Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Measures
Donglei Du
(ddu@unb.edu)
Faculty of Business Administration, University of New Brunswick, NB Canada Fredericton
E3B 9Y2
Donglei Du (UNB)
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Table of contents
1
2
3
Centrality measures
Degree centrality
Closeness centrality
Betweenness centrality
Eigenvector
PageRank
Comparison among centrality measures
Extensions
Extensions to weighted network
Extensions to bipartitie network
Extensions to dynamic network
Extensions to hypergraph
Appendix
Theory of non-negative, irreducible, and primitive matrices:
Perron-Frobenius theorem (Luenberger, 1979)-Chapter 6
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What is centrality? I
Centrality measures address the question:
"Who is the most important or central person in this
network?"
There are many answers to this question, depending on what we
mean by importance.
According to Scott Adams, the power a person holds in the
organization is inversely proportional to the number of keys on
his keyring.
A janitor has keys to every office, and no power.
The CEO does not need a key: people always open the door for
him.
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What is centrality? II
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Centrality measures
Degree centrality
Closeness centrality
Betweeness centrality
Eigenvector centrality
PageRank centrality
...
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TORNABUON
MEDICI
BISCHERI
RIDOLFI
SALVIATI
PAZZI
BARBADORI
STROZZI
PERUZZI
CASTELLAN
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ALBIZZI
MEDICI
TORNABUON
PUCCI
BARBADORI
GINORI
PERUZZI
BISCHERI
CASTELLAN
LAMBERTES
GUADAGNI
STROZZI
RIDOLFIACCIAIUOL
Donglei Du (UNB)
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MEDICI GUADAGNI
STROZZI
6
4
4
RIDOLFI TORNABUON BARBADORI
3
3
2
PAZZI
PUCCI
1
0
MEDICI GUADAGNI
STROZZI
0.40000
0.26667
0.26667
RIDOLFI TORNABUON BARBADORI
0.20000
0.20000
0.13333
PAZZI
PUCCI
0.06667
0.00000
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GINORI
2
PUCCI
0
Donglei Du (UNB)
GINORI
0.13333
PUCCI
0.00000
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An example
rm(list=ls()) #remove ALL objects
library(igraph)
#Generate graph object from adjacency matrix: igraph has the regular meaning
adj<-matrix(
c(0, 1, 0, 1,
0, 0, 0, 1,
1, 1, 0, 0,
0, 0, 1, 0), # the data elements
nrow=4, # number of rows
ncol=4, # number of columns
byrow = TRUE)# fill matrix by rows
g <- graph.adjacency(t(adj), mode="directed") # create igrpah object from adjacency matrix
degree(g, mode='in')
## [1] 2 1 2 1
degree(g, mode='out')
## [1] 1 2 1 2
plot(g) # plot the graph
3
4
2
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1
i6=v dvi
The more central a node is the lower its total distance to all other nodes.
Closeness can be regarded as a measure of how long it will take to
spread information from v to all other nodes sequentially.
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MEDICI
RIDOLFI
0.024390 0.022727
BISCHERI CASTELLAN
0.019608 0.019231
PAZZI
PUCCI
0.015385 0.004167
ALBIZZI TORNABUON
0.022222 0.022222
SALVIATI ACCIAIUOL
0.019231 0.018519
GUADAGNI BARBADORI
STROZZI
0.021739 0.020833 0.020833
PERUZZI
GINORI LAMBERTES
0.018519 0.017241 0.016949
MEDICI
RIDOLFI
0.3659
0.3409
BISCHERI CASTELLAN
0.2941
0.2885
PAZZI
PUCCI
0.2308
0.0625
Donglei Du (UNB)
ALBIZZI TORNABUON
0.3333
0.3333
SALVIATI ACCIAIUOL
0.2885
0.2778
GUADAGNI BARBADORI
STROZZI
0.3261
0.3125
0.3125
PERUZZI
GINORI LAMBERTES
0.2778
0.2586
0.2542
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Betweenness centrality
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Betweenness centrality I
The betweenness of a vertex v in a graph G := (V, E) with V
vertices is computed as follows:
For each pair of vertices (s, t), compute the shortest paths
between them.
For each pair of vertices (s, t), determine the fraction of shortest
paths that pass through the vertex in question (here, vertex v).
Sum this fraction over all pairs of vertices (s, t).
s 6 = v 6 = t V
st (v)
st
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Betweenness centrality II
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An example I
Donglei Du (UNB)
Node
1
2
3
4
5
6
Betwenness
0
1.5
1
4
3
0
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SALVIATI
RIDOLFI
13.000
10.333
PERUZZI ACCIAIUOL
2.000
0.000
BISCHERI
STROZZI
9.500
9.333
GINORI LAMBERTES
0.000
0.000
SALVIATI
RIDOLFI
0.12381
0.09841
PERUZZI ACCIAIUOL
0.01905
0.00000
Donglei Du (UNB)
BISCHERI
STROZZI
0.09048
0.08889
GINORI LAMBERTES
0.00000
0.00000
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xj =
j N (i )
Donglei Du (UNB)
Aij x j
j
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A toy example
rm(list=ls()) #remove ALL objects
library(igraph)
#Generate graph object from adjacency matrix: igraph has the regular meaning
adj<-matrix(
c(0, 1, 0, 1,
1, 0, 1, 1,
0, 1, 0, 1,
1, 1, 1, 0), # the data elements
nrow=4, # number of rows
ncol=4, # number of columns
byrow = TRUE)# fill matrix by rows
g <- graph.adjacency(adj, mode="undirected") # create igrpah object from adjacency matrix
plot(g) # plot the graph
4
3
1
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A toy example
D <- diag(1/degree(g), 4)
D
##
##
##
##
##
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[,1]
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
[,2] [,3]
[,4]
0.0000 0.0 0.0000
0.3333 0.0 0.0000
0.0000 0.5 0.0000
0.0000 0.0 0.3333
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[,1]
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
# PageRank matrix
[,2] [,3]
[,4]
0.3333 0.0 0.3333
0.0000 0.5 0.3333
0.3333 0.0 0.3333
0.3333 0.5 0.0000
3.088e-17
# the eigenvectors
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[,1] [,2]
[,3]
[,4]
-0.3922 -0.5 -1.233e-32 -7.071e-01
-0.5883 0.5 -7.071e-01 1.091e-16
-0.3922 -0.5 0.000e+00 7.071e-01
-0.5883 0.5 7.071e-01 7.544e-17
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MEDICI
STROZZI
RIDOLFI TORNABUON GUADAGNI BISCHERI
PERUZZI
1.000e+00 8.273e-01 7.937e-01 7.572e-01 6.719e-01 6.572e-01 6.408e-01
CASTELLAN
ALBIZZI BARBADORI SALVIATI ACCIAIUOL LAMBERTES
GINORI
6.020e-01 5.669e-01 4.920e-01 3.391e-01 3.071e-01 2.063e-01 1.741e-01
PAZZI
PUCCI
1.041e-01 8.027e-17
MEDICI
0.5121
ALBIZZI
0.0000
GUADAGNI
0.4993
PUCCI
0.0000
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PageRank centrality I
Googles PageRank is a variant of the Eigenvector centrality
measure for directed network.
Basic PageRank.
Whenever a node i has no outgoing link, we addd a self loop to
out = 1. Therefore A = 1 for such nodes in
i such that kin
ii
i = ki
the adjacency matrix.
Let D be the diagonal matrix of outdegrees where each element
Dii = k i
Define a column stochastic matrix
N = AD 1
The PageRank centrality of node i is equal to the leading
eigenvector xi of matrix N (The leading eigenvalue is 1):
x = Nx
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PageRank centrality II
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[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
# PageRank matrix
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[,4]
0.4472+0i -0.2864-0.1910i -0.2864+0.1910i 0.4249+0i
0.2981+0i -0.1408-0.3378i -0.1408+0.3378i -0.7518+0i
0.5963+0i -0.2204+0.5288i -0.2204-0.5288i -0.1534+0i
0.5963+0i 0.6476+0.0000i 0.6476+0.0000i 0.4803+0i
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1 T
ee
n
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1
2
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[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
# PageRank matrix
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[,4]
0.4552+0i -0.2864-0.1910i -0.2864+0.1910i 0.4249+0i
0.3194+0i -0.1408-0.3378i -0.1408+0.3378i -0.7518+0i
0.5958+0i -0.2204+0.5288i -0.2204-0.5288i -0.1534+0i
0.5795+0i 0.6476+0.0000i 0.6476+0.0000i 0.4803+0i
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4
3
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[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
# PageRank matrix
# the eigenvectors
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[,1]
0
0
1
0
[,2]
[,3]
4.008e-292 -4.008e-292
0.000e+00
0.000e+00
-1.000e+00
1.000e+00
0.000e+00
0.000e+00
Donglei Du (UNB)
[,4]
4.008e-292
0.000e+00
-1.000e+00
0.000e+00
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Note that the previosu example shows that Node 3 gets all
weights!
The problem comes from the structure of the graph: it is not
strongly connected, implying that N is reducible.
The Perron-Frobenius theorem offers a way to gurantee a
positive leading eignevector (see Appendix A (Slide 69) ).
Therefore we should try to revise N to generate a new matrix
which is regular (or more stongly positive).
The scaling PageRank matirx M > 0.
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[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[,1]
0.0375
0.4625
0.0375
0.4625
[,2]
0.0375
0.0375
0.0375
0.8875
[,3]
0.3208
0.3208
0.0375
0.3208
[,4]
0.0375
0.0375
0.0375
0.0375
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[,4]
-0.1830+0i 0.1517+0.0147i 0.1517-0.0147i 0.1301+0i
-0.3387+0i 0.0504-0.2615i 0.0504+0.2615i -0.2185+0i
-0.1167+0i 0.0326+0.1183i 0.0326-0.1183i -0.1653+0i
-0.9155+0i -0.9438+0.0000i -0.9438+0.0000i 0.9529+0i
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Donglei Du (UNB)
GUADAGNI
0.097424
PERUZZI
0.067203
PUCCI
0.009901
STROZZI
ALBIZZI TORNABUON
0.087226 0.078339 0.070574
SALVIATI BARBADORI
PAZZI
0.060696 0.049803 0.035697
RIDOLF
0.06888
GINOR
0.03209
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Degree
Closeness
MEDICI
MEDICI
GUADAGNI RIDOLFI
STROZZI
ALBIZZI
Betweenness Eigenvector
MEDICI
MEDICI
GUADAGNI STROZZI
ALBIZZI
RIDOLFI
PageRank
MEDICI
GUADAGNI
STROZZI
Deciding which are most appropriate for a given application clearly requires
consideration of the context.
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MEDICI GUADAGNI
STROZZI
6
4
4
RIDOLFI TORNABUON BARBADORI
3
3
2
PAZZI
PUCCI
1
0
MEDICI GUADAGNI
STROZZI
0.40000
0.26667
0.26667
RIDOLFI TORNABUON BARBADORI
0.20000
0.20000
0.13333
PAZZI
PUCCI
0.06667
0.00000
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MEDICI
RIDOLFI
0.024390 0.022727
BISCHERI CASTELLAN
0.019608 0.019231
PAZZI
PUCCI
0.015385 0.004167
ALBIZZI TORNABUON
0.022222 0.022222
SALVIATI ACCIAIUOL
0.019231 0.018519
GUADAGNI BARBADORI
STROZZI
0.021739 0.020833 0.020833
PERUZZI
GINORI LAMBERTES
0.018519 0.017241 0.016949
MEDICI
RIDOLFI
0.3659
0.3409
BISCHERI CASTELLAN
0.2941
0.2885
PAZZI
PUCCI
0.2308
0.0625
Donglei Du (UNB)
ALBIZZI TORNABUON
0.3333
0.3333
SALVIATI ACCIAIUOL
0.2885
0.2778
GUADAGNI BARBADORI
STROZZI
0.3261
0.3125
0.3125
PERUZZI
GINORI LAMBERTES
0.2778
0.2586
0.2542
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SALVIATI
RIDOLFI
13.000
10.333
PERUZZI ACCIAIUOL
2.000
0.000
BISCHERI
STROZZI
9.500
9.333
GINORI LAMBERTES
0.000
0.000
SALVIATI
RIDOLFI
0.12381
0.09841
PERUZZI ACCIAIUOL
0.01905
0.00000
BISCHERI
STROZZI
0.09048
0.08889
GINORI LAMBERTES
0.00000
0.00000
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Donglei Du (UNB)
MEDICI
STROZZI
RIDOLFI TORNABUON GUADAGNI BISCHERI
PERUZZI
1.000e+00 8.273e-01 7.937e-01 7.572e-01 6.719e-01 6.572e-01 6.408e-01
CASTELLAN
ALBIZZI BARBADORI SALVIATI ACCIAIUOL LAMBERTES
GINORI
6.020e-01 5.669e-01 4.920e-01 3.391e-01 3.071e-01 2.063e-01 1.741e-01
PAZZI
PUCCI
1.041e-01 2.479e-17
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Donglei Du (UNB)
GUADAGNI
0.097424
PERUZZI
0.067203
PUCCI
0.009901
STROZZI
ALBIZZI TORNABUON
0.087226 0.078339 0.070574
SALVIATI BARBADORI
PAZZI
0.060696 0.049803 0.035697
RIDOLFI CASTELLAN
0.068885 0.068644
GINORI LAMBERTES
0.032097 0.030604
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deg_B_S
close_B_S
betw_B_S
eigen_B..1..
page_B..1..
0.025
0.0
0.4
0.8
6
0.005
0.025
deg_B
30
0.005
close_B
0.0 0.6
betw_B
page_B[[1]]
0
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20
30
40
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.02 0.12
eigen_B[[1]]
0.14
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correlation matrix
0.005
0.015
0.025
0.0
0.4
0.8
0.025
deg_B
0.005
close_B
30
betw_B
page_B..1..
0
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20
30
40
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.02 0.12
0.0 0.6
eigen_B..1..
0.14
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close_B_S
betw_B_S
eigen_B..1..
deg_B_S
page_B..1..
0.7
0.6
0.5
Height
0.8
0.9
Cluster Dendrogram
as.dist(Pearson_correlation_matrix diag(5))
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# display dendogram
eigen_B..1..
betw_B_S
page_B..1..
close_B_S
0.80
deg_B_S
0.70
Height
0.90
Cluster Dendrogram
as.dist(Spearman_correlation_matrix diag(5))
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Extensions
Weighted network
Bipartitite and hypergraph
Dynamic network
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Extensions to dynamic
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Hypergraph
An (undirected) hypergraph (V; E) is a set system with ground
set V as hypervertrices and E = { E1 , . . . , Em } (Ej 2V ) as
hyperedges.
Equivalently, hypergraph can be represented by the incidence
matrix Hnm such that
(
1, if vi Ej ;
Hij =
0, otherwise,
Equivalently, hypergraph can be understood as a bipartitie graph
(V, E) as the partition of nodes.
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Hypergraph degree
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An example
rm(list = ls()) #remove ALL objects
library(igraph)
# Generate graph object from edge list
from <- c(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5)
to <- c("a", "b", "c", "a", "e", "b", "c", "d", "e", "a", "b", "c")
edgelist_df <- data.frame(from, to)
g <- graph.data.frame(edgelist_df, directed = FALSE)
V(g)$type <- V(g)$name %in% edgelist_df[, 1] #add the type vertex attribute to create a biaprtite graph
lay <- layout.bipartite(g)
plot(g, layout = lay[, 2:1], vertex.color = c("green", "cyan")[V(g)$type + 1]) # plot the graph
proj <- bipartite.projection(g)
g1 <- proj$proj1
g2 <- proj$proj2
b
1
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continue
Nv <- t(get.stochastic(g1, sparse = FALSE))
Nv
##
##
##
##
##
##
a
b
c
e
d
a
0.0000
0.3333
0.3333
0.3333
0.0000
b
0.25
0.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
c
0.25
0.25
0.00
0.25
0.25
e
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.00
0.25
d
0.0000
0.3333
0.3333
0.3333
0.0000
yv$vec
# the eigenvectors
##
##
##
##
##
##
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[,4]
[,5]
-0.3693 0.5477 2.719e-17 6.701e-17 -7.071e-01
-0.4924 -0.3651 -9.065e-18 -8.165e-01 3.107e-17
-0.4924 -0.3651 7.071e-01 4.082e-01 3.107e-17
-0.4924 -0.3651 -7.071e-01 4.082e-01 3.107e-17
-0.3693 0.5477 2.719e-17 6.701e-17 7.071e-01
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[5,]
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continue
Ne <- t(get.stochastic(g2, sparse = FALSE))
Ne
##
##
##
##
##
##
1
2
3
4
5
1
0.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
2
0.3333
0.0000
0.3333
0.3333
0.0000
3
0.3333
0.3333
0.0000
0.0000
0.3333
4
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
ye$vec
# the eigenvectors
##
##
##
##
##
##
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[,4]
[,5]
-0.6172 2.941e-16 -8.165e-01 -1.027e-16 0.5345
-0.4629 6.199e-01 2.283e-16 4.493e-01 -0.5345
-0.4629 -6.199e-01 1.746e-16 -4.493e-01 -0.5345
-0.3086 -3.401e-01 4.082e-01 5.460e-01 0.2673
-0.3086 3.401e-01 4.082e-01 -5.460e-01 0.2673
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[5,]
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An example
rm(list = ls()) #remove ALL objects
library(igraph)
# Generate graph object from edge list
typ <- rep(0:1, length = 10)
edg <- c(1, 2, 1, 4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 3, 10, 5, 8, 5, 10, 7, 2, 9, 4)
# edg<- c(1,6,1,7,1,8,2,6,2,10,3,7,3,8,3,9,3,10,4,6,5,7,5,8)
g <- graph.bipartite(typ, edg)
lay <- layout.bipartite(g)
plot(g, layout = lay[, 2:1], vertex.color = c("green", "cyan")[V(g)$type + 1])
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continue
H <- get.incidence(g, sparse = FALSE) #incidence matrix of a bipartite network
e <- rep(1, 5)
degv <- 1/(H %*% e)
Dv <- diag(degv[, 1]) #node degree diagonal matrix
dege <- 1/(t(H) %*% e)
De <- diag(dege[, 1]) #edge degree diagonal matrix
P <- H %*% De %*% t(H) %*% Dv # PageRank matrix
P
##
##
##
##
##
##
1
3
5
7
9
[,1]
0.6111
0.1111
0.0000
0.1111
0.1667
[,2]
0.1667
0.4167
0.2500
0.1667
0.0000
[,3]
0.00
0.25
0.75
0.00
0.00
[,4] [,5]
0.3333 0.5
0.3333 0.0
0.0000 0.0
0.3333 0.0
0.0000 0.5
# the eigenvectors
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[4,]
[5,]
[,1]
[,2]
[,3]
[,4]
[,5]
0.6882 0.58930 -1.415e-16 -0.7740 0.23655
0.4588 -0.22856 -5.000e-01 0.4141 0.71770
0.4588 -0.71339 5.000e-01 -0.1867 -0.27007
0.2294 0.05512 -5.000e-01 0.1231 -0.58903
0.2294 0.29754 5.000e-01 0.4235 -0.09515
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X Y
0 Z
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Graph interpretation I
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Period I
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( A) = max(|i |)
i
=
|{z}
Gelfands formula
lim k Ak k1/k .
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Examples: regular
1 1
1 1
(positive)
0 1
1 1
1 1
1 0
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0 1
1 0
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Examples: reducible
1 0
1 1
1 1
0 1
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Observation
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Perron-Frobenius theorem I
A testament that beautiful maths tends to be useful and useful
maths tends to be beautiful eventually.
Both German Mathematicians:
Oskar Perron (1880-1975): published 18 of his 218 papers after
84 years old
Ferdinand Georg Frobenius (1849-1917):
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k
7
Collatz-Wielandt formula:
[ Ax ]i
[ Ax ]i
= min max
x
0 i:xi 6=0 xi
i:xi 6=0 xi
r = max min
x
0
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{rei
7
2k
h
2 (h1)
h
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0
0
PAP1 = ...
0
Ah
A1 0 0 . . .
0
0 A2 0 . . .
0
..
.. ..
.. ,
.
. .
.
0
0 0 . . . A h 1
0
0 0 ...
0
where the blocks along the main diagonal are zero square
matrices.
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( I + A)n1 > 0.
Wielandts theorem. If | B| < A, then ( B) ( A).
If some power Ak is reducible, then it is completely reducible, i.e. for some
permutation matrix P, it is true that:
A1 0 0 . . . 0
0 A 0 ... 0
2
PAP1 = ..
.. ..
..
.
. .
.
0
0 0 . . . Ad
where Ai are irreducible matrices having the same maximal eigenvalue. The
number of these matrices d is the greatest common divisor of k and h.
If c( x ) = x n + ck1 x nk1 + ck2 x nk2 + . . . + cks x nks is the characteristic
polynomial of A in which the only nonzero coefficients are listed, then
h = gcd(k1 , . . . , k s )
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Cesro averages:
k
lim
For h = 1:
k
8
9
lim
A
r
i =0
k
6
k
A
r
k
vw T
> 0.
wT v
vw T
> 0.
wT v
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n max{|1 |, . . . , |n1 |}
There exists left and right eigenvectors u, w T R of n that
are nonnegative (not necessarily unique, or strictly positive):
Au = n u,
w A = n w T
T
[ Ax ]i
i:xi 6=0 xi
n = max min
x
0
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References I
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