Seismic Design Categories
D, E, and F-----------------------------------------------------------290
597
M
Maintenance of Waterproofing Systems------------------------------312
MasonryAllowable Stress Design------------------------------------253
Masonry Assemblage Strengths and Properties----------------------31
Masonry Cement-------------------------------------------------------------13
MasonryStrength Design-----------------------------------------------254
Masonry Units-------------------------------------------------------------------1
Clay Masonry-------------------------------------------------------------2
Hollow Clay Units-------------------------------------------------4
Classes of Hollow Brick----------------------------------4
Grades of Hollow Brick-----------------------------------4
Sizes of Hollow Brick--------------------------------------5
Types of Hollow Brick-------------------------------------4
Physical Requirements of Clay Masonry Units------------5
Initial Rate of Absorption, I.R.A.------------------------5
Tolerances---------------------------------------------------5
Water Absorption and Saturation Coefficient--------5
Solid Clay Units---------------------------------------------------3
Grades of Building and Facing Bricks----------------3
Types of Facing Bricks------------------------------------3
Solid Clay Brick Sizes-------------------------------------4
Concrete Masonry-------------------------------------------------------6
INDEX
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Concrete Brick-----------------------------------------------------6
Physical Property Requirements-----------------------6
Hollow Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units-------------6
Categories of Hollow Concrete Units------------------7
Physical Property Requirements-----------------------7
Sizes of Hollow Concrete Masonry Units------------7
Moisture Content for Concrete Brick and Hollow
Masonry Units--------------------------------------------------8
Material Selection-----------------------------------------------------------309
Materials-------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Materials and Allowable Stresses---------------------------------------335
Maximum Amount of Reinforcement-----------------------------------146
Maximum Length-To-Width Ratios--------------------------------------111
Maximum Steel Ratio------------------------------------------------------222
Maximum Tie Spacing Based on Longitudinal Bar Size-----------289
Maximum Tie Spacing Based on Tie Size-----------------------------289
MCE Ground Motion (Ss, S1)----------------------------------------------92
Measurement Conversion Factors-------------------------------------315
Measurement of Mortar Materials----------------------------------------16
Membrane Waterproofing-------------------------------------------------312
Method 1. Vertical Load and Moment Considered
Independently------------------------------------------------------------185
Method 2. Evaluation of Forces Based on Static
Equilibrium of Fv = 0 and M = 0-----------------------------------190
Method 3. Section Assumed Homogeneous for
Combined Loads, Vertical Load with Bending
Moment Parallel to Wall------------------------------------------------194
Methods of Design for Interaction of Load and Moment-----------181
Unity Equation--------------------------------------------------------181
Cracked Section-----------------------------------------------183
Uncracked Section--------------------------------------------182
Methods of Grouting Masonry Walls-------------------------------------23
Consolidation Grout---------------------------------------------------26
Grout Pour and Lift----------------------------------------------------23
Low Lift and High Lift Grouting--------------------------------------24
Minimum Anchor Bolt Embedment Depth-----------------------------281
Minimum Diameters of Bend---------------------------------------------275
Minimum Edge Distance and Spacing Requirements--------------282
Minimum Reinforcing Steel-----------------------------------------------261
Calculation of Minimum Steel Area------------------------------266
Seismic Design Category A----------------------------------------263
Seismic Design Category B---------------------------------------263
Seismic Design Category C---------------------------------------263
Seismic Design Category D---------------------------------------265
Seismic Design Category E and F-------------------------------265
Minimum Thickness of Face-Shells and Webs-------------------------8
Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads and Minimum
Concentrated Live Loads-----------------------------------------------56
Mixing----------------------------------------------------------------------15, 21
Extended Life Mortar--------------------------------------------------17
Jobsite Mixed Mortar--------------------------------------------------16
Measurement of Mortar Materials---------------------------------16
MSJC Specification for Mixing--------------------------------------15
Pre-Blended Mortar---------------------------------------------------16
Retempering------------------------------------------------------------17
Modulus of Elasticity, Em----------------------------------------------------43
General-------------------------------------------------------------------43
Proposed Evaluation of Modulus of Elasticity-------------------43
Modulus of Rupture (fr) for Clay and Concrete Masonry----------220
Moisture Content for Concrete Brick and Hollow
Masonry Units---------------------------------------------------------------8
Moment Capacity of a Section-------------------------------------------140
Moment from Accidental Torsion (kip)----------------------------------363
Moment from Primary Shear (kip-in.)----------------------------------363
Mortar------------------------------------------------------------------------9, 36
General--------------------------------------------------------------------9
Mixing---------------------------------------------------------------------15
Extended Life Mortar-------------------------------------------17
Jobsite Mixed Mortar-------------------------------------------16
Measurement of Mortar Materials---------------------------16
N
Nominal Moment Strength------------------------------------------------228
O
Occupancy Category of Buildings and Other Structures------------64
Other Special Roofs---------------------------------------------------------61
Overturning-------------------------------------------------------------------120
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INDEX
599
Paints--------------------------------------------------------------------------311
Types of Paints--------------------------------------------------------311
Parapets and Fire Walls---------------------------------------------------307
Partially Grouted Walls-----------------------------------------------40, 147
Physical Property Requirements----------------------------------------6, 7
Physical Requirements of Clay Masonry Units-------------------------5
Physical Requirements, Solid and Hollow Bricks----------------------5
Pier Design Forces---------------------------------------------------------251
Piers Subjected to Axial Force and Flexure--------------------------250
Longitudinal Reinforcement---------------------------------------250
Transverse Reinforcement----------------------------------------251
Placement of Steel----------------------------------------------------------268
Clearances------------------------------------------------------------270
Clearances Between Reinforcing Steel and
Masonry Units----------------------------------------------270
Clear Spacing Between Reinforcing Bars---------------270
Cover Over Reinforcement----------------------------------------272
Cover for Column Reinforcement-------------------------272
Cover for Joint Reinforcement and Ties-----------------272
Steel Bars-------------------------------------------------------272
Positioning of Steel--------------------------------------------------268
Tolerances for Placement of Steel-------------------------------269
Portland Cement--------------------------------------------------------------12
Positioning of Steel---------------------------------------------------------268
Pre-Blended Mortar----------------------------------------------------------16
Preliminary Proportioning of Retaining Walls------------------------387
Primary Shears (kips)------------------------------------------------------363
Principles of Allowable Stress Design----------------------------------137
General, Flexural Stress--------------------------------------------137
Principles of Seismic Design----------------------------------------------88
Principles of Seismic Reduction-----------------------------------------134
Prism Correction Factor-----------------------------------------------------35
Prism Testing------------------------------------------------------------------31
Projecting Pilaster----------------------------------------------------------177
Projecting Wall Columns or Pilasters----------------------------------288
Properties for Grouted Masonry Systems------------------------------38
Partially Grouted Walls-----------------------------------------------40
Solid Grouted Walls---------------------------------------------------38
Property Specifications------------------------------------------------------10
Property Specifications for Mortar----------------------------------------11
Property Specification Requirements------------------------------------17
Proportion Requirements-------------------------------------------------248
Proportion Specifications---------------------------------------------------12
Proportions---------------------------------------------------------------------20
Aggregates for Grout-------------------------------------------------21
Proposed Evaluation of Modulus of Elasticity-------------------------43
Proposed Masonry Limit States-----------------------------------------259
Rain Loads---------------------------------------------------------------------65
Rated Fire-Resistance Periods for Various Walls and
Partitions--------------------------------------------------------------39, 314
Recommended Control Joint Spacing for Above Grade
Exposed Concrete Masonry Walls----------------------------------307
References-------------------------------------------------------------------583
Reinforcement Details-----------------------------------------------------249
General-----------------------------------------------------------------249
Reinforcing Bars--------------------------------------------------------------28
Reinforcing Steel-------------------------------------------------------------27
General-------------------------------------------------------------------27
Types of Reinforcement----------------------------------------------27
General Reinforcement----------------------------------------27
Joint Reinforcement--------------------------------------------29
Reinforcing Bars------------------------------------------------28
Reinforcing Steel Around Openings------------------------------------268
Relative Rigidities of Piers West Wall--------------------------------350
Relative Stiffness of Walls-------------------------------------------------117
Resisting Moment----------------------------------------------------------395
Response Modification Factor (R)----------------------------------------95
Retaining Walls--------------------------------------------------------------383
Retempering-------------------------------------------------------------------17
Rigid Diaphragms-----------------------------------------------------------113
Roof Loads---------------------------------------------------------------------61
Flood Loads-------------------------------------------------------------66
Rain Loads--------------------------------------------------------------65
Snow Loads-------------------------------------------------------------62
Special Roof Loads----------------------------------------------------66
Special Anchorage Loads and Design Requirements--------66
Q
Quality Assurance------------------------------------------------------------48
Quality Assurance/Inspection---------------------------------------------50
Quality Assurance/Inspection Level Required by IBC
Section 1704.5-------------------------------------------------------------49
Questions and Problems------30, 52, 103, 135, 208, 259, 293, 318,
351, 382, 404
S
Sand for Masonry Mortar---------------------------------------------------14
Seismic Design Category (SDC)-----------------------------------------95
Seismic Design Category A----------------------------------------------263
Seismic Design Category B----------------------------------------------263
Seismic Design Category Based on 1-Second Period
Response Acceleration--------------------------------------------------95
Seismic Design Category Based on Short-Period Response
Accelerations---------------------------------------------------------------95
Seismic Design Category C----------------------------------------------263
Seismic Design Category D----------------------------------------------265
Seismic Design Category E and F--------------------------------------265
Seismic Loading------------------------------------------------------------360
Seismic Loads-----------------------------------------------------------------88
ASCE 7 Masonry Seismic Requirements----------------------100
Base Shear, V----------------------------------------------------------91
Building Period (T)----------------------------------------------96
Design Ground Motion (SDS, SD1)--------------------------92
MCE Ground Motion (Ss, S1)--------------------------92
Site Class and Coefficients (Fa, Fv)------------------92
Importance Factor (I)-------------------------------------------97
Response Modification Factor (R)--------------------------95
Seismic Design Category (SDC)----------------------------95
General-------------------------------------------------------------------88
Introduction to ASCE 7----------------------------------------90
Principles of Seismic Design---------------------------------88
The Design Earthquake---------------------------------------89
Structural Response--------------------------------------------89
Seismic Loads on Structural Elements---------------------------99
Anchorage of Masonry Walls---------------------------------99
Elements----------------------------------------------------------99
Vertical Distribution of Total Seismic Forces--------------------98
INDEX
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T
Tables and Diagrams------------------------------------------------405-581
Allowable Stress Design Tables and Diagrams---------405-503
General Notes Tables and Diagrams----------------------505-561
Strength Design Tables and Diagrams--------------------563-581
Tall Slender Walls-----------------------------------------------------------227
Design or Factored Strength of Wall Cross-Section---------228
Deflection Criteria---------------------------------------------228
Deflection of Wall----------------------------------------------228
Determination of Moments at the Mid-Height of the Wall---229
General-----------------------------------------------------------------227
Slender Wall Design Requirements-----------------------------227
Effective Steel Area-------------------------------------------228
Nominal Moment Strength----------------------------------228
Temperature Rise Test-----------------------------------------------------313
Tension------------------------------------------------------------------------376
Tension Limit-----------------------------------------------------------------369
Tension Limit: Equation 16-21-------------------------------------------366
Test Results--------------------------------------------------------------------35
Testing Grout Strength------------------------------------------------------22
Testing Prisms from Constructed Masonry-----------------------------38
The Core Method of Design----------------------------------------------251
Comparison of the Design of a Wall Section with
Component Units Using Masonry Design and
Concrete Core Design----------------------------------------------253
Concrete Strength Design-----------------------------------255
MasonryAllowable Stress Design----------------------253
MasonryStrength Design---------------------------------254
Core Method----------------------------------------------------------251
The Design Earthquake-----------------------------------------------------89
Thermal Factor, Ct----------------------------------------------------------63
Ties Around Anchor Bolts on Columns---------------------------------290
Ties for Beam Steel in Compression-----------------------------------283
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INDEX
Tolerances-----------------------------------------------------------------------5
Tolerances for Placement of Steel--------------------------------------269
Tolerances for Placing Reinforcement---------------------------------270
Topographic Factor, Kzt-----------------------------------------------------69
Torsion-------------------------------------------------------------------------127
General-----------------------------------------------------------------127
Torsion Categories---------------------------------------------------128
Accidental Torsion---------------------------------------------128
Amplification of the Accidental Torsion-------------------128
Inherent Torsion-----------------------------------------------128
Torsion Categories---------------------------------------------------------128
Transverse Reinforcement-----------------------------------------------251
Transverse ReinforcementBeams-----------------------------------250
Types of Clear Water Repellents----------------------------------------311
Types of Diaphragms------------------------------------------------------110
Flexible Diaphragms-------------------------------------------------110
Rigid Diaphragms----------------------------------------------------113
Types of Facing Bricks--------------------------------------------------------3
Types of Grout-----------------------------------------------------------------19
Fine Grout---------------------------------------------------------------19
Coarse Grout-----------------------------------------------------------19
Types of Hollow Brick---------------------------------------------------------4
Types of Mortar-----------------------------------------------------------------9
Selection of Mortar Types---------------------------------------------9
Specifying Mortar------------------------------------------------------10
Types of Mortar Joints-------------------------------------------------------17
Types of Paints--------------------------------------------------------------311
Types of Reinforcement-----------------------------------------------------27
Joint Reinforcement---------------------------------------------------29
General Reinforcement----------------------------------------------27
Reinforcing Bars-------------------------------------------------------28
Types of Retaining Walls--------------------------------------------------383
Cantilever Retaining Walls-----------------------------------------385
Counterfort or Buttress Walls--------------------------------------383
Gravity Walls----------------------------------------------------------383
Supported Walls------------------------------------------------------385
Types of Shear Reinforcement------------------------------------------285
U
Unity Equation----------------------------------------------------------181
Cracked Section------------------------------------------------------183
Uncracked Section--------------------------------------------------182
V
Values of Site Coefficient, Fa----------------------------------------------94
Values of Site Coefficient, Fv----------------------------------------------95
Variation in Stress Levels of the Materials----------------------------144
Variation of Coefficients k, j, and Flexural Coefficient Kf-----------139
Velocity Pressure Determinations----------------------------------------66
Basic Wind Speed, V--------------------------------------------------71
Definitions---------------------------------------------------------------67
Importance Factor, I---------------------------------------------------72
Topographic Factor, Kzt-----------------------------------------------69
Velocity Pressure Coefficient, Kz-----------------------------------68
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd---------------------------------------71
Verification by Prism Tests-------------------------------------------------31
Verification by Unit Strength Method-------------------------------------37
Verification of, fm, the Specified Design Strength--------------------31
Testing Prisms from Constructed Masonry----------------------38
Verification by Prism Tests-------------------------------------------31
601
Construction of Prisms-----------------------------------------33
Prism Testing-----------------------------------------------------31
Standard Prism Tests------------------------------------------34
Strength of Component Materials---------------------------36
Clay Brick and Hollow Brick Masonry---------------36
Grout--------------------------------------------------------36
Hollow Concrete Masonry------------------------------36
Mortar-------------------------------------------------------36
Test Results------------------------------------------------------35
Verification by Unit Strength Method------------------------------37
Selection of fm from Code Tables---------------------------37
Vertical Distribution of Total Seismic Forces---------------------------98
Vertical Expansion Joints-------------------------------------------------303
Vertical Expansion Joints in Concrete Masonry Walls-------------307
Vertical Load on Wall at Mid-Height------------------------------------338
Vertical Loads----------------------------------------------------------------336
Vertical Loads on Wall-----------------------------------------------------337
Vertical Structural Irregularities------------------------------------------125
W
Wall Foundation Details---------------------------------------------------301
Wall Frames------------------------------------------------------------------247
Analysis of Masonry Wall Frames--------------------------------249
Design Strength Reduction Factor, ----------------------------249
General-----------------------------------------------------------------247
Pier Design Forces--------------------------------------------------251
Piers Subjected to Axial Force and Flexure--------------------250
Longitudinal Reinforcement--------------------------------250
Transverse Reinforcement----------------------------------251
Proportion Requirements------------------------------------------248
Reinforcement Details----------------------------------------------249
General----------------------------------------------------------249
Spandrel Beams------------------------------------------------------249
Longitudinal Reinforcement--------------------------------249
Transverse ReinforcementBeams---------------------250
Wall Penetrations-----------------------------------------------------------309
Wall Rigidity Tables---------------------------------------------------495-501
Wall Rigidities----------------------------------------------------------------114
Cantilever Pier or Wall----------------------------------------------114
Combinations of Walls----------------------------------------------116
Fixed Pier or Wall-----------------------------------------------------115
High Rise Walls-------------------------------------------------------117
Relative Stiffness of Walls------------------------------------------117
Wall to Concrete Diaphragm Connections----------------------------299
Wall to Steel Diaphragm Connections---------------------------------300
Wall to Wall Connections--------------------------------------------------295
Wall to Wood Diaphragm Connections--------------------------------297
Walls---------------------------------------------------------------------------168
Effective Width--------------------------------------------------------170
General-----------------------------------------------------------------168
Stress Reduction and Effective Height--------------------------169
Walls of Composite Masonry Materials---------------------------------41
Walls with Flanges and Returns, Intersecting Walls----------------199
Connections of Intersecting Walls-------------------------------204
Design Procedure----------------------------------------------------199
General-----------------------------------------------------------------199
Water----------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Water Absorption and Saturation Coefficient----------------------------5
Waterproofing----------------------------------------------------------------310
Waterproofing Masonry Structures-------------------------------------307
Construction Procedures and Application Methods---------309
Design Considerations---------------------------------------------307
Copings and Wall Caps--------------------------------------308
Horizontal SurfacesProjections, Ledges and Sills---308
Mortar Joints----------------------------------------------------307
Movement Joints----------------------------------------------308
INDEX
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