’goy CRC Expose to various Interesting & Unusual mathematical problems Enhance Thinking Skills and Heuristics for problem-solving Examples to strengthen learning of Mathematical Processes Elaborate Worked Solutions for thorough understanding Alda Ol WER SionB.\ SINGAPORE ASIAN 5) PUBLICATIONS Maths Olympiad Unizech Tine Metis Olympia invew Advanced (Pr 5 & 6, suitable for 11 - 13 years old) Terry Chew B.Sc. - an author who researches extensively on the topics related to Mathematical Olympiad and coaches students in that field iiiay MATHS OLYMPIAD Unleash The Maths Olympian In You! Advanced Fint tion 2008 @Terry Chew Published ty Stagapore Asian Publications (5) Pre Lid Distributed by SINGAPORE (KELVIN YOO) Singapore Asian Publications (S) Pte Led 219 Henderson Road 110-04, Henderson Industial Park, Singapore 159556 Tel: (65) 6276 $280 Fax: (65) 6276 8292 E-mail: info@saperpcom For onder ener: E-mail: Lelvingoo @saperp.com Website: www.seperpcom MALAYSIA (ANG WOO! 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ISBN-13 979-981-274-1998 ISON10—9B1-274-199.2 Printed in Snpspore GOOD BOOKS - OUR BUSINESSChapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 CONTENTS Think Algebra ----. Venn Diagram Whole Numt Fraction ----- Speed: Encountering -—~ Solve by Comparison and Replacement ---. Divisibility Solve Using Table or Drawing Copyrighted materialChapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Cryptarithm ———--—————— Observation and Induction ---~ More Speed Problems ---- Of Interest, Profit and Loss --~ Ratio Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 SOLUTIONS ---- Mathematics of Time: Bases Other Than Ten -----------—--- Pigeonhole Principle --- Number Pattern ---- Area and Perimeter of Circles ~--- Al - A5S9i LD titae Atgebra The ability to think algebraically and, in turn, solve mathematical problems using algebraic equations isa very powerful tool. This chapter will touch on the teaching of equations with one unknown, equations with two unknowns and simultaneous equations. Ina, which means 5 x a, the coefficients 5 and the unknown is a. The multiplication ‘sign ‘x’ is usually omitted in an equation so it will not be mistaken for an unknown: (A) One unknown in the equation An equation consists of both an unknown and a number. B+a=12 So, what is the value of ‘a’? Method 1: By Comparison Rewrite the equation, it will become Bra=B+4 We can think of the equation as a balance scale, The ‘=" sign is the pivot. ad Compare the left-hand side (LHS) with the right-hand side (RHS). 8=8 a=4 iQV HERE CRS ENR ERR TERE WERCCEEN NESE C CEE © lm+3n (@ 954 4t=58 lm 9s = 58 ~4t 4t When = 4, Whent=1, _ 89-3%4 _ 58-4x1 me seg = = 54 el se %g m=7 s=6 Example 4: Find the value of the unknowns in each simultaneous equation. @ m+n=50 ay (b) 35+ 2t= 51 - “ M+ BN= BO oneness (2) BS + BE AQ erence © m+n=32 a @) 25 + 3t=87 - 3m +2n=72 @ 2s+2t=66 Solution: @ @-a) CoN AA CNT MAAR ER ORE3s + 2t-2s - 3t= 51-49 sat=2 s=t+2 From the above equation, we know thats is greater than thy 2, sst+2 39 = 3146 (3) Bring (3) into (1). 3t+6+2t=51 St+6=51 St=51-6=45 t=45+5=9 Substitute t = 9 into (3). 3s=3x9+6=33 $=33+3=11 @ (x3 3m 4 39 = 96 ees (8) 3)-@) 3m + 3n-3m - 2n= 96-72 n=2a Substitute n = 24 into (1). m+ 24=32 m=32-24=8 @ (1) -(2) 2s + 3t-2s -2t = 87-66 t=21 Substitute t= 21 into (1). Copyrighted materialSER WHU ENGR OR RRR Ctr. 2 a 2 = 2 a Example 8: Kelly and Jessy have 100 beads altogether. 3 of thenumber of beads Jessy has is 16 more than ;'5 of the number of beads Kelly has, How many beads does each girl have? 4 = a . Solution: 7 . dye1 a = I= gk +16 5 JK = 100 ween (2) (1) « 30 Qu = 3K + 480 10)-3K= 480 ~~ (2)*3 J+ 3K= 300 -- (3) + (4) 134= 780 J= 780 = 13 = 60 Substitute J= 60 into (2). Go+K é Jessy has 60 beads and Kelly has 40 beads. CIV ORO TOTOROVORO TERR OPER POOR SS1. Find the value of each unknown in the following equations. @ b+4=9 e) a+3=6 © B4n=14 @) 6+w=10 © p+08=28 (ht) j-0.6 = 0.3 Copyrighted material4. Find the value of each unknown in the following pairs of simultaneous equations. @ s#t=42 . @) m+n=2t - (1) 25+3t=96 7 Am+3n=70 ~ -Q) @ 5m+3n=54 (2) 4m +n= 32 - Copyrighted material9. teacher has a bag of sweets. If she gives every student 4 sweets, she is left with 48 sweets. If she gives every student 6 sweets, she needs another 8 sweets. How many students does she give the sweets to? Copyrighted material40. The sum of a whole number and 3is a multiple of 5. The difference between the whole number and 6 is a multiple of 6. Find the two possible values of this number. Copyrighted material) a Venn Diagram ‘There is a string of mathematical problems that some items or events are counted twice in the process of counting. To avoid such mathematical error in counting, a Venn diagram can be used. A Venn diagram is 2 special drawing that can clearly show the relationship between two or more items or events. Examples of a Venn diagram are shown below. The Venn diagram below shows the relationship between two different items, A and B, The shaded area, S, is @ region that is common to both A and 8. Total number of items or events, C=A+B-S. The Venn diagram below shows the relationship between three items or events, The shaded area, S., is commen to both A and 8. The shaded area, S., is common to both B and C. The shaded area, S,, is common to both A and C. The shaded area, S,, is common to all three items or events. Total number of items or events, D=A+B+C- 8,-5, + §,14, A total of 9regions are formed by 5 circles. Two such regions have the numbers, LID Use the numbers 3, 4, 5, 6,8, 9 and 11 once only for the rest of the regions so that the sum of numbers in each circle is 20. 12 and 15. Copyrighted materiald A 3s Whole Numbers The most impor‘ant and sophisticated technique we will learn from this chapter is tobe able to express, say, abcd, which denotes a 4-digit number, in the form a 1000a + 100b + 10c +d The usefulness of this simple expression is to help us solve and appreciate a unique set of mathematical problems such as Example 3, Example 4 and Question 10 in this chapter. The other category af mathematical problems, multiplication of two extremely long string of numbers, uses a simple concept (10-1 = 9) for problem-solving. This concept is demonstrated in Example 2. Last but not least, we will learn to simplify the computation of the difference or sum between two sets of products through skilful factorisation. Example 1 and Question 7 illustrate this technique. 2 Zl 6. Examples Example 1: 999 999 x 222 222 + 333 333 x 333 334 =? Solution: 999 999 x 222 222 + 333 333 x 333 334 = 333 333 x 3 x 222 222 + 333 333 x 333 334 = 333 333 x 666 666 + 333 333 x 333 334 33 333 x (666 666 + 333 334) 33 333 x 1000 000 = 333 333000 000STORK ERETREE EER HERERO ERNE ee QUBHEESHSHESHOHOHURGHHANHERONDHRORH SREB HE oe Example 2: Find the sum of all the digits of 333 ...333 x 666 ... 666. es 3 2008 3s 2008 6s Itis not possible to multiply the two numbers of such magnitude. ‘The whole trick to this question lies in a simple relationship: 10-1=9. ‘Solution: 333 ...333 x 666 ... 666 Cee Sg RO 2008 3s 2008 65 = 333 ... 333 x 3 x 222 ... 222 eS cee £85 2008 3s 2008 25 = 999 ...999 x 222... 222 che FES 2088 9s 2008 25 = (1000 ... 000 - 1) x 222 ... 222 cee Os 2008 05 2008 25, = 222 ...222:000 ... 000 ~ 222 ... 222 Cee OG EG 2008 2s 2008 Os 2008 2s = 222 ...222 1 777... 778 CEE BEG NET IS 2007 2s, 2007 7s, 2+7 1+8 2008 x 9 = 18072 (there are 2007 pairs of 9) (there is one more pair of 9) The sum of all the digits of 333 ... 333 x 666 ... 666 is 18 072. ees eee 2008 3s 2088 6s RRDORDONs eRe EP re senorsono naan CURBS TAA AEE RAAT R TRE R EO ReRAoSUGGS EESOE RECN EERE AER YS ™ Be ~ . - \ Practice Pe : = = 1. For each question below, do only the first three multiplication. Write out the x next three products based on your conjecture. a = @ 3x ®) 6x7= . 33 x 34 66 x 67= 333 x 334 = 666 x 667 = 2 3333 x 333. 6666 x 6667 = 33 333 x 33 33. 66 666 x 66 667 * 333 333 x 333 33. 666 666 x 666 667 = 5 = . 2 a ©) @ 88 x 99= 585 x 999 = 888 x 999 = 5555 x 9999 8888 x 9999 = 55 555 x 99.99 88 888 x 99999 = 555 555 x 999 99: 888 888 x 999999 = THORS CM SUPP R HE Qe Qeeeeee 5G 15 A BOTS The me2. Find the value of 1 111 111 122 222 222 + 33 333 334. Copyrighted material5. Find the value of 888 ... 888 x 333 ... 334. + 666 ... 666 x 888 ... 888. OO 208s 19 3s 20 6s 20 8s Copyrighted material6. Compute 333 ... 333 x 888 ... 888 = 666 ... 666. 2008 3s 2008 8s 2008 6s Copyrighted material10. James’ age is the sum of all the digits of his year of birth in 2008, How old is James in 2008? Copyrighted material:Three most important techniques related to fraction are explored in this chapter. The first examplein this chapter represents a sophisticated fraction, Problems of this nature are not particularly difficult, or rather they must be solved systematically and carefully in order to avoid unnecessary mistakes. The technique of “Partial Fraction” is also introduced in this chapter. This technique allows a fraction to be expressed as a difference or sum of two fractions. Examples 2, 3and 4 demonstrate the use of this technique to facilitate cancellation of identical fractions with different signs: the plus (+) sign and the minus @) sign. Last but not least, we sometimes represent a chunk of fractions by A and another chunk of fractions by B to simplify the problem. This helps us to solve the extremely tedious problems involving fraction, This technique is demonstrated in Example 5.AY 10. 3pieces of item A, 7 pieces of item B and 1 piece of item Cina toy set cost $31.50 4) pieces of item A, 10 pieces of item B and 1 piece of item C in the same set cost $42. Find the price of item A + item B + itemC. Copyrighted materialIL Scows and 6 goats feed on 27 kg of grass every day. 6 cows and 5 goats feed on 28 kg of grass every day. How many kilograms of grass does a cow feed on each day? eeuae se nnie ae ‘Copyrighted materialExample 4: Frank and Ronnie embarked on a moving escalator to the second floor of a shopping mall. Frank walked up the escalator at a speed of 2 steps every second. At the same time, Ronnie walked up the same escalator ata speed of 3 steps every 2 seconds. Frank arrived at the second floor in 25 seconds. It took Rennie 30 seconds to reach the sare floor. How many steps had the escalator when it was stationary? Analysis: First, we need to find the speed of the escalator. Solution: if the escalator travelled at n steps per second, 25x 2+ 25n=50 + 25n Frank would have travelled 50 + 25n steps. 30 x 3 +30 = 45 + 30n Ronnie would have travelled 45 4+ 30.n steps. 50+ 25n = 45 + 30n 5n=5 n= 1 step every second 50+25x1=75 or 45+30x1=75 The escalator had 75 steps when it was stationary. 2.Example 6; Town A and Town B are 420 km apart, A car leaves Town A for Town B and another car leaves Town B for Town A. If Car A has a head start of 2.5 hours, the two cars will pass each other 2.5 hours after Car B starts its journey. If Car B has a head start of 2 hours, the two cars will pass each other 3 hours after Car A starts its journey. Find their speeds, Solution; Scenario 1: The two cars pass each other 5 hours after Car A begins its journey and 2.5 hours after Car 8 begins its journey. Scenario 2: They meet 5 hours after Gar B begins its journey and 3 hours after Car A starts its journey. Let a and b be the speeds of cars A and B respectively. 5a+2.5b=420 -----(1) 3a+5b=420 (2) (x2 10a+5b=840 ------(3) (3)- 2), 7a=420 a= 420+7=60 km/h (10 x 60) + 56 = 840 Sb = 840-600 = 240 b =240+5=48km/h The speeds of Car A and Car B are 60 km/h and 48 km/h respectively.3. MrWelch drives at a constant speed of 108 km/h to his office every morning. He drives at a constant speed of 72 km/h for his return trip. What is his average speed for the round-trip? Copyrighted material4. Mir Cartland is driving from Red Deer to Okonagan for a business meeting. If he drives at a speed af 90 km/h, he will arrive at 4 pm. If he drives ata speed of 120 km/h, he will arrive 2 hours earlier. At what speed should Mr Cartland be driving if he wants to arrive at 3.12 pm? Copyrighted materialAbeetle is climbing along the three sides of an equilateral triangle. The speeds at which it travels along the three sides are 30 cm/min, 50 cm/min and 60 cm/min respectively. What is the average speed for the beetle to complete the whole journey? 60cm/min <— ted material10. Acar left Town A for Town B. Another car left Town B for Town A at the same time. The ratio of the speeds of the two cars was 6: 5 initially, After the two cars passed each other, Car A's speed was reduced by 3 and Car B's speed was reduced by 25%. When Car A arrived at Town B, Car B was still 54 km away from Town A. Find the distance between Town A and Town B,“A = Examples Example 1: The selling price of a figurineis $8000. Ifit is sold at $4800, the profit is 20%. How much should it be sold for if the profit has to be 75%? Solution: = ae x 100% = $4000 cost pri To make a 75% profit, $4000 x 175% = $7000 it should be sold for $7000. Example 2: A product is marked at 20% above the cost price. it is then sold at 90% of the selling price. The profit is $120. What is the cost price of this product? Solution: If the cost price is $n, marked price = n x (1 + 20%) The cost price of this product is $1500. mies 225 ) BeaneQpovwwedtssoseew eee = ne Example 3: A shop purchased some shoes at $65 each pair. The shop sold these pairs of shoes at $74 each. The shopkeeper calculated that the profit was $440 when there were 5 pairs of shoes left. How many pairs of ‘shoes did the shop purchase initially? Solution: Total profit = $440 + $74x5 = $810 Profit from each pair = $74- $65 = $9 Number of pairs of shoes = $810 ~ $9 = 90 ‘The shops purchased 90 pairs af shoes initially. Example 4: Abarik charged 8% annual interest on the money lent to the customers. John borrowed $20 000 from the bank that was repayable within 6 years. (@) What was the payable interest? {(b) What was the total ammount payable? (©) What was the monthly repayment? Solutions: @) _ Interest = $20 000 x 0.08 x 6 = $9600 The payable interest was $9600. @&) $20 000 + $9600 = $29 600 The total amount payable was $29 600. (© $29600 = 6 x 12)= $4114 or $411.11 ‘The monthly repayment was $411.31. Fa a3. _Ashop bought 80 laptops at $4000 each. The shop sold 50 of these laptops ata 20% profitin the first month. In the second month, the remaining laptops were sold at 75% of the first month's selling price. How much profit was made altogether? Beeewnen A, sae eee PeOr POT ereer rene? SAAS, - uss4. Aproduct was marked at 20% above the cost price. {twas eventually sold at 80% of the selling price. The loss was $40, What was the cost price of the ict? produs Copyrighted materialEbEREHNRE OR GERBER el La LD rei Aratio can be denoted asa: bor = where b#0. Ifarb=c:d, a. then 2 =. © axd=c xb, where = means “equal to” and “the other way is true”, The application of ratio is wide and far-reaching in our daily life. If we say one car is travelling at $0 km/h, the other car at 75 km/h, the ratio of speed is 90:75 = 6:5. The ratio of time, incidentally, is 5:6. pepo eS,= Examples Example 1: @) Given 5a=3b, finda:b. () Given 4m=7n, find m:n, 5a=3b 5_b a Example 2: A fraction can be simplified as a if 3is added to the numerator. It . can be simplified as 3 when 3 is subtracted from the numerator. Find the traction. Solution: 9 18 _ 1543 3,12 _ 15-3 TO > 20 ~~ 20 5720-3 15 ‘The fractionis 35. 5 6 oo wr ropa nn an EEE eee ee6, There are 35 white and black beads altogether in a box. 3 of the number of white beads equals to $ of the number of black beads. How many white beads are in the box? Copyrighted material8. AB, ACand AD are diameters of three different circles as shown. Find the ratio of the areas of the three circles when AB = BC = CD. Copyrighted materialen rk L @ Logie Three most commonly deployed techniques used in solving logic problems are: @) make anassumption (2) make list / elimination @) drawa table In technique 1, we assume something to be true at first until itis later proven otherwise by all the given clues. We make an unrepeated list of all the possibilities in technique 2 and eliminate those that cannot be true. Intechnique 3, we create a table or drawing to sort out all the given clues, thus making the reasoning process more systematic. This is especially true in Questions Copyrighted materialss “B. Examples Example 1: A football flew right into the window in the staff room and shattered it. Four probable culprits were called to the Discipline Master's office for investigation. Alan: Dylan broke it. Bob: Dylan broke it. Chartes: | didn't do it. Dylan: Bob is lying. Only one suspect told the truth, Who was the culprit? Solution: Reasoning: If Alan was the culprit, both Alan and Bob lied. Charles and Dylan told the truth. {f Dylan was the culprit, Alan, Bob and Charles told the truth. If Charles was the culprit, Dylan told the truth and the rest lied. Charles was the culprit.3. Randyand Steve can finish painting a farmhouse in 6 days. It takes Steve and Tim days to do the same task. Randy and Tim took 12 days to do the same task. How many days will it take if the three boys do the painting together? Copyrighted materialPaul and Mary are assigned a mathematics project to work on. If Paul works on it alone for 6 hours and let Mary take over, Mary needs another 12 hours to complete. If Paul works on it for 8 hours and then hands it over to Mary, she will need another 6 hours. How many hours does Mary alone need to complete the project if Paul has already worked on it for 3 hours?wat i Co wae, Cae 2 ia ad Mathematics of Time How many times does the hour hand lie directly over the minute hand in 24 hours? What action must you take when your watch is slower or faster than the actual time? Have you ever wondered how many degrees about the centre of the clock will the s hour hand have turned when the minute hand turns one complete round? Such questions are the interests of discussion in this chapter. zg @B. Examples : Example 1: Find the angle formed by the minute hand and the hour handat 7.10 pm. Analysis: When the minute hand completes 360°, the hour hand would have travelled 30°. Solution: ‘Angle formed by the hour hand using 12 as the beginning point, = 210° ex 10 = 210° + 30° x 25 = 215° Angle formed by the minute hand area 10. = 360° x 25 = 60° 215°— 60° = 155% ‘The angle formed by the minute hand and the hour hand at 7.10 pm is 155°,a) @) @ Example 3: Evaluate gta + ay + stig + Tosig +~ + orto: Solution: \- : 1 YOY YB ene dp 1 Too? 33 x a " ex ob wie x 1 x Copyrighted material1 4. Evaluate 13 Copyrighted material6. Evaluate pte + hg + gg +--+ odor: ‘Copyrighted material5D Permutation and Combination Permutation is a form of arrangement that chooses r items froma total of nitems and arrange them according to the requirement. Thus itis important that the order chosen or the position arranged is taken into consideration. For example, we write P, to represent 3 items are chosen from 5 items for arrangement. The symbol for permutation is *P, Combination, on the other hand, is an arrangement of items regardless of position or order. The symbol for combination is °C, For example, there are 10 points on a circle, and we want to know how many straight lines can be drawn between any two points. We can write #°C,. This means 2 points are needed tor a line and there are 10 such paints. Computation of C, is found in Example 1.couewuew@suusueew ‘Scenario 2: When the base is on line b and the third vertex is on line a. 4x3 ‘e070, = 32 *5=30 40+30=70 70 triangles can be formed using these points as vertices. To form a quadrilateral, we can choose any 2 points from line a and another 2 points from line b. Sxd 4x3 2x1 2x1 =5x4x3 =60 8, x40, = 60 quadrilaterals can be formed. Copyrighted material:QFE RSHATH ERC AMR AO HERE SPAR RD RERCE BREE HPECTO GOCE ROEHE RCO GRO RHR eM y Example 6; How many 4-digit numbers, that begin with digit 1, have twoidentical digits, including 1? Analysis: Examples of such numbers are 1004, 1153, 1353, Solution: Scenario 1: When the two identical digits are 1, ; one choice 9 more digits left to choose from 3 ways to arrange an identical “1” Scenario 2: When the two identical digits are other than 1, oo0aqa 1x9x3x8=216 TA AT one crocs | 8 more digits to choose from 3 ways to arrange two identical digits 9 more digits left to choose fram 216 + 216 = 432 432 4-digit numbers, that begin with digit 1, have two identical digits, including 1. a> Ca DORN ATA RAS “eyAworker wants to walk from site A to site B using the routes as shown below. If site Cis out of bounds, how many ways are there for the worker to reach site B? Only ~ and 4 movements are allowed. Copyrighted material4, There are ten points on the circumference of a circle. How many triangles can be formed by using any three points as their vertices? Copyrighted materialHow many ways are there to colour the circles using 3 different colours so that no two circles joined by a line have the same colour? Copyrighted material:8. Four circles shown below are connected by lines. Each circle is to be coloured: using either yellow, black or red. How many ways are there to colour the four Circles if no two circles connected by a line can have the sane colour? ‘Copyrighted material12, Mrs Reed forgets the number combination to her safe. The combination has 4 numbers, each is a 1-digit number. The 4 digit adds up to 10 and there is no zero. How many times at the most does Mrs Reed have to try to open her safe? Copyrighted material“xa @ Fibonacci: Numbers Born in the city-state of Pisa in Italy, Leonardo of Pisa, also known as Fibonacci, made a significant contributian in the field of mathematics. A statue of Fibonacci was erected in his honour and it can be found along the Arno River. Fibonacci was one of the greatest Western mathematicians of the Middle Ages. As there was no much record about his personal life, Fibonacci was born in roughly 1170 and passed away around 1250. His greatest contribution in the field of mathematics included the introduction of the Hindu-Arabic numerals 0 to 9 to Western Europe. His book, Liber Abaci or also known as Book of Calculations, documented the Hindu-Arabic numerals and haw the Hindu-Arabic numerals could be useful in business transactions. He also generated the famous Fibonacci numbers whereby in each term, after the first two terms, is the sum of the two preceding terms, 1,1, 2,3,5, 8, 13, 21,... The questions in this chapter will demonstrate the application of Fibonacci numbers 0 as to eliminate the laborious mathematical computation.SARK CRAG REAPER THRs eee QU UH EEEHEESUHR UA DE GHHHE REE EEEEEH EER Ke ee Example 2: The four corners of a square piece of paper of side 18cm are cut off as shown below. The piece of paper is then folded along the dotted lines into a box. What must be the size of the four small squares so that the volume of the box is the maximum? (Consider only the whole numbers.) Analysis: Make a table that will allow us to check sysiematically. Solution: side dem 2em 3cm 4em base 16m igem lacm 10cm volume | 16x 16%1 | 14x14x2 | 12x12x3 | 1Ox10xa = 256 om* = 392 cm? = 432 cm 400 cm* The size of the four small squares must be 3.cm so that the volume of the box is the maximum. PL a 2. wae awe eee C i BS RAPU CDOS OEL AAO FL atSUR BEE RGHHE RARER ER Example 3; Three friends happened to wash their cars on 24" of June, a Sunday, Alan: I wash my car every other day. Brian: | wash my car every three days. Charles: | wash my car every four days. Allof them will not wash their cars on Fridays. They will do it on Saturdays instead. Which day of the week will it be the next time they wash their cars on the same day? Analysis: Make a table will allow us to check systematically. Solution: [sun] w | t|w {mF | [sun m |r [wi mle [s [sul - nian vt deletel tel tel fee - Brian |v x|v v «|v . Charles | |e |= v «lv . it will be a Saturday the next time they wash their cars on the same day, QT UHH PHBH SPEEGERERSHRERODHEME ROM ee 2 « = . a a z a I 2 @ @ 5 & a a r @ = * ™ a B 5 . a s a a 2 a a zB a- z am ©. PL A a i alt a Ha eee byJonathan and Samuel saved $712 altogether. 4 of Jonathan's savings was $48 more than t of Samuel's savings, Flow much did each boy save? Copyrighted materialIf whole numbers 1 to 10 are randomly arranged in this manner, 10374658912 how many times will you need to adjust the numbers so that if 12345678910? (Assume each number can only cross one number from its right at one time.) Copyrighted materialnee 7. Three football teams played exactly one match against each other in the North Zone Football League. The table below shows the results of each team after the matches. [team | win Lost Draw Goals _| Lost Goals What was the result of each match? righted material. ——— SEViWWaewerwuoeues Acow produces calf at the beginning of every year. The young cow will become productive and conceive in the fourth year and gives birth to another calf the beginning of every year, starting from the following year. Haw many cows will there be in the eighth year? Copyrighted materialExample 2: What digit does each letter represent? @ A BC ) A BC x A x o AC Doc B Solution: Solution: @) A=landD=9 1 BC 9 x 9 9 Cc Bil (It has to be a “O” else there will be regrouping in the thousands place.) c=8 Example 3: What digit does each letter represent? © cD @) cD +B AC OD nl 1989 ‘Sofution: Solution: (a) From the above, itis (b) C=SandA= obvious that D= 3 A 2 1 5 5 5 5 1 8 iExample 4: Alice’s house number isa 4-digit number. When she moves the first digit to the ones place, she notices that the new 4-digit number is bigger than her house number by 4707. What is her house number? Solution: Let her house number be abed and the new number be beda. beda - abed = 4707 1000b + 100c + 10d + a - 1000a - 100b - 10c - d = 4707 900b-999a + 9d + 90c = 4707 Divide both sides by 9. 100b - 11la+d + 10¢= 523 When b=6anda=1, 489 + d+ 10c =523 d=4ande=3 Her house number is 1634, Copyrighted material5. Find the value of each digit to make the addition work, DcCBA + oF OOF A FAB DA 6. Find the value of each digit to make the addition work. Copyrighted material8. What digit does each letter represent? A BCODEF F x G6GGGGG&GE Copyrighted material13. Find out what digit that each letter represents. 14, What digit does each letter represent? Copyrighted material16. Mr Turner's combination lock has 4 digits. When he changes the digit in the ones place to the first digit of the combination lock, he notices the new 4-digit combination lock is bigger than his old combination lock by 5877. What is the original combination lock? Copyrighted materialQ 6. Examples Example 1: There are 12 points along Line AB, excluding A and B. How many line segments can be counted altogether? A Analysis: Let's observe the pattern carefully. Solution: L point between AandB= 1+2=3 line segments 2ZpointsbetweenAandB= 142+3=6line segments 3points betweenAandB= 142+3+44=10line segments 12 points between Aand B= L4+2434.,412+13=(1413)x13-2=91 91 line segments can be counted altogether. Example 2: Compute the sum of all the odd numbers smaller than 100. Solution: Method 1: Solve By Reasoning 14345 +..+97+99=50 x 50 = 2500 BERGER PRP E REPRE CRORE Example 2: Mr Brown drove at a speed of 96 km/h to his office every morning. He returned home from work at a speed of 72 km/h. What was his average ‘speed for the round-trip? Solution: Method 1: Writing Equations Let the distance be d. a ale z ls a 3 5 A a Total time = 36 + 79 = Fi 288 ~ 288 Total distance covered = 2d Soge 7d. 288 _ 992 Average speed = 2d~ JE, = 2d S38 = 825 km/h Method 2: Solve by Reasoning Assume the distance to be 96 km. ‘Time taken for the round-trip = 96 + 96 + 96 +72 - i Bltlyg 6 = _ = = = 2 a = = = a = . a ao . 7 a = = o = 2 1 =2gh Average speed = 96 x 2+ 23 =192x2 = 367 mae J 2 =825 km/h His average speed for the round-trip was 823 km/h,2000 soldiers stand in a row. Beginning from the first soldier on the left, each calis out anumber, 1, 2, 3,1, 2,3 Beginning from the first soldier on the right, each calls outa number, 1,2,3,4, 1, 2,3,4, .... How many of these soldiers call out “3” in both scenarios? Copyrighted material5. Many years ago, there were 4 Thursdays and 5 Wednesdays in the month of May. On which day of the week was 15" May in that year? Copyrighted materialQRREWEMERPN HE SOWSRM EE 9. Thecountries of birth of Alice, Bryan and Chloe ate Korea, Vietnam and Indonesia but not in that order. One of them is an accountant, the other two are lawyer and doctor. Bryan is not the accountant. Chloe is not the lawyer. The accountant was not born in Indonesia. The lawyer was born in Korea. Chloe was not born in Vietnam. What is Bryan's occupation? Where is his country of birth? 7 2 2 [a w 7 a » a 2 we x n 2 a 5 a 2 = = = 3 zSHCCEE RE ERE PERE E ERE = 2 = 10. The record below are answers provided by and the scores of four studentsin a = B true-and-false quiz. Each correct answer is given 5 marks. There isnopenalty = 5 for any wrong answer. = a @ 4 amee] 112) 31415)6)7 (| 8] 9 | 10 [Score a " volene | F | F)t{ Fi) Fi] t{}r)|t{ tir fas 5 . Leon (a a ps Natalie F T T T F F F T T T 15 a . wires | F |e] t{t el[t{e)efr[t| 7]? 3 a @ a What is Wilfred’s score? © = & B a a cS a 5 a z a a = a (= a a ri - a z * = = ae a = = pu e . 7 t= = tz z 2 = 3 a pn a er ann QED: munnan? f Sree.Example 2: Team A takes 42 days to complete a road repairing work alone. If Team Aworks in collaboration with Team B, it takes them 14 days to finish 3 of the work. Team A then has to move on to other projects. How many more days does Team B need to complete the road repairing work? Solution: . eel Team A's working rate = qe Team Ahas done (gs x 14)= 44 ot $ Amount of work done by Team B= $- 44 = 16 - 8 5 work -S8.iq-8x be 4 Team B's working rate = 37 + 14= oy * ag = Gay Amount of work left=1- 5 = 2 77 2,4 22,17 7 147 4 2 2x 21 me) =10b =105 Team B needs 104 more days to complete the road repairing work. ted matera fay wee e eee Example 3: A candle took 3 hours to finish burning. Another shorter candle, with a bigger diameter, took 5 hours to finish burning. The two candles were lit at the same time and had the same height two hours later. What was the ratio of the heights of the two candles at first? Solution: Let the initial heights of the two candles be m and n respectively. = mx 120 _ 2m Amount of candle burnt =m * Tg0 7-3 =x 120 _2n Amount of candle burnt =” x 300 Remaining length of the two candles: m— am = 2n Since the height is the same two hours later, m . 3n gi gelsl is‘@ 2 . a QuHBBSEREE Weeeheae TeRGR eee RES Example 5: Anatysis: Solution: Jonathan has a daily frustration. His watch is 4 minutes faster than the actual time in every hour. He sets his watch right at 7 every morning, What is the actual time when his watch shows 12 noon? ‘The problem is best approached using the concept of speed. Method 1: Think Algebra Suppose the watch travels 5 x 60 = 300 min Actual time travels n min. ‘Speed of the watch = 64 min in an hour ‘Speed of actual time: 60 min in an hour 60 _ 4 64 = 300 64n = 60 x 300 p= 80x30 _ 1125 oa 4 w2e1} minora na Method 2; Solve by Reasoning ‘The ratio of the two speeds is 64 : 60 = 16: 15, 16 _ 4,16 4min= 9¢ = 4™ fe 33 is the amount of time the actual time falls behind his watch in an hour. 35,18 sxagasx is = B 2183 minstonerin sh 12 o'clock - 183 min = 11 o'clock ay min ‘The actual time is 12 o'clock ai minutes. 268Copyrighted materiaExample 3: Rewrite the numbers in base 10 and other bases in their expanded form. @) (632), = 6 x 107+ 3x 10'+2x 10° () (1864),, = 1 x 10? + 8 x 10? + 6 x 10° +4 10° (©) (7453), = 7 x BY + 4 x 8745 x B43 x BP G@) (5241), = 5x6 + 2x6 44x G+ 1 xe (@) (1233), = 1x d+ 2x a+ 3x a4 3x a? (@ (111001), = 1% 25+1%2*+1«2'+1x 2° (10° = 1) (10° = 1) (= ly =n een @=) Copyrighted materialExample 4: Convert these numbers from base 10 to the base indicated below. (@) (8540), ©) 72),4=( Solution: @ 5[8540 o) 2(72 5|1708—R0 2 [36 — RO 5 [341—R3 2 [18—RO —RI 2|9—ROT 5|68 t = 13—R3 2|4—R1 27> R3 [28 1 RO (8540), = (233130), (72), = (4001000), Example 5: Convert these numbers from other bases to base 10. @) (1234), = ( do (b) (7746), = ( dro Solution: @ (1234), =1x5'+ 2K 57+ 3x 514+ 4x 5° =125+50+15 +4 =(194),, @) (7746), =7 «B+ 7 x B24 4x B46 xB =3584+448+32+6 = (4070),, Copyrighted materia6. Convert these number in other bases to base 10. (@ (1202), =( Me ) (4321), =¢ Copyrighted material7. Complete the base 6 times table. Copyrighted materialExample 4: 400 marbles are to be given out to a certain number of students. Each student must not get more than 12 marbles. At least how many students will get the same number of marbles? Analysis: We group the students according to the number of marbles they get, at the same time, keep the number of students in each group to aminimum. Solution: 14+2+3+..+12=78 78=x5=390 Each group has 5 students. 400-390 =10 ‘There are 10 marbles left. We give the 1* group one marbles, 2nd group two marbles and so on. 14+24+3+4=10 The first 4 groups each have 5 +1=6 students. At least 6 students will get the same number of marbles. Copyrighted materSere OAR AG Be oe ee 5. Analysis: It becomes laborious if we attempt to find the 2008" number. Instead, we observe how the pattern of the remainders develop. numbers _|1]2] 4] 7/11]16)22]29[37]48/58) ronainaers [[2]4]2[# [3] 2] 4 [2 [313 The remainders recur at 13424423421 TT TIT R1 R2 RS R4RO It suffices to find the remainder when 2008 is divided by 5. 2008 + 5 = 401 RS Ba 4 ‘The remainder is 4 when the 2008" number in the pattern is divided by 5. wat GHARTERG Bie a ree Analysis: First, we can find out the fast number of the row preceding the row that 2008 142434...462 =(1+62)x62+2 = 1953 The first number of row 63 is 1954. 2008-1954 41255 Number 2008 is in Row 63 and Column 5. eee ere . a * 4 a ¥ a a a tren + . « ry ° ‘ : i . . : x * new x were GHAR ies res = % 1 3 4 52 ans 21 ip B43 e268 = } : a5 10".231 x 2 6 . eo7 11937 z 3 6 2 e510 329 43 = 2 > & ein 49% 50 | 5 z a Paw 1424 87 ‘The pattem is shown above. 18: 19: 91 + 10. 20": 101 +10 2ye 141441 pent: 122 +11 = 133 ‘The number at 22" comer is 183. reeeet we GHARTERG Sle = Analysis: We simplify the problem to3 columns of households. 2008 - 10.= 1998 1998 + 3 = 666 houscholds cach column 666 + 4.- 1 = G69 al the second comer 672 is at the third corner. The house marked with “A” is 673. 8WE EL nleash The Maths Olympian tn You! This book is specially written for students who are interested to sharpen their problem-solving skills for non-routine problems. Oe ge eer MRR ee MS ee We ner) problems C= Ome een een nd SEW rene vec Canoe ea ean ets eR fa ig! ) ) ae aa Mathematical Olympiad is 2 yearly mathematics competition Sraron suet eee eka eke ae em eae Romania organised the first International Mathematical Olympiad with other six participating Eastern European countries. Thereafter, Ta Cl RDM UR ed ee Red i emu e RO Me Ecru amen cca en hood SE RS Soe on nn ae aD aE, eee keane tl ——= The three main objectives of the International Mathematical Olympied qe are to challenge students gifted in mathematics with non-routine ea Ree a een ee ed ee Meg eRe RN eae Nei Rae ee between students and teachers