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Article history: The shape of the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) proles has been compared for two different
Received 4 December 2014 methods of MBN measurements in order to reveal the true extent of the inuence of different carbon-
Received in revised form content related microstructures on the magnetisation process. The MBN proles were measured using
20 May 2015
high frequency and low frequency MBN measurement systems on samples from low carbon 18CrNiMo5
Accepted 3 June 2015
steel and high carbon 42CrMo4 steel heat treated by isothermal annealing, spheroidising annealing and
Available online 19 June 2015
quenching and tempering processes. The high frequency MBN (HFMBN) prole shows only a single peak
Keywords: for all the samples due to insufcient applied magnetic eld strength and shallow skin-depth of de-
Magnetic Barkhausen noise tection of HFMBN signals. The low frequency MBN (LFMBN) prole shows two peaks for all the samples
Domain walls
due to larger magnetisation range revealing the difference in the interaction of domain walls with dif-
Magnetisation process
ferent microstructural features such as ferrite, pearlite, martensite and carbides. The shape of the LFMBN
Ferrite
Pearlite prole shows systematic and distinct variation in the magnetisation process with respect to carbon
Martensite content and different microstructures. This study shows that the LFMBN prole reveals distinct changes
Carbides in shape which could be successfully used for characterisation of different microstructural phases in
ferritic steels.
& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.06.008
0304-8853/& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
M. Vashista, V. Moorthy / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 393 (2015) 584592 585
results in different analysis and an inconsistent correlation to cored ( 1 mm diameter) pick-up coil after ltering with a 1 kHz
microstructural variations using the MBN technique. high pass lter and amplication to 60 dB. The LFMBN signals
It is expected that the measurement and analysis of envelope or were acquired at 200 kHz sampling rate using a NI-PCI-6111 DAQ
rms voltage prole of the MBN signal would give more informa- card with dedicated LabView software and averaged over 4 cycles
tion on the magnetisation process and the inuence of different of magnetisation.
microstructural phases on it. The effect of variations in carbon It has been observed that the applied magnetic eld strength
content and its related microstructural evolution during similar (Ha) measured, at the centre of the air gap in the absence of any
heat treatment on the shape of the MBN prole have not been test sample between the poles of the electromagnetic yoke, is
discussed in detail in the literature. The present study is aimed at directly proportional to the total excitation voltage applied to the
revealing the combined effects of maximum applied magnetic electromagnet. Hence, a direct relationship between total excita-
eld strength and frequency response of MBN pick-up coils, typi- tion voltage and the applied magnetic eld strength (Ha) has been
cally used in high frequency and low frequency MBN measure- established initially for correlation. However, it is also known that,
ments, on the shape of the MBN prole in ferritic steel samples only the tangential magnetic eld can be measured, in the pre-
with two different carbon content and related microstructural sence of any test sample between the poles of the electromagnetic
features. yoke, which also shows non-linear behaviour inuenced by the
material properties of the test samples. Hence, in this study, the
RMS voltage of the average MBN signal plotted as a function of
2. Experimental total voltage applied to the electromagnet (a material independent
X-axis variable) has been used for analysis of the LFMBN prole.
The chemical composition of the gear steels used in this study Typical frequency spectra of the HFMBN pick-up coil and the
is given in Table 1. The low carbon steel is 18CrNiMo5 grade and LFMBN pick-up coil used in this study are shown in Fig. 1(a, b). The
the high carbon steel is 42CrMo4 grade. HFMBN pick-up has high sensitivity in the frequency range of 20
Disc samples of 5 mm thickness were cut from 70 mm diameter 200 kHz whilst the LFMBN pick-up has good sensitivity in the
as-received bars of both steel grades and subjected to solutionising frequency range of 225 kHz with peak response at 16 kHz. The
treatment. The low carbon steel grade samples were solutionised HFMBN signals are expected to come from a shallow skin-depth of
at 925 C for 0.5 h and the high carbon steel samples were solu- o20 mm whereas the LFMBN signals will come from a much larger
tionised at 850 C for 0.5 h. After solutionising, one set of the skin-depth 200 mm in soft ferritic steels depending on the con-
samples were cooled to 650 C and isothermally annealed (IA) for ductivity and the permeability of the steel.
3 h and then air cooled to obtain a ferrite and pearlite structure. Before MBN measurements, the samples were polished with
Another set of samples were cooled to 700 C and held for 24 h to 600 grit silicon carbide paper to remove oxide scale formed during
obtain a spheroidising annealed (SPA) structure and then air heat treatment. For both high and low frequency MBN measure-
cooled. The remaining solutionised samples were oil quenched ments, the cyclic magnetising eld was applied along the length
and tempered (QT) at 650 C for 1 h and 5 h. Rectangular bar on the wide face of the samples. The MBN proles for both HFMBN
samples of size 70L 20W 5T mm3 were prepared from the discs and LFMBN measurements are shown only for half the magneti-
for MBN measurements. Another set of heat treated samples were sation cycle (from Hamax to Hamax), since the MBN prole for the
sectioned, resin mounted, metallographically polished to a 1 mm other half of the magnetisation cycle is symmetrical in shape.
diamond nish and etched with 2% Nital for microstructural ex-
amination under optical microscope.
High frequency MBN (HFMBN) measurements were made 3. Result and discussions
using the Microscan system and at surface MBN sensor (con-
sisting of ferrite core EM yoke and ferrite core ( 2 mm 3.1. Effect of high frequency magnetic excitation
width 1 mm thickness)) pick-up coil supplied by Stresstech,
Finland with an excitation voltage of 75 V at a frequency of It is known that, at high frequency of magnetic excitation, there
125 Hz which generates a maximum applied magnetic eld is a strong formation of eddy currents in the test material com-
strength (Hamax) of 73 kA/m. The HFMBN signals were acquired bined with other effects such as magnetic viscosity and magnetic
at 5 MHz sampling rate and analysed in the frequency range of 10 damping etc. These electromagnetic effects strongly oppose the
1000 kHz (70200 kHz dominant frequency range) using the effective magnetising eld strength and hence reduce the mag-
dedicated software for the Microscan system. The HFMBN signal is netisation range in the test material [21]. In addition, at high fre-
averaged over 20 cycles of magnetisation and the average MBN quency of magnetic excitation, the test material undergoes non-
level is plotted as a function of percentage of excitation voltage steady state magnetisation process due to drag effect on the
applied to the EM yoke has been used for analysis of the HFMBN movement of magnetic domain walls where it could be difcult to
prole. resolve the interaction of magnetic domain walls with different
Low frequency MBN (LFMBN) measurements were made with a microstructural features. At high frequency (125 Hz) of magnetic
laboratory system using an iron-cored electromagnetic yoke ex- excitation, the depth of penetration of magnetic eld inside the
cited with a quasi-static frequency of 0.4 Hz triangular waveform material will be lower due to eddy current opposition. Hence, the
with a maximum excitation voltage of 710 V/ 70.5 A which magnetisation process is mainly conned to the near-surface of
generates a maximum applied magnetic eld strength (Hamax) of the material. In addition, with weak applied magnetising eld
715 kA/m. The LFMBN signals were acquired using a ferrite strength ( 73 kA/m), the effective eld strength inside the
Table 1
Chemical composition of the steels used in this study.
Steel grade C Mn Si P S Cr Ni Mo V Cu Al Sn Ti
18CrNiMo5 0.20 0.73 0.30 0.01 0.03 0.91 1.27 0.17 0.005 0.18 0.024 0.014 0.002
42CrMo4 0.41 0.87 0.28 0.015 0.027 1.08 0.2 0.18 0.008 0.20 0.030 0.016 0.003
586 M. Vashista, V. Moorthy / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 393 (2015) 584592
700
600
Amplitude, A.U 500
400
300
200
100
0
0 250 500 750 1000
Frequency, kHz
Fig. 1. Typical frequency spectra of MBN signals acquired using (a) Stresstech's HFMBN coil in 101000 kHz range and (b) LFMBN pick-up coil in 150 kHz range.
sample and hence the magnetisation range are also smaller. It has and high carbon alloy steels in isothermally annealed (IA), spher-
been considered that the surface of a ferromagnetic material un- oidising annealed (SPA) and quenched and tempered (QT) condi-
dergoes faster demagnetisation than the subsurface and bulk due tions are compared and discussed below separately. Since, these
to the dominant effect of surface magnetic free poles and that a samples were subjected to softening heat-treatments, the internal
material with a higher magnetisation will have a larger de- residual stress elds will not be signicant to inuence the MBN
magnetisation effect than the material with a lower magnetisation signals in this study.
[22,23]. Due to high frequency of the acquired HFMBN signals
(predominantly in the 70200 kHz range), the skin-depth of the 3.3.1. Effect of isothermally annealed microstructures on the MBN
HFMBN signal is also very shallow (o20 mm), limited by the prole
strong electromagnetic attenuation. The HFMBN and LFMBN proles measured on IA samples are
During application of cyclic magnetic eld for MBN measure- shown in Fig. 2(a,b) respectively. In a half cycle of magnetisation
ments, it is difcult to determine these electromagnetic effects (from Hamax to Hamax), the test material undergoes demagne-
individually due to their synergy and complex nature. However, it tisation and then magnetisation in the opposite direction. This
is known that these effects contribute to the suppression of the mainly involves irreversible movement of reverse domain walls
range of magnetisation in the material and hence affect the MBN overcoming weaker and stronger obstacles posed by different
signal generation. Hence, it can be expected that, during the microstructural phases. This is reected in the shape of the MBN
HFMBN measurements, the shape of the HFMBN signal prole will prole depending on the extent of magnetisation range (and the
be limited by the combined effect of eddy current opposition, slope of magnetisation curve) involved in the MBN measurement.
shallow skin-depth, narrow magnetisation range, non-steady state It can be observed that the HFMBN proles show a single peak
magnetisation process, magnetic viscosity, magnetic damping, (Fig. 2(a)) for both steels whereas the LFMBN proles show two
faster demagnetisation of the surface etc. in a complex manner. peaks indicated by sharp slope changes (Fig. 2(b)) for both steels.
Optical micrographs of IA samples are shown in Fig. 3(a,b). The
3.2. Effect of quasi-static magnetic excitation light regions consist of ferrite (-iron) which is a solid solution of
carbon in iron and is magnetically very soft. The dark regions
It is known that, in quasi-static magnetic excitation condition, consisting of alternate layers of iron carbide and ferrite is pearlite,
there are no dominant effects of eddy current opposition, mag- which is relatively magnetically harder. Based on the carbon
netic viscosity etc. It is considered that the test material undergoes content, the low carbon steel sample is expected to have 75% of
steady state magnetisation process with systematic interaction of ferrite and 25% of pearlite whilst the high carbon steel sample is
magnetic domain walls with weaker and stronger pinning by expected to have 40% ferrite and 60% pearlite after IA treatment.
different microstructural features with increasing magnetising The pearlite lamellar structure is considered as stronger pinning
eld strength. sites for magnetic domain walls as compared to the ferrite struc-
At quasi-static (0.4 Hz) magnetic excitation, the depth of pe- ture [6,24,25].
netration of magnetic eld inside the material will be much The ascending part of HFMBN prole starts well before the zero
greater. Hence, the magnetisation occurs effectively in the bulk of transition of magnetising eld (Ha o0) for both steels and almost
the test material. In addition, with strong applied magnetising half the prole occurs before the zero transition, consistent with
eld strength ( 715 kA/m), the effective eld strength inside the observations by others [26,27]. This indicates that the HFMBN
sample and hence the magnetisation range are also greater. Since signal is signicantly contributed to by the demagnetisation part
the LFMBN measurements were performed with closed-loop rather than the magnetisation part which occurs after the zero
magnetisation using a U-shaped electromagnetic yoke, the ex- eld transition beyond coercive force. Hence, the single peak
ternal demagnetisation effect will also be greatly reduced [23]. HFMBN proles with dominant section before zero transition re-
Due to low frequency of the acquired LFMBN signals (pre- ect the combined inuence of faster demagnetisation of the
dominantly in the 125 kHz range), the skin-depth of the LFMBN surface, minor magnetisation range and shallow skin-depth due to
signal will be quite large (up to 200 mm in softer steels), but, still the electromagnetic effects discussed above in Section 3.1. The
limited by the electromagnetic attenuation inside the material. HFMBN prole mainly indicates the demagnetisation of softer
microstructure near the surface. It is unable to detect further
3.3. Comparison of HFMBN and LFMBN signal proles magnetisation in the deep subsurface and that involving the effect
of harder microstructural features due to weak magnetising eld
The HFMBN and LFMBN proles obtained from both low carbon strength. The low carbon steel will tend to demagnetise faster due
M. Vashista, V. Moorthy / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 393 (2015) 584592 587
1200
18CrNiMo5
Isothermally
annealed 1000 42CrMo4
Average MBN level, mV
800
600
400
H
200
0
-100 -50 0 50 100
% of Excitation voltage
2.5
Average RMS voltage of the MBN signal, V
Peak 1
Isothermally annealed
18NiCrMo5
2 42CrMo4
Peak 2
1.5
0.5 Ha
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
Total excitation voltage, V
Fig. 3. Optical micrographs of isothermally annealed (a) low carbon 18CrNiMo5
Fig. 2. (a) HFMBN proles and (b) LFMBN proles for isothermally annealed steel and (b) high carbon 42CrMo4 steel.
samples of low carbon 18CrNiMo5 and high carbon 42CrMo4 steels.
1600
Spheroidising 18CrNiMo5
annealed 1400
42CrMo4
1200
Average MBN level, mV
1000
800
Ha
600
400
200
0
-100 -50 0 50 100
% of Excitation voltage
3
Peak 1
Spheroiding annealed
Average RMS voltage of the MBN signal, V
2.5
18NiCrMo5
42CrMo4
2
Peak 2
1.5
0.5 Ha
Fig. 4. (a) HFMBN proles and (b) LFMBN proles for spherodising annealed
samples of low carbon 18CrNiMo5 and high carbon 42CrMo4 steels. demagnetisation of near-surface layers and the HFMBN peak oc-
curs at slightly earlier position as compared to IA samples (Fig. 2
(a)) indicating softer microstructural condition after SPA treat-
18CrNiMo5 steel. The peak 1 position also shifts to higher excita- ment. However, the high carbon steel shows a higher peak height
tion voltage (applied magnetic eld) in 42CrMo4 steel due to against the expectation whilst the low carbon steel shows a
higher carbon content. This could be attributed to the effect of broader prole (Fig. 4(a)). This could be attributed to variations in
larger number of ferrite/pearlite interface grain boundaries which the near-surface microstructure.
could offer stronger resistance to the movement of reverse domain Peak 1 and peak 2 of the LFMBN prole (Fig.4(b)) are attributed
walls from the phase boundaries in the high carbon 42CrMo4 to the movement of domain walls overcoming grain boundaries
steel. The peak 2 height is greater in 42CrMo4 steel indicating and carbide precipitates respectively at different magnetic eld
higher % of pearlite as compared to that in the 18CrNiMo5 steel. ranges as explained elsewhere [10,24]. The peak 1 height for SPA
The slope change in the descending prole indicates the formation samples is higher than that for IA samples (Fig. 2(b)) which is
of a second peak at a similar excitation voltage range ( 46 V) in attributed to an additional contribution from a larger volume
both steels (Fig. 2(b)). This may be due to a similar pearlite la- fraction of ferrite grain structure after SPA treatment. With higher
mellae structure. However, further studies are required to under- carbon content in 42CrMo4 steel, the height of both peak 1 and
stand the effect of variations in pearlite structure (thickness and peak 2 decreases which is attributed to the reduction in dis-
spacing of lamellae) on the LFMBN prole. placement of domain walls due to the presence of a larger number
of inter-granular and intra-granular carbide precipitates as evident
3.3.2. Effect of spheroidising annealed microstructure on the MBN from microstructures shown in Fig. 5(a,b). Similar to the iso-
prole thermally annealed samples, the high carbon 42CrMo4 steel
The HFMBN and LFMBN proles measured on SPA samples are shows peak 1 position at higher excitation voltage (applied mag-
shown in Fig. 4(a,b) respectively. Optical micrographs of SPA netic eld) as compared to low carbon 18CrNiMo5 steel. This in-
samples are shown in Fig. 5(a,b). It can be observed that, similar to dicates the stronger barriers posed by grain-boundaries in high
IA samples, the HFMBN prole show a single peak (Fig. 4(a)) carbon steel possibly due to the presence of large number of car-
whereas the LFMBN proles show two peaks (Fig. 4(b)) for both bides along the grain boundaries which might hinder the move-
steels. ment of reverse domains from the boundaries. The peak 2 position
The HFMBN proles (Fig. 4(a)) show dominant portion before is more or less the same for both steels. The spheroidisation of
the zero transition indicating the main contribution due to carbides may result in a similar distribution of domain wall
M. Vashista, V. Moorthy / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 393 (2015) 584592 589
1600 6
Quenched & 18CrNiMo5
18NiCrMo5
1000 42CrMo4
4
800
600 3
400
2 Peak 2
H 200
0 1 Ha
-100 -50 0 50 100
% of Excitation voltage
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
Quenched & 1600
18CrNiMo5 Total excitation voltage, V
Tempered for 5 hours
1400 42CrMo4
6
Average MBN level, mV
1200
0
-100 -50 0 50 100 2 Peak 2
% of Excitation voltage
Fig. 6. HFMBN proles of 18CrNiMo5 and 42CrMo4 steel samples quenched and 1
tempered for (a) 1 h and (b) 5 h.
Ha
0
pinning strengths in both low carbon and high carbon steels, since -10 -5 0 5 10
both steels are subjected to spheroidising annealing at the same Total excitation voltage, V
temperature and time. The main difference is the number density
Fig. 7. LFMBN proles of 18CrNiMo5 and 42CrMo4 steel samples quenched and
of spheroidised carbides which affect the mean free path of the tempered for (a) 1 h and (b) 5 h.
displacement of domain walls and hence the peak 2 height as
observed (Fig. 4(b)). tempering for 1 h. This indicates the difference between low car-
bon lath martensite and high carbon plate martensite (Fig. 8(a,b)).
3.3.3. Effect of quenched and tempered microstructure on the MBN The narrow and very large peak 1 indicates that the low carbon
prole lath martensite is associated with movement of very large number
The HFMBN and LFMBN proles measured on samples quen- of reverse domain walls in a narrow magnetic eld range over a
ched and tempered (QT) for 1 h and 5 h are shown in Figs. 6(a,b) shorter displacement within the martensite laths. In high carbon
and 7(a,b) respectively. Optical micrographs of samples quenched 42CrMo4 steel with plate martensite structure, the height of both
and tempered for 1 h and 5 h are shown in Figs. 8(a,b) and 9(a,b) peak 1 and peak 2 are decreased and their positions are also
respectively. Again, the HFMBN signals show single peak MBN shifted to higher excitation voltage (magnetic eld) as compared
proles (Fig. 6(a,b)) while the LFMBN signals show two-peak MBN to low carbon 18CrNiMo5 steel. This could be due to restricted
proles (Fig. 7(a,b)) for both steels. displacement of domain walls in the plate matensite structure and
From Fig. 6(a,b), it can be observed that the major portion of stronger pinning of carbide precipitates in 42CrMo4 steel. After 5 h
the HFMBN prole is still below the zero transition in 18CrNiMo5 of tempering (Fig. 7(a,b)), the peak 1 has reduced signicantly in
steel. For 42CrMo4 steel, the HFMBN prole is more or less equally 18CrNiMo5 steel. This may be attributed to the precipitation of
split on both sides of zero transition. Only, the peak position of the more carbides along the lath boundaries which reduces the dis-
HFMBN prole shows a clear distinction between the two steels, placement of domain walls from lath boundaries. The plate mar-
which reects the difference in the magnetisation level due to the tensite boundaries in high carbon steel are considered to be a
different carbon content of the steels and hence the delay in de- more stable structure when compared to lath boundaries due to
magnetisation of near-surface layers in high carbon 42CrMo4 steel precipitation of large numbers of carbides along the plate
due to lower magnetisation and permeability. boundaries in high carbon 42CrMo4 steel (Fig. 9(a,b)). This is also
The LFMBN shows very high peak 1 with narrow prole for supported by insignicant change in peak 1 height for 42CrMo4
18CrNiMo5 steel as compared to 42CrMo4 steel (Fig. 7(a)) after steel with tempering time. It can be observed by comparing Fig. 7
590 M. Vashista, V. Moorthy / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 393 (2015) 584592
Fig. 9. Optical micrographs of samples quenched and tempered for 5h (a) low
carbon 18CrNiMo5 steel and (b) high carbon 42CrMo4 steel.
Fig. 8. Optical micrographs of samples quenched and tempered for 1 h (a) low
carbon 18CrNiMo5 steel and (b) high carbon 42CrMo4 steel.
0.5
Fig.11. A comparison of height and position of MBN peaks for different samples of
18CrNiMo5 and 42CrMo4 steels.
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
category with systematic variations in the size of different mi-
Total excitation voltage, V
crostructural constituents, which will be pursued in the future
studies.
7
Average RMS voltage of the MBN signal, V
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Acknowledgement
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funded by EC-RFCS-RFSR-CT-2010-00022-CHARMA Project. The
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