1.

INTRODUCTION
The Bread Board
The breadboard consists of two terminal strips and two bus strips (often broken in the centre).
Each bus strip has two rows of contacts. Each of the two rows of contacts is a node. That is,
each contact along a row on a bus strip is connected together (inside the breadboard). Bus
strips are used primarily for power supply connections, but are also used for any node
requiring a large number of connections. Each terminal strip has 60 rows and 5 columns of
contacts on each side of the centre gap. Each row of 5 contacts is a nod.

You will build your circuits on the terminal strips by inserting the leads of circuit components
into the contact receptacles and making connections with 22-26 gauge wire. There are wire
cutter/strippers and a spool of wire in the lab. It is a good practice to wire +5V and 0V power
supply connections to separate bus strips.

Fig 1:- The Bread-Board. The lines indicated are Contacts

The 5V supply must not be exceeded since this will damage the ICs (Integrated circuits) used
during the experiments. Incorrect connection of power to the ICs could result in them
exploding or becoming very hot - with the possible serious injury occurring to the people
working on the experiment! Ensure that the power supply polarity and all components and
connections are correct before switching on power.
Building the Circuit
1. Throughout these experiments we will use TTL chips to build circuits. The steps for
wiring a circuit should be completed in the order described below,
2. Make sure the power is off before you build anything.
3. Connect the +5V and ground (GND) leads of the power supply to the power and
ground bus strips on your breadboard.
4. Plug the chips you will be using into the breadboard. Point all the chips in the same
direction with pin 1 at the upper-left corner. (Pin 1 is often identified by a dot or a
notch next to it on the chip package)
5. Select a connection on your schematic and place a piece of hook-up wire between
corresponding pins of the chips on your breadboard. It is better to make the short
connections before the longer ones. Mark each connection on your schematic as you
go, so as not to try to make the same connection again at a later stage.
6. Get one of your group members to check the connections, before you turn the power
on.
7. If an error occurs and is not spotted before you turn the power on. Turn the power off
immediately before you begin to rewire the circuit.
8. At the end of the laboratory session, collect you hook-up wires, chips and all
equipment and return them to the demonstrator.
9. Tidy the area that you were working in and leave it in the same condition as it was
before you started.
Common Causes of Problems
1. Not connecting the ground and/or power pins for all chips.
2. Not turning on the power supply before checking the operation of the circuit.
3. Leaving out wires.
4. Plugging wires into the wrong holes.
5. Driving a single gate input with the outputs of two or more gates
6. Modifying the circuit with the power on.
 2. FAMILIARISATION OF DIGITAL ICS

AIM: - To familiarize with some basic logic gate IC packages and to verify the truth tables of
logic gates. Also to familiarize with the digital IC trainer kit.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: - Digital trainer kit, ICs-7400, 7402, 7408, 7404, 7486,
7432, 7410, 7411.

THEORY: - A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and
produces a single logic output. The logic is called Boolean logic and is most commonly found
in digital circuits. Logic gates are primarily implemented electronically using diodes or
transistors, but can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic
logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements.
XOR GATE: The 7486 IC package contains four independent positive logic XOR GATES.
Pins 14 and 7 provide power for all four logic gates. The output of xor gate is HIGH when
one OR the other input is HIGH, but NOT both. If both inputs are high output will be LOW.
NOR GATE: The 7402 IC package contains four independent positive logic NOR GATES.
Pins 14 and 7 provide power for all four logic gates. If one or both inputs are HIGH, then the
output will be LOW. Otherwise, output will be HIGH.
AND GATE: The 7408 IC package contains four independent positive logic AND GATES.
Pins 14 and 7 provide power for all four logic gates. The output is HIGH when both inputs are
HIGH, otherwise output is LOW.
NOT GATE: The 7404 IC package contains six independent positive logic NOT GATES.
Pins 14 and 7 provide power for all four logic gates. The output is HIGH when input is LOW,
and vice versa.
NAND GATE: The 7400 IC package contains four independent positive logic NAND
GATES. Pins 14 and 7 provide power for all four logic gates. If inputs are HIGH then the
output will be LOW, otherwise output will be HIGH.
OR GATE: The 7432 IC package contains four independent positive logic AND GATES.
Pins 14 and 7 provide power for all four logic gates. The output is LOW when both inputs are
LOW, otherwise output is HIGH.
 DIP PINOUTS TRUTH TABLE & LOGIC SYMBOL

LOGIC INPUTS OUTPUT

A B Y
SYMBOL
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

1. 7400-Quad Two Input NAND Gate

LOGIC INPUTS OUTPUT

A B Y
SYMBOL
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

2. 7402-Quad Two Input NOR Gate

LOGIC INPUTS OUTPUT

A B Y
SYMBOL
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

3. 7408-Quad Two Input AND Gate

LOGIC INPUTS OUTPUT

A B Y
SYMBOL
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

4. 7432-Quad Two Input OR Gate

 LOGIC INPUT OUTPUT
A Y
SYMBOL
0 1
1 0

5. 7404- NOT Gate

LOGIC INPUTS OUTPUT

A B Y
SYMBOL
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

6. 7486-Quad Two Input XOR Gate

LOGIC SYMBOL INPUTS OUTPUT

A B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
7. 7410-Three Input NAND Gate

LOGIC SYMBOL INPUTS OUTPUT

A B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
8. 7410-Three Input AND Gate
 3. REAALIZATION OF SOP AND POS FUNCTION USING BASIC AND
UNIVERSAL GATES
AIM:- To implement the given Boolean function using basic gates and universal gates in both
SOP and POS form.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:- 7400, 7402, 7404, 7408, 7432
4. HALF ADDER AND FULL ADDER

AIM: - To design and implement Half Adder and Full Adder using basic gates and universal
gates.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: - Digital Trainer Kit, ICs- 7486, 7432, 7408, and 7400.

THEORY: - HALF ADDER - A half-adder is an arithmetic circuit block that can be used to
add two bits. Such a circuit thus has two inputs that represent the two bits to be added and two
outputs, with one producing the SUM output and the other producing the CARRY.
FULL ADDER - A full adder circuit is an arithmetic circuit block that can be used to add
three bits to produce a SUM and a CARRY output. Such a building block becomes a necessity
when it comes to adding binary numbers with a large number of bits. The full adder circuit
overcomes the limitation of the half-adder, which can be used to add two bits only.
Block Diagram Half Adder Truth Table Half Adder

Logic Circuit Diagram using Basic Gates Logic Circuit Diagram using NAND Gates

Block Diagram Full Adder Logic Circuit Diagram using Basic Gates
Full Adder
Logic Circuit Diagram using NAND Gates Truth Table- Full Adder

PROCEDURE

1. Verify the gates.

2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on VCC and apply various combinations of input according to truth table.
4. Note down the output readings for half/full adder sum and the carry bit for different
combinations of inputs.
 5. HALF SUBTRACTOR AND FULL SUBTRACTOR

AIM: - To design and implement Half Subtractor and Full Subtractor using basic gates and
universal gates.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: - Digital Trainer Kit, ICs- 7486, 7432, 7408, 7404 and 7400.

THEORY: - HALF SUBTRACTOR - A half-subtractor is a combinational circuit that can

be used to subtract one binary digit from anotherto produce a DIFFERENCE output and a
BORROW output. The BORROW output here specifies whether a 1 has been borrowed to
perform the subtraction. The truth table of a half-subtractor, as shown.
FULL SUBTRACTOR - A full subtractor performs subtraction operation on two bits, a
minuend and a subtrahend, and also takes into consideration whether a 1 has already been
borrowed by the previous adjacent lower minuend bit or not. As a result, there are three bits to
be handled at the input of a full subtractor, namely the two bits to be subtracted and a borrow
bit designated as Bin. There are two outputs, namely the DIFFERENCE output D and the
BORROW output Bo. The BORROW output bit tells whether the minuend bit needs to
borrow a 1 from the next possible higher minuend bit.
Block Diagram Half Subtractor Truth Table Half Subtractor

Logic Circuit Diagram using Basic Gates Logic Circuit Diagram using NAND Gates

Block Diagram Subtractor Logic Circuit Diagram using Basic Gates

 Full Subtractor

Logic Circuit Diagram using NAND Gates Truth Table- Full Subtractor

PROCEDURE

1. Verify the gates.

2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on VCC and apply various combinations of input according to truth table.
4. Note down the output readings for half/full adder sum and the carry bit for different
combinations of inputs.