INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOMBAY

Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science

MM 204 : TRANSPORT PHENOMENA : 2016-17 FALL

Assignment 3 (Submit any FIFTEEN) Submit January 27, 2017; 0830

1. In the problem in the tutorial of flow through a tube with a fan, we

    
approximated
  ~ 
, assuming density to be relatively

constant. Verify whether the approximation is valid when p1 = -10mm 1 2
5
water column, gage, and p2 is atmospheric pressure( 1.013x10 Pa), by performing the integration for
the cases of i) density constant as above, ii) isothermal reversible, ideal gas, and iii) adiabatic
reversible, ideal diatomic gas. How bad would be the approximation if the p1 is instead -0.5 atm,
gage?

2. Water is flowing at the rate of 10 kg/s through a horizontal

converging nozzle. The upstream diameter of the nozzle is 75 mm
and downstream 25 mm. If four bolts are used to secure the nozzle to
the supply tube, conservatively estimate the force on each bolt.
{Neglect friction since the kinetic energy term is very large }
Hint : the nozzle experiences pressure force on its inside surface due to water and the outside surface
due to air. The difference is supported by the bolts.

3. An air lift pump works by pumping small air bubbles into

the bottom of a vertical pipe immersed in the fluid to be
raised, as shown below. Ideally, the bubbles are so small
that the relative velocity between air and water is
negligible. Actual air lift pumps can achieve pumping
efficiencies of 75% or more. For a 60% water and 40% air
mixture in the lift pipe, how high can an ideal air lift pump
raise the water ? (Levenspiel) ,Hint : Assume the air water
mixture to be a homogeneous fluid of lower density.

4. A pilot scale fluidized bed combustor needs a continuous

supply of 4 m3/s of 120 kPa air. The room temperature is 293K.

a. What size of compressor operating at 74 % efficiency will do

the job ?

b. What will be the temperature of the air leaving the

compressor if no heat is lost to the surroundings ? Assume air
to be an ideal diatomic gas, in which case dU = Cv.dT.

Make suitable assumtions.

5. One of the first experiments in the undergraduate chemical reaction

engineering laboratory is to follow the drop in concentration of material which
is reacting away in a batch reactor, as shown, and then to represent this by a D
rate equation of the form

Rate of reaction = dC/dt =kCn , where k and n are constants ..(i)

d
 In principle, this is a simple experiment. In practice, this can be a
headache, messing around with reagents, standardizing solutions, titrating,
etc. To bypass these problems, Lemlich (1954) and Zhang and Hau (1984)
have proposed a hydraulic analog to this experiment.

This consists of a burette and a capillary as shown. All one does is to fill the burette with water and
then to follow the drop of water level with time. On representing the reactant concentration by the
height of water, or C = h, we then can write

Rate of reaction = dh/dt = khn ..(ii)

and for a short nozzle, we can neglect any frictional effects.

(a) Find the constants k and n in terms of the flow parameters of the system d, D.
(b) For d = 1 mm, D = 15 mm, find what equation (ii) reduces to.
(c) For water system of part (b) how long would it take or the water level in the burette to drop
from h = 1m to h = 0.5m ? [Levenspiel]

6. (a) You performed, in the tutorial, a shell balance for the

following problem: Water is flowing freely as a film
down a wide inclined plane. The thickness of the water
film is small compared to its width. Perform a shell
balance for the fully developed flow regime of the film of
water . Now get an expression for the flow rate as a
function of the thickness and the incline slope. List your assumptions and discuss them. Neglect
the effect of the side walls. [BSL 2.2, solved problem]

How would you define a friction factor in such a case, and

what would be the expression for it ?
Discuss the boundary condition of zero shear stress at the free
surface and its validity

(b) In the above problem, the water is flowing in a slit like tunnel
as shown in the figure, and the water fills half the slit. Can
you repeat the shell balance without assuming that air offers
negligible resistance at the surface to the flow of water. (Neglect
entrance and exit effects). When is the assumption made in the previous
problem reasonably valid? You need to find the velocity profile in the
air layer to (Here one should remember that the static pressure variation
in static air outside may not negligible in comparison to the
gravitational force on the air layer). What is the rate at which air is
delivered at the exit?

7. In a gas adsorption experiment a viscous fluid flows upward through a

small circular tube and then downward as film on the outside. Set up a
momentum balance over a shell of thickness r in the film as shown in the
figure.

a. Show that the velocity distribution in the falling film outside

(neglecting end effects) is
    
  1     2 !  "
4  

b. Obtain an expression for the volume rate of flow in the film. (BSL)

8. Derive velocity profile relationships and define friction factors for the following cases :

(a) Flow of a fluid between two vertical parallel plates a distance 2B apart and infinite in width and
length. A constant pressure gradient is acting, apart from gravitational force.

(b) Same as above but one of the plate is moving up at a constant speed of Vo parallel to the other
plate.

(c) Same as above but the plates are horizontal and the pressure gradient is zero.

Can the result in (b) be got as a case of superposition of results in (a) and (c)?

9. A steel pipe (cold rolled) 0.5 m i.d. is to carry 1800 m3/day of oil from an oil field to a refinery
located 1000 km away. The difference in elevation of the two ends of the line is negligible.

(a) Calculate the power required to overcome friction in the pipe line.

(b) Since the maximum allowable pressure in any section of the line is 4 MPa (about 40 atm), it will
be necessary to have pumping stations at suitable intervals along the pipe line. What is the
smallest number of pumping stations required ?

Data: At the temperature involved, the oil has a viscosity of 0.05 Pa.s and a density of 870 kg/m3.
[Levenspiel]

10. Water at 20oC flows from the base of a large storage tank through a smooth horizontal pipe (100-
mm-i.d., 1 km in length) at a velocity of 1 m/s. That is not fast enough. How much pipe must be
sawed off to get 2.5 times the velocity through the pipe ? Ignore kinetic energy and entrance effects
[Levenspiel]

11. The village of Schaffzell high in the Swiss Alps operates its own modest hydroelectric plant which
produces electricity continuously whether it is used or not. When not needed the 240 kW of
electricity runs a motor-turbine at 75% efficiency which pumps 5oC water at 0.1 m3/s through an
equivalent length of 780 m of pipe (spiral welded) to a little lake located 153 m uphill. When extra
electricity is needed the flow is reversed, water runs downhill at the same flow rate, 0.1 m3/s, from
the little lake through the turbine to generate the needed electricity, again at 75% efficiency. How
much power can be generated with this down-flow from the little lake ?

What size of pipe was used by the village of Schaffzell in their system that pumps water up to the
little lake ? [Levenspiel]

12. Drip irrigation is a means of getting water directly to growing

plants with very little waste. One method uses a large-diameter
polyethylene `mother tube (10-15 mm-i.d) from which lead many
small-diameter polyethylene feeder tubes, called drippers, which
go directly to the individual plants. What diameter and length of
dripper should we use if we want a flow rate of 4 lit/h to each
 plant, and if the desired dripper length is to be somewhere between 0.5 and 2.5 m ? [Levenspiel]

Date: The temperature is 20oC; mother tube pressure = 200 kPa; ambient pressure = 100 kPa;
drippers are manufactured in three diameters: 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.5 mm.

13. A common type of viscometer for liquids consists of a relatively large

reservoir with a very slender vertical outlet tube at the bottom, the rate of
outflow being determined by timing the fall in the surface level. If oil of
constant density flows out of the viscometer at the rate of 0.273x10-6 m3/s,
what is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid ?

Can you suggest an experimental method to determine the diameter of fine

capillaries drawing inspiration from the above experiment ? End effects need
to be eliminated.

14. Oxygen is being delivered to a steel melt shop (SMS) at the rate of 500 Nm3/min through a 500 m
long, 100 mm piping from a reservoir at the oxygen plant. The piping has five 90o bends of standard
radius. In addition one gate valve and one globe valve are situated in the pipeline. If the delivery
pressure at the SMS should be 106Pa, what should be the minimum pressure at the reservoir ? Pipes
are made of GI. (Nm3 represents cu.m. at STP). Take the flow to be incompressible, and estimate the
density at the average pressure (we will see how good is this approximation later).

15. We have a 50mm water line which supplies water to our induction furnace. We would like to install
a flow meter in the line to measure the flow rate of water. The water-over-mercury manometer that
we would like to use should not show a height difference of more than 100 mm, since we have a
height constraint. If the maximum flow rate that the line can deliver is not expected to exceed 100
lpm, what diameter of venturi would you suggest? Assume a discharge coefficient of 0.98.

16. Next summer the Professor wants to dam Dope creek to form a little
lake in his farm. Building the dam is simple; however he hasn't yet
figured out what size of galvanized iron pipe to use for the water to
overflow. The dry season is no problem. It is the wet season with the
thunderstorms and flash floods that worries him. His personal
meteorologist estimates that in the worst conceivable situation the
flow in Dope creek can reach 1.52 m3/s. If the pipe is too small the
water level will rise too high ( more than 1m from the overflow pipe intake point) and will overflow
damaging the dam. How large a pipe is needed to guarantee that the water does not flow over the
dam if the discharge end of the pipe is 3m below the intake point ? Can you help the professor ?
Length of the pipe is small, and therefore neglect friction losses. [Levenspiel]

17. Every summer I carefully grow a giant tomato plant because I love the taste of its fresh-picked fruit.
Since these plants need 2 liters of water each day of the growing season to produce these
delectable and irresistible fruit, how do I grow my plant next summer when I will be away for four
weeks with no way to water it ?

One solution would be to connect a long plastic tube 0.4 mm-i.d. to the faucet at my home where
the water pressure is 100kPa,g and lead it to the plant. Determine how long the tube would have
to be to deliver 2 lit/day of water. Of course, everything is on the level. (kPa,g refers to pressure in
relation to the ambient) [Levenspiel].
18. I have just seeded a new 2400 m2 lawn and the gardner recommends that I sprinkle it with 8
liter/m2/day of water to make it grow properly. To do this I bought a pump, 25m of 25mm-i.d.
plastic hose (smooth inside), and a sprinkler, which then are all connected. The pump draws water
from a stream whose level is 3 m below the pump, the water intake is a large polyethylene pipe
(negligible resistance) and the lawn is 9m above the pump. The pump is run for about 7 hr/day, its
outlet pressure gauge reads 5.5bar, my electricity receipts show that I pay 5.00/kWh and I must
sprinkle for 32 days to develop a healthy lawn, so says the gardner. If the daytime temperature
of water (when I plan to sprinkle) is 27oC and the pump is 25% efficient, find the cost of
electricity for this 32-day job. [Levenspiel]

19. Capillary Flowmeter: Determine the rate of flow through the capillary flow meter, where the
pressure drop across a capillary tube of length L is measured using a manometer. The fluid flowing
in the inclined capillary tube is water at room temperature and the manometer fluid is carbon
tetrachloride with density of 1594 kg/m3. The capillary diameter is 0.254 mm. (Note that
measurements of height H in the manometer and L are sufficient to calculate the flow rate; that is
need not be measured!) (WWWR)

20. A dust precipitator consists of a pair of oppositely

charged plates between which dust- laden gas flows.
It is desired to establish a criterion for the minimum
length of the precipitator in terms of the charge on
the particle e, the electric field strength E, the
pressure difference (p0 - pL) and the gas viscosity .
That is for what length L will the smallest particle
present (mass m) reach the bottom plate just before
it has a chance to be swept out of the channel.
Assume that the flow between the plates is laminar.
Assume also that the particle velocity in the z direction is same as the fluid velocity in the z-
direction; assume further that the Stokes drag on the sphere as well as gravity force acting on the
particle as it is accelerated in the -x direction can be neglected. (BSL)

[ Note : the trajectory shown may not be the one leading to longest distance of travel].