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ERROR ANALYSIS

Absolute Static Error: Difference between measured value and true value.

:Error/Absolute Static Error ; :Measured Value ; :True Value

Absolute Value of an error does not precisely indicate the accuracy of


measurement. E.g. Error is 2A

Relative Static Error


= =

=
+

Static Correction: Difference between true value and the measured value
=
Errors and uncertainties are inherent in the process of making
any measurement & in the instrument with which
measurements are made.

Study of errors is important To find ways to reduce them


LIMITING ERRORS (Guarantee Errors)

Usually, accuracy is within a certain % of full scale reading Deviations from


this nominal value has to be specified

Limits of deviations from specified value LIMITING ERRORS

Relative Error: Ratio of error to true quantity of a component

=
=

Error = =

Relative Limiting Error ( )


=

Percentage Limiting Error (% )


x 100
RESULTANT ERROR

A measuring instrument may be formed by combining several


components, each having its limiting error

The limiting error of combination may be computed based on how the


various components are connected by considering relative increment
of a function

(i) Result is a sum or difference of various components

(i) Result is a product or quotient of various components

(i) Result is a composite factor of output of various components


Result is a sum or difference of various components

If, , , , . = Outputs of each device

(sum or difference) Q =

= . + . + . +

Resultant Limiting Error = Sum of products formed by


multiplying individual limiting errors by the ratio of each term
Result is a product or quotient of various components

=
=
=

= + + +

Relative Limiting Error is a sum of relative errors of all


components
Result is a composite factor of output of various components


= + + .+

= + + +
Guarantee values are obtained by taking a direct sum of
possible errors adopting algebraic signs for worst possible case
Pessimistic process

KNOWN ERRORS

When error of a certain quantity is already known effect of


this can similarly be considered and computed.

Only difference is signs of relative errors be presented in


the calculations
1) A multimeter having a sensitivity of 2000/V is used for the

measurement of voltage across a circuit having an output resistance of

10k. The open circuit voltage of the circuit is 6V. Find the reading of the

multimeter when it is set to its 10V scale. Find the percentage error.

Ans: Measured Output Voltage EL= 4V

Percentage error = -33%


2) An oscilloscope having an input resistance of 1 M shunted by 50pF

capacitance is connected across a circuit having an effective output resistance

of 10k. If the open circuit voltage has 1V peak for a 100kHz sine wave, what

will be the voltage indicated on the oscilloscope when the frequency is

(i) 100kHz (ii) 1MHz?


3) It is desired to measure the value of current in the 500 resistor as shown

in figure by connecting a 100 ammeter. Find (i) The actual value of current

(ii) Measured value of current and (iii) The percentage error in measurement

and the accuracy.

Thevenins equivalent circuit


4) During a test the current was measured as 26.5A flowing in a resistor of

0.12. Later it was discovered that ammeter reading was low by 1.1% and

marked resistance was high by 0.25%. Determine true power as % of power

originally calculated.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

Experimental Data: i) Multisample Test

ii) Single- Sample Test

Multisample test: Repeated measurements using different test


conditions.

Single-sample test: single/multiple measurements under


identical conditions.

Statistical analysis is valid only for Multisample Test Data.


Different methods of statistical analysis:

Histogram

Arithmetic Mean

Measure of dispersion from the mean

Range

Deviation

Average Deviation

Standard deviation

Normal or Gaussian Curve of Errors

Precision Index
HISTOGRAM:

Graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.

It is frequency distribution curve.


ARITHMETIC MEAN:

Most probable value of measured variable.

..
= =

where -> arithmetic mean

.. -> readings or variates or samples

n > number of readings


MEASURE OF DISPERSION FROM THE MEAN:

Extent to which the values are dispersed about the central value.

Its an indication of the degree of precision and regularity of data.


RANGE:

Measure of dispersion.

Difference between greatest and least values of data.

DEVIATION:

Departure of observed reading from the arithmetic mean.

Departure d1= x1 -

d2= x2 - and so on..

( )
Then, =
AVERAGE DEVIATION:

Indiaction of precision of the instruments.

Highly precise instruments low average deviation between


readings.

STANDARD DEVIATION (S.D):

Square root of the sum of the individual deviations squared,


divided by the number of readings.

..
S.D = = =
NORMAL OR GAUSSIAN CURVE OF ERRORS:

Law of Probability The normal occurrence of deviations from


average value of an infinite number of measurements or

observations can be expressed by y = exp (-h2d2).

Its an indication of the degree of precision and regularity of data.

y= exp (-d2/2 2)

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