Hypertension: Causes, Types, Symptoms,

Ayurvedic Treatment
By Dr Raghuram Y.S. MD (Ay).
Many of my patients keep complaining Sir, we have lot of stress and tensions in our life
which you cant understand!

I am not telling that being a doctor I dont have any tensions. All of us do have them. The quality
and quantity of tensions and stress would vary from person to person.

Tensions and stress are sometimes motivating. The positive sides of these things have led to
evolution of humanity as a whole. But the negative part of these is causing serious and
irreversible health hazards at both body and mind levels.
Topics covered below, in this article:

Health tips for hypertension

High BP as explained in Ayurveda
Ayurvedic treatment for hypertension therapies, herbs and medicines
Modern aspects definition, types, how to understand BP reading etc.
Research aspects

Ayurvedic health tips for hypertension:

Practice Pranayama at least for 2 -3 minutes in a day. Learn a simple pranayama
Quit alcohol and smoking.
Wake up before six, sleep at around 11 pm. Learn why?
Undergo Abhyanga oil massage at least once a week. It keeps stresses and tensions at bay.
Read more Does massage work?
Avoid white sugar.
Go full vegetarian: If you are into excess of non vegetarian food, consider going fully
vegetarian. It is scientifically proven that vegetarian diet cuts of high blood pressure. Research

Have more of Vegetables, fruits, whole grains and low-fat dairy foods, includes meat, fish,
poultry, nuts and beans.
Celery, carrot, garlic, flaxseed, flaxseed oil, Tulsi tea, green tea, ginger cardamom tea, orange
juice, non fat yogurt, tender coconut water, water melon, wheat bran, black plum, ginger,
pomegranate, drumstick (moringa), banana, almond, walnut, olive oil.
Have less of sugar-sweetened foods and beverages, red meat and added fats.

The below said are beneficial in hypertension (Good foods):

Studies have shown that Fish oil / omega-3 fatty acids, Hibiscus tea, Dark Chocolate
(Cocoa, chocolate) reduce blood pressure
Green Coffee extract Raw coffee beans from Coffea fruits which have not been
roasted is called Green Coffee. Chlorogenic acid and Ferulic acid present in Green Coffee
extract is said to reduce Blood Pressure.
Caffeine is said to increase blood pressure especially in those who are already
having High Blood Pressure, therefore its use should be limited. Green Tea or Green tea
extracts are found to reduce blood pressure. EGCG present in a compound in green tea is
said to reduce diastolic blood pressure.
Magnesium is also found to reduce blood pressure though in small proportions
Vitamin D This is naturally found in Sunlight, Fish, Eggs, Fortified Milk, Cod liver oil
etc may help in reducing blood pressure. BP is often elevated when there is reduced exposure
to sunlight / Vitamin D (during winter, greater distances from equator and dark skin
pigmentation.
Bananas in plenty High salt or sodium can raise blood pressure. Potassium on the
other hand counters sodiums ill effects. People with hypertension can benefit from intake or
supplementing Potassium. Good sources of Potassium are Bananas, a baked potato with
skin, orange juice and non-fat or low-fat yoghurt
Coconut Water has good quantities of Potassium and Magnesium and is found to be
beneficial for those suffering from hypertension. It reduces the systolic pressure and also
supports the functioning of cardiac muscles
Eating Watermelon or drinking melon juice will be handy for those suffering from
Hypertension. Citrulline, an amino acid present in Watermelon lowers vascular resistance and
hence lowers BP. It should be consumed early in the morning
 Ginger-Cardamom tea is said to be beneficial for those having Hypertension
Exercise options:
Brisk walking for at least 30 minutes a day.
Moderate intensity dynamic aerobic exercise like walking, jogging, cycling or swimming
Isometric resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise and device guided breathing.

Ayurveda and Hypertension:

We do not have any straight references regarding the explanation of a disease or syndrome in
Ayurveda which resembles Hypertension. But we can make a close comparison to a few
conditions and draw an inference from the basics of physiology and pathology as explained in
Ayurveda.

Causes for stress and tension:

There are many diseases in the modern day world which are caused, triggered and worsened by
lifestyle, mainly our un-monitored stress and innumerable tensions.
Erratic methods of living,
Incompatible food habits (click to read more about it),
uncontrolled stress and competition,
insufficient sleep,
bad habits like smoking & addiction to alcohol,
climatic and geographic influences and lot more things are contributing towards the rise to the
peak of lifestyle health issues. Among these lifestyle disorders, Hypertension (High Blood
Pressure) is on the top list among the disorders which are causing morbidity and mortality.

The Game of Vayu:

Basically Vayu or Vata is the force which drives and motivates all the activities in the body. It is
a sum total of all the input and output mechanisms, sensory and motor functions taking place in
the body. Vayu is also said to control the functions of mind, sense organs and other higher centres
of thoughts and emotions.

Vayu is thus all pervading. All the other Doshas (Pitta and Kapha), Dhatus (tissues) and Malas
(excreta waste products) are dependent on Vayu for their normal or abnormal movements.
When in equilibrium, Vata Dosha is responsible for all the normal life activities (psycho-
somatic).

The same Vayu when gets disturbed is said to initiate the disease process in the body (and
mind) by displacing, misplacing, pulling or pushing the other Doshas and Malas from their
normal and natural seats to abnormal places.

The morbid Doshas getting lodged in the tissues cause tissue damage and thus cause disease
process. Similarly the Malas (excreta, cellular toxins) can get held back in abnormal places,
contaminate the body and cause diseases.
Physiology of blood circulation in Ayurveda:
Rakta Dhatu explained in Ayurveda (inclusive of Rasa Dhatu) can be compared to the blood
tissue. Vata Dosha is responsible for the heart functions including the output (systole) and input
(diastole) of the blood and also the circulation. The circulation of blood takes place by the
integrative functioning and coordination of
Vyana Vayu (Sub-type of Vayu responsible for distribution of essential things in the body),
Ranjaka Pitta (Sub-type of Pitta responsible for formation, qualitative and quantitative
maintenance of the blood tissue) and
Avalambaka Kapha (Sub-type of Kapha located in the chest, responsible for lubrication and
normal functioning of the chest organs Heart and lungs).

Role of Vyana Vata in blood circulation:

Vyana Vayu helps in pushing the blood from and pulling the blood towards the heart. It gets the
support of the Udana Vayu (which is the local Vayu of the chest) which mainly helps in the
movement of the blood away from the heart. Vyana Vayu further takes the blood along with the
nutrients included in it to the periphery overcoming the peripheral resistance. Laghu (lightness),
Sookshma (minute penetrative nature) and Chala (movement) guna of Vayu helps in the
circulation of blood.

Role of Ranjaka Pitta in blood circulation:

The Ranjaka Pitta helps in the thrust and propulsion required for the blood to move around,
imparts the natural heat to the blood. The Teekshna (intense nature), Ushna (Hot property),
Snigdha (slimy or unctuous nature), Laghu (lightness), Sara (enabling free flow) and Drava
(liquidity) of the Pitta helps in the uninterrupted circulation of the blood.

Role of Avalambaka Kapha in blood circulation:

Avalambaka Kapha on the other hand supports the heart in its contractions and relaxations and
forms the buffer against stress and strain on the heart and its musculature. It also provides the
necessary lubrication to the heart and the blood vessels. It mainly helps Vyana Vayu during the
diastole in supporting the incoming blood while not antagonising the emptying process. Ranjaka
Pitta on the other hand helps Vyana Vayu in systolic functions.

How is Hypertension caused? Ayurveda perspective

We can tell that High Blood Pressure or Hypertension is a result of abnormal functioning of
Vyana and Udana Vayu, Ranjaka Pitta and Avalambaka Kapha including loss of their functional
integrity and coordination.

Raktagata Vata

Hypertension can be compared to a condition called Raktagata Vata. In this condition the
vitiated Vata gets lodged in the circulating Rakta Dhatu (blood) and causes disturbances in its
circulation. Since Rakta and Pitta are related in an inseparable relationship the disturbance of
Rakta also leads to the disturbance of Pitta. In this context Raktagata Vata is basically a
disorder of blood caused by morbid Vata and Pitta. The Kapha component will also be disturbed
leading to loss of support and integrity to the cardiac functions.

When the Avalambaka Kapha Bhava (components) gains a pathological increase, they cause
blocks in the arteries and arterioles leading to atherosclerosis and peripheral resistance. This
further causes Hypertension and cardiac disorders.

The further pathological processes may lead to the aggravated Rakta blocking the normal
movements and functions of Vata leading to a condition called Raktavrita Vata. This may lead
to many complications of Hypertension as mentioned above. The concept of Vatarakta or
Vatashonita too can be included in studying Hypertension from an Ayurvedic perspective

Other Body factors contributing to manifestation of Hypertension

The other Doshas can also be involved in the backdrop or in a later condition.

Pachaka Pitta (KayaAgni) and the associated Samana Vayu will be disturbed at the
backdrop of Hypertension leading to disturbance of gross and tissue metabolism.
The Prana Vayu disturbed due to stress, anxiety etc. factors might worsen the disease in
a later condition.
Apana Vayu functions when disturbed can cause Udavarta (upward and haphazard
movement of Vayu) leading to increased pressure in the abdominal and chest organs putting
them under physiological stress.
Sadhaka Pitta in the Hridaya (Heart/Brain) and Tarpaka Kapha (Lubricants of nervous
system) when disturbed cause disturbances in heart functions and a disturbance of brain-
heart coordination.
The involvement of mind factors in the causation of hypertension or as aggravating factors in
the later context of an established disease cannot be ruled out. The
disturbed Rajas and Tamas bhavas (the mind factors responsible for morbidity according to
Ayurveda) definitely contribute in the pathogenesis of Hypertension either in the initial or
terminal stages.

Treatment principles in Ayurveda

The treatment approach should be in identifying the extent of morbidity of the Doshas and their
subtypes, the immunological components, the tissue strength, the strength of the disease and the
diseased and metabolic errors.

The Prakriti (Basic constitution of the patient) and Vikriti (Pathological state of the disease and
diseased) shall be studied in detail. The basic principles of treatment lie in prescribing Vata-
Pacifying diet, medicines, treatments and lifestyle advises. The pathological states of Rakta,
Pitta and Kapha too should be considered.
Ayurvedic Management of Hypertension
Natural Measures (Preventive):

Dinacharya and Rutucharya: Following the principles of diet, lifestyle, ethics, code
and conduct of ideal living on a daily (Dinacharya) and seasonal (Rutucharya) basis
and Sadvritta wholesome daily regimen as explained in Ayurveda
Achara Rasayana Principles, behaviour and conduct of life which by themselves act as
rejuvenation. Example: Brahmacharya celibacy, courteous behavior etc.
Vega Dharana and Udeerana Helping the body in releasing the naturally manifested
reflexes and urges by not forcibly controlling them (Reflexes of Hunger, Thirst, Sleep,
Defecation, Urination etc). We should also not force the non-impending reflexes from the
body. We should forcibly control within ourselves the urge for emotional reflexes like those of
greed, enviousness, anger, lust etc
Read related: Secret of Ayurveda Do not suppress natural urges
Properly following Trayopasthamba Rules and regulations laid on Diet, Sleep and
Celibacy
Nidana Parivarjana (Avoiding the causative factors) Avoid taking foods and
activities which disturb the 3 Doshas (Vata, Pitta and Kapha) which are the primary culprits
in the causation of Hypertension. 3 Dosha balancing diet (good, healthy, fresh and balanced
nutrition) should be taken on a regular basis (predominant in fruits and vegetables). Mainly
excessive cold or hot, dry or oily, stale, preserved and packed foods, spicy, sour, heavy to
digest foods and junks should be avoided.
Treatment options
Internal treatments (Antah-Parimarjana)

Panchakarma or Ayurvedic cleansing (detoxification) treatments are a must in throwing away

the unnecessary morbid Doshas and Malas from the system so as to re-establish the heart health
and cure Hypertension and Cardiac disorders.

Virechana or therapeutic Purgation is an ideal way of controlling and eliminating the

morbid Pitta (Kapha) and associated Vayu. Virechana also corrects the metabolism and
provides lightness to the body. The blocks in the body cells and blood vessels will be
removed. The functions including heart functions will be resuscitated. Virechana also
removes the morbidity of blood and restores blood health.
Vasti (Medicated Enemas) This is an unparalleled treatment to control Vayu which is
the chief causative factor in Hypertension. If Vayu is controlled the other things will be put in
place and the health will be restored.
Raktamokshana Bloodletting therapy is used to let out the contaminated blood and to
relieve blocks in circulation. This further aids to free circulation, reestablishment of heart and
circulatory functions and relief from peripheral resistance. This was used as a key remedy
 for Rakta Dushti Janya Vikaras (Diseases caused due to contamination or morbidity of
blood tissue) and is rarely administered now days.
Bahir Parimarjana (External therapies):

Takra Shiro Dhara This is a special treatment from the home of Ayurveda in relieving
Hypertension. In this medicated buttermilk will be poured in streams on a shaved scalp while
the patient sleeps on the Dhara table in supine position. The treatment is carried on for a
period of 35-45 minutes.
Ksheera Dhara This is a similar method like Takra Dhara. Here the medicated milk
shall be poured in streams not only on the head but also on the whole body.
Taila Dhara Medicated oil is used for pouring on the body and head in streams. (Other
forms like Shiro Pichu Keeping cotton pieces dipped in medicated oil on the scalp and
tying it in place, Shiro Vasti Pooling of medicated oil in a cabin created on the head etc are
also used alternatively)
Note: The above said Dharas help in relieving one from stress, calms the nerves, improves
circulation, relieves hypertension and insomnia, relaxes the person physically and mentally and
re-establishes health.

Shiro Lepa Application of medicated pastes of herbs on the scalp

Avagaha Tub bath in medicated oil (Sitz bath)
Herbal preparations (homemade remedies) which are highly effective in hypertension

Arjuna Ksheerapaka Milk processed with Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna).

Learn how to do this remedy
Lashuna Ksheerapaka Milk processed with garlic.
Know how to do this remedy at home
Single herbs that are useful in Hypertension

Sarpagandha Rauwolfia serpentina This is said to be the most powerful

hypotensive plant. It has been traditionally used in Ayurveda to treat snakebite, insanity,
insomnia and many other diseases apart from Hypertension. Reserpine, the purified alkaloid
of R.serpentina was the first potent drug widely used in the long term treatment and
management of HTN.
Read more about uses and side effects of Sarpagandha
Lashuna / Rasona Allium sativum It is said to lower the blood pressure especially
the systolic part. The sulphur containing compounds found in garlic including allicin is said
to act on bodys nitric oxide system which relaxes the arteries and lowers systolic blood
pressure. Doctors opinion should be taken because Garlic may not go good with other
medications.
Read more about usage of garlic
 Arjuna Terminalia arjuna It is said to be the best in the business of treating heart
ailments. It is an ideal drug to correct circulation disturbances and also to alleviate stress.
Read more about Arjuna
Other useful drugs which can be used either singly or in combination, in essential HTN or
as a co-prescription in secondary HTN
(Click on the herb name to learn more about it).

Ashwagandha Withania somnifera Relieves stress, strengthens the muscles of the

heart, good rejuvenator and anti-ageing medicine
Amalaki Emblica officinalis Best anti-oxidant and anti-stress agent
Bala Sida cordifolia Good anti-stress drug and strengthens the nervous system
The best Rasayanas (rejuvenator, anti-ageing and anti-stress, health promoters and
immune-modulators)

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri)

Shankapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis)
Ash gourd winter melon Kushmanda
Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi)
Gotu kola Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica)
Giloy Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)
Other drugs which have been proved to have antihypertensive property by research works
are:

Celery Apium graveolens

Bishops weed Carum Capticum (Ajawain)
Colius forskohlii (Karpurvali)
Carrot Daucus carota
Flaxseed / Linseed Linum usitatissimum
Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum
Drumstick Moringa oleifera (Shigru)
Tulsi Holy Basil Ocimum basilicum
Bhumi Amla Phyllanthus niruri
Pome granate Punica granatum
Radish Raphanus sativus
Sesame Sesamum indicum
Triticum aestivum Wheat bran
 Vitex doniana Black plum
Ginger Zingiber officinale
Effective formulations from the house of Ayurveda for Hypertension and Cardiovascular
diseases
(Click on the medicine names to know more about them)

Sarpagandha churna, Sarpagandha vati As explained above, Sarpagandha is very

effective in controlling high BP. It can be consumed in churna (herbal powder) or Vati tablet
form. Your physician should fix the proper dose. Self medication with Sarpagandha can be
very dangerous.
Brahmi Vati used in the treatment of depression, blood pressure etc.
Giloy Satwa used in Ayurvedic treatment of burning sensation of feet, bleeding diseases
etc.
Ayaskriti mainly used in anemia, weight loss therapy, skin diseases etc.
Kumaryasavam used in the treatment of gastritis, urinary tract disorders etc.
Draksharishtam Balances Pitta Dosha. used mainly in the treatment of respiratory and
intestinal disorders
Partadhyarishtam A very good cardiac tonic. Useful in the treatment of chest injury,
weakness, fatigue etc.
Punarnavasavam useful in gastritis, edema, fiver and liver diseases.
Lodhrasavam used in leucoderma, anemia, obesity etc.
Balarishtam used mainly in neurological conditions. vata imbalance.
Sarivadyasavam used in the treatment of many skin diseases.
Saraswatharishtam a very effective anti ageing medicine and a brain tonic.
Ashwagandharishtam used in the treatment of sexual disorders, depression etc.
Nayopayam Kashayam used in the treatment of respiratory diseases like bronchial
asthma. It also relieves hiccups.
Kalyanaka Ghritam Herbal ghee, used for the treatment of cough, anemia, epilepsy,
psychosis, schizophrenia, etc
Mahakalyanaka Ghritam used for cough, anemia, epilepsy, psychosis, schizophrenia,
Ksheerabala Tailam 101 Balances Vata, a good nervine tonic.
Sarpagandhadi Churnam
Lohasinduram
Sringa Bhasmam used in the treatment of gastritis, hiccup, intercostal neuralgia,
asthma, etc.
Cheriya Chinchadi Leham
Dantiharitaki Leham used in the treatment of skin diseases, fever, liver conditions etc.
 Chyavanaprasham an all round anti oxidant rich rejuvenating product.
Narasimha Rasayanam Though it contains butter as its base, it is useful in hypertension
caused by excessive Vata imbalance.
Brihat Vasavaleha mainly used in the treatment of respiratory conditions.
Vidaryadi Leham
Hridayarnava Rasa used in the treatment of heart diseases associated with heaviness of
chest and dspnoea etc.
Hemamruta Rasa
Loha Bhasma used in Ayurvedic treatment of anemia, eye disorders, skin diseases etc.
Mandura Bhasma It is used in Ayurvedic treatment of anemia, jaundice, inflammation
etc.
Mandura Vataka It is a powerful Ayurvedic medicine used in treating anemia, liver and
skin conditions.
Navayasa Churna / Navayasa loha used in the Ayurvedic treatment of anemia, skin and
liver conditions.
Punarnavadi Mandura mainly used in the treatment of Anemia, splenomegaly, piles,
fever etc.
Shiva Gutika used for a variety of diseases like liver and spleen disorders, neuro-
psychiatric conditions etc.
Manikya Bhasma, Mukta Vati
Mukta Pishti used in Ayurvedic treatment of diarrhea with bleeding, Mania, Psychosis
etc.
Prabhakara Vati used in Ayurvedic treatment of heart diseases
Pravala Pishti useful in high Pitta conditions used in Ayurvedic treatment of cough,
cold, Pitta related diseases etc.
Suvarna Bhasma repared from Gold. It is used in Ayurvedic treatment of infertility,
asthma, tissue wasting, poisoning etc. etc.
Note: The above said formulations shall be taken only on medical advice and under supervision

Other methods of preventing and controlling Hypertension:

Yoga
Taichi (Chinese art of healing)
Acupuncture and Qi Gong A form of traditional Chinese medicine
Autogenic Training Involves series of sessions in which one learns how to control
breathing, blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature. This technique reduces stress and
provides relaxation.
 Meditation involving chanting, breathing and visualization
Relaxation and Breathing exercises
Biofeedback It is a technique where people are taught how to gain control over internal
body processes that normally occur involuntarily such as BP, Heart rate, muscle tension and
skin temperature. Other than Hypertension it is also used to treat migraine, tension headache,
chronic pain and urinary incontinence
Indulging in variety of entertaining and pleasing activities to keep away from stress
(Check your stress)
Writing dairies, blogs, books etc
Takradhara for hypertension treatment:
Takradhara is a traditional procedure where a stream of herb-processed buttermilk is flown over
head. Among many options of treatment and medications available in Ayurveda for the
management of Hypertension, Takra Dhara is the best choice.

Thus Takra Dhara is a treatment in which the medicated (processed with herbs, medicines)
buttermilk is poured in stream over the target area. forehead and scalp of the patient suffering
from Hypertension for a fixed duration of time while the patient lies on his or her back over a
specially designed table meant for the treatment.

In hypertension the rakta dhatu or blood element is abruptly handled by the disturbed Vayu.
The blood and Pitta have an inseparable relationship as Pitta resides in the blood. When the pitta
gets disturbed, the rakta too gets disturbed and vice versa. Takra dhara by the virtue of its
coolant effect pacifies the hot, intense and penetrating nature of both pitta and rakta. It also
controls Vayu by the virtue of its combination.

Takra Dhara relaxes & revitalizes the central nervous system, balances the brain and hormonal
functions and thus regularizes and relaxes all the functions of the body. The stress in each and
every cell and passage of the body is removed. It has a soothing effect on the endocrine system.

Takra Dhara improves the supply of blood and nutrition to the brain

The pressure and temperature effect of the medicament cannot be ruled out

With an Ayurveda perspective Takra Dhara might communicate with the deepest recesses of
the brain by soothing the Marmas (vital points of convergence of bones, muscles, blood vessels,
soft tissues and joints) located in the head viz Apanga, Avarta, Shanka, Utkshepa, Seemantha
and Sthapani Marmas with which the dhara liquid comes into contact with.

Most of these Marmas are related to the eye and blood circulation to the brain. By activating the
Marmas Takra Dhara might make a strong impact on the functioning of central nervous system
and important glands within the brain.
Alochaka Pitta (Pitta subtype) which is located in the Eye is said to be of 2 types. One
is Chakshu Vaisheshika (located within the eye and maintains its well being) and the other
is Buddhi Vaisheshika (the part of Alockhaka Pitta which has its connectivity with higher
centres of the brain and thus monitors the higher functions like intelligence, memory
etc). Apanga and Avarta marmas are related to the eye. Dhara might make a soothing impact
on buddhi vaisheshika alochaka pitta through these Marmas and in return soothe the nervous
system.

The injury of Seemantha Marma (joints of the skull) is said to cause Chitta
Nasha (psychological abnormality) and Bhaya (fear complex). Thus when the same Marma is
healed through Dhara, it may reverse the Chitta Nasha and Bhaya, i.e. it might relieve stress,
anxiety and depression. With this the relaxed nervous system will take care of heart functions
and circulation patterns. This in turn will benefit in reversing the events in hypertension.

The soothing of these Marmas and in turn soothing of Nervous system and endocrine glands as
an effect of Takra Dhara will definitely relax Prana Vayu, Sadhaka Pitta and Tarpaka
Kapha in the brain (head). These inturn will have a relaxing effect over the Vyana Vayu,
Ranjaka Pitta, Avalambaka Kapha and Udana Vayu controlling the heart functions and
circulation. The ultimate effect will be a good relief from Hypertension.

What is Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)?

When the blood flows, it exerts a force against the walls of the blood vessels (muscular tubes
carrying the blood). This force is called Blood Pressure. This force depends on the Cardiac
output (amount of blood ejected out of heart, each time it beats) and the resistance of the blood
vessels to the flowing blood.
Hypertension is a condition wherein the blood pressure is higher than 140 over 90 mm of Hg
(millimetres of mercury).

High Blood Pressure is seen to be an ominous sign for cardiovascular health. The more the
pressure, the more is the risk to the heart. High blood pressure also puts pressure on kidneys.
Hence, it is often seen that the patients who are prone for kidney disorders are monitored for
their BP very regularly.

Definition of hypertension:
In Hypertension, we can find that the blood pressure is persistently high in the arteries. The
higher the pressure and resistance, the harder the heart has to pump.
Hypertension is the name given for a condition where the readings of High Blood Pressure
remain high and above normal all the time. That means to tell that in Hypertension, the blood
pressure of the person is high each and every time it is measured (consistently elevated).
This also means that having a High Blood Pressure for a short amount of time and or
occasionally is just normal.
Synonyms of hypertension:
High Blood Pressure
Arterial Hypertension
Fullness Disease
Hard Pulse Disease

How to understand Blood Pressure reading?

The blood pressure record has two components
Systole the first reading
Diastole the second reading

Meaning of systole and diastole:

Systole Meaning A drawing together or contraction in Greek: It is the time period when the
heart is contracting (specifically when the left ventricle of the heart contracts).The systolic
pressure is the maximum arterial pressure during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
In a blood pressure reading it is usually the first number recorded.

Example: In a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg, 120 is the systolic pressure. It is measured in
terms of millimetres of Mercury. In this the blood from the heart chamber is ejected into the
adjacent chamber or a blood vessel. Electrical systole can be recorded on Electrocardiogram
(ECG) and precedes mechanical systole (actual contraction of heart).

Diastole Meaning: Drawing apart in Greek: It is a time period when the heart is in the state of
relaxation and dilatation (expansion). It is the minimal arterial pressure during relaxation and
dilatation of the ventricle of the heart. Diastole is the time when the heart fills with the blood. In
a blood pressure reading it is usually the second number recorded. It is measured in terms of
millimetres of Mercury.
Ex. In a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg, 80 is the diastolic pressure.

Thus Diastole is a part of cardiac cycle when the heart refills with blood following systole
(contraction).
Ventricular diastole is a period when ventricles (2 lower chambers of the heart) are filling and
relaxing, while atrial diastole is a period during which the atria are relaxing. (Atria 2 upper
chambers of heart).

Range of blood pressure (in mm Hg) as defined by American Heart Association:

Normal Blood Pressure Systolic is below 120 mm Hg and Diastolic below 80 mm Hg

120/80
Pre-hypertension Systolic between 120-139 mm Hg or Diastolic between 80-89 mm Hg
120-139/80-89
Stage 1 Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Systolic between 140-159 mm Hg or Diastolic
between 90-99 mm Hg 140-159/90-99
 Stage 2 Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Systolic values 160 mm Hg or higher or
Diastolic values 100 mm Hg or higher 160/100
Hypertensive Crisis (Medical Emergency) Blood Pressure is above 180 Systolic or
above 100 mm Hg Diastolic. 180/100
Reference Medical news today website

Natural Variations of Blood Pressure:

Blood Pressure lowers at sleep and rises on awakening

Blood Pressure naturally rises during anxiety, excitement and following physical activity
Types of high BP:
Primary (Essential) Hypertension
Defined as Hypertension without any obvious underlying cause
Constitutes about 90-95% of all cases of Hypertension

Secondary Hypertension
It is due to causes that can be very well identified such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of
the aorta or kidney arteries or an endocrine disorder such as excess aldosterone, cortisone or
catecholamines

Epidemiology
1 in every 4 adults in the world suffers from hypertension
It contributes to 49 % of ischaemic heart disease and 62% of stroke worldwide
Inadequately controlled hypertension is the current number 1 attributable risk for death across
the globe

Causes of Hypertension:
Primary (Essential) Hypertension:Essential Hypertension is a complex process. It results from a
complex interaction of genes and environmental factors.

Genetic basis of Hypertension is still not completely understood.

Numerous common genetic variants which have small effects on Blood Pressure have been
identified. Likewise some rare genetic variants which have large effects on blood pressure have
also been identified.

With ageing the Blood Pressure rises and the risk of becoming hypertensive in the later part of
life also proportionally increases.
Environmental Factors:
These are most of the times held culprit for the causation of Essential Hypertension. They are
said to influence blood pressure either singly or in combination.
The below mentioned are some of the environmental factors which have been identified as
influencing Blood Pressure.
High Salt intake, Salt rich diet through processed and fatty foods
 Lack of exercise
Obesity
Stress
Depression

Other possible factors:

Caffeine consumption
Insulin resistance
Early life events such as low birth weight, maternal smoking, lack of breast feeding etc

Secondary Hypertension:
Kidney disease (most common)
Obesity
Sleep apnoea
Pregnancy
Coarctation of the Aorta
Excessive liquorice consumption
Illegal drugs (some)
Arsenic exposure through drinking water
Endocrine conditions such as Cushings Syndrome, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism,
Acromegaly, Conns Syndrome (Hyperaldosteronism), Hyperparahyroidism,
Pheochromocytoma, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia etc
Excess Alcohol (Reversible). Stop alcohol and the blood pressure will start returning to
normalcy.
Excess Tobacco (Reversible)
Use of oral contraceptives (Reversible)
Hormonal therapy for menopause (Reversible)

Note: In secondary Hypertension the symptoms of the disease on the backdrop too would be
manifested along with hypertension.
Source.

Common Risk Factors:

Race African-American adults are at higher risk
Size Being overweight or obese
Sex Men are more prone at younger ages. Women are more prone at older ages. (Both have
same lifetime risks)
Lifestyle Greater uptakes of dietary salt, excessive alcohol, low dietary potassium and
physical inactivity

Signs and Symptoms of high BP:

Any set of symptoms do not precisely describe the existence of Hypertension. Hypertension is
usually identified through screening or when being checked for some unrelated problems. We
should note that Hypertension itself does not cause symptoms but in the long-term leads to
complications caused by narrowing of blood vessels.
Commonly complained symptoms:
Headaches (especially in the morning, at the back of the head)
Light headedness
Vertigo
Tinnitus (buzzing or hissing noises in the ear). Related: Tinnitus treatment as per Ayurveda
Altered vision
Fainting episodes

Note: These symptoms may be related to associated anxiety rather than the high blood pressure
On physical examination Hypertension may be associated with changes in the optic fundus
seen by opthalmoscopy (hypertensive retinopathy). The severity of retinopathy is proportionate
with duration and / or severity of hypertension

Symptoms in secondary Hypertension:

Secondary Hypertension may be suspected when Hypertension is manifested with certain
specific signs and symptoms related to the diseases on the backdrop
Example:
Cushings Syndrome frequently causes truncal obesity, glucose intolerance, moon face, fat
humps at the back of neck or shoulder, purple abdominal stretch marks along with Hypertension
Hyperthyroidism Presents with weight loss, increased appetite, bulging eyes, tremors, fast
heart rate etc. along with increased blood pressure
Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) Presents as a localized abdominal bruit to the left or right of the
midline or in both directions
Coarctation of the Aorta Presents with decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities
relative to the arms and / or delayed or absent femoral arterial pulses
Pheochromocytoma May cause abrupt episodes of Hypertension with headache, palpitations,
pale appearance and excessive sweating

Hypertension leading to problems in different organs:

Hypertension over a period of time causes organ damages. Chronic hypertension can lead to the
below said complications
Arteriosclerosis narrowing of blood vessels by forming plaques. Continuous high pressure of
blood leads to damage of artery walls, leading to plaque formation

Enlarged or weakened heart (heart failure)

Aneurysm An abnormal bulge in the wall of an artery
Blood vessel narrowing In kidneys (leading to kidney failure), heart (leading to heart attack),
brain (leading to stroke) and legs (leading to amputation)
Rupture or bleeding from the blood vessels of the eyes leading to vision problems or
blindness

Pathophysiology of Hypertension
In established Essential Hypertension Cardiac output is normal. High pressure is due to
total peripheral resistance (increased resistance to the blood flow). Peripheral resistance is the
resistance to the flow of blood due to narrowing of small arteries and arterioles at the periphery.
Reduction in the number of capillaries or density of capillaries may also contribute to peripheral
resistance.

Pre-hypertension (Borderline Hypertension) Younger people have high cardiac output,

elevated heart rate and normal peripheral resistance. In these people the cardiac output falls and
peripheral resistance rises with age. Therefore in the later life they develop features of
established Essential hypertension.
Decreased peripheral venous compliance Veins draw blood from different parts of the body to
heart. If veins are drawing the blood in excess into the heart, it increases venous return, increases
cardiac pre-load and cause diastolic dysfunction.

Isolated systolic hypertension The pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic
blood pressure) is frequently increased in these conditions, especially in older people with
hypertension. The systolic pressure is abnormally high and diastolic pressure is normal or low at
times. This may be due to increased arterial stiffness associated with ageing.
Abnormalities of rennin-angiotensin system and symphathetic nervous system leading to
disturbances in the kidneys salt and water handling mechanisms which further lead to a rise in
peripheral resistance contribute to most cases of essential hypertension.
Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in blood vessels (vascular inflammation) may
contribute to increased peripheral resistance and vascular damages occurring in hypertension
Interleukin 17 increases the production of several immune system chemical signals like tumour
necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 which take part in the
causation of hypertension

How is Hypertension diagnosed?

Sphygmomanometer is an instrument used to measure the blood pressure. It is commonly known
as BP apparatus. The diagnosis is not usually done after recording a single high reading. If your
doctor records three high BP readings on three separate days, then only the diagnosis is made.
Blood pressure is measured in both seated and standing postures to rule out orthostatic or
postural hypotension. (posture based high BP).

White Coat Hypertension:

Many times patient may get nervous at clinic leading to erratic high BP reading. Fear of white
coat of doctor, leading to high BP reading.
Self measurement of BP readings at home using BP devices may make the reading more
realistic, as patient may be relaxed at home.

Masked Hypertension is opposite of White Coat Hypertension. Here the patients BP is above
normal during daily activities but when the patient is in a clinic setting it is in a normal range
Pseudo-hypertension in the elderly (Non compressible artery syndrome) Caused due to
calcification of arteries resulting in high readings (cuff readings) while intra-arterial
measurements of BP are normal
Orthostatic hypertension BP increases upon standing
Pulmonary hypertension:
It is a rare lung disorder. Here the pipes carrying blood from heart to lungs is narrowed, making
it difficult for blood to flow through the vessels. As a result, the blood pressure in these arteries,
called pulmonary arteries rises far above normal levels.

How many times BP should be checked for diagnosis of hypertension?

The National Institute of Clinical Excellence recommends 3 separate sphygmomanometer
measurements at an interval of 1 month each.
The American Heart Association recommends at least 2 separate health care visits. Ambulatory
BP monitoring over 12-24 hours is the most accurate method to confirm the diagnosis.

Apart from recording the blood pressure readings, the doctors would like to record a detailed
case history of the patient and also of family history. Detailed physical examination of the patient
with special interest towards cardiovascular health will be done.

Tests to identify possible causes of secondary hypertension:

These tests also determine the extent of damage to heart, eyes and kidneys if any.
Tests for Diabetes and Diabetes control
Tests for High cholesterol
Serum creatinine for presence of kidney disease
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate
(eGFR). eGFR further provides baseline measurement of kidney functions. This can be used to
monitor side effects of certain anti-hypertensive drugs on kidney function
Urine samples for proteins secondary indicator of kidney disease
Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) To confirm if heart is under trouble from hypertension, to
know about left ventricular hypertrophy (bulging of left lower chamber of heart) or to detect
silent heart attacks
Chest X-Ray or an Echocardiogram To look for signs of heart enlargement or heart damage

Preventive Measures:
Population strategies, awareness about this global epidemic and preventive counselling for those
prone to get hypertension is basically aimed at reducing the consequences of high blood pressure
and the need for antihypertensive drugs.
Even before starting high BP treatment, lifestyle changes are recommended as a natural measure.
Below mentioned are the proposed lifestyle changes (2004 British Hypertension Society
guidelines) for the primary prevention of hypertension:

Body weight maintenance Adults should maintain normal body weights (BMI 20-
25kg/m2)
Reduction of Dietary Sodium intake To less than 100mmol/day (less than 6 gram of
sodium chloride or less than 2.4 gram of sodium per day)
Regular aerobic physical activity such as brisk walking (more than or equal to 30 minutes
per day on most days of the week or almost daily) Moderate intensity dynamic aerobic
exercise like walking, jogging, cycling or swimming should be done on 5 to 7 days per week
basis
Limiting alcoholic consumption to not more than 3 units/day in men and no more than 2
units / day in women
Consumption of a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (at least 5 portions per day) People
with high blood pressure are advised to eat fish at least twice a week and between 300 and
400 grams of fruit and vegetables a day
Giving up smoking should also be considered
Note: Effective lifestyle modification may lower BP as much as an individual antihypertensive
drug. Combinations of 2 or more lifestyle modifications can achieve even better results.

Benefits of high BP Management:

Reduction of blood pressure by 5mm Hg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic
heart disease by 21 % and reduce likelihood of dementia, heart failure and mortality from
cardiovascular disease

Target Blood Pressure (According to various expert groups):

While treating for hypertension the target blood pressure should be
For General Population Below the range of 140-160 / 90-100 mm Hg
For those over 60 years of age (According to JNC-8) 150/90 mm Hg
For those over 80 years of age 150/90 mm Hg

Lifestyle Modifications:
Lifestyle changes form the first line of treatment in hypertension. Dietary changes, physical
exercises and weight loss have shown to significantly reduce blood pressure in people with
hypertension.

Even in severe hypertension demanding medications, lifestyle changes should be combined for
an effective result
Effective dietary changes Diets with low sodium, DASH diet, Vegetarian diets and high
potassium diets

DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Diet:

This is a dietary pattern prompted by the U.S. based National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute to prevent and control hypertension.
The DASH diet is rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains and low-fat dairy foods,
includes meat, fish, poultry, nuts and beans. The diet is limited in sugar-sweetened foods and
beverages, red meat and added fats.
It is designed to be a well-balanced approach to eating for general public in addition to its
effect on blood pressure. Reference
Effective physical exercises Isometric resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise
and device guided breathing

Stress reduction techniques Biofeedback or transcendental meditation

Medications:

The classes of medications used to treat hypertension are called antihypertensive

medications.
The first line for medications are Thiazide-diuretics, Calcium channel blockers,
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and Angiotensin receptor blockers. These can be
used alone or in combination.
Resistant Hypertension:

It is defined as hypertension that remains above goal blood pressure in spite of using at
once, 3 anti-hypertensive medications belonging to different drug classes.
Low adherence to treatment may be the chief cause.
It may also represent the result of high activity of autonomous nervous system and is
called Neurogenic Hypertension
Complications of Hypertension:

Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease,

cardiovascular diseases (heart failures) aortic aneurysm, diffuse atherosclerosis, chronic
kidney disease, pulmonary embolism
Cognitive impairment
Dementia
Hypertensive retinopathy
Hypertensive nephropathy

Research works and other useful data

By the year 2025, the number of people living with hypertension (High Blood
Pressure) is predicted to be approximately 1.56 billion worldwide
About 1/3 of all the people over 20 years of age have hypertension in USA alone. Thus,
in the Million Hearts initiative, the Department of Health and Human Services, USA, has
given Control of Hypertension a key national priority.
This initiative aims to prevent at least 1 million heart attacks and strokes in the US by 2017.
Lifestyle factors like physical inactivity, consumption of salt-rich diet created by processed and
fatty foods, alcohol and tobacco use etc are said to be responsible for an increasing prevalence of
the condition.
 One in every 3 Indians suffer from hypertension and heart ailments responsible for 30
percent of deaths in the country. Cardiovascular diseases are acquiring epidemic proportions
in India and are calling for serious actions. related
Reduction of blood pressure by 5mm Hg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of
ischaemic heart disease by 21 % and reduce likelihood of dementia, heart failure and
mortality from cardiovascular disease
Data from the Framingham Heart Study predict that 90% of people who are
normotensive at age 55 years will go on to develop hypertension in their lifetime
Global obesity is said to be the chief cause for an increasing level of blood pressure in
children and adolescents
Autopsy studies such as Bogalusa Heart Study and the Pathobiological Determinates of
Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) has demonstrated increased atherosclerosis at higher BP
levels in youth. Therefore accurate assessment and management of BP is essential to prevent
target organ damage
Ambulatory BP Monitoring (ABPM) which can detect precise changes in BP
throughout daily activities is found to be superior to Clinical BP (CBP) monitoring in
predicting cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Thus ABPM has widespread use in
evaluation for Hypertension and risk of end-organ damage in adults. Related
Uric Acid and Hypertension Approximately 25-45% of untreated hypertensive
patients have concomitant hyperuricemia. An association between elevated Serum Uric Acid
(SUA) and Hypertension has been described in adults in several large epidemiological
studies. Although hyperuricemia is known for its association with cardiovascular events in
hypertension, it remains unknown if uric acid is an independent risk factor, a mediator or
merely a marker for the development of HTN. Experimental data suggests that uric acid may
induce endothelial damage, vascular inflammation and rennin-angiotensin system
activation. Related
BP control is the most established practise for preventing the progression of chronic
kidney disease. Related
Hypertension is one of the common diseases in the elderly. The prevalence of
hypertension markedly increases with advancing ageing. Both ageing and HTN have a critical
role in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications.
Prompt treatment of Hypertension may cut off the risk of hiring Alzheimers
disease. Related
Sleep disorder is linked to hypertension. In people with sleep apnea and hard-to-control
high blood pressure, blood pressure values drop if sleep disorder is treated. Related
Those having high blood pressure for a certain period (more than 6 years) have a risk of
developing psoriasis, especially in women. related
History and other useful information:

William Harvey (physician) first described the circulation of blood in his book De
motu cordis. This led to the modern understanding of the cardiovascular system.
 Stephen Hales (English clergyman) made the first published measurement of blood
pressure in 1733
In 1896 Scipione Riva-Rocci invented the cuff-based Sphygmomanometer. Following
this hypertension as a clinical entity came into being. This allowed the measurement of blood
pressure in the clinic.
In 1905, Nikolai Korotkoff improved the technique by describing Korotkoff
sounds that are heard when the artery is auscultated with a stethoscope while the
sphygmomanometer is deflated
Fullness Disease: This is a disease explained in medieval Persian medical texts. The
signs and symptoms are similar to those of patients with hypertensive crisis. The symptoms
include headache, heaviness in head, sluggish movements, general redness and warm touch
feel of the body, prominent, distended and tense vessels, fullness of the pulse, distension of
the skin, coloured urine, loss of appetite, weak eyesight, impairment of thinking, yawning,
drowsiness, vascular rupture and haemorrhagic stroke.
Descriptions of hypertension as a disease came from Thomas Young (1808)
and Richard Bright (1836).
The first report of elevated BP in a person without evidence of kidney disease was
made in Frederick Akbar Mahomed (1849-1884)
Hard Pulse Disease A disease named Hard Pulse Disease which resembles high
blood pressure was historically treated by reducing the quantity of blood by bloodletting or
application of leeches. This was advocated by Yellow Emperor of China, Cornelius Celsus,
Galen and Hippocrates. The treatment approach included changes in lifestyle like staying
away from anger and sexual intercourse. The dietary programme included avoiding wine,
meat and pastries, reducing the volume of food in a meal, maintaining a low energy diet and
use of spinach and vinegar.
3 treatment modality: In the 19th and 20th centuries, before effective pharamacological
treatment for HTN became possible the 3 treatment modality were used Strict sodium
restriction (ex. Rice diet), sympathectomy and pyrogen therapy. They had a lot of side effects
and did not get popular.
Sodium thiocyanate was the first chemical for hypertension which was used in 1900.
It got unpopular because of many side effects.
Post 2nd World War Tetramethylammonium chloride, Hexamethonium, Hydralazine
and Reserpine 9derived from the medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentine were brought into
practise
Major Breakthrough The discovery of well tolerated oral agents made a major
breakthrough in the treatment and management of HTN. The first was Chlorthiazide,
the first thiazide diuretic which came available in 1958. Subsequently the beta blockers,
calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors),
angiotensin receptor blockers and rennin inhibitors were developed as antihypertensive agents