INFLUENCE OF WHEEL LOAD AND TYRE PRESSURE
ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT BEHAVIOUR
THESIS
by
YUSUF FUAD
$2 26990020
PROGRAM MAGISTER SISTEM DAN TEKNIK JALAN RAYA
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
1993Teg. 8 Fua
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA - INSTITUT TEKNOLOG! BANDUNG
PROGRAM MAGISTER SISTEM DAN TEKNIK JALAN RAYA
INFLUENCE OF WHEEL LOAD AND TYRE PRESSURE
ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT BEHAVIOUR
by
YUSUF FUAD
$2 26990020
Approved by
[U Ahh [ers
DR. “DJUNAED! KOSASIH
SUPERVISOR
wi Otang F
DR. DAVID HUGHES
‘SUPERVISOR
a
Prof. Ir, TRISNO SOEGONDO MSCE,
HEAD OF PROGRAMME
DATE :
1993 B06SUMMARY
INFLUENCE OF WHEEL LOAD AND TYRE PRESSURE ON FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT BEHAVIOUR, Yusuf Fuad, 1993, Program Magister Sistem dan Teknik
Jalan Raya, Program Pascasarjana, Institut Teknologi Bandung.
‘The thesis is concerned with an analytical approach to analyzing the performance of
pavement structures using The Asphalt Institute Computer Program Dama. The main
objectives of the investigation has been to evaluate the offect of various combinations of
axle load and tyre pressure on flexible pavement failure behaviour for various pavement
characteristics in terms of asphalt concrete stiffness and thickness, granular base modulus
and thickness, subgrade modulus and air temperature.
‘The major defects observed on a pavement surface due to traffic loading are normally
assumed to be cracking and permanent deformation. The analysis is based on the
assumption that cracking originates at the underside of the bituminous layer due to stresses
induced by the traffic. The design criteria used to limit cracking and permanent
deformation are consecutively the horizontal tensile strain at the underside of a bituminous
layer and the vertical compressive strain at the surface of subgrade. Such criteria arc also
adopted in program Dama in determining the design life of pavement structures.
‘The general pavement structure used in the investigation has been a three layer system
consisting of asphaltic concrete surfacing, granular base and subgrade. The characteristics
of asphaltic concrete influenced by such factors as aggregate grading, filler content, time of
loading, type and content of binder (bitumen), and degree of compaction is represented by
the layer stiffness. The granular base layer is stress dependent and its characteristic is
represented by a modulus that is a function of the asphalt layer thickness and modulus,
foundation support and the thickness and the quality of the unbound base material itself.
‘The characteristic of the subgrade is represented by the modulus which is governed by the
degree of compaction applied to it prior to pavement construction, and its subsequent
response to moisture changes.
The results of this study showed that the wheel load and tyre pressure have a different
influence on the fatigue and deformation life, In deformation life, influence of whee! load is
greater than tyre pressure, independent on pavement structures. In fatigue life, influence of
wheel load and tyre pressure is critically dependent on the asphalt concrete thickness, in
which, influence of wheel load decreases with the decrease in thickness and influence of
tyre pressure increascs with the decrcasc in thicknessRINGKASAN
PENGARUH BEBAN RODA DAN TEKANAN BAN PADA KELAKUAN
PERKERASAN LENTUR, Yusuf Fuad, 1993, Program Magister Sistem dan Teknik
Jalan Raya, Program Pascasarjana, Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Tesis ini merupakan suatu pendekatan analitis untuk menganalisa kinerja. struktur
perkerasan dengan menggunakan program komputer Dama dari The Asphalt Institute
Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah mengamati pengaruh dari berbagai kombinasi beban
dan tekanan ban pada sifat-sifat keruntuhan perkerasan lentur untuk berbagai kondisi
perkerasan, seperti kekakuan dan ketebalan lapis permukaan aspal beton, ketebalan dan
kualitas pondasi, kekekuan tanah dasar (CBR) dan temperatur udara.
Kerusakan utama yang teramati pada permukaan perkerasan yang diakibatkan oleh
beban alu lintas umummya adalah retak dan deformasi permanen, Metoda analisa
umumnya didasarkan pada asumsi bahwa retak berawal dari dasar lapisan aspal akibat
tegangan yang ditimbulkan oleh beban lalu lintas, Kriteria perencanaan yang digunaka,
‘untuk membatasi etal: dan deformasi adalah regangan tarik horisontal pada dasar lapisan
aspal dan regangan tckan vestikal pada permukaan tanah dasar. Kriteria demikian juga
digunakan dalam program Dama untuk menentukan umur rencana straktur perkerasan.
‘Struktur perkerasan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah struktur dengan tiga
lapisan yang terdiri dari aspal beton, pondasi dengan material berbutir dan tanah dasar.
Sifat aspal beton yang tergantung pada gradasi material batuan, jumlah fraksi halus, lana
pembebanan, jenis dan jumlah bahan pengikat (bitumen), serta kepadatannya diwakili oleh
nilai modulus kekakuannya. Kekakuan lapisan pondasi dengan material berbutir
tergantung pada tegangan yang bekerja, dan dalam hal ini nilainya tergantung dari
ketebalan dan kekaknan fapisan aspal, kekakuan lapisan tanah dasar, serta ketebalan dan
kkualitas lapisan pondasi itu sendiri, Karakseristik tanah dasar diwakili nilai modulus yang,
sesuai dengan tingkat kepadatan yang diberikan pada tahap awal konstruksi, dan juga pada
perubahan kadar air.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa beban roda dan tekanan ban
mempunyai pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap umur deformasi dan fatigue. Untuk umur
deformasi, pengaruh dari beban roda lebih besar dari tekanan ban, dan tidak tergantung
pada struktur perkerasan. Sedangkan pada ummr fatigue, pengaruh dari beban roda dan
tekanan ban sangat tergantung pada ketebalan lapisan aspal, yang dalam hal ini pengaruh
dari beban roda berkurang dengan berkurangnya ketebalan lapisan aspal, sementara
pengaruh tekanan ban meningkat dengan berkurangnya ketebalan.TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ..
RINGKASAN
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...
TABLE OF CONTENTS...
LIST OF TABLES ..
LIST OF FIGURES .
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..
I INTRODUCTION.............
L.1 General Background
12 Objectives . se
I. LITERATURE REVIEW
IL1 Design Principles ..
ILL. Basis for Design ..
W.1.2. Design Criteria
1.2. Material Characterization
1.2.1 Asphalt Layer ..
1.2.2. Unbound Granular Layer ..
1.2.3 Subgrade.
113 Specification of Loading
IL4 Performance Criteria ..
ILS Computer Program ...
Il WORK PROGRAMME,
11.2.1 Asphalt Concrete Layer ...
11.2.2 Granular Base Layer ..
11.2.3. Subgrade ..
11.2.4 Air Temperature
IV DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS ....
IV.1 Pavement Configuration ...
IV.2 Influence of Wheel Load and Tyre Pressure on the Load Repettions to
Failure for Various Asphalt Concrete Stiffnesses .....
v3 Induce of Wheel Load and Tye Presue onthe Lond Repti to
Failure for Various Asphalt Thicknesses .....
IV4 Influence of Wheel Load and Tyre Pressure on the Load Repettions to
Failure for Various Granular Base Thicknesses. 2B
IV.5 Influence of Wheel Load and Tyre Pressure on
Failure for Various Granular Base Qualities (K1) ...
IV.6 Influence of Wheel Load and Tyre Pressure on the Lod Repetto ‘0
Failure for Various Subgrade CBR values ........
26
30
31IV.7 Influence of Wheel Load and Tyre Pressure on the Load Repetitions to
Failure for Various Air Temperatures ..
1V.8 Influence of Wheel Load and Tyre Pressure on the Load Repetitions to
Failure of Fatigue Based Structure for Various asphalt Concrete
Thicknesses .
V_ CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
V.1 Conclusions ..........
'V.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES ...
BIBLIOGRAPHIES ..
34
66
68
69
aCHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
V.1 Conclusions
The computer program Dama is an clastic-layered pavement analysis program
used to ascertain the repetitions to failure of a given pavement structure subjected to any
design load configuration. The distress modes used to estimate the design life are
permanent deformation and fatigue cracking.
The investigation described in this thesis concentrated on influences of important
loading parameters applied on a given pavement with various pavement configurations and
layer material characteristics.
The results of this study show that wheel load and tyre pressure indicated a
different influence on the design life of fatigue and permanent deformation failure criterion.
The detail conclusions are as follows :
1, Whee! load have greater influence on the subgrade permanent deformation failure than
the tyre pressure. At designed reference pavement, relationship between wheel load and
design life was :
Nd = 6,667 E+11 (WL) #27!
While, relationship between tyre pressure and design life was :
Na = 2.291 B+05 (TP) 146
2. Effect of pavement configuration on the relationship between deformation life and wheel
load were as follows :
— an increase in asphalt concrete and granular base thickness resulted in higher
intercept and only slightly the slope of wheel load relationship
— an increase in stiffhess of asphalt concrete resulted in higher intercept but did not
show any clear indication in slope of wheel load relationship~ an increase in granular base quality resulted in higher intercept and only slightly the
slope of wheel load relationship
~ an increase in subgrade CBR resulted in higher intercept, while the slope slight
increased up until certain value, then decreased
= an increase in air temperature resulted in lower intercept and did not any clear
indication in slope
3. Effect of pavement configuration on the relationship between deformation life and tyre
pressure were as follows :
= an increase in asphalt concrete and granular base thickness resulted in higher
intercept and lower slightly the slope
— an increase in stiffness of asphalt concrete resulted in higher intercept and lower
slightly the slope
= an increase in granular base quality resulted in higher intercept and lower slightly
the slope
— an increase in subgrade CBR resulted in higher intercept and slightly the slope
- an increase in air temperature resulted in lower intercept and higher slightly slope
4. On the fatigue based structure, thickness of asphalt concrete layer have important
influence on the relationship between whee! load and fatigue life. An increase in
thickness resulted in higher intercept and slope of whee! load relationship. The wheel
load relationship of pavement using 300 mm asphalt concrete thickness was :
Ne = 2.819 E+12 (WL) 3-9!
‘While, on the pavement using 50 mm asphalt concrete thickness was :
N¢ = 6.640 E+05 (WL) 9580
‘The thickness of asphalt concrete layer also have important influence on the relationship
between tyre pressure and fatigue life, in which, an increase in asphalt concrete
thickiess tesulted in lower intercept and higher slope. The tyre pressure relationship of
prretient usittg 300 mm asphalt doflerete thickness was :Nf = 1474 £+08 (TP) 0-234
While, on the pavement using 50 mm asphalt concrete thickness was :
Nf = 5,859 E+17 (TP) 4110
a
For thin asphalt concrete thickness the fatigue life was relatively independent of the
wheel load, and tyre pressure appeared to be a more significant factor than wheel load.
7. The horizontal stress and strain at the bottom of the asphalt concrete layer indicated an
important effect of asphalt concrete thickness on the fatigue life and wheel load
relationship. The important effect of thickness also indicated on the fatigue and tyre
pressure relationship.
V.2 Recommendations
The present study indicated that the influence of wheel load and tyre pressure on
the design life of fatigue structures is critically dependent on the asphalt concrete thickness,
and there is a unique relationship between loading parameters and design life on the thin
asphalt concrete layer. Based on this results, the further research is recommended to
investigate the effect of wheel load and tyre pressure on the thin asphalt concrete layer with
various combinations of asphalt concrete stiffnesses, granular base stiffnesses and
thicknesses.REFERENCES
. AASHO (1972), Interim Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, American
Association of State Highway officials, Washington, D.C.
ASPHALT INSTITUTE (1981), Thickness Design - Asphalt Pavements for Highways
and Streets, Manual Series No, 1 (MS-1), College Park, Maryland 20740.
3. ASPHALT INSTITUTE (1982), Research and Development of The Asphalt Institute's
Thickness Design Manual (MS-1) Ninth Edition, Research Report No. 82-2, College
Park, Maryland.
4. ASPHALT INSTITUTE (1983), D, User's
College Park, Maryland.
5. BINA MARGA (1983), Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Lapis Aspal Beton.
6. CLAESSEN, ALM, EDWARDS, J.M., SOMMER, P. and UGE, P. (1977), Asphalt
Pavement Design, The Shell Method, Proc, Fourth Int. Conf. on The Structural Design
of Asphalt Pavements, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
7. FINN, F.N., NAIR, K., HILLIARD, J.M. (1978), Minimizing Premature Cracking in
Asphaltic Concrete Pavement, NCHRP Report 195.
8. FREEME, C.R. and MARAIS, C.P. (1972), The Structural Behavior of Bituminous
Surfacings in an Experimental Asphalt Pavement. Proc. ‘Third Int. Conf. on The Struc-
x
9. HICKS, R. G. (1970), Factors Influencing the Resiliem Properties of Granular
Materials, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California.
10.KALLAS, B.F. and SHOOK, J.F. (1977), San Diego County Experimental Base
Project, Final Report, Research Report No. 77-1, The Asphalt Institute.
ILMcELVANEY, J. (1991), Evolution of Flexible Pavement Thickness Design
Methodologies. ICE P E University of
Hong Kong.
12.PRIBADL, L.T. (1988), Quantitative Evaluation of Factors Influencing Pavement
Design Life Using Computer Programme DAMA. MSc, Thesis, $2 Programme in
Highway Engineering and Development, ITB, Indonesia.
13.SANTUCCI, L.E. (1977), Thickness Design Procedure for Asphalt and Emulsified
Asphalt Mixes. Proc, Fourth Int, Conf, on The Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements,
‘Ann Arbor, Michigan.
14.SHELL (1978), Shell Pavement Design Manual, Asphalt Pavement and Overlays for
Road Traffic, Shell International Petroleum Company, Lid., London.70
15, SHELL (1988), Shell Pavement Design Method, BISAR-PC User Manual, Shell Inter-
national Petroleum Company, Ltd., London.
16.SHOOK, J.F,FINN, F. N.WITCZAK, MW. and MONISHMITH, C.L. (1982),
Thickness Design of Asphalt Pavement - The Asphalt Institute Methods, Proc, Fifth Int.
Conf. on The Structural Design pavements, Netherland.
17.TERREL, R. L., and AWARD, |. S. (1972), "Laboratory Considerations," Proc. Assoc.
See EERE e aad
are M. Ww. ee ee ee Pavement. Proc.
19. YODER, EJ. and WITCZAK, M. W. (1975), Principles of Pavement Design, 2nd
Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.XN
=
BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
. BURMISTER, D.M. (1945), The General Theory Of Stresses and Displacements in
Layered Soil Systems, of Applied PI
CLAESSEN, A.M, EDWARDS, J.M., SOMMER, P. and UGE, P. (1977), Asphalt
Pavement Design, The Shell Method, Proc, Fourth Int. Conf.on Structural Design of
Asphalt Pavements, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
CRAUS, J., YUCE, R. and MONISHMITH C.L. (1984), Fatigue Behavior of Thin
Asphalt Concrete Layers in Flexible Pavement Structures. Proc. Assoc. of Asphalt
Paving Technologists, Vol. 53.
KREBS R. D. and WALKER, R. D. (1971), Highway Materials, McGraw Hill.
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Pavements to Carry Very Heavy Traffic. Proc. Fi
of Asphalt Pavements, The Technical University of Delft.
MCcELVANEY, J. (1991), An Aspect of Flexible Pavement Performance not Normally
Considered in Design by Structural Analysis. ICE Short Course on Pavement Design
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AFWL-TR-69-9, Air Force Weapons Laboratory Technical Report. Kirkland Air Force
Base, New Mexico,