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INFRA ORBITAL FISSURE:

The lateral wall and the floor of the orbit are separated posteriorly by
the inferior orbital fissure which transmits the zygomatic branch of
the maxillary nerve, and the ascending branches from the
pterygopalatine ganglion. The infraorbital vessels are found in the
inferior orbital fissure, and travel down the infraorbital groove into the
infraorbital canal and exit through the infraorbital foramen.

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It is formed by the sphenoid bone and maxilla.

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INFRA ORBITAL FORAMEN:

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The maxillary nerve (CN V2) is one of the three branches or

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divisions of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth (V) cranial nerve. It

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comprises the principal functions of sensation from the maxillary,
nasal cavity, sinuses, the palate and subsequently that of the mid-
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face,[1] and is intermediate, both in position and size, between the
ophthalmic nerve and the mandibular nerve.[2] Its function is the
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transmission of sensory fibers from the maxillary teeth, the skin

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between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal
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cavity and sinuses.[3]

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In human anatomy, the infraorbital foramen (IOF) is an opening in

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the maxillary bone of the skull located below the infraorbital margin
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(IOM) of the orbit (eye socket). It allows passage for the infraorbital
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artery, vein, and nerve which are branches of the maxillary branch
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(V2) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).

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Superior Orbital fissure:

The superior orbital fissure is a foramen in the skull, although
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strictly it is more of a cleft, lying between the lesser and greater wings
of the sphenoid bone.
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A number of important anatomical structures pass through the

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fissure, and these can be damaged in orbital trauma, particularly

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blowout fractures through the floor of the orbit into the maxillary sinus.
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These structures are:

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superior and inferior divisions of oculomotor nerve (III)

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trochlear nerve (IV)

lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic (V1).
abducens nerve (VI)
superior and inferior divisions of ophthalmic vein. Inferior division
also passes through the inferior orbital fissure.
sympathetic fibers from cavernous plexus
These include nonvisual sensory messages, such as pain, or motor
nerves. They also serve as vascular connections.[1]
The nerves passing through the fissure can be remembered with the
mnemonic, "Live Frankly To See Absolutely No Insult" - for Lacrimal,
Frontal, Trochlear, Superior Division of Oculomotor, Abducens,
Nasociliary and Inferior Division of Oculomotor nerve.[2]

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MENTAL FORAMEN:
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Mental nerve is a general somatic afferent (sensory) nerve which

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provides sensation to the anterior aspects of the chin and lower lip as
well as the buccal gingivae of the mandibular anterior teeth and the
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premolars. It is a branch of the posterior trunk of the inferior alveolar

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nerve, which is itself a branch of the mandibular division of the

trigeminal nerve (CN V).
The nerve emerges at the mental foramen in the mandibula, and
divides beneath the Depressor anguli oris muscle into three
branches:
one descends to the skin of the chin.
two ascend to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.
These branches communicate freely with the facial nerve.

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Foramen Rotundum
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hypoglossal canal
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The hypoglossal canal is a bony canal[disambiguation needed] in the

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occipital bone of the skull.

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It transmits the hypoglossal nerve from its point of entry near the
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medulla oblongata to its exit from the base of the skull near the
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jugular foramen. It lies in the epiphyseal junction between the

basiocciput and the jugular process of the occipital bone.
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The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve XII, and

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innervates muscles of the tongue. The name hypoglossus springs

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from the fact that its passage is below the tongue, hypo meaning
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"under", and glossus meaning "tongue", both of which are from

ancient greek. The nerve is involved in controlling tongue movements
required for speech, food manipulation (i.e. formation of bolus), and
swallowing.

The hypoglossal nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus of the

caudal brain stem emerging from the ventromedial medulla oblongata
from a number of smaller rootlets [1][2] in the preolivary sulcus
separating the olive and the pyramid.[citation needed] After passing
through the subarachnoid space the nerve then exits the skull-base of
the posterior fossa [3] through the hypoglossal canal.[2] On emerging
from the hypoglossal canal, it gives off a small meningeal branch and
picks up a branch from the anterior ramus of C1.

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SKULL S10
FORAMEN OVALE
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At the base of the skull the foramen ovale (Latin: oval window) is
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one of the larger of the several holes (the foramina) that transmit
nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the
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posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen

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rotundum.

he foramen ovale is a foramen in the greater wing of the sphenoid

bone. The foramen ovale is one of two cranial foramina in the greater
wing, the other being the foramen spinosum

Several nerves, arteries and veins pass through the foramen ovale.
They are as follows:
 Mandibular nerve, the third branch of the trigeminal nerve[1] :775
Lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of the glossopharyngeal
nerve.[1] :775
Accessory meningeal artery (small meningeal or parvidural
branch, sometimes derived from the middle meningeal artery)
Emissary veins (from the cavernous sinus to the pterygoid
plexus)
The otic ganglion is situated directly under the foramen, but is also

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transmitted through the foramen ovale.

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Foramen Spinosum:
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It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just
lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle
meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve
pass through the foramen.
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FORAMEN LACERUM:
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The foramen lacerum (Latin for lacerated piercing) is a triangular

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hole in the base of the skull located between the sphenoid, apex of
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petrous temporal and basilar part of occipital.

Structure[edit]
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The foramen lacerum is a foramen situated directly inferior to the

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opening of the carotid canal. [1]:776

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Development[edit]
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The foramen lacerum fills with cartilage after birth. [1]:776

The internal carotid artery passes from the carotid canal in the base
of the skull, emerging and coursing superior to foramen lacerum as it
exits the carotid canal. The internal carotid artery does not travel
through foramen lacerum. The segment of the internal carotid artery
that travels above foramen lacerum is called the lacerum segment.
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S19 Temporal Bone

External Acoustic Meatus
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The ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic

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meatus, EAM) (Latin: meatus acusticus externus), is a tube running

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from the outer ear to the middle ear.

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INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS:

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The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus,

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internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, internal

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acoustic canal, or IAC) is a canal in the petrous part of the temporal

bone of the skull, on each side, and serves as the passageway for
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the cranial nerves, namely cranial nerve VII and cranial nerve VIII,
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and for the labyrinthine artery, between the middle and inner ear.
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The internal acoustic meatus transmits the facial and

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vestibulocochlear nerves and the labyrinthine artery (an internal

auditory branch of the basilar artery). The facial nerve travels through
the facial canal, eventually exiting the skull at the stylomastoid
foramen.
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Petrous Region of Temporal Bone:

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Other Terms:
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Pars petrosa (os temporale), Petromastoid part of temporal bone, Petrosal bone,
Petrous bone, Pars petrosa ossis temporalis
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Description
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Petrous, meaning rock, is the large boulder-like region of the temporal bone that
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projects medially from the flat squamous plate of the bone. It is a pyramidal
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projection of bone having its broad base fused with the medial surface of the
squamous part of the bone and its apex connecting via syndesmoses with the
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basi-occipital and basisphenoid. This thick region of bone houses the middle and
internal ear anatomy.
Latin
Pars petrosa ossis temporalis
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S28
MANDIBULAR FORAMEN
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The Mandibular foramen is an opening on the internal surface of the

ramus (posterior and perpendicularly oriented part of the mandible)
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for divisions of the mandibular vessels and nerve to pass.

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vertebral column
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transverse foramen
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transverse foramen n. An opening in the transverse

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process of a cervical vertebra for the passage of the

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vertebral artery and vein and the sympathetic nerve

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plexus. Also called vertebroarterial foramen .

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The transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae are the structures that actually
make the vertebraemost easily recognized as a cervical vertebrae rather than
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a thoracic or a lumbar vertebrae. The transverse foramen is lateral to the

vertebral body, surrounded posteriorly and anteriorly by the transverse and
coastal processes. Within a transverse foramen, the vertebral arteries and
veins are protected by the two bony processes surrounding them, which is
good since these arteries and veins provide blood flow to the brain.

Apeendicular Skeleton
PELVIC GIRDLE
OBTURATOR FORAMEN
The obturator foramen (Latin foramen obturatum) is the hole
created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which
nerves and blood vessels pass

Reflecting the overall sex differences between male and female

pelvises, the obturator foramina are round in the male and oval in the
female.

his groove is converted into the obturator canal by a ligamentous band, a

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specialized part of the obturator ... Through the canal the obturator

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artery, obturator vein and obturator nerve pass out of the pelvis.

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The Gluteal Region : La
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*Bones of the gluteal region

Outer(external) surface of hip bone

sacrum
coccyx
upper part(half) of the femur

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*Layers of gluteal region

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1) skin * thick

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* With large amount of sweat gland and hair of follicles

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2) superficial fascia ((contain large amount of fat that increase the mass of

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the region &contain superficial vessels and nerves ))

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3) deep fascia

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4) muscles
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*Skin of gluteal region is divided into 4-quarters
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upper lateral
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upper medial
lower lateral
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lower medial
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N.B
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( the common site of intramuscular injection (IM) is in the upper lateral

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quarter which is called the safest area for I.M injection )

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Which can be marked by rule of Thumb by putting the thumb on ASIS

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& the tip of the index is pointing toward the site of injection
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Below this area there are minimal number of vessels & nerves

[The Muscles]

Gluteus maximus

Largest muscle in the body

It forms most of the mass of gluteal region
O : outer surface of ilium & sacrum & coccyx
INS : 1) upper quarter to linea aspra
2) lower 3 quarters to iliotibial tract
" N .S : inferior gluteal nerve branch from sacral plexus
" Action : 1) extention of the hip
2) lateral rotation of the hip

Gluteus medius

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in shape

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Below(deep to) maximus

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Above(superficial to) minimus

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O : outer surface of ilium

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Ins : greater trochanter of femur

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N .S : superior gluteal nerve

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Action : steady the pelvis while walking or when you left your foot of the

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ground by ABDUCTION of the hip ( other side hip )
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Gluteus minimus
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in shape
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Below medius
O: outer surface of ilium
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Ins : greater trochanter of femur

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N.S : superior gluteal nerve

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Action : same as medius BECAUSE both cooperate to perform common

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action to steady the pelvis

N.B : if the superior gluteal nerve is cut the result will be paralysis of
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medius & minimus leading to Tilting of the pelvis while walking called Duck
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Gaite
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Piriformis
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Pear- shaped
O: anterior surface of sacrum in site pelvis then leave through greater
sciatic foramen to reach gluteal region
Ins : greater trochanter of femur
N.S : sacral plexus
Action : lateral rotation
N.B : -ALL Structure pass superior to piriformis are called superior ( gluteal
V&A&N)
-Most structure pass below piriformis are called inferior gluteal V&A& N)
"N.B: Piriformis is the key identification of the structure in Gluteal region to
mark or identify structure .

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Obturator internus
Fan- shaped O: inner margin of obturator foramen inside the pelvis then

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leave through lesser sciatic foramen Ins: greater trochanter of femur N.S :

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nerve to obturator internus from sacral plexus Action : lateral rotation

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Gemellus superior
Above obturator internus O : spine of ischium Ins : greater trochanter with
obturator internus N.S: nerve to obturator internus Action : lateral rotation
Gemellus inferior O: ischial tuberosity Ins: greater trochanter N.S: Nerve
 to quadratus femoris Action : lateral rotation
Quadratus femoris
Quadrangular in shape O: ischial tuerosity Ins: intertrochanteric crest N.S:
nerve to quadratus femoris Action : lateral rotation of femur
N.B : IF THE NECK OF FEMUR IS FRACTURED . THE PATIENT AT BED
HIS FOOT WILL BE LATERAL IN ROTATED SO WE MUST tie the 2
thumb together>> to protect sciatic nerve because if fractured occure then
the greater trochanter will close to ischial tuberosity so it may be cut the
sciatic nerve which is located between them .

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Brought to you by Waed Sweilmyeen at 3/31/2008 07:04:00 PM No

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comments:
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