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Introduction to multiSim
1. Common Emitter and Common Source amplifier
2. Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier
3. RC Phase Shift Oscillator using Transistors
4. Class A Power Amplifier
5. Class B Complementary Symmetry Amplifier
6. Current shunt Feedback amplifier
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AIM : To design and simulate the frequency response of common emitter amplifier
for a gain of 50.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
THEORY:
The CE amplifier provides high gain and wide frequency response. The
emitter lead is common to both the input and output circuits are grounded. The
emitter base junction is at forward biased .The collector current is controlled by the
base current rather than the emitter current. The input signal is applied to the base
terminal of the transistor and amplified output taken across collector terminal. A very
small change in base current produces a much larger change in collector current.
When the positive is fed to input circuit it opposes forward bias of the circuit which
cause the collector current to decrease, it decreases the more negative. Thus when
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input cycle varies through a negative half cycle, increases the forward bias of the
circuit, which causes the collector current increases .Thus the output signal in CE is
out of phase with the input signal.
PROCEDURE
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS :
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PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS :
OBSERVATIONS :
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FREQUENCY RESPONSE :
BAND WITH:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
A weak signal is applied between gate and source and output is
obtained at drain. For the proper operation of FET, gate must be reverse biased. A
small change in reverse bias on the gate produces a large drain current. This fact
makes FET capable of raising the strength of a weak signal. The gain of the common
source FET amplifier is very high which is greater than unity.
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PROCEDURE:
1. Select different components and place them in the grid.
2. For calculating the voltage gain the input voltage of 0.2V(p-p) amplitude and
1KHz frequency is applied, then the circuit is simulated and output voltage is
noted.
3. The voltage gain is calculated by using the expression Av = Vo / Vi
4. For plotting frequency response the input voltage is kept constant at 0.2V(p-
p) and frequency is varied.
5. Note down the output voltage for each frequency.
6. All readings are tabulated and Av in dB is calculated using 20 Log Vo / Vi.
7. A graph is drawn by taking frequency on X-axis and gain in dB on Y-axis on
a Semi-log graph sheet.
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS :
PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS :
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OBSERVATIONS :
Frequency(Hz) Voltage Gain
FREQUENCY RESPONSE :
BAND WITH: f2 - f 1 = Hz
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RESULT : The frequency response of common source amplifier is simulated and the
bandwidth is noted..
VIVA QUESTIONS:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
THEORY:
When ac signal is applied to the base of the transistor Q 1, its amplified output
appears across the collector resistor R9. It is given to the second stage for further
amplification and signal appears with more strength. Frequency response curve is
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obtained by plotting a graph between frequency and gain in dB. The gain is
constant in midband frequency range and gain decreases in low and high frequency
ranges. The gain decreases in the low frequency range due to coupling capacitor C 3
and at high frequencies due to junction capacitance C be .
PROCEDURE:
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THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS :
DC Analysis :
Calculation of RC& RE :
RC = = = 2k
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= = = 0.3
R3 = 2.33 R4
Choose the current flowing through R4 is
= = = 100 A
R4 = = = 27k
R4 = 2.33k, R3 = 27k
AC Analysis:
The voltage gain of an amplifier can be taken as
Av = = 10
Where Re = = = 25
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Av = = 10 => RL = 250
PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS:
Vi1 =
Vo1 =
Av1 = =
Vi2 = Vo1
Vo2 =
Av2 = =
Av =Av1*Av2 =
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Av = =
OBSERVATIONS:
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FREQUENCY RESPONSE :
BAND WITH: f2 - f1 = Hz
VIVA QUESTIONS:
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AIM : To construct and simulate the RC phase shift oscillator and to verify the
frequency of oscillation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
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f=
PROCEDURE:
1. Select different components and place them in the grid and simulate the
circuit.
2. Observe the output signal and note down the output amplitude and time
period (Td).
3. Calculate the frequency of oscillations theoretically and verify it practically
(f=1/Td).
4. Calculate the phase shift at each RC section by measuring the time shifts (Tp)
between the final waveform and the waveform at that section by using the
below formula.
OBSERVATIONS :
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS : R = 10000, C = 0.001 f
f= = = 6.497 kHZ
PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS:
Td =
f= =
(1). 1= *3600 =
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(2). 2 = * 3600 =
(3). 3= *3600 =
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RESULT : RC phase shift oscillator is simulated and the phase shift at points 1, 2 &
3 is noted.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The function of power amplifier is to raise the power level of input signal.
Class A power amplifier is one in which the output current flows during the entire
cycle of input signal. Thus the operating point is selected in such away that the
transistor operates only over the linear region of its load line. So this amplifier can
amplify input signal of small amplitude. As the transistor operates over the linear
portion of load line the output wave form is exactly similar to the input wave form.
Hence this amplifier is used where freedom from distortion is the prime aim.
PROCEDURE:
1. Select different components and place them in the grid.
2. Apply the input ac signal voltage of 160mV (p-p) and simulate the circuit.
3. Observe the output wave form on CRO and measure the output voltage V 0.
4. Now connect the ammeter at collector terminal of transistor.
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5. Disconnect the ac signal from input and measure the collector current Ic in
ammeter.
6. calculate the efficiency by using practical calculations compare it with
theoretically calculated efficiency
OBSERVATION :
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS :
ICQ =
ICQ =
Pin(dc) = =
Po(a.c) =
(Imax Imin) =
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Po(a.c) = =
PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS :
IC =
Pin(d.c) = VCC*ICQ =
Po(a.c) = =
% of efficiency = *100 =
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain class A operation?
2. What is phase shift of input and output signals in class A operation?
3. What is the efficiency of class A power amplifier?
4. Distinguish class A and class B operations
5. What is the formula for the input and output power in class A power amplifier?
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AIM: To simulate and verify the efficiency of class B complementary symmetry push
pull amplifier.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Complementary means the circuit uses two identical transistors but one is
NPN and other is PNP. The symmetry means the biasing resistors connected in both
transistors are equal. As a result of this, emitter base junction of each transistor is
biased with the same voltage.
During the positive half cycle of ac input the base emitter voltage of both
transistors becomes positive. Under this condition only NPN transistor conducts,
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while PNP transistor is cutoff. During this process positive half cycle current flows
through load resistor R5.
During negative half cycle of ac input only PNP transistor conducts and NPN
transistor is cutoff and the negative half cycle current flows through R 5. We get a
complete amplified wave form of input signal. This amplifier circuit has a unity gain
because of the emitter follower configuration is used
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS :
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS :
ICQ =
Pin(d.c) = VCC*ICQ
Pin(d.c) = =
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Po(a.c) =
(Imax Imin) =
Po(a.c) = =
= *100 = 78.5%
PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS :
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IC1 =
IC2 =
IC = =
ICQ =
VCC =
Vo(p-p) =
Po(a.c) =
Pin(d.c) = VCC*ICQ
Po(a.c)
% of efficiency = ----------- *100
Pin(d.c)
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain complementary and symmetry concept?
2. What is the conduction angle in class B operation?
3. What is the efficiency of class B power amplifier?
4. what will be change in the above circuit if the two transistors are
interchanged?
5. what is the formula for output power in class B power amplifier?
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(HARDWARE)
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AIM : To design and construct RC coupled amplifier and verify the voltage gain,
observe the frequency response and find the bandwidth.
APPARATUS:
1. Transistors(BC-107)-2
2. Resistors -2K -1, 68K - 2, 27K - 2, 2.2K -2, 1.8K - 2, 330 -2
3. Capacitors-1F -2,10F -1,100F -2
4. Regulated Power Supply (0-30V)
5. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
6. Bread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
THEORY:
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When ac signal is applied to the base of the transistor Q 1, its amplified output
appears across the collector resistor R9. It is given to the second stage for further
amplification and signal appears with more strength. Frequency response curve is
obtained by plotting a graph between frequency and gain in dB. The gain is
constant in midband frequency range and gain decreases in low and high frequency
ranges. The gain decreases in the low frequency range due to coupling capacitor C 3
and at high frequencies due to junction capacitance C be .
PROCEDURE:
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS :
DC Analysis :
Calculation of RC& RE :
IB = = = 0.025mA
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RC = = = 2k
Calculation of R3 & R4 :
= = = 0.3
R3 = 2.33* R4
I4 = = = 100 A
R4 = = = 27k
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R4 = 2.33k, R3 = 27k
RL
Av = -------- = 10
Re
Where Re = = = 25
Av = = 10 => RL = 250
There is resistance offered between collector and emitter choose R L = 300 . For ac
analysis select
Ce = 100f ,Cc = 1 f, Rs =2k
PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS:
Vi1 =
Vo1 =
Av1 = =
= * =
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= =
OBSERVATIONS:
FREQUENCY RESPONSE :
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BAND WITH: f2 - f1 = Hz
RESULT: The RC coupled amplifier voltage gain is verified, the frequency response
is observed and the bandwidth is noted.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The function of power amplifier is to raise the power level of input signal.
Class A power amplifier is one in which the output current flows during the entire
cycle of input signal. Thus the operating point is selected in such away that the
transistor operates only over the linear region of its load line. So this amplifier can
amplify input signal of small amplitude. As the transistor operates over the linear
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portion of load line the output wave form is exactly similar to the input wave form.
Hence this amplifier is used where freedom from distortion is the prime aim.
PROCEDURE:
1. Select different components and place them in the grid.
2. Apply the input ac signal voltage of 160mV (p-p) and simulate the circuit.
3. Observe the output wave form on CRO and measure the output voltage V 0.
4. Now connect the ammeter at collector terminal of transistor.
5. Disconnect the ac signal from input and measure the collector current Ic in
ammeter.
6. calculate the efficiency by using practical calculations compare it with
theoretically calculated efficiency
OBSERVATION :
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS :
ICQ =
ICQ =
Pin(dc) = = =
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Po(a.c) =
(Imax Imin) =
Po(a.c) = =
PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS :
IC =
Pin(d.c) = VCC*ICQ =
Po(a.c) = =
Po(a.c)
% of efficiency = ------------- *100 =
Pin(d.c)
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain class A operation?
2. What is phase shift of input and output signals in class A operation?
3. What is the efficiency of class A power amplifier?
4. Distinguish class A and class B operations
5. What is the formula for the input and output power in class A power amplifier?
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AIM: To simulate and verify the efficiency of class B complementary symmetry push
pull amplifier.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Complementary means the circuit uses two identical transistors but one is
NPN and other is PNP. The symmetry means the biasing resistors connected in both
transistors are equal. As a result of this, emitter base junction of each transistor is
biased with the same voltage.
During the positive half cycle of ac input the base emitter voltage of both
transistors becomes positive. Under this condition only NPN transistor conducts,
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while PNP transistor is cutoff. During this process positive half cycle current flows
through load resistor R5.
During negative half cycle of ac input only PNP transistor conducts and NPN
transistor is cutoff and the negative half cycle current flows through R 5. We get a
complete amplified wave form of input signal. This amplifier circuit has a unity gain
because of the emitter follower configuration is used
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS :
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS :
ICQ =
Pin(d.c) = VCC*ICQ
Pin(d.c) = =
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Po(a.c) =
(Imax Imin) =
Po(a.c) = =
= *100 = 78.5%
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PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS :
IC1 =
IC2 =
IC1+IC2
IC = -------------- =
2
IC
ICQ = =
VCC =
Vo(p-p) =
Po(a.c) =
Pin(d.c) = VCC*ICQ
% of efficiency = *100
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain complementary and symmetry concept?
2. What is the conduction angle in class B operation?
3. What is the efficiency of class B power amplifier?
4. what will be change in the above circuit if the two transistors are
interchanged?
5. what is the formula for output power in class B power amplifier?
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AIM: To design, construct and plot the load regulator characteristics of series voltage
regulator
APPARATUS:
1. Transistors SL 100 -2
2. Zener diode 6.2V
3. Resistors 270, 1K, 2.2K, 6.8K, 8.2K
4. Decade Resistance Box
5. Ammeter (0-100mA)
6. Multimeter
7. Regulated Power Supply
8. Bread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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THEORY:
Voltage regulator converts a dc input voltage in to a chosen dc
voltage which is stable under conditions of load current and input variation. A series
regulator using an additional transistor as an error amplifier, it improves the line and
load regulation of the circuit. Resistor R 2 and zener diode are the reference source.
Transistor Q2 and its associated circuit components constitute the error amplifier,
that controls the series pass transistor. When the circuit output changes, the change
is amplified by transistor Q2 and fed back to the base of Q1 to correct the output
voltage level. Now suppose Vo decreases , VBE2 decreases .Because emitter voltage
of Q2 is held at Vz, any decrease in VBE2 appears across the base emitter of Q 2.A
reduction ib VBE2 causes IC2 to be reduced,VR1 is reduced and VB1 is increased
causing the output voltage increase.
DESIGN:
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VCE1(max) = VS = 20V
IB1(max) = = = 1mA
standard value)
I4 = 1mA
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R3 = = = = 2.2K
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PROCEDURE:
Line Regulation:
Load Regulation:
OBSERVATIONS :
LINE REGULATION :
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LOAD REGULATION :
PRECAUTIONS:
VIVA Questions:
1. What is Regulation?
2. What are the characteristics of voltage regulator?
3. What is Stabilization factor?
4. Why it is called as series regulator?
5. Why series regulator is also called as negative feedback regulator?
6. What is the purpose of current limiting circuit?
7. What is the disadvantage of current limiting circuit? How we can avoid that.
8. What is ripple rejection and output voltage in 7805 voltage regulator?
9. Using the 7812 voltage regulator, design a current source that will deliver a
0.5A current to a 25, 10W load.
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AIM: To design, construct and plot the load regulator characteristics of shunt
voltage regulator
APPARATUS:
1. Transistors SL 100 -2
2. Zener diode 6.2V
3. Resistors 100, 220, 1K
4. Decade Resistance Box
5. Ammeter (0-100mA)
6. Multimeter
7. Regulated Power Supply
8. Bread board
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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THEORY:
If control element is connected in shunt with the load the regulator
circuit is called shunt voltage regulator. The unregulated input voltage Vin tries to
provide the load current, but part of the current is taken by the control element, to
maintain a constant voltage across the load. If there is any change in load voltage
the sampling circuit provides a feedback signal to the comparator circuit. The
comparator circuit compares the feedback signal with the reference voltage and
generates a control signal which decides the amount of current required to be
shunted to keep the load voltage constant. Now suppose if load voltage increases
than comparator circuit decides the control signal based on the feedback information
which draws increased shunt current I SH value Due to this load current decreases and
hence the load voltage decreases to its normal value. Thus control element
maintains the constant output voltage by shunting the current, hence the regulator
circuit is called a shunt voltage regulator.
PROCEDURE:
Line Regulation:
Load Regulation:
OBSERVATIONS:
LINE REGULATION :
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LOAD REGULATION :
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PRECAUTIONS:
VIVA Questions:
1. What is Regulation?
2. What are the characteristics of voltage regulator?
3. What is Stabilization factor?
4. Why it is called as shunt regulator?
5. Why series regulator is also called as negative feedback regulator?
6. What is the purpose of Fold back circuit/
7. What is the disadvantage of current limiting circuit? How we can avoid that.
8. What is ripple rejection and output voltage in 7805 voltage regulator?
9. Using the 7812 voltage regulator, design a current source that will deliver a
0.5A current to a 25,10W load.
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