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INTRODUCTION:

The Roy Adaptation Model is deeply rooted in nursing practice, and this, in part, contributes to its continued success
(Fawcett, 2002). It remains one of the most frequently used conceptual frameworks to guide nursing practice, and it is
used nationally and internationally (Roy & Andrews, 1999; Fawcett, 2005).

The Roy Adaptation Model has greatly influenced the profession of nursing. It is one of the most frequently
used models to guide nursing research, education, and practice.
The Roy Adaptation Model focuses on enhancing the basic life processes of the individual and
group.
NURSING THEORIST AND THEIR WORK
While working as a pediatric staff nurse, Roy had noticed the great resiliency of children and their ability to
adapt in response to major physical and psychological changes. Roy was impressed by adaptation as an appropriate
conceptual framework for nursing. The Roy Adaptation Model was first presented in the literature in an article
published in Nursing Outlook in 1970 entitled Adaptation: A Conceptual Framework for Nursing (Roy, 1970).
THEORETICAL SOURCES
Derivation of the Roy Adaptation Model for nursing included a citation of Harry Helsons work in psychophysics that
extended to social and behavioral sciences (Roy, 1984). In Helsons adaptation theory, adaptive responses are a
function of the incoming stimulus and the adaptive level (Roy, 1984). A stimulus is any factor that provokes a
response. Stimuli may arise from the internal or the external environment (Roy, 1984).
The adaptation level is made up of the pooled effect of the following three classes of stimuli:
1. Focal stimuli immediately confront the individual.
2. Contextual stimuli are all other stimuli present that contribute to the effect of the focal stimulus.
3. Residual stimuli are environmental factors of which the effects are unclear in a given situation.

Helsons work developed the concept of the adaptation level zone, which determines whether a stimulus will elicit
a positive or negative response. According to Helsons theory, adaptation is the process of responding positively to
environmental changes (Roy & Roberts, 1981). Roy (Roy & Roberts, 1981) combined Helsons work with Rapoports
definition of system to view the person as an adaptive system.
After the development of her model, Roy presented it as a framework for nursing practice, research, and
education.
Roy builds on Sullivans suggestion that self arises from social interaction (Roy, 1984).
Roy agrees with other theorists who believe that changes in the person-environment systems of the earth are so
extensive that a major epoch is ending (Davies, 1988; De Chardin, 1966)
According to Roy (1997), persons are coextensive with their physical and social environments (p. 43) and they
share a destiny with the universe and are responsible for mutual transformations (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 395).
Developments of the model that were related to the integral relationship between person and environment have
been influenced by Pierre Teilhard De Chardins law of progressive complexity and increasing consciousness ( De
Chardin, 1959, 1965, 1966, 1969) and the work of Swimme and Berry (1992).

MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS


System
A system is a set of parts connected to function as a whole for some purpose and that does so by virtue of the
interdependence of its parts (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 32). In addition to having wholeness and related parts,
systems also have inputs, outputs, and control and feedback processes (Andrews & Roy, 1991, p. 7).
Adaptation Level
Adaptation level represents the condition of the life processes described on three levels as integrated, compensatory,
and compromised (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 30). A persons adaptation level is a constantly changing point, made up
of focal, contextual, and residual stimuli, which represent the persons own standard of the range of stimuli to which
one can respond with ordinary adaptive responses (Roy, 1984, pp. 2728).
Adaptation Problems
Adaptation problems are broad areas of concern related to adaptation. These describe the difficulties related to the
indicators of positive adaptation (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 65). Roy (1984) states the following:
It can be noted at this point that the distinction being made between adaptation problems and nursing diagnoses is
based on the developing work in both of these fields. At this point, adaptation problems are seen not as nursing
diagnoses, but as areas of concern for the nurse related to adapting person or group (within each adaptive mode) (pp.
8990).
Focal Stimulus

The focal stimulus is the internal or external stimulus most immediately confronting the human system (Roy &
Andrews, 1999, p. 31).
Contextual Stimuli
Contextual stimuli are all other stimuli present in the situation that contribute to the effect of the focal stimulus (Roy
& Andrews, 1999, p. 31), that is, contextual stimuli are all the environmental factors that present to the person from
within or without but which are not the center of the persons attention and/or energy (Andrews & Roy, 1991, p. 9).
Residual Stimuli
Residual stimuli are environmental factors within or without the human system with effects in the current situation
that are unclear (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 32).
Coping Processes
Coping processes are innate or acquired ways of interacting with the changing environment (Roy & Andrews, 1999,
p. 31).
Innate Coping Mechanisms
Innate coping mechanisms are genetically determined or common to the species and are generally viewed as
automatic processes; humans do not have to think about them (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 46).
Acquired Coping Mechanisms
Acquired coping mechanisms are developed through strategies such as learning. The experiences encountered
throughout life contribute to customary responses to particular stimuli (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 46).
Regulator Subsystem
Regulator is a major coping process involving the neural, chemical, and endocrine systems ( Roy & Andrews, 1999, p.
32).
Cognator Subsystem
Cognator is a major coping process involving four cognitive-emotive channels: perceptual and information processing,
learning, judgment, and emotion (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 31).
MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONScontd
Adaptive Responses
Adaptive responsesare those that promote integrity in terms of the goals of human systems (Roy &
Andrews, 1999, p. 31).
Ineffective Responses
Ineffective responses are those that do not contribute to integrity in terms of the goals of the human system ( Roy &
Andrews, 1999, p. 31).
Integrated Life Process
Integrated life process refers to the adaptation level at which the structures and functions of a life process are
working as a whole to meet human needs (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 31).
Physiological-Physical Mode
The physiological mode is associated with the physical and chemical processes involved in the function and activities
of living organisms (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 102). Five needs are identified in the physiological- physical mode
relative to the basic need of physiological integrity as follows: (1) oxygenation, (2) nutrition, (3) elimination, (4) activity
and rest, and (5) protection. Complex processes that include the senses; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance;
neurological function; and endocrine function contribute to physiological adaptation. The basic need of the
physiological mode is physiological integrity (Roy & Andrews, 1999). The physical mode is the manner in which the
collective human adaptive system manifests adaptation relative to basic operating resources, participants, physical
facilities, and fiscal resources (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 104). The basic need of the physical mode is operating
integrity.
Self-Concept-Group Identity Mode
The self-concept-group identity mode is one of the three psychosocial modes; it focuses specifically on the
psychological and spiritual aspects of the human system. The basic need underlying the individual self-concept mode
has been identified as psychic and spiritual integrity, or the need to know who one is so that one can be or exist with a
sense of unity, meaning, and purposefulness in the universe (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 107). Self-concept is defined
as the composite of beliefs and feelings about oneself at a given time and is formed from internal perceptions and
perceptions of others reactions (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 107). Its components include the following: (1) the physical
self, which involves sensation and body image, and (2) the personal self, which is made up of self-consistency, selfideal or expectancy, and the moral-ethical-spiritual self. The group identity mode reflects how people in groups
perceive themselves based on environmental feedback. The group identity mode [is composed] of interpersonal

relationships, group self-image, social milieu, and culture (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 108). The basic need of the group
identity mode is identity integrity (Roy & Andrews, 1999).
Role Function Mode
The role function mode is one of two social modes and focuses on the roles the person occupies in society. A role, as
the functioning unit of society, is defined as a set of expectations about how a person occupying one position behaves
toward a person occupying another position. The basic need underlying the role function mode has been identified as
social integritythe need to know who one is in relation to others so that one can act (Hill &
Roberts, 1981, pp. 109110). Persons perform primary, secondary, and tertiary roles. These roles are carried out with
both instrumental and expressive behaviors. Instrumental behavior is the actual physical
performance of a behavior (Andrews, 1991, p. 348). Expressive behaviors are the feelings, attitudes, likes or dislikes
that a person has about a role or about the performance of a role (Andrews, 1991, p. 348).
The primary role determines the majority of behavior engaged in by the person during a particular period of life. It is
determined by age, sex, and developmental stage (Andrews, 1991, p. 349). Secondary roles are those that a person
assumes to complete the task associated with a developmental stage and primary role (Andrews, 1991, p. 349).
Tertiary roles are related primarily to secondary roles and represent ways in which individuals meet their role
associated obligations . . . Tertiary roles are normally temporary in nature, freely chosen by the individual, and may
include activities such as clubs or hobbies (Andrews, 1991, p. 349).
The major roles that one plays can be analyzed by imagining a tree formation. The trunk of the tree is ones primary
role, or developmental level, such as a generative adult female. Secondary roles branch off from thisfor example,
wife, mother, and teacher. Finally, tertiary roles branch off from secondary rolesfor example, the mother role might
involve the role of parent-teacher association president for a given period. Each of these roles is seen as occurring in a
dyadic relationship, that is, with a reciprocal role (Roy & Andrews, 1999).
Interdependence Mode
The interdependence mode focuses on close relationships of people (individually and collectively) and their purpose,
structure, and development . . . Interdependent relationships involve the willingness and ability to give to others and
accept from them aspects of all that one has to offer such as love, respect, value, nurturing, knowledge, skills,
commitments, material possessions, time, and talents (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 111). The basic need of this mode is
termed relational integrity (Roy & Andrews, 1999).
Two specific relationships are the focus of the interdependence mode as it applies to individuals.
The first is with significant others, persons who are the most important to the individual.
The second is with support systems, that is, others contributing to meeting interdependence needs (Roy & Andrews,
1999, p. 112). Two major areas of interdependence behaviors have been identified: receptive behavior and
contributive behavior. These behaviors apply respectively to the receiving and giving of love, respect and value in
interdependent relationships (Roy & Andrews,
1999, p. 112).
Perception
Perception is the interpretation of a stimulus and the conscious appreciation of it (Pollock, 1993, p. 169). Perception
links the regulator with the cognator and connects the adaptive modes (Rambo, 1983).
USE OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS

Assumptions from systems theory and assumptions from adaptation level theory have been combined into a single
set of scientific assumptions. From systems theory, human adaptive systems are viewed as interactive parts that
act in unity for some purpose. Human adaptive systems are complex and multifaceted and respond to a myriad of
environmental stimuli to achieve adaptation. With their ability to adapt to environmental stimuli, humans have the
capacity to create changes in the environment (Roy & Andrews, 1999).

Roy combined the assumptions of humanism and veritivity into a single set of philosophical assumptions.
Humanism asserts that the person and human experiences are essential to knowing and valuing, and that they
share in creative power. Veritivity affirms the belief in the purpose, value, and meaning of all human life.

VISION BASIC TO CONCEPTS FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY


Scientific Assumptions

n Systems of matter and energy progress to higher levels of complex self-organization.

n Consciousness and meaning are constitutive of person and environment integration.

n Awareness of self and environment is rooted in thinking and feeling.


n Humans, by their decisions, are accountable for the integration of creative processes.

n Thinking and feeling mediate human action.

n System relationships include acceptance, protection, and fostering of interdependence.

n Persons and the earth have common patterns and integral relationships.

n Persons and environment transformations are created in human consciousness.

n Integration of human and environment meanings results in adaptation.


Philosophical Assumptions

n Persons have mutual relationships with the world and God.

n Human meaning is rooted in an omega point convergence of the universe.

n God is ultimately revealed in the diversity of creation and is the common destiny of creation.

n Persons use human creative abilities of awareness, enlightenment, and faith.

n Persons are accountable for the processes of deriving, sustaining, and transforming the universe.
From Roy, C., & Andrews, H. (1999). The Roy adaptation model (2nd ed., p. 35). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
ADAPTATION
According to Roy, adaptation refers to the process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons, as individuals
or in groups, use conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration (Roy & Andrews,
1999, p. 30). Rather than being a human system that simply strives to respond to environmental stimuli to maintain
integrity, every human life is purposeful in a universe that is creative, and persons are inseparable from their
environment.
NURSING

Roy defines nursing broadly as a health care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and
emphasizes promotion of health for individuals, families, groups, and society as a whole (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p.
4). Nursing acts to enhance the interaction of the person with the environmentto

Specifically, Roy defines nursing according to her model as the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities
and enhances person and environmental transformation.

She identifies nursing activities as the assessment of behavior and the stimuli that influence adaptation. Nursing
judgments are based on this assessment, and interventions are planned to manage the stimuli (Roy & Andrews,
1999).

Roys goal of nursing is the promotion of adaptation for individuals and groups in each of the four adaptive
modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignity (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 19). Nursing
fills a unique role as a facilitator of adaptation by assessing behavior in each of these four adaptive modes and
factors influencing adaptation and by intervening to promote adaptive abilities and to enhance environment
interactions (Roy & Andrews, 1999).
HEALTH

Health is a state and a process of being and becoming integrated and a whole person. It is a reflection of
adaptation, that is, the interaction of the person and the environment (Andrews & Roy, 1991, p. 21).

Roy (1984) derived this definition from the thought that adaptation is a process of promoting physiological,
psychological, and social integrity, and that integrity implies an unimpaired condition leading to completeness or
unity. In her earlier work, Roy view health along a continuum flowing from death and extreme poor health to highlevel and peak wellness (Brower & Baker, 1976).

Roy wrote, Health is not freedom from the inevitability of death, disease, unhappiness, and stress, but the ability
to cope with them in a competent way (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 52).

Health and illness is one inevitable, coexistent dimension of the persons total life experience ( Riehl & Roy, 1980).
Nursing is concerned with this dimension. When mechanisms for coping are ineffective, illness is the result. Health
ensues when humans continually adapt. As people adapt to stimuli, they are free to respond to other stimuli. The
freeing of energy from ineffective coping attempts can promote healing and enhance health (Roy, 1984).
ENVIRONMENT
Environment is all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development and
behavior of persons or groups, with particular consideration of the mutuality of person and earth resources that
includes focal, contextual, and residual stimuli (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 81).

It is the changing environment [that] stimulates the person to make adaptive responses (Andrews & Roy, 1991,
p. 18). Environment is the input into the person as an adaptive system involving both internal and external factors.
These factors may be slight or large, negative or positive.

However, any environmental change demands increasing energy to adapt to the situation. Factors in the
environment that affect the person are categorized as focal, contextual, and residual stimuli.
PERSON

According to Roy, humans are holistic, adaptive systems. As an adaptive system, the human system is described
as a whole with parts that function as unity for some purpose. Human systems include people as individuals or in
groups, including families, organizations, communities, and society as a whole (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 31).

Human systems have thinking and feeling capacities, rooted in consciousness and meaning, by which they adjust
effectively to changes in the environment and, in turn, affect the environment (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 36).
Persons and the earth have common patterns and mutuality of relations and meaning (Roy & Andrews, 1999).
Roy (Roy & Andrews, 1999) defined the person as the main focus of nursing, the recipient of nursing care, a living,
complex, adaptive system with internal processes (cognator and regulator) acting to maintain adaptation in the
four adaptive modes (physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence).

THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS

Roys model focuses on the concept of adaptation of the person. Her concepts of nursing, person, health, and
environment are all interrelated to this central concept. The person continually experiences environmental stimuli.
Ultimately, a response is made and adaptation occurs. This response may be either an adaptive or ineffective
response.

An Adaptive responses promote integrity and help the person to achieve the goals of adaptation, that is, they
achieve survival, growth, reproduction, mastery, and person and environmental transformations. Ineffective
responses fail to achieve or threaten the goals of adaptation.

Nursing has a unique goal to assist the persons adaptation effort by managing the environment. The result is
attainment of an optimal level of wellness by the person (Andrews & Roy, 1986; Randell, Tedrow, & Van
Landingham, 1982; Roy, 1970, 1971, 1980, 1984; Roy & Roberts, 1981).

As an open living system, the person receives inputs or stimuli from both the environment and the self. The
adaptation level is determined by the combined effect of focal, contextual, and residual stimuli. Adaptation occurs
when the person responds positively to environmental changes. This adaptive response promotes the integrity of
the person, which leads to health.

Ineffective responses to stimuli lead to disruption of the integrity of the person (Andrews & Roy, 1986; Randell,
Tedrow, & Van Landingham, 1982; Roy, 1970, 1971, 1980; Roy & McLeod, 1981).

There are two interrelated subsystems in Roys model (Figure 171). The primary, functional, or control processes
subsystem consists of the regulator and the cognator. The secondary, effector subsystem consists of the following
four adaptive modes: (1) physiological needs, (2) self-concept, (3) role function, and (4) interdependence ( Andrews
& Roy, 1986; Limandri, 1986; Mastal, Hammond, & Roberts, 1982; Meleis, 1985, 2007; Riehl & Roy, 1980; Roy,
1971, 1975).

Roy views the regulator and the cognator as methods of coping. The regulator coping subsystem, by way of
the physiological adaptive mode, responds automatically through neural, chemical, and endocrine coping
processes (Andrews & Roy, 1991, p. 14). The cognator coping subsystem, by way of the self-concept,
interdependence, and role function adaptive modes, responds through four cognitive-emotive channels:
perceptual information processing, learning, judgment, and emotion (Andrews & Roy, 1991, p. 14).

Perception is the interpretation of a stimulus, and perception links the regulator with the cognator in that input
into the regulator is transformed into perceptions. Perception is a process of the cognator. The responses following
perception are feedback into both the cognator and the regulator (Galligan, 1979, p. 67).

The four adaptive modes of the two subsystems in Roys model provide form or manifestations of cognator and
regulator activity. Responses to stimuli are carried out through four adaptive modes. The physiologicalphysical
adaptive mode is concerned with the way humans interact with the environment through physiological processes
to meet the basic needs of oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity and rest, and protection.

The self-concept group identity adaptive mode is concerned with the need to know who one is and how to act in
society. An individuals self-concept is defined by Roy as the composite of beliefs or feelings that an individual
holds about him- or herself at any given time (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 49). An individuals self-concept is
composed of the physical self (body sensation and body image) and the personal self (selfconsistency, self-ideal,
and moral-ethical-spiritual self).

The role function adaptive mode describes the primary, secondary, and tertiary roles that an individual performs in
society. A role describes the expectations about how one person behaves toward another person. The
interdependence adaptive mode describes the interactions of people in society. The major task of the
interdependence adaptive mode is for persons to give and receive love, respect, and value. The most important
components of the interdependence adaptive mode are a persons significant other (spouse, child, friend, or God)
and his or her social support system. The purpose of the four adaptive modes is to achieve physiological,
psychological, and social integrity. The four adaptive modes are interrelated through perception (Roy & Andrews,
1999) (Figure 172).

The person as a whole is made up of six subsystems. These subsystems (the regulator, the cognator, and the four
adaptive modes) are interrelated to form a complex system for the purpose of adaptation.

Relationships among the four adaptive modes occur when internal and external stimuli affect more than one mode,
when disruptive behavior occurs in more than one mode, or when one mode becomes the focal, contextual, or
residual stimulus for another mode (Brower & Baker, 1976; Chinn & Kramer, 2008; Mastal & Hammond, 1980).
ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING COMMUNITY
PRACTICE

Roys model is useful for nursing practice, because it outlines the features of the discipline and provides direction for
practice, education, and research. The model considers goals, values, the patient, and practitioner interventions. Roys
nursing process is well developed. The two-level assessment assists in identification of nursing goals and diagnoses
(Brower & Baker, 1976).
The goal of nursing and of the model is adaptation in four adaptive modes in a persons health and illness. The
prescriptive interventions are when the nurse manages stimuli by removing, increasing, decreasing, or altering them.
These prescriptions may be found in the list of practice-related hypotheses generated by the model (Roy, 1984).
When using Roys six-step nursing process, the nurse performs the following six functions:
1. Assesses the behaviors manifested from the four adaptive modes
2. Assesses the stimuli for those behaviors and categorizes them as focal, contextual, or residual stimuli
Makes a statement or nursing diagnosis of the persons adaptive state
4. Sets goals to promote adaptation
5. Implements interventions aimed at managing the stimuli to promote adaptation
6. Evaluates whether the adaptive goals have been met.
By manipulating the stimuli and not the patient, the nurse enhances the interaction of the person with their
environment, thereby promoting health (Andrews & Roy, 1986, p. 51). The nursing process is well suited for use in a
practice setting. The two-level assessment is unique to this model and leads to the identification of adaptation
problems or nursing diagnoses.
Roy and colleagues have developed a typology of nursing diagnoses from the perspective of the Roy Adaptation
Model (Roy, 1984; Roy & Roberts, 1981). In this typology, commonly recurring problems have been related to the basic
needs of the four adaptive modes (Andrews & Roy, 1991).
Intervention is based specifically on the model, but there is a need to develop an organization of categories of nursing
interventions (Roy & Roberts, 1981). Nurses provide interventions that alter, increase, decrease, remove, or maintain
stimuli (Roy & Andrews, 1999).
Example: Weiland (2010) described use of the Roy Adaptation Model in the critical care setting by advanced practice
nurses to incorporate spiritual care into nursing care of patients and families. Spiritual care is an important, but often
overlooked, aspect of nursing care for patients in the critical care setting. The Roy Adaptation Model has been
applied. Care of young women who were contemplating smoking cessation. The author provides a comprehensive
discussion of the use of Roys six-step nursing process to guide nursing care for women in their midtwenties who
smoked and were members of a closed support group.
The researcher performed a two-level assessment. In the first level, stimuli were identified for each of the four
adaptive modes. In the second level, the nurse made a judgment about the focal (nicotine addiction), contextual
(belief that smoking is enjoyable, makes them feel good, relaxes them, brings them a sense of comfort, and is part of
their routine), and residual stimuli (beliefs and attitudes about their body image and that smoking cessation causes
weight gain). The nurse made the nursing diagnosis that for this group, a lack of motivation to quit smoking was
related to dependency. The women in the support group and the nurse mutually established short-term goals to
change behaviors, rather than the long-term goal of smoking cessation. The intervention focused on discussion of the
effects of smoking on the body, reasons and beliefs about smoking and smoking cessation, stress management,
nutrition, physical activity, and self-esteem.
Intro? Newman (1997a) applied the Roy Adaptation Model to caregivers of chronically ill family members:
Newman views the chronically ill family member as the focal stimulus. Contextual stimuli include the caregivers age,
gender, and relationship to the chronically ill family member. The caregivers physical health status is a manifestation
of the physiological adaptive mode. The caregivers emotional responses to caregiving (i.e., shock, fear, anger, guilt,
increased anxiety) are effective or ineffective responses of the self-concept mode. Relationships with significant others
and support indicate adaptive responses in the interdependence mode. Caregivers primary, secondary, and tertiary
roles are strained by the addition of the caregiving role. Practice and research implications illuminate the
applicability of the Roy Adaptation Model for providing care to caregivers of chronically ill family
members.
The Roy Adaptation Model has been applied to adult patients with various medical conditions, including post-traumatic
stress disorder (Nayback, 2009), to women in menopause (Cunningham, 2002), and to the assessment of an elderly
man undergoing a right, below-the-knee amputation. The Roy Adaptation
Model has been used to evaluate the care of needs of adolescents with cancer (Ramini, Brown, & Buckner, 2008),
asthma (Buckner, Simmons, Brakefield, et al., 2007), high-normal or hypertensive blood pressure readings (Starnes &
Peters, 2004), and death and dying (Dobratz, 2011).

Dunn (2004) reports the use of theoretical substruction to derive a middle-range theory of adaptation for
chronic pain from the Roy Adaptation Model. In Dunns model of adaptation to chronic pain, pain intensity
is specified as the focal stimulus. Contextual stimuli include age, race, and gender. Religious and

nonreligious coping are functions of the cognator subsystem. Manifestations of adaptation to chronic pain
are its effects on functional ability and psychological and spiritual well-being.
Tsai, Tak, Moore, and Palencia (2003) derived a middle-range theory of pain from the Roy Adaptation
Model. In the theory of chronic pain, chronic pain is the focal stimulus, disability and social support are
contextual stimuli, and age and gender are residual stimuli. Perceived daily stress is a coping process.
Whittemore and Roy (2002) developed a middlerange theory of adapting to diabetes mellitus using theory
synthesis. Based on an analysis of Pollocks (1993) middle-range theory of chronic illness and a thorough
review of the literature, reconceptualization of the chronic illness model and the addition of concepts such
as self-management, integration, and health-within-illness more specifically extend the Roy Adaptation
Model to adapting to diabetes mellitus. Pollocks (1993) research on adaptation to chronic illness theory
included patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis, hypertension, and rheumatoid
arthritis.
An answer to this challenge is that Roys adaptation model is holistic, since change in the internal or
external environment (stimulus) leads to response (adapts) as a whole. The Roy model includes the
concepts of nursing, person, health-illness, environment, adaptation, and nursing activities. It also includes
two subconcepts (regulator and cognator) and four modes (physiological, self-concept, role function, and
interdependence). This model has several major concepts and subconcepts, so the relational statements
are complex until the model is learned.
SUMMARY
According to Roy, persons are holistic adaptive systems and the focus of nursing. The internal and external
environment consists of all phenomena that surround the human adaptive system and affect their
development and behavior. Persons are in constant interaction with the environment and exchange
information, matter, and energy; that is, persons affect and are affected by the environment. The
environment is the source of stimuli that either threaten or promote a persons existence. For survival, the
human adaptive system must respond positively to environmental stimuli. Humans make effective or
ineffective adaptive responses to environmental stimuli. Adaptation promotes survival, growth,
reproduction, mastery, and transformation of persons and the environment.
Roy defines health as a state of becoming an integrated and whole human being.
Three types of environmental stimuli are described in the Roy Adaptation Model. The focal stimulus is that
which most immediately confronts the individual and demands the most attention and adaptive energy.
Contextual stimuli are all other stimuli present in the situation that contribute positively or negatively to
the strength of the focal stimulus. Residual stimuli affect the focal stimulus, but their effects are not readily
known. A persons adaptation level may be integrated, compensatory, or compromised.
Coping mechanisms refer to innate or acquired processes that a person uses to deal with environmental
stimuli. Coping mechanisms may be categorized broadly as the regulator or cognator subsystem. The
regulator subsystem responds automatically through innate neural, chemical, and endocrine coping
processes. The cognator subsystem responds through innate and acquired cognitive-emotive processes
that include perceptual and information processing, learning, judgment, and emotion.
Coping mechanisms refer to innate or acquired processes that a person uses to deal with environmental
stimuli. Coping mechanisms may be categorized broadly as the regulator or cognator subsystem. The
regulator subsystem responds automatically through innate neural, chemical, and endocrine coping
processes.
The cognator subsystem responds through innate and acquired cognitive-emotive processes that include
perceptual and information processing, learning, judgment, and emotion.
The goal of nursing is to promote adaptive responses. This is accomplished through a six-step nursing
process: assessment of behavior, assessment of stimuli, nursing diagnosis, goal setting, intervention, and
evaluation. Nursing interventions focus on managing environmental stimuli by altering, increasing,
decreasing, removing, or maintaining them (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 86). Meleis (1985) proposed that the
focus of nursing theorist works as the following three types:
1. Those who focus on needs

2. Those who focus on interaction


3. Those who focus on outcome
Meleis (1985, 2007) classifies the Roy Adaptation Model as an outcome theory.
2nd book

The RAM views the person as an adaptive system in constant interaction with an internal and
external environment.
The first type of stimulus, focal, is defined as the internal or external stimulus most immediately
challenging the persons adaptation. The focal stimulus is the phenomenon that attracts the most of
ones attention.
Contextual stimuli are all other stimuli existing in a situation that strengthen the effect of the focal
stimulus. Residual stimuli are any other phenomena arising from a persons internal or external
environment that may affect the focal stimulus but whose effects are unclear (Roy & Andrews, 1999).
The three types of stimuli act together and influence the adaptation level, which is a persons ability
to respond positively in a situation (Andrews & Roy, 1991a, p. 10). A persons adaptation level may
be described as integrated, compensatory, or compromised (Roy & Andrews, 1999).
4 CONCEPTS
1. The physiological adaptive mode refers to the way a person responds as a physical being to
stimuli from the environment (Andrews & Roy, 1991a, p. 15). The five physiological needs of this
mode are oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity and rest, and protection. Four complex
processes that mediate the regulatory activity of this mode are senses, fluids and electrolytes,
neurological function, and endocrine function. Physiological integrity is the adaptive response of
this adaptive mode (Andrews & Roy, 1991a, 1991c).
2. The self-concept adaptive mode refers to psychological and spiritual characteristics of the person
(Andrews, 1991b; Andrews & Roy, 1991a; Roy & Andrews, 1999). A persons self-concept consists
of all the beliefs and feelings that one has formed about oneself. The self-concept is formed both
from internal perceptions and from the perceptions of others. The self-concept changes over time
and guides ones actions. The self-concept incorporates two components: the physical self and the
personal self. The physical self incorporates body sensation and body image (Buck, 1991b). The
personal self incorporates self-consistency, self-ideal, and moral-ethical-spiritual self (Buck,
1991a). Psychic integrity is the goal of the selfconcept mode (Andrews, 1991b; Andrews & Roy,
1991a).
3. The interdependence adaptive mode refers to coping mechanisms arising from close relationships
that result in the giving and receiving of love, respect, and value (Andrews & Roy, 1991a, p. 17).
In general, these contributive and receptive behaviors occur between the person and the most
significant other or between the person and his or her support system. Affectional adequacy is the
goal of the interdependence adaptive mode (Roy & Andrews, 1999; Tedrow, 1991).
4. The role function adaptive mode refers to the primary, secondary, or tertiary roles the person
performs in society. According to Andrews and Roy (1991a), A role, as the functioning unit of
society, is defined as a set of expectations about how a person occupying one position behaves
toward a person occupying another position (p. 16). Social integrity is the goal of the role
function mode (Andrews, 1991a; Nuwayhid, 1991; Roy & Andrews, 1999).
Adaptive responses promote the integrity of the person and the goals of adaptation. The major task of
a person is to adapt to environmental stimuli to achieve survival, growth, development, and mastery.
Ineffective responses neither promote integrity nor contribute to the goals of adaptation (Andrews &
Roy, 1991a). The mechanisms of regulator and cognator have not been explicated by Roy because
these mechanisms cannot be directly observed and remain largely unknown. However, the behaviors
of regulator and cognator are manifested indirectly and can be observed and measured in the four
adaptive modes (Roy, 1981).

Roy and Andrews (1999) define health as a state and a process of being and becoming an integrated
and whole person (p. 31). Health is a reflection of how successfully an individual has adapted to
environmental stimuli. The goal of nursing therefore is to help a person achieve adaptation by helping
the person survive, grow, reproduce, and master.
Roy has conceptualized the nursing process to comprise the following six simultaneous, ongoing, and
dynamic steps (Roy & Andrews, 1999):
1. Assessment of behaviour - behavior is an action or a reaction to a stimulus. A behaviour may be
observable or nonobservable. An example of an observable behaviour is pulse rate; a nonobservable
behavior is a feeling experienced by the person and reported to the nurse. At the beginning of the
nurse-client relationship, a thorough assessment of behavior must be performed (Roy & Andrews,
1999) and the assessment must be ongoing. Table 14-1 for adaptive.
2. Assessment of stimuli - A stimulus is any change in the internal or external environment that
induces a response in the adaptive system. Stimuli that arise from the environment can be classified
as focal, contextual, or residual. In this level of assessment, the nurse analyzes subjective and
objective behaviors and looks more deeply for possible causes of a particular set of behaviors (Roy &
Andrews, 1999).
3. Nursing diagnosis - A nurses education and experience enable him or her to make an expert
judgment regarding health care and adaptive needs of the client. This judgment is expressed in a
diagnostic statement that indicates an actual or a potential problem related to adaptation. The
diagnostic statement specifies the behaviors that led to the diagnosis and a judgment regarding
stimuli that threaten or promote adaptation (Roy & Andrews, 1999). The RAM defines nursing
diagnosis as a judgment process resulting in statements conveying the adaptation status of the
human adaptive system (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 77).
4. Goal setting - Goal setting focuses on promoting adaptive behaviors. Together the nurse and the
client agree on clear statements about desired behavioral outcomes of nursing care. The outcome
statement should reflect a single adaptive behavior, be realistic, and be measurable. The goal
statement should include the behavior to be changed, the change expected, and the time frame in
which the change in behavior should occur (Roy & Andrews, 1999).
5. Intervention - According to Andrews and Roy (1991b), Intervention focuses on the manner in
which goals are attained (p. 44). A nursing intervention is any action taken by a professional nurse
that he or she believes will promote adaptive behavior by a client. Nursing interventions arise from a
solid knowledge base and are aimed at the focal stimulus whenever possible (Andrews & Roy, 1991b).
Intervention is any nursing approach that is intended to promote adaptation by changing stimuli or
strengthening adaptive processes (Roy & Andrews, 1999, p. 86).
6. Evaluation - evaluation consists of one question: Has the person moved toward adaptation?
Evaluation requires that analysis and judgment be made to determine whether those behavioral
changes stated in the goal statement have, or have not, been achieved by the recipient of nursing
care (Andrews & Roy, 1991b). In the evaluation phase, the nurse judges the effectiveness of the
nursing interventions that have been implemented and determines to what degree the mutually
agreed upon goals have been achieved (Roy & Andrews, 1999).
The goal of nursing in the RAM is to promote adaptation in each of the four adaptive modes (Roy &
Andrews, 1999). Nursing theory directs the practitioner toward important aspects of assessing,
planning, goal setting, implementation, and evaluation.
3rd book
1. Physiologic-physical mode: Physical and chemical processes involved in the function and activities of
living organisms; the underlying need is physiologic integrity: the degree of wholeness achieved through
adaptation to changes in needs. In groups, this is the manner in which human systems manifest
adaptation to basic operating resources (Roy, 2009, pp. 6970).

2. Self-concept-group identity mode: Focuses on psychological and spiritual integrity and a sense of unity,

meaning, purposefulness in the universe (p. 70).


3. Role function mode: Refers to the roles that individuals occupy in society fulfilling the need for social
integrity; it is knowing who one is, in relation toothers (p. 70).
4. Interdependence mode: The close relationships of people and their purpose, structure, and
development, individually and in groups and the adaptation potential of these relationships (Roy, 2009, p.
71).
Two subsystems require assessment in the RAM: the regulator and the cognator.
These are coping subsystems that allow the client to adapt and make changes when stressed. The
regulator is the physiologic coping subsystem and the cognator is the cognitive-emotive coping subsystem
(Roy, 2009).

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