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Hyperbolic Functions in Algebra and Calculus

1. Uses of the hyperbolic functions:


a. Engineering applications (catenary curves)
b. Finding certain antiderivatives.
c. Solving differential equations, such as
y(x) = y(x), which has solution y(x) = Asinh(x) + Bcosh(x)
vs. y(x) = -y(x), which has solution y(x) = Asin(x) + Bcos(x)

2. Definition of the hyperbolic functions:

e x ex e x ex
sinh x cosh x
2 2
sinh x e x e x e 2 x 1 cosh x e x e x e 2 x 1
tanh x coth x
cosh x e x e x e 2 x 1 sinh x e x e x e 2 x 1
1 2 1 2
sech x x csch x x
cosh x e e x sinh x e e x

3. Some identities involving hyperbolic functions:

cosh 2 u sinh 2 u 1 ei e i
Note: if x = cosh u and y = sinh u, then sinh i
2
x 2 y 2 1 is the equation of a hyperbola
cos i sin cos i sin

2
i sin
sinh 2u 2 sinh u cosh u cosh 2u 2 cosh 2 u 1
cosh (s + t) = cosh s cosh t + sinh s sinh t sinh (s + t) = sinh s cosh t + cosh s sinh t

4. Osborness Rule: a trigonometry identity can be converted to an analogous identity for


hyperbolic functions by expanding, exchanging trigonometric functions with their
hyperbolic counterparts, and then flipping the sign of each term involving the product of
two hyperbolic sines. For example, given the identity
Osborne's rule gives the corresponding identity

Citation: Eric W. Weisstein. "Osborne's Rule." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web


Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/OsbornesRule.html
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5. Graphs of the hyperbolic functions:


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6. Inverses of the hyperbolic functions and their formulae:


y sinh 1 x iff sinh y x y cosh 1 x iff cosh y x
sinh 1 x ln x x2 1 cosh 1 x ln x x2 1
1 1
y tanh x iff tanh y x y coth x iff coth y x
1 1 x 1 x 1
tanh 1 x ln coth 1 x ln
2 1 x 2 x 1
1 1
Also: coth x tanh
1

x
y sech 1 x iff sech y x y csch 1 x iff csch y x
1 1 1 1
sech 1 x ln 2
1 csch 1 x ln 2
1
x x x x
1 1 1 1
Also: sech x cosh Also: csch x sinh
1 1

x x

7. Proof of the formula for the inverse hyperbolic sine:


y sinh 1 x
e y ey
x sinh y
2
2x e y e y
2 xe y e 2 y 1
e 2 y 2 xe y 1 0
e
y 2

2x e y 1 0
2x 4 x 2 4(1)(1)
ey x x2 1
2(1)
y sinh 1 x ln x x2 1
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8. Composition of hyperbolic functions and inverse hyperbolic functions:


(Sorry this is so incomplete right now)

sinh sinh 1 x x cosh sinh 1 x tanh sinh 1 x

sinh cosh 1 x x 2 1 cosh cosh 1 x x tanh cosh 1 x


x cosh tanh 1 x tanh tanh 1 x x
sinh tanh 1 x
1 x2 cosh coth 1 x tanh coth 1 x
sinh coth 1 x
cosh sech 1 x tanh sech 1 x
sinh sech x
1

cosh csch 1 x tanh csch 1 x


sinh csch 1 x
coth sinh 1 x sech sinh 1 x csch sinh 1 x
coth cosh 1 x sech cosh 1 x csch cosh 1 x
coth tanh 1 x sech tanh 1 x csch tanh 1 x
coth coth 1 x x sech coth 1 x csch coth 1 x
coth sech 1 x sech sech 1 x x csch sech 1 x
coth csch 1 x sech csch 1 x csch csch 1 x x

9. Derivatives of the hyperbolic functions:

d d e x ex e x ex d
sinh x cosh x cosh x sinh x
dx dx 2 2 dx
d d
tanh x sech 2 x coth x - csch 2 x
dx dx
d d
sech x sech x tanh x csch x csch x coth x
dx dx

10. Recall that the derivative formulas can be used to obtain integral formulas, like
sinh xdx cosh x c
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11. Derivatives of the inverse hyperbolic functions:


d 1 d 1
sinh 1 x cosh 1 x
dx 1 x 2 dx x2 1
d 1 d 1
tanh 1 x coth 1 x
dx 1- x2 dx 1- x 2
d -1 d -1
sech -1 x csch -1 x
dx x 1- x2 dx x 1 x2

12. Recall that the derivative formulas can be used to obtain integral formulas, like
1
1 x 2
dx sinh 1 x c

Also, you can prove using integration by substitution that


tanh x dx ln cosh x c , and that
coth x dx ln sinh x c

13. Proof of the derivative of the inverse hyperbolic sine:


y sinh 1 x
x sinh y
d
dx
d

sinh 1 x ln x x 2 1
dx

d d 1 d
sinh y x x x 2 1
x x 2 1 dx
dx dx
dy
cosh y 1 x
dx 1
x 2 1 x x 1
2
dy 1 1

dx cosh y 1 sinh 2 y x x2 1 x x2 1
dy 1 x2
x x 1
2
x
dx 1 x2
x 2
1
x 2 x 2 1
x2
x2 1
x2 1
1


x 1 x 2
2

x2 1
1

1 x2

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