Inverters PDF

Power Electronics
for
Electrical Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Contents
Contents
Chapters Page No.

#1. Power Semiconductor Devices 1 51
Introduction 12
Basic Power Electronic Circuit Block Diagram 28
Freewheeling Diodes 89
Power Transistors 9 11
Power MOSFET 11 12
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) 13 14
Thyristor Turn ON Methods 15
Switching Characteristics of Thyristor 15 27
Thyristor Commutation 27 32
Solved Examples 33 41
Assignment 1 42 47
Assignment 2 47 48
Answer Keys & Explanations 49 51
#2. Rectifiers 52 99
Introduction 52
Single Phase Diode Rectifiers 53 59
Freewheeling Diode 59 66
Effect of Source Inductance on Current Commutation 66 67
Phase Controlled Rectifier 67 73
Single Phase Full Wave Midpoint Converter 73 78
Three Phase Half wave Midpoint Converter 78 81
Assignment 1 90 93
Assignment 2 93 95
#3. Choppers 100 128

Introduction 100
Primitive Buck Converter 101 104
DC-DC Converters 104 111
Types of Chopper Circuits 112 114
Thyristor Chopper Circuits 114 115
Assignment 1 121 123
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Contents
#4. Inverters 129 157

Introduction 129
Single Phase & Three Phase Inverters 130 133
Three Phase Bridge Inverters 133 137
Voltage Control in Single Phase Inverters 137 143
Reduction of Harmonics in Inverter output Voltgae 143
Current Source Inverters (CSI) 144 145
#5. AC Voltage Regulators and Cycloconverters 158 178

Introduction of AC Voltage Controllers 158 159
Integral Cycle Control 159 160
Other Realization of Single Phase AC Voltage Controllers 161 165
Multi-Stage Sequence of Voltage Controller 165
Introduction to Cycloconverters 165
Single Phase to Single Phase Circuit Step-Up Cycloconverter 166
Single Phase to Single Phase Circuit Step-Down Cycloconverter 167
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"Success is getting what you want.
Happiness is wanting what you get."
Harry Fosdick
4
CHAPTER
Inverters
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will know:
1. Single Phase and Three Phase Inverters
2. Three Phase Bridge Inverters (180 and 120 Modes)
3. Voltage Control in Single Phase Inverters
4. PWM Inverters
5. Reduction of Harmonics in Inverters Output Voltage
6. Current Source Inverters
Introduction
Inverters convert dc power into ac power at desired output voltage and frequency. Here the
magnitude of output voltage is controlled through input dc voltage and the frequency is controlled
through gating and of thyristors. Some applications of the inverters include UPS, HVDC transmission
etc. Inverters can be broadly classified as voltage source and current source inverters. In voltage
source inverter (VFI or VSI), dc source has negligible impedance. Hence in case of VSI, output
voltage waveform is affected by load and the output current waveform changes depending on the
load. A current source inverter (CFI or CSI) has stiff dc current source at input terminal. Hence in
case of CSI, output current waveform is not affected by load, rather the output voltage waveform
may change depending upon the load.
Notation of Different Quantities

Following notations are assumed throughout the whole chapter.
is the supply DC voltage
is the instantaneous value of output voltage
is the instantaneous value of load current
and are phase voltages
and are line voltages
is current through thyristor T
is firing angle
Single Phase Voltage Source Inverter

In single phase voltage source inverters, the output voltage is single phase AC voltage. Based on
circuit diagram and operating principle, single phase voltage source inverters can be classified as
given below
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Inverters
Single Phase & Three Phase Inverters

Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter
Figure below shows half bridge inverter along with corresponding waveforms.
Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter
( )
( )
In the circuit shown above, two and are connected in anti-parallel with and . If the load is
resistive, and are sufficient and diodes and conduct no current. If the load is inductive or
capacitive, and will not be in phase, hence feedback diodes and are required to conduct
the load current (when thyristors are off). The diodes and are called feedback diodes.
However load current, is depend on nature of the load. The main drawback of half bridge inverter
is that it requires a 3-wire DC supply. This difficulty can however be overcome by full-bridge
inverter.
Single Phase Full Bridge Inverters

Figure below shows single phase full bridge inverter and corresponding output voltage waveforms.

Inverters
Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter
( )
( )
Figure below shows the equivalent circuit diagram of single phase full bridge inverter and
corresponding current waveforms for different types of loads.
R L
Load
Inverter

Inverters
Components
Conducting
Components
Conducting
Components
Conducting
Components
Conducting
Load Voltage and Current Waveforms for Single-Phase Bridge Inverter
For any type of load the current waveforms can be generalized by the equations below.
The period for which thyristor conduct corresponds to active mode and the mode for which diode
conduct correspond to feedback mode. Based on type of load, above equations can be simplified to
get current waveforms as shown in figure above.

Inverters
Fourier Analysis of Output Voltage for Single Phase Inverter

In case of a single-phase bridge inverter, the output voltage obtained contains harmonics and
u u . u y u u
summarized as below;
For single phase half bridge inverters,

For single phase full bridge inverters,
( )
( ) ( )
If is rms value of fundamental component of load current and is rms value of fundamental
output voltage, then fundamental load power is given as, . Here is the
phase difference between and . is important as the output power due to harmonic current
is dissipated as heat and is the part of power that is utilized by the load.
Three Phase Bridge Inverters

Figure below shows three phase bridge inverter using thyristors and diodes. A basic three phase
inverter is a six step bridge inverter. In inverter terminology, a step is defined as a change in firing
from one thyristor to next thyristor in proper sequence. Here each step would be . This means
that thyristors would be gated at regular interval of in proper sequence. From the circuit it can
be seen that three phase bridge inverter is equivalent to three half bridge inverters arranged side by
side.
a c
b
3-Phase
Load
Three-Phase Bridge Inverter using Thyristors
The inverter shown has 2 modes of operations as explained below, based on the angle for which
each thyristor conducts.

Inverters
Three Phase Mode

In this mode each thyristor conducts for of a cycle. It means that if conducts for ,
conducts for next . SCRs in upper group , and are trigged at a delay of . Same applies
for , and also. Thus at any point of time three thyristors conduct. Based on the thyristors
conducting to any point of time, waveforms of phase and line voltages can be obtained as shown in
figure below.
Steps I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI

5,6,1 6,1,2 1,2,3 2,3,4 3,4,5 4,5,6 5,6,1 6,1,2 1,2,3 2,3,4 3,4,5 4,5,6 Conducting
Thyristors
(a)
(b)
Voltage Waveforms for 180 mode 3-Phase VSI

Inverters
The Fourier series, expansion of line output voltages can be expressed as below,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. .
( ) ( )
.
Similarly, Fourier series expansion of phase voltage can be expressed as,
From above we see that in 180 mode, line voltages contain all odd harmonics and phase voltages
contain all odd harmonics except multiples of 3. The rms values of different quantities as related to
line and phase output voltages can be summarized below.
rms value of line voltage = 0.8165
rms value of fundamental line voltage = 0.7797
rms value of phase voltage = 0.4714
rms value of fundamental phase voltage = 0.4502

Inverters
Three Phase Mode

In this mode, each SCR conducts for of a cycle. Thus at any point of time, only two thyristors
conduct. The corresponding line and phase voltages are shown in figure below
Steps I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI I Conducting

6,1 1,2 2,3 3,4 4,5 5,6 6,1 1,2 2,3 3,4 4,5 5,6
Thyristors
0 t
(a) t
0 t
0 t
(b)
0 t
0 t
Voltage Waveforms for Mode Six-Step 3-Phase VSI

Inverters
Fourier expansion of output phase voltage waveforms are given below,
( ) ( )
.
( ) ( )
.
( ) ( )
.
Fourier expansion of line voltage is given as,
( )
Where
From above we see that in 120 mode, phase voltage contain all odd harmonics and line voltages
contain all odd harmonics except multiples of 3. The rms values of line and phase output voltages
along with their fundamental components is given below.
rms value of phase voltage = 0.4082
rms value of fundamental phase voltage = 0.3898
rms value of line voltage = 0.7071
rms value of fundamental line voltage = 0.6752
Voltage Control in Single Phase Inverters

AC loads typically require adjustable voltage at input terminals. When such loads are connected to
u u u u he inverters is adjustable. Output
voltage control in single phase inverters can be obtained by different methods listed below
External Control of AC Output Voltage

In this methodology, voltage control is obtained by external means, say by using phase controlled
rectifiers, choppers, transformers etc.
AC Voltage Control
In this method, an ac voltage controller is inserted between the output terminals of inverter and the
load terminals as shown in figure below.
Constant AC Voltage Controlled

Inverter ac Load
dc Voltage Controller ac Voltage
External Control of ac Output Voltage
The voltage input to AC load is regulated through firing angle control of AC voltage controller. The
disadvantage of this method is that it gives rise to higher harmonic content in the output voltage,
particularly when the output voltage is at lower level.

Inverters
Series Inverter Control

In this method, inverter output is fed to a transformer whose secondaries are connected as shown in
figure below. This method of control requires two or more inverters. Depending on linkage of flux,
w and can be controlled. Phasor sum of fundamental voltages
and gives resultant voltage .
Inverter-I
Constant
DC
Voltage

Inverter-II
Series Inverter Control of Two Inverters
H qu y u u , from the inverters is the same. Then

resultant voltage is given as,

This method of control is also called multiple-
content even at lower output voltage levels.
External Control of DC Input Voltage

Various techniques for external control of DC input voltage are shown in figure below. If the
available voltage source is AC, variable DC output voltage can be obtained by means of methods in
(a), (b) and (c) in following figure are used. If the input is DC, then the method in (d) is used.
Constant Fully Controlled Controlled Controlled

Filter Inverter
ac Voltage Rectifier dc Voltage ac Voltage
(a)
Constant Uncontrolled Controlled Controlled
Chopper Filter Inverter
ac Voltage Rectifier dc Voltage ac Voltage
(b)
ConstantAC Voltage Uncontrolled Controlled Controlled

Rectifier Filter Inverter
ac Voltage Controller dc Voltage ac Voltage
(c)
Constant Controlled Controlled
Chopper Filter Inverter
dc Voltage dc Voltage dc Voltage
(d)
External Control of dc Input Voltage to Inverter; (a), (b) and (c)
With ac Source on the Input (d) With dc Source on the Input
Inverters
The main disadvantage of this method is that it requires a filter to reduce ripple content at the input
terminals and requires more number of power converters for control of inverter output voltage.
Internal Control of Inverters

This is mainly achieved by exercising control within the inverter. PWM inverters fall into this
category. In this method, lower order harmonics can be eliminated by output voltage control and
higher order harmonics can be easily filtered out.
Pulse Width Modulated Inverters

In this method, a fixed DC voltage is given to the inverter and a controlled AC output voltage is
obtained by adjusting on and off periods of inverter components. Hence the method is termed as
u -Width Modulation (PWM) C . u M techniques are characterized by constant
amplitude pulses. The advantages of PWM technique are the following
1. Output voltage control is achieved without additional components.
2. With this method, lower order harmonics can be minimized along with the output voltage
control. Also higher order harmonics can be easily filtered out.
The main disadvantage of this method is that SCRs used must possess low turn-on and turn-off
times. In PWM inverters, forced commutation is essential. Different PWM techniques are explained
in detail below
Single Pulse Modulation

In this method, a pulse width of 2d is present in positive and negative half cycles, symmetrically
about and . The output voltage waveform and harmonic content as pulse width is varied are
shown in figu w. H u w .
cycles are identical. Here the pulse width is changed by forced commutation of thyristors.
1.0
n=1
0.75
0.50
n=3
0.25 n=5
n=7
Pulse Width (2d) in Degrees
(a), (b) Single-Pulse Modulation (SPM) (c) Harmonic Content in SPM

Inverters
Fourier analysis of output voltage can be summarized as below;
( )

From above figure, we see that by adjusting 2d, lower order harmonics can be reduced and higher
order harmonics can be easily filtered out.
Multiple Pulse Modulation (MPM)

MPM is an extension of SPM. In MPM, several equidistant pulses per half cycle are used. Figure
below shows the output of MPM for the case of 2 pulses. The corresponding quantities are marked
in the figure. Also total width of all pulses in a half cycle is 2d.
( )
)
/2
( )
Symmetrical Two-Pulse Modulation Pertaining to MPM
)
The Fouries analysis of the output voltage and different quantities related to the same are given
below;
( )

As numbers of pulses in half cycle increases, lower order harmonics are reduced. Figure below
shows a block diagram for multiple pulse modulation and corresponding waveforms.

Inverters
Triangular Wave
Comparator Trigger pulse Trigger Pulses

Generator to SCRs
to SCRs
to
(a)
Square Wave SCRs
Carrier Signal , frequency

Reference Signal , frequency
x 2x
(a) Pertaining to Multiple-Pulse Modulation (MPM)

(b) Output Voltage Waveform with MPM (c) and shown on a Larger Scale

Inverters
u w u u y
Where is the frequency of triangular carrier wave and f is the frequency of square reference wave.
Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation (sin M)

In sin M, several pulses per half cycle are present as in MPM. In sin M, pulse width is a sinusoidal
function of angular position of pulse in a cycle as shown in figure below.
qu y
qu y C
qu y C
qu y
Output Voltage Waveforms with Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation

Inverters
For realizing sin M, a high frequency triangular carrier wave is compared with sinusoidal reference
wave of desired frequency. If triangular carrier wave has its peak coincident with zero of
u u u y
( )
u M . u u
waveform and it can never be more than unity.
Reduction of Harmonics in Inverter Output Voltage

Harmonic Reduction by PWM
In this method lower order harmonic content is reduced by changing firing angles of thyristors in a
inverter. Consider output voltage waveform shown below,
Harmonic Reduction by PWM in Single-Phase Inverter
In this, by choosing and appropriately, higher order harmonics (say 3rd and 5th) can be
reduced.
Harmonic Reduction by Transformer Connections

Harmonic reduction using this method is illustrated in figure below. Here by ensuring proper phase
lag between and harmonic content can be controlled.
Inverter I
Inverter II
(a) Harmonic Reduction by Transformer Connections (b) Elimination of Third and Other Triplen
Harmonics

Inverters
Current Source Inverters (CSI)

S u u u u . Hence load current
u u u u w u . S
qu y .
Single Phase CSI with RC Load

Single phase CSI and corresponding output voltage is shown in fig below. Here we see that input
voltage has a frequency which is twice that of output voltage frequency.
u u S
u S
Source
(b)
(a) Power Circuit Diagram and (b) Waveforms for an Ideal Single-Phase CSI
Also we see that CSI in figure shown above is load or forced commutated.
Single Phase Capacitor Commutated CSI with R Load

Single phase capacitor commutated CSI with RC load is shown in fig. below.
T/2 T
0 t
, , , ,
(b)

Inverters
(a) Power Circuit Diagram of 1- CSI with R Load (b) AC Output Current Waveform
. .
Voltage and Current Waveforms of CSI with R-Load

Inverters
Solved Examples
Example 1
A single phase full bridge inverter is connected to a R-L load. Then find current waveform
at steady state.
Solution:
y y
( )
y
( ) ( ( ) )
y
( )
( ( ) )
Example 2
A three-phase bridge inverter delivers power to a resistive load from a dc source . If
w . u u
operates in mode.
0 t
0 t
Solution:
* (( ) ( ) ( ) )+
* (( ) ( ) ( ) )+

Inverters
Example 3
Consider the waveform shown below which is output of a single phase voltage source
inverter.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
u .
Solution:

[ ]
[ ]
. .
Example 4
In a single phase full bridge inverter, the load current is 45) for a dc
supply of . Then,
(A) Draw waveforms of and ; (B) Find the average value of source current
Solution:
(A) A

Inverters
Example 5
In a three-phase inverter operating in 180 mode, find the rms value of line and phase
voltages for a dc input of
Solution:

[ ]
Example 6
Output of a full bridge inverter is re-modified by symmetrical multiple pulse modulation
with 4 pulses per half cycle of width . What is the value of 11th and 13th harmonic, if
bridge is fed with voltage 60V DC supply.
Solution:
.
. ( ) . .
.
Example 7
The output voltage of single phase inverter is as shown, find the minimum d for which
fifth harmonic voltage is Zero
d
d
d d
Solution:
( ) u w

Inverters
Example 8
In a single phase half bridge inverters power delivered to load is 625 W and load
resistance is 25 . If load is purely resistive, then find supply voltage (in V).
Solution:
Power delivered to load = power due to fundamental component
Example 9
The output voltage of a inverter is shown below then which find dc term in, and
(t)
Solution:
; j

[ ]

[ ( ) ( )]
Example 10
In a multiple pulse modulation used in PWM inverters, the amplitude and frequency for
triangular carrier and square reference signals are respectively 4V, 6 kHz and 1V, 1kHz.
Then what could be number of pulses per half cycle can be ___________
(A) 6 (C) 4
(B) 3 (D) 7
Solution:
[Ans. A]

Inverters
Example 11
In a mode inverter has line voltage with fundamental output frequency of 50Hz, if
third harmonic is eliminated, then frequencies of other components in the output time
voltage wave in Hz would be
(A) 250, 350, 450, high frequencies
(B) 50, 250, 350, 450, . . . . .
(C) 100, 250, 350, 550, . . . . .
(D) 50, 100, 200, 250 . . . . .
Solution:
[Ans. A]
In mode, line voltage contains all odd harmonics.
Example 12
For a 3- bridge inverter in conduction mode, in the given fig, the sequence of SCR
conduction in the first two steps beginning with initiation of thyristor is ___________
+
1 5
3
VS
4 6 2
a c
b
(A) 6, 1, 2 & 2, 3, 1 (C) 3, 4, 5 & 5, 6, 1
(B) 2, 3, 1 & 3, 4, 5 (D) 5, 6, 1 & 6, 1, 2
Solution:
[Ans. A]
Based on triggering order of thyristors.
Example 13
A three phase inverter is operating in 120 mode of operation. Then which of the
following harmonics is not present in the line output voltage.
(A) 5 (C) 9
(B) 7 (D) 11
Solution:
[Ans. C]
Line voltage contains harmonics; .. ..
s of order 9

Inverters
Example 14
A single phase bridge inverter is fed from a 200V d.c supply and is operated at 50 Hz. It
is connected to a load having a resistance of 20 ohms and an inductance of 0.2 H. Draw
the load current waveform in the steady state indicating the peak values.
Solution:
Given H . H
Let us take single phase full-bridge inverter. For R-L load the maximum values of current
will be obtained at

( )

.
( )
.
Under steady condition

u ( )

( ) .
.
( )

.
.
. .
.
u

Inverters
Assignment 1
Common Data for Q.NO. 1 & 2 4. In a capacitor commutated CSI with R
Consider a single phase inverter with u u
single pulse modulation, the output has a frequency f, then which of the
waveform is as shown below. following has a frequency 2f.
(A) Load current
(B) Capacitor current
(C) Voltage across input current source
(D) Voltage across any of the thyristor
2d
5. A 1- inverter feeds power to a load
. H
source. If the inverter operates at a
frequency of 50Hz, then find the power
delivered to load for square wave
operation.
1. If pulse width is chosen as , then (A) 5412.4 W (C) 5316.2 W
(B) 5285.6 W (D) 5196.2 W
which of the following harmonics is
present in the output? 6. In sinusoidal pulse modulation carrier
(A) 15 (C) 30 wave is of frequencies 500Hz and
(B) 20 (D) 60
reference wave is of frequency f Hz. If
zero of reference and carrier wave
2. The rms value of output voltage is . coincide and number of pulses per half

Then find the pulse width in a half cycle. wave is 4, find f, if modulation index is
(A) (C) less than 1 M
(B) (D) (A) 100 Hz (C) 25 Hz
(B) 200 Hz (D) 50 Hz
3. In a single phase full bridge inverter
shown below, Z = R initially. If D1 and 7.
D2 are removed suddenly, then pick the inverter the output phase voltage
corrective action to get the same and .
i0 as before. Then find rms value of line voltage,
given the supply voltage is
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
8. In a single phase current source inverter,

(A) Remove and also u u
(B) Trigger T1 completely for positive frequency of 50Hz, then find the
half cycle of expected output frequency of voltage across input current
(C) Not possible to get the original source.
output (A) 50 Hz (C) 100 Hz
(D) No action is required (B) 60 Hz (D) 160 Hz

Inverters
9. A single phase half bridge inverter has a 14. A 1 CSI has capacitor C as load. For a
. u constant source current, the voltage
voltage of 48V with Centre tap. Then find across capacitor is ___________ wave
the rms output voltage of fundamental (A) Square
frequency (in V) (B) Triangular
(A) 21.6 (C) 20.6 (C) Step- function
(B) 43.2 (D) 40 (D) Saw tooth waveform
10. In sinusoidal PWM, there are m cycles 15. By which of the following methods,
of the triangular carrier wave in the half output voltage can be controlled
cycle of reference sinusoidal signal. If through internal control of inverter
the zero of the reference sinusoid (A) Series inverters control
coincides with zero of the triangular (B) AC voltage control (using AC voltage
wave, then find the number of pulses controller)
generated in each half cycle. (C) PWM inverters
(A) (C) 1 (D) None of the above
(B) (D)
16. S M
11. The feedback diode in dc. to ac thyristor input supply is 100 V.
inverter is to _________ Pick the appropriate pulse width, for
(A) Carry the load current when load is making 7th harmonic as zero
inductive (A) (C)
(B) Provide reverse bias effectively to (B) (D)
thyristors for turn off
17. A single phase half wave voltage source
(C) Improve the switching properties
inverter supplies power to a pure
of inverter
inductive load. Then load current has
(D) Improve the harmonic distortion of
shape of waveform as __________
the inverter output current
(A) Triangular (C) sine
(B) Square (D) cosine
12. A 3- inverter is fed from a 600V
source. For a star connected resistive 18. In single pulse modulation, what is the
load of 1 u pulse width to be chosen in each half
of load current for conduction cycle for removing 3rd harmonic
mode of operation completely
(A) 32.66 A (C) 8.16 A (A) (C)
(B) 16.33 A (D) 12.33 A (B) (D)
13. For a single phase half bridge inverter, 19. Consider the following statements
the amplitude of output voltage is VS 1. In MPM, a triangular carrier wave
and output power is P, then their has a frequency of and a square
corresponding values for a single phase reference wave has a frequency of
full bridge inverter are ________ u u
(A) ,P (C) 2 , 2P pulses per half cycle is
(B) (D) 2 , 4P

Inverters
4. A single phase inverter with square

wave output voltage will have in its
2. In sin M, harmonic content of the output waveform a fifth harmonic
output voltage waveform is given component equal to ________ percentage
as where and are of the fundamental
maximum values of reference and 5. A PWM inverter produces following
carrier waves. periodic output in case of SPM. Then,
Pick the correct option as related to which of the following harmonics is
above statements. surely not present in the output?
(A) Both 1 and 2 are correct f(t)
(B) Only 1 is true

(C) Only 2 is true
(D) None of the above
T
t
Assignment 2 T
1. When a line commutated converter

operates in the inverter mode
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 5
(A) It draws both real and reactive
power from the A.C supply 6. A three phase bridge inverter delivers
(B) It delivers both real and reactive power to a resistive load from a 450 V
power to the A.C supply dc source. The load is star connected
(C) It delivers real power to the A.C and 10 / phase. Find the rms value of
supply load current in 180 conduction mode
(D) It draws reactive power from the (A) 18.708 A (C) 17.808 A
(B) 18.00 A (D) 21.21 A
A.C supply
7. In case of PWM inverter using single
2. A line commutated inverter changes pulse modulation, the pulse width is
dc voltage to ac voltage (TRUE/FALSE) given as 2d (during positive and
negative half cycles). Find the rms value
3. An inverter capable of supplying a u u
balanced three phase variable voltage that harmonic component is 0 and
variable frequency output is feeding a supply dc voltage is 100V
three phase induction motor rated for (A) 10 (C) 50
50 Hz and 440V. The stator winding (B) 20 (D) 20
resistance of the motor are negligibly
8. A single phase current source inverter
small during starting. The current
is supplying power to a inductive load
inrush can be avoided without
with large time constant the load
sacrificing the starting torque by
voltage and currents are_______wave
suitably applying
forms
(A) Low voltage as rated frequency
(A) Triangular & triangular
(B) Low voltage keeping the v/f ratio
(B) Triangular & square
constant
(C) Square & triangular
(C) Rated voltage at low frequency
(D) Square & square
(D) Rated voltage at rated frequency

Inverters
9. The operation of an inverter fed 10. A single-phase full-bridge inverter is

induction motor can be shifted from connected to a load of 2.4 . The d.c.
motoring to regenerative braking by input voltage is 48 V. what is the r.m.s.
(A) Reversing phase sequence output at fundamental frequency?
(B) Reducing inverter voltage
(C) Decreasing inverter frequency
(D) Increasing inverter frequency

Answer Keys & Explanations
Assignment 1 7. [Ans. A]
1. [Ans. B] Investors is in 1800 mode

( )
[ ]
For ,
8. [Ans. C]
2. [Ans. A] H
9. [Ans. A]

.

10. [Ans. B]
3. [Ans. D]
Diodes in parallel with thyristors are
mainly to carry current, when the load is
inductive. As the load is resistive, diodes
are redundant.
11. [Ans. A]
4. [Ans. C] Feedback diodes are mainly helpful to
Input voltage is saw tooth waveform of carry the load current, when load is
frequency 2f. inductive.
12. [Ans. B]
.

5. [Ans. B]
For inverter 13. [Ans. D]
u u
6. [Ans. D]
H

Inverters
14. [Ans. D] 2. [Ans. TRUE]

Based on triggering order of thyristors. Hint: A phase controlled converters, when
operated in the inverter mode are called
15. [Ans. C] line commutated inverter
(A) and (B) correspond to external
control of output voltage and (C) 3. [Ans. B]
corresponds to that of internal control of Hint: In induction motor
output voltage in inverter.
16. [Ans. C] ratio should be constant for

maintaining constant air-gap flux
( ) S
.
u

( ) S
So, for less current the value of
should below.
4. [Ans. *]
Form Fourier analysis, output voltage
17. [Ans. A]
qu w
u
For fundamental harmonic
18. [Ans. D]

( ) For fifth harmonic

Now harmonic (Fundamental)
19. [Ans. C]
In case 1, number of pulses given is
possible if and only if (1) is not

true
M Gives harmonic content in 5. [Ans. A]
output (2) is true As f (t) is odd, = 0
As f (t) is half wave symmetric, = 0 if n
Assignment 2 is even
nd harmonic is not present in output.
1. [Ans. C]
Upto converter operates as a
rectifier and beyond the converter 6. [Ans. D]
operates as a inverter i.e., the direction of
voltage changes finally power direction
u
changes.
The power passes from load to source. .
u . .

Inverters
7. [Ans. B]
8. [Ans. B]
Due to constant current source, load
current is a square waveform and load
voltage is triangular due to large time
constant.
9. [Ans. C]
In regenerative braking for H ,
the inverter fed induction motor drive can
be applied successfully for H the
application of braking resistor is
necessary.
Hence, the drive can be shifted from
motoring to regenerative braking by
decreasing the inverter frequency.
10. [Ans. A]
The average output for full bridge
inverter

..
RMS value of output voltage at fundamental
frequency

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Power Electronics

Chapters Page No.

#3. Choppers 100 128

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#4. Inverters 129 157

#5. AC Voltage Regulators and Cycloconverters 158 178

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Notation of Different Quantities

Single Phase Voltage Source Inverter

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Single Phase & Three Phase Inverters

Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter

Single Phase Full Bridge Inverters

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Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter

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Load Voltage and Current Waveforms for Single-Phase Bridge Inverter

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Fourier Analysis of Output Voltage for Single Phase Inverter

Three Phase Bridge Inverters

Three-Phase Bridge Inverter using Thyristors

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Three Phase Mode

Steps I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI

Voltage Waveforms for 180 mode 3-Phase VSI

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Similarly, Fourier series expansion of phase voltage can be expressed as,

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Three Phase Mode

Steps I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI I Conducting

Voltage Waveforms for Mode Six-Step 3-Phase VSI

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Fourier expansion of output phase voltage waveforms are given below,

Fourier expansion of line voltage is given as,

Voltage Control in Single Phase Inverters

External Control of AC Output Voltage

Constant AC Voltage Controlled

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Series Inverter Control

Series Inverter Control of Two Inverters

H qu y u u , from the inverters is the same. Then

External Control of DC Input Voltage

Constant Fully Controlled Controlled Controlled

ConstantAC Voltage Uncontrolled Controlled Controlled

Internal Control of Inverters

Pulse Width Modulated Inverters

Single Pulse Modulation

Pulse Width (2d) in Degrees

(a), (b) Single-Pulse Modulation (SPM) (c) Harmonic Content in SPM

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Fourier analysis of output voltage can be summarized as below;

Multiple Pulse Modulation (MPM)

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Comparator Trigger pulse Trigger Pulses

Carrier Signal , frequency

(a) Pertaining to Multiple-Pulse Modulation (MPM)

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Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation (sin M)

Output Voltage Waveforms with Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation

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waveform and it can never be more than unity.

Reduction of Harmonics in Inverter Output Voltage

Harmonic Reduction by PWM in Single-Phase Inverter