Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Terms
midsagittal plane
Cranial/Cephalic
Cranial; refers to the
head
part/s
of the
body lying toward
the head
opposite of caudal
anterior
posterior
frontal plane
transverse plane
ventral surface
Caudal
tail or tail-like
structures
part of the body lying
toward the tail or
posterior end
opposite of cephalic
or cranial
dorsal surface
Dorsal
refers to the back or
upper surface
opposite of ventral
Ventral
pertaining to the belly
lower side or surface
opposite the back
opposite of dorsal
anterior
midsagittal plane
posterior
frontal plane
transverse plane
ventral surface
Lateral
refers to the side of
the body
Medial
refers to a position
near the middle or
midline. median refers to a structure
or section in the
middle or midline
dorsal surface
anterior
midsagittal plane
posterior
frontal plane
transverse plane
ventral surface
Proximal
- nearest to the centre;
to the midline, or to the
point of attachment
- opposite of distal
Distal
- farthest from the
centre, from the midline
or from the point of
attachment
- opposite of proximal
midsagittal plane
distal (farthest
from where
the body part
starts)
proximal
(closest to
where body
part starts)
anterior
posterior
transverse
plane
frontal
plane
Anterior
part of the body lying
toward the head
Posterior
part of the body lying
toward the tail or
posterior end
Superficial
near the surface of the
body
Deep
away from the surface
of the body
Planes of Section
Planes
imaginary surfaces dividing the body into
different regions
dorsal surface
midsagittal plane
Frontal plane
horizontal plane through
the longitudinal axis
dorsal and ventral portions
for a quadrupedal animal,
this plane usually parallel
to the ground (unless the
animal is lying on its side)
also called coronal plane
anterior
posterior
frontal plane
transverse plane
ventral surface
Sagittal plane
vertical plane through
the longitudinal axis
left and right portions
also called median
plane
If the animal is bisected
straight down the
midline, the section is
called a "midsagittal"
section
dorsal surface
Transverse plane
plane perpendicular
to the longitudinal
axis
divides the body
crosswise into
cranial and caudal
parts
also called a
"cross section".
anterior
midsagittal plane
posterior
frontal plane
transverse plane
ventral surface
Symmetry
refers to the repetition
of parts
equal halves are
produced by dividing
along a plane or axis
1. Bilateral symmetry
only one plane can
divide the body into
equal and identical
halves
3. Asymmetrical
no specific shape
no plane can divide
the body into equal
or identical halves
Body Symmetry
Intro. to Frogs
Phylum : Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura or Salienta
Family: Ranidae
- soft, non-poisonous, slimy skin
Rana vittigera (rice field frog) Rana
catesbeiana (bull frog)
AXIAL REGION
Head:
snout
- flattened triangular border
external nares/ nostrils
eyelids (upper and lower)
nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid)
- outgrowth of the lower eyelid
tympanic membrane
- circular area of thin
membrane
- columella
Trunk
Hump
- dorsal elevated region
of the trunk
APPENDICULAR REGION
Forelimbs (Anterior
extremity)
- three subdivisions:
1. upper arm
2. forearm
3. manus/hand
Hindlimbs (Posterior
extremity )
- three parts
1. thigh
2. shank
3. pes/foot
2. Thumb is swollen in
male (during breeding
season)
- nuptial pad
Eustachian tube
- located near the angles of the
jaw (posterior part)
- equalize pressure in the tympanic
membrane
Vocal sac
- pair of openings behind
the eustachian tube
-present only in male frog
Tuberculum prelinguale
- located at the tip of the lower jaw
- fits into the median subrostral
fossa
Prelingual fossa
- depressions on either side of
tuberculum prelinguale
Glottis
- narrow slit of
laryngeal prominence
- leads into the lungs
- cricoid and arytenoid
cartilages
Esophagus (gullet)
-leads to the stomach
Tongue
- flattened, bilobed