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Lecture 1 :
Key words :
Scalar, Vector, Field, position vector, dot product, cross product, Right hand rule
Multiple Choice Questions :
1. A scalar quantity
a. is specified only by its magnitude
b. does not have unit
c. always has a mass
d. is not dimensioned.
2. Which of the following is a scalar?
a. velocity
b. current density
c. electromotive force
d. electric field
3. If
A and
B is
|A+
B|=|
A
B| , then the angle between the vectors
a.
b.
c.
d.
zero
450
600
900
and
a2 +b2
and
is equal to magnitude of their cross product, the angle between the vectors is
a. zero
b. 450
c. 600
d. 900
6. A vector
and
B . If
none of the vectors is a null vector, it follows that the sum of the three
vectors
A +
B +
C
A +
B
and
B .
and
Problems :
1. Determine the angle between the vector
^ ^j+ k^
i+
i^ .
^
^j
4 i3
.
^k
^
^j+ 10
10 i5
.
cos =
^ a2 ^j+ a3 k^
a =a1 i+
, the cosine of the angle between the
^ ^j
i,
and
k^
a i^
a ^j
a k^
,cos =
, cos =
|a|
|a|
|a|
+ cos2 + cos2 =1
cos 2
^ 4 ^j+5 k^
3 i+
.
5. Find the angle between the body diagonal AC of the cube with its face
diagonal AB.
A
B
6. Find the area of a triangle whose onevertex is at the origin and the position
vectors of the remaining vertices are
^ 4 ^j
i+
and
^ ^j+2 k^
2 i+2
.
^ 4 ^j
i+
^ ^ ^
, 2 i+2 j+2 k
and
^ 4 ^j
i+
.
cos1 (
1
)
3
2.
3^ 4^
i+ j
5 5
3.
1 ^ 1 ^ 1 ^
i + j k
3
6
3
4.
5.
6.
cos =
cos1 (
3
5 2
, cos =
5
5 2
,cos =
5
52
2
)
6
2 2
7. 10
Hints for solutions to problems :
1. Find the dot product of the vectors and divide it by the product of magnitude
of the vectors.
2. For a vector to be perpendicular to another vector, their dot product should
vanish. Take the vector to be
^ b ^j
i+
will give you a relation between a andb. Since the vector is to be a unit
vector
a2 +b 2 =1.
^k
^ ^j10
10 i+5
so as to be
anti-parallel to the given vector. This vector has a magnitude 15. Thus to get
magnitude of 1/2 , divide this by 15/2.
4. Direct use of formula.
AC
and
angle as in Problem 1.
6. Area vector is cross product of the vector s representing the edges. Its
magnitude represents the area.
7. Volume is given by taking the dot product of the vector of the third edge with
the area vector.
Errors to be corrected :
1. Page 7 line 2 : inside the bracket (math it should be aligned) should read
0
2. Page 10 : line 3 : raise the line points in the direction . Called the to
align with AXB
3. Last line before the figure dS should be aligned with the word element
4. Example 1 : (Page 14 pop up) all underlines should be removed.
Lecture 2 :
Key Words : Cartesian coordinates, spherical coordinates, cylindrical coordinates,
Jacobian, coordinate transformation.
Multiple choice questions :
r sin
b.
r 2 sin
c.
r 2 sin cos
d.
r cos
b.
c.
r=4 cos
d.
r=4 sin
x 2+ y 2 + z 2=4 z
becomes
Problems
1
1x 2
1. Rewrite
dx x 2+ y 2 dy
2. Convert
( x , y , z ) =(1,1, 2)
cylindrical coordinates.
3. Sketch the region
in polar coordinates.
to (a) spherical coordinates and (b)
4. Convert (
4,
,
4 3 ) in spherical coordinates to (a) rectangular coordinates
x=
v
v2
,
y=
u .
u2
|x|| y| dxdy
( x +2 y)2 dxdy
1
(
0,0
)
,
(
1,1/2
)
,
1,
, ( 2,0 ) .
vertices at
2
y
1/2
0
x + y =1 . Since
integral becomes
2. Answer :(a)
7
(2, ,
)
4 4
1 x +1
the
as its
dr r 2 d
0
rdrd
y 0,
7
(
2
,
, 2) . One has to be careful in
(B)
4
fixing the value of in spherical polar (or of in cylindrical). Since the point is
in the fourth quadrant of the xy plane,
3. In xy plane it is quarter of a disk
tan =1
7
4 .
x 2+ y 2 1
r 2 sin 1 .
( x , y , z ) =( 2 , 6 , 2 2) ;
,2 2
3
)
( x , y , z ) =( 2, 6 , 2 2 ) ; ( , , z )=
2 2 ,
| |
x
u
y
u
x
2
v
v
=3 4 .
y
u
v
u 4
1
2 .
2
3v
3x
6. The required integral is equal to 4 times the integral over the first quadrant,
where both x and y are positive. Convert the integral to polar. Value of the
integral is
7. Let
R2 /2 .
integral is
1
u2 du dv= 34 .
4 0
0
+ z =R
. Range of
both and z vary from 0 to R (For a sphere, z would vary from R to +R).
Volume element in the cylindrical coordinates is
R
d dz
R 2 z 2
the hemisphere is
d= 2
R 2z 2
R3
dz=2
2
3
.
Lecture 3 :
Key words : line integral, work, parameterization, flux, surface
integral
Problems :
1. Evaluate the integral
x y 2 dx
the first quadrant with the centre of the circle being at the origin.
2. Evaluate the work done by a force
curve
y=ln x
^ x ^j
F ( x , y )= y i+
e
( 2 ,1)
in a counterclockwise
fashion.
x
( 2+ y )dx +2 xydy
where C is a semicircle of
( x y 2 ) dx+( x 2 y+ 2 x ) dy
C
^ z 2 ^j+ x2 k^
F = y i+
( x 2 y 2) dl
7. A vector field
^ z ^j+ y k^
F =x i+2
. Find the flux of the filed through the surface S given by
the part of the plane
F =x i+2
y ^j+ z 2 k^
find the surface integral of the force field through the curved surface of
the cylinder.
9. Find the flux of
^ x 2 ^j+3 z k^
F = y i+
z=x 2+ y 2
and z=1.
10.Evaluate the flux of the vector field
^
^j+ z k^
F = y ix
through a cone
z= x 2+ y 2 ; 0 z 2 .
so that
3. Parameterize
4. Without loss of generality, take the vertices of the square at (0,0), (a,0), (0,a)
and (a,a). Calculate each line integral. Along the line joining (0,)0 and (a,0) ,
y=0 and dy =0, the integral is zero. From (a,0) to (a,a), x=constant=a, dx=0.
The integral is
ydy + 2 ady=
0
a
+2 a2 .
2
show that the resulting integral is proportional to the area of the square.
5.
dy
dz
+ F y + F z ) dt
F d r = F ddtr dt= ( F x dx
dt
dt
dt
. The
2 + 4 2 .
6. Answer : 0
7. The unit normal to the given plane is
1 ^ ^ ^
( i + j + k ) . Thus flux =
3
1
( 2x y ) dS
3 S
F d S= 13
S
S
( x+ 2 z + y ) dS=
y
x+y=1
x,y,z
f ()dS= f ( x , y , g ( x , y ))
S
g 2 g 2
+
+1 dxdy
x
y
)( )
F d S
{ 1x }
dx
( 2x y ) dy=
2
3
^ 3sin ^j
3 cos i+
.
The surface integral over the closed surface is given by
2
3 co s
dz
0
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.Consider the curved surface first. The unit vector which points upward (i.e.
with a positive component along the z-axis is given by
^
2 x i2
y ^j+ k^
n^ =
4 x 2+ 4 y 2 +1 .
Thus
F n^ dS=
S
1
(2 xy2 y x 2 +3 x2 +3 y 2 ) dS
2
4 x + 4 y +1
2
(2 xy2 y x 2 +3 x2 +3 y 2 ) dxdy
15.We can parameterize the integral by
3 /2.
16.The normal to the cap of the hemisphere is along the negative z direction.
Since z=0 on this cap, it does not contribute to the surface integral.
17.The problem of calculating surface integral over a cone is very similar except
that the radius r depends on the z-coordinate. Unit normal to the slanting
surface is
n^ =
i^ x ^j y + k^ z
. Following the method outlined earlier, we can
2 z
+r
2 r cos sin rdrd=
18.Thus
2
3
xy+ xy +z 2
dxdy=
z
F n^ dS=
19.
20.
21.
22.
y
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Lecture 4 :
31.
32.
Problems :
1. Use the fundamental theorem of calculus to compute the derivative of
x
the integral
3
2
f ( x )= et dt .
x
B
2. Let
f ( x , y ) =x + x y
. Find
f
dl
B and B (0,1).
connecting A (1,0)
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
3. Find the work done by a conservative force field
F =( 4 x3 y 3 +3 ) i+(3
x 4 y 2+1) ^j
^ ^j+ k^
i+
f ( x , y , z )=2 x2 y 3+ 3 xy + z 2
along the
4 x 2 + y 2 +9 z 2=18
at the point
(1,1,1).
as well as in the spherical polar coordinates and show that they give the
same results.
z=y
7. x=0
Verify divergence theorem for the vector field
hemisphere
^ y ^j+(z1) k^
F =x i+
8. Evaluate
z=4-y the surface integral of the vector field
F =3 x z 2 i+5
y 2 ^jz 3 k^
z= y , z =4 y , z=2
x2
, x=0, z=0 .
2
39.
40.
y
41.
42.
43.
over a
44.
45.
F = y 2 i^ +2 xz ^j+ ( z1 )2 k^
x 2+ y 2 =4
z= x 2+ y 2
over a region
with
z 4 . Calculate
F d S
S
over
^ y ^j+ z k^
F =x i+
.
F = n ^
, and find n for which the divergence
1. If F(x) is anti-derivative of
f ( x )=F ( x 3 ) F ( x ) .
ex ,
df
2 '
3
'
2 x
x
=3 x F ( x ) F ( x ) =3 x e e
dx
6
Thus
2.
f
dl=f ( B ) f ( A )=1
f
3 3
=4 x y +3
x
alone. Similarly,
we have
f
=3 x 4 y 2 +1 gives
y
f =x 4 y 3+ y+ D( x)
function of x alone. Comparing the two expressions for f(x,y) we find that
apart from an unimportant constant, the function f is given by
6 3 .
5. The normal is in the direction of the gradient at the point. Calculate the
gradient and divide by its modulus. Answer
^
^j+2 k^ )/3
( i2
6. In Cartesian
f =2 i^ x2 ^j y . In spherical system
f=
f
1 f ^
1 f
r^ +
+
^
r
r
r sin
to calculate
^
^
47. f =2 r sin cos 2 r^ + 2r sin cos cos 2 2 r sin sin 2
2
2
2
2r sin [ cos ( sin r^ + cos ^ )sin ( sin r^ + cos ^ )2sin cos ^ ]
^
^
2r sin cos ( sin cos r^ +cos cos sin
^ )2 r sin sin ( sin sin r^ +cos sin +cos
^ )
^
2 x i2
y ^j
7.
F dV =3
F =3 . Thus
2 3
R =2 R3
. Next step is to calculate the
3
surface integral. There are two surfaces, the curved surface whose outward
normal is
d S=R2 sin dd r^
k^ . For the
curved surface, the surface integral is calculated easily by going over to the
spherical polar coordinates (you could also do it in Cartesian by expressing
the normal in the Cartesian using the equation to the surface). Since the
normal is along the radial direction, in computing the surface integral, we are
only interested in the radial component of the force field. It can be shown
that the radial component of F is given by
is independent of
The surface
integral is
4 3 2 3
2
3
2
R+
R R =2 R R
3
3
49.That leaves us with the integral over the bottom cap where z=0. Since the
normal is along the negative z direction, the surface integral is
( 1z ) dS= dS= R2
S
8.
F =10 y ,
F d S= 10 ydV . We need to specify the limits of the volume
integral. Limits on y are from z to 4-z. Limits on z are from 0 to
2
5 dx
is
2 x /2
2x 2 /2 and
4 z
dz ydy =128
z
2
2
coordinates) is 2
2(z1)dz =4
1
10.We can use the use the divergence theorem to calculate the flux from the
surface of the closed cone first and then subtract the surface integral of the
field from the to cap, at z=4. For the closed cone, it is convenient to use
spherical polar as
1
1
64
V = r 2 h= ( 16 ) 4=
3
3
3 . The
64 . We have to now subtract the
surface integral over the top surface, whose normal is along the positive z
direction. Thus
surface integral is 4 times the area of the cap which is 16, so that the
surface integral on the cap is 64. Thus the surface integral from the outside
surface of the open cone is zero.
11.Ans. n=1
12.(a) 0, (b) 2/r (c) 0 (d) 6
50.
51.
Corrections and additions to Lecture 4 :
52.
53.Page 4 :
54.
d r
(four places
total)
55.
Page 5 :
56.
57.
58.
59.
the vector
60.
61.
by s, the length of
dT d r
= T
ds
ds
u=
However,
d r
ds
change of T is measured.
T in the direction
62.
T =
T d r
, and is denoted by
Du T .
f ( x , y , z )=c =constant
r (t)
f u , where
df
=0 .
dt
level surface. (It makes sense as df=0 implies no change in the value of f.
Thus the direction should be normal to the level surface.)
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Lecture 5
71.
72.
Problems :
^ yz ^j+ xy k^
F =xz i+
b.
F = ^
c.
F = ^
(in cylindrical)
(in cylindrical)
2. For
hemisphere
3. If
(in Cartesian)
x 2+ y 2 + z 2=a2 ; z 0
( a r ) =2 a .
2^
2
F =x i+2
x ^j+ z ^k
4 x + y =4
^ xz ^j + x 2 k^
F = y i+
.
j
^
y i+ x ^
F =r
6. Convert
along an ellipse
x 2+ y 2 =a2 .
^ x 3 y 2 ^j+ z k^
F =x i+
over
both the elliptical disk and the ellipsoidal surface to obtain the result.
8. Are the following force fields conservative?
a.
^ xyz ^j y 2 k^
F =xz i+
b.
^ x ^j+ y k^
F =z i+
c.
1+2 x 2 y 2 ^j3 z2 k^
F =2 x y 3 i^ +
73.
f ( x , y ) =x y
r= x 2 + y 2+ z2
a.
b.
c.
( yz )
r
d.
sin r / r
11.A spherical shell of radius R has a total charge Q. If the charge density is
given by
a0 ,
( x /a)=|a| (x ) .
(f
F )=f (
F )+( f )
F
b.
F +
f )=
(
F)
c.
) =
(
F G
G (
F ) F (
G)
74.
75.
76.
1. (a)
( x y ) ( i^ + ^j)
F which
depends on (c) 0
2. First calculate the line integral
over a
a .
77.
To calculate the
surface integral, first
calculate the curl
78.
which is
^ k^
i+
. If we take the circular
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
integral is
1
n^ = ( i^ x+ ^j y + k^ z )
a
. The surface
1
(x +z )dS
. By symmetry, the term with x is zero (this
a
S
/2
d acos a2 sin d= a 2 .
0
be
a r
2 dS=2 dx dy ,
S
ellipse. As the given ellipse has a semi-major axis of a=2 and semi-
i^ + ^j+ k^
.
3
4 .
1
(3 x +( z1)) dS= (3 x+( z1)) dxdy= dx
3 S
0
1x
(4 x y ) dy =5
6
0
+1
a +1 ad=2 a2 +
0
F ) d S =
3 x 2 y 2 dxdy=
1 2 1x 2
^ y ^j+z k^
4 x i+
n^ =
2 16 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Thus the integral is
3 x2 y2 z
3 2
dS= y zdxdy . To evaluate this integral , use a
2
2
2
S 2 16 x + y + z
S 2
x=rsin cos , y=2 rsin sin , z=2r cos .
coordinate transformation
becomes
2
5
10.(a) 0 (b)
n(n+1) r n2
(c)
2( y z)
r3
(d)
sin r
r
( r ) dV =Q 4 C ( r R ) r 2 dr =Q
0
C=Q/4 r 2 .
87.
F d l
C
y2
by
2 V
y2
3. Page 15 : Replace the last equation by the following equation
4.
2 ( 1r ) d 3 r = ( 1r ) d 3 r
V
1
1
d S = 2 r^ d S
r
S
S r
()
5.
6. MODULE :2
7. Lecture 6
8. Multiple Choice Questions :
1. Eight charges, each +q, are located symmetrically on a circle of radius
R with P as its centre. If the charge at the position X is removed and
brought to the location P, the force on this charge will be
1 q2
a. 4 R2 from X to P
X
b.
1 q
4 R2
from P to X
c.
7 q2
4 R2
from X to P
d.
7 q2
4 R2
from P to X
2. Twelve charges are positioned on the dial of a wall clock such that a
charge Q is at the position 1, 2Q at position 2, 3Q at 3 and so on,
ending with 12Q at the position 12. If O is at the centre of the dial,
what is the force exerted on a unit charge located at O, assuming the
radius of the dial to be of unit length?
9.
a.
^ ^j
( 12+6 3 ) i+6
b.
^ ^j
( 12+6 3 ) i+6
c.
^
^j
( 12+6 3 ) i6
13.
d.
^
^j
( 12+6 3 ) i6
10.
11.
12.
14.
15.
3.
4. Two small conducting spheres attract each other electrostatically. It can
be concluded that
a. At least one of the spheres is charged
b. Both the spheres are charged
c. Both the spheres are charged and their charges are of opposite
sign
d. No definite conclusion on their charge state can be made from
the given data.
5. Electric field lines are
a. Vectors in the direction of the electric force that acts on a test
charge
6.
7.
8.
9.
d.
3 FB
e.
6 F
11.
12.
13.
Two small conducting spheres
q each are
C
D of mass m and charge
suspended from a common point by means of threads. The spheres
settle down to an equilibrium position, each making an angle with the
vertical. The tension in either of the threads is
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Zero
Greater than mg
Less than mg
Equal to mg
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
14.
Two opposite charges are placed on the paper, as shown in the
figure.
15.
The charge on the left is three times as big as the charge on the
right. Other than at infinity, where else can the force on a unit test charge
due to these two charges is zero?
a. To the right of the
smaller charge
b. Between the two
charges
c. To the left of the bigger
charge
d. Depends on the sign of
the test charge.
22.
16.
17.
d
18.
19.
20.
21.
Problems :
2. Two equal and positive charges, q each, are at a finite distance 2d from
each other. A third charge Q is located at the midpoint of the line
joining the two. Where should a unit positive charge be placed so that
the net force on it zero? What, if any, is the requirement of the
magnitude and sign of the charge Q?
9. (b)
10. (a)
32.
31.
Hints for solutions to
problems :
Q
38.
P
39.
q
40.
Resolve the forces due to the pair q, the components
perpendicular to QP cancel. Along QP, it has to be canceled by the
repulsive force due to Q. The condition gives
cos3 =Q/2q .
3. When equal charges are kept on the dial, the net force on a charge at
the centre is zero as the forces due to a pair kept in diametrically
opposite positions cancel. If a single charge is removed, the effect is
due to the diametrically opposite member.
4. Draw the freebody diagram of each particle. Resole forces along
vertical and horizontal.
41.
42.
Fe 43.
2q
44.
mg
T cos =mg
45.
T sin =
1
2 q2
4 0 4 l 2 tan 2
46.
5. Very similar to Problem 4. The right hand side of the second equation is
to be changed to
1 q2
4 0 R2 . Since the angle is given and T can be
1 R d
4 0 R2 . The component of the field parallel to the diameter
50.
51.
=
52.
2 0 R
|E|=
1
R d
2
sin
4 0 0 R2
53.
54.
55.
Corrections to Lecture 6:
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Lecture 7
1. The figure shows field lines due to three electric charges each of magnitude
Q. The red circle indicates the intersection of a spherical Gaussian surface
with the plane of the paper. The net electric flux out of the sphere is
a.
2Q / 0
b.
2 Q/ 0
c. zero
d. cannot be determined without knowing which charge is negative
71.
72.
73.
74.
2. The figure shows a pyramid with a square base. Each of the triangular side is
an equilateral triangle. A charge Q is fixed at the centre of the base of the
pyramid. The flux through any of the triangular sides is
a.
Q/ 0
b.
Q/2 0
c.
Q/4 0
d.
Q/8 0
75.
78.
79.
76.
80.
77.
81.
82.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Zero
aL3
bL3
(a+b/2)L3
83.
84.
85.
y
86.
87.
x
88.
Q/6 0
b.
Q/4 0
c.
Q/3 0
d/2
d.
Q/ 0
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
5. A constant electric field
2 E R2
4 E R
101.
103.
97.
98.
99.
100.
102.
104. Problems :
1. The electric field corresponding to a charge distribution is
given by
a
a2
r 3 r for r < R
E= r 3
R
0
rR
105.
Where a is a real constant. Find the charge
distribution (charge density and the total charge) which gives
rise to this field. Does your answer depend on whether a is
positive or negative?
2. The field in the hemisphere of radius R is given by
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
4. A 5.31mC charge is located at one corner of a cube of side
8cm. Calculate the flux of electric field through one face of the
cube.
5. A sphere of radius R has an off-centre spherical hole of radius R/4,
the centre C of the hole being at a distance R/2 from the centre O of
the sphere. The sphere has a charge density . Obtain an
expression for the electric field at an arbitrary point of the hole.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
6. A plate
has a thickness
d along the z direction and is of
O
C
infinite
extent in the x-y plane. The volume charge
density is for
Rd
d
z +
2
2 . Calculate the electric field for all
values of z.
1. The first term represents the electric field due to a point charge
Q=4 0 a
at the origin while the second term represents the field
due to a uniformly charged sphere with a total charge
4 0 a2 , i.e.
=3 0 a /R
. This can be
a>0 ,
E
=b
b . Try doing
2.
= constant. Thus the total charge is
3
this problem by calculating the surface integral over the curved
surface (the surface integral over the circular cap is zero).
3. First show that the field in the region of intersection of two identical
spheres which carry opposite charge is constant and is directed along
the line joining the two centres.
130.
131.
132.
O1
O2
133.
134.
135.
net field is
OO
( 3 )
1
)O P
3 0 1
) PO 2
, so that the
3 0
138.
The charge can be made to reside at the centre of this big cube.
Because of the symmetry, the flux through each face of this big cube is
Q/6 0
. Since each face of the big cube is one fourth the size of a face of
the original cube, the flux through each face of the original is
Q
.
24 0
latter is
PC
, which gives
3 0
OP
3 0
OC
, an expression independent of
3 0
139.
140.
-d/2
141.
142.
143.
d/2
x
x
-d/2
d/2
144. Since the field directions are perpendicular to the slab, the flux
contribution is from the two faces perpendicular to z direction. If the
area is taken to be A, the magnitude of the field is given by
2| E| A=
Q 1
= A .d.
, which gives
0 0
|E|=
d
2 0
for x>d/2.
2| E| A=
Q 1
= A .2 x . ,
0 0
which gives
|E|=
x
0 . The field
Flux =
is=
R 2 L , for r > R an d = r 2 L for r < R
152.
R
Rr
for r >
for r< R .
2 0r
20
153.
154. CORRECTIONS
155. There are major corrections in this lecture some
pages are mixed up.
156. Page 3 : Align line 2
157. Page 4 : Example Example 1 (This is to be corrected
inside the link as well)
158.
Exercise Exercise 1
a uniform electric field given by E=5 i+3 j+3 k (N/C). Find the
flux through the surface.
163. Solution : Since the surface is in the xy plane, the surface
^
vector is 0.2 k (m2). Thus the flux = E S =0.6 Nm2/C.
164.
E d S =|E|2 rL
Q
4 0 a
c.
Qln 2
4 0 a
d. Zero
5. Three charges, Q, q and q are arranged at the vertices of
a right angled isosceles triangle of base a. If the charge Q
are fixed, the configuration has minimum electrostatic
energy when q is equal to
a.
b.
Q
+Q
2+1
2
2+1
2
c.
2+1
Q
2 2
d.
2+1
+Q
2 2
e.
V ( x)=4 +4 x 2
x=3
a.
2.4 105
b.
2.4 105
(Volts). The
c.
4 10
d.
4 105
is
( )
q
1
1
(
2 L
5 )
q
1
1+ )
(
2 L
3
0
d. Zero
8. Two uniformly charged concentric rings of radii R and 2R
are placed on a plane. Each ring has a charge density
The electric potential at the centre of the rings is
2
a. 3 R 0
b.
R 0
c.
d.
2
3 0
a.
40
b.
2 0
c.
d.
4
3 0
10.
A hollow metal sphere of radius R is charged to a
potential of 10 V on its surface. What is the potential at
the centre of the sphere?
a. Zero
b. +10 V
c. -10 V
d. Same as its value outside at a distance of R from the
surface of the sphere.
e.
f. Problems
II
III
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
E=3 xy i+
?
10.
How much work is done in moving a 0.5nC
charge on the surface of a sphere of radius 2m from
an initial position =0,=0 to a final position
=0,= ?
2
given by
^ 10 x ^j+2 z k^
E=10 y i+
(in V/m).
g.
h.
V ( r )V ( 0 )=
E
dl=
0
Q r^
4 0 r2
Q r
Q r
dr=
4 0 R3
8 0 R3 . For r>R,
V ( r )=V ( R )
R
Q 1
3Q 1
Q
dr =
+
.
2
4 0 r
8 0 R 4 0 r
2= 1= =
2 10
=2 109
1
C/m2. Further,
1= 1 L + 1 R 2= 2 L + 2 R .
E II =
1 L 1 R 2 L 2 R 1 2
+
=
=2 / 0 .
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
20
m.
n.
o.
p.
1L
1R 2L
2R
q.
r.
which is
V 1( P)=
distance
Similarly, since P is at a
V ( P )=
is
Q2
1
4 0 2 R . Thus the net potential at P is
1 Q 1 Q2
+
4 0 R 2 R
V ( P ' )=
1 Q2 Q1
+
4 0 R 2 R
Q1
w.
x.
y.
z. 4. The
densities are
R=
Q2
charge
Q
Q
Q
; a=
; b=
2
2
4 R
4a
4 b 2 . Inside the metal sphere
(for r<R) the field is zero. Field for R<r<a as well as for
r>b, the field is inverse square and is given by
1 q
r^
4 0 r 2 . The potential can be calculated as a line
integral of the electric field
b
1 q
1 q
q
1 1 1
V ( 0 )=
dr
dr =
+
2
2
4 0 b R a
4 0 r
a 4 0 r
V ( 0 )=
a
1 q
q
1 1
dr=
2
4 0 r
4 0 R a
a=
cavities are
q
Q
; b=
2
4a
4 b2 , while the charge
R=
q +Q
4 R2 . The field
Q=8.88 109 C.
ad.7. Take the line joining the charges along the x-axis and
the perpendicular bisector along the z axis. Since the
point at which the potential is to calculated is at a
distance
(d + z )
2
potential is given by
V (z )=
q
2
4 0 ( d 2 + z 2 ) . The electric
q d
1
q
z
^
E= V =
k=
k^
2
2 0 dz ( d 2+ z2 )
2 0 (d + z2 )3/ 2 .
ae.8. The potential in the region r<R is the same as that on
the surface of the metal sphere. The charge distribution
on the shell will be Q on the inner surface and 4Q on the
outer surface. We can use superposition principle to find
the potential at r=R. This gives
V=
1
Q Q 4Q
11 Q
+
=
4 0 R 2 R 3 R 24 0 . You can also find it by
6 109 J .
ah.
ai.
aj.
ak.
al.
Lecture 9
am.
an.
ao.
Corrections :
1
V d 3 x
2V
r<R and
Q 1
r^
4 0 r2
Q r
E=
r^
4 0 R3
for
V
(
r
)
=
dr
dr
4 r 2 4 R3
at.
4 0 2 R 2 R3
0
R
0
au.
=3
Q
3
4 R .
Q
16 0 R
1Q
16 0 R
3 d R 2 r 2 d
V
9 Q 3 4 r 2 dr 3 Q 3 r 2 4 r 2 dr
4R
4 R
0
0
av.
3Q2
1
3 Q2
1 =
16 0 R
5 20 0 R
[ ]
Method 2
aw.
Here, we will take the expression for the
energy to be given by the volume integral over the
square of the electric field, remembering that the
expression for the field are different inside the sphere
and outside.
W=
ax.
0
E 2 d Thus the energy is given by
2 V
0 R Q2 r 2
0 Q2 1
2
4 r dr+
4 r 2 dr
2 2
6
2 2 4
ay. W = 2
2
0 16 0 R
R 16 0 r
2
Q
1
1
r 4 dr + 2 dr
6
8 0 R 0
R r
Q2
1 1
3 Q2
+ =
8 0 5 R R 20 0 R
az.
ba.
Method 3
bb.
bc.
W=
bd.
E 2 d + 0 V
E
dS The integrals are
2 V
2 S
Q2
40 0 R . The surface terms
[ [
Q
3
R2
QR
V
E
dS= 0
3
2 S
2 4 0 2 R 2 R
4 0 R3
be.
dS
Q2
Q2
2
4
R
=
8 0R
32 2 0 R3
Problems
6 q2
.
4 0 a
qdq
4 0 R .
V=
Q
4 0 R
which gives
W=
Q
.
8 0 R
8
Q=10
C. The energy
is QV which is 4.5 J
4. The initial kinetic energy is zero. The final potent1ial energy is zero. Thus the
final kinetic energy is equal to the initial potential energy, which is
2
1 q
4 0 b
, where
Equating this to
1
m v 2 , the result follows.
2
V ( q )=
q
1 1
4 0 R a
. In this situation
W =
0
Vdq
q
1 1
Q2 1 1
dq=
4 0 R a
8 0 R a
8.
9.
Lecture 10
10.
Problems
0V
A
14.
5V
15.
16.
17.
3. Using the definition of work, show that the local electric field is
perpendicular to the equipotential surface.
4. The charge density on a unit disk in the x-y plane is constant and is
given by 0. The charge density vanishes on the boundary of the
disk. Obtain an expression for the potential on the disk.
18.
19.
y
20.
21.
x
22.
1
-1
23.
24.
25.
-1
26.
27.
5. For the problem 4 above, what is the equipotential contour?
6. Determine the charge distribution that would give rise to the
potential
( r )=
0 e r
.
r
30.
2. The electric field is given by negative gradient of the potential. The field is
strongest where the equipotentials are closer. Using these two facts it follows
that the point B is the required point.
3. Work is given by
W =
F s =Fs cos . From the definition of equipotential, the
work done moving charge along the equipotential surface must be zero. Since
neither the displacement nor the force is zero, the angle between the force
and the displacement must be 900. As the displacement is tangential to the
surface, the force, and hence the electric field must be perpendicular to the
surface.
2 2 0
+
=
x2 y 2 0 , subject to
0 2 2
( x + y ) +C
(
x
,
y
)
=
31.
40
,where C is a constant. The boundary condition on the
periphery of the disk gives
( x , y )=
C=
+0
. Thus the solution is
4 0
0 2 2
( x + y 1 )
40
5. Putting
1 d r d
= = 2
with= 0
0
r
r dr dr
( )
( r )=
relationship to get
0 0 2 r
e
. However, note that the potential has
r
( 1r )=4 ( r )
0
r . We know that
1
( r )= 0 0 4 ( r ) 2 e r
r
Q=4 0 0 ( r ) d r 0 0 4 er rdr
3
4 0 04 0 0 2
1
=0
2
2q
3q
( 4 x ) + y + z ( 9x ) + y + z
2
=0
8. The electric field between the plates remain the same. The capacitances
reduces by a factor of two. Since Q has not changed, the potential difference
V=Q/C doubles. Thus the stored energy doubles, the extra energy coming
from the work done in pulling the plates apart.
C=
2 0 L
ln
( ba )
=2
0 L
=20 1012
ln 2
, which gives
between the plates is Q/C = 500 V. The energy density at a distance r from
E=
Qencl =Q=10 C ,
u ( r )=
( 12 ) E .
2
Q 1
2 0 L r
rout
( 12 ) 0 E2 2 rLdr = 4 Q
rin
ln2=2.5 106 J
( 12 )C V
34.
10.
two spheres are connected, they will have a common potential V. If Q 1 and Q2
are the shared charges after the spheres are connected, we have
Q1+ Q2=Q ,
( 12 )( C V + C V )=2 10
2
Q1 Q2
=
V V ,
8 10 J .
J,
37.
38.
Lecture 11
39.
40.
41.
Replace page 11 by the following : ( Replace
the figure also)
42.
43.
44.Consider the dielectric to be built up of volume d. The
dipole moment of the volume element is
P' d '
is given by
46.
d=
' '
'
1 P ( r ) ( r r )d '
3
4 0
|r r '|
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
Replace page 12
P' (
r ' ) ( r
r ' )d '
1
1
1
( r )=
=
P ' ( r' ) '
d '
3
'
4 0 Volume
4 0 Volume
|r r'|
|r r|
( )
76.
77.where we have used
( r r' )
1
'
=
|r r '| |r r '|3
78.
79.
80.(Note that the gradient being with respect to primed
variable is negative of the gradient with respect to the
unprimed variable, since the function depend on the
difference
'
r
r
(
A f )=
Af +f
A
82.
83.Substitute
84.
'
A=
P(
r')
and
1
|r r'|
f=
P (
r ') ' ' 1
1
=P ( r )
+
'
P(
r' )
'
'
'
|r r |
|r r | |r r |
( )
85.
86.
87.
88.
( r )=
P (
r ')
1
1
'
d '
r ' )d '
1 ' ' P (
'
4 0 Volume
4
|r r |
r r |
0 Volume |
( )
Replace Page 13
89.
90.The first integral can be converted to a surface integral
using divergence theorem, giving
91.
92.
93.
( r )=
b(
r ') '
b (
r' )
1
1
d
S
+
d '
'
4 0 Surface |r r |
4 0 Volume |r
r '|
94.where the first term is the potential that one would expect
for a surface charge density
^
95. b ( r ) =P ( r ) n '
'
'
96.
^
97. n '
r'
98. b ( r )= P ( r )
'
'
'
E ( r )=
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
b ( r') ( r
r' ) '
b (
r ' ) ( r r' )
1
1
d
S
+
d '
4 0 Surface |r r'|3
4 0 Volume |r r'|3