Ammie, Siriwan Paophatimakorn

Pew, Wittida Chantawichayasuit

Nice, Sirirat Jitakajornkiat

Jidd, Vorawan Chanvorawit

Nasha, Natasha Gorowara

Section 1204

Nov. 10, 2016

Measuring Carbon Dioxide from Baking Soda

Abstract

The baking soda is mixed with acetic acid to produce carbon dioxide gas. In this experiment,

the carbon dioxide gas are gathered by the process of collecting gas over water. The concentration of

baking soda input is changed throughout the experiment with 0.1M, 0.5M, and 0.9M respectively. In

contrary, the amount of acetic acid input are constant and excess throughout the experiment.

Therefore, the limiting agent is the baking soda, which would affect the output amount of carbon

dioxide gas. The input amounts of baking soda are directly proportional to the output amounts of

carbon dioxide gas. With high molarity of baking soda, it would result in high outcome of carbon

dioxide gas in the collecting gas over water apparatus.

Objective

The purpose of this experiment is to measure and observe the volume of carbon dioxide gas

that occurs as a product of the reaction between acetic acid and three different molarities of baking

soda.

1
Introduction

For all substances, there are three stages of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Among these stages,

gas is the most flexible one. It has a low density, ability to change shape and volume according to its

container, and ability to diffuse and effuse in the environment.1 Gas particles are compressible, and

they can move freely past each other. Under these properties of gases, chemists develop simple gas

laws that describe the relationship of gas to its environment including Boyles Law that states about

volume and pressure, Gay-Lussacs Law that states about pressure and temperature, Charless Law

that states about volume and temperature, and Avogadro's Law that states about volume and number

of gases. Besides simple gas laws, there are Ideal Gas Law and Daltons Law of partial pressure that

are used to determine gases relationship and properties.

This experiment involves collecting gas over water, which is modeled by Pneumatic

Trough, method from the early century of chemistry that was used to determine amount of gas. To be

specific, the modern process connects the tube from a flask to an inverted bottle then start to create the

reaction. After that, gas bubbles enter the bottle through the tube. They rise up, displace the water, and

become trapped at the top of bottle.2 The purpose of the method is to measure pure gas or the volume

of gas produced from a reaction by looking at the volume of gas that displaced water. Thus, Carbon

dioxide gas that is one of the products from the reaction between acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and baking

soda or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) are collected by collecting gas over water method.

Alternatively, there are three different molarities (the concentration of a solution measured by moles

of solute per litre of solvent)3 of baking soda used in this experiment: 0.1 M, 0.5 M, and 0.9 M, to see

the different among them on the volume of gases.

Materials

Baking soda Dropper Pipet

Acetic acid Weighing Paper

Volume metric flask Digital weighing scale

2
 Funnel Spatula

Beaker Clay

Cylinder Tube

Filtering flask

Procedures:

1. Wear lab coat, goggle, and gloves.

2. Weigh 0.84g of NaHCO3, 4.2g of NaHCO3, and 7.56g of NaHCO3 on

the digital scale

3. Mix each amount of baking soda in 100 mL of water to create 3 baking soda solution

concentrations, which are 0.1M, 0.5M, and 0.9M respectively.

4. Pour about one fourth of water into the volume metric flask and swirl the flask gently. After

the baking soda dissolved, then add more water and swirl again.

5. Continue adding water and swirling until the meniscus of water reach the mark and the baking

soda are completely dissolved.

6. Get 10% of acetic acid from Teacher Assistant.

7. Pour water into the sink and prepare the clay to use as a tubing cap.

8. Set up the apparatus to collect gas from the experiment by fill 500 mL cylinder with water

and put it upside down in the sink to trap gas.

9. Connect one end of tube to filtering flask and connect another end to 500 mL cylinder.

10. Obtain 20 mL of acetic acid and add it to 100 mL of 0.1M baking soda solution.

11. After acetic acid is added, quickly close the cap of the apparatus by using clay.

12. Swirl the flask and wait for the reaction to occur.

13. Measure the volume of the gas and record the data.

14. Repeat steps 4 to 13 for the second and third sample, 0.5M of NaHCO3 and 0.9M of NaHCO3,

respectively.

3
Results

Table 1: Volume of CO2 collected

on the first day of lab

Solution Concentration Initial Volume of Water Amount of Gas Collected

Day 1 (0.1M acetic acid)

0.1M 499 mL 40 mL

0.5M - -

0.9M 459 mL 66 mL

Table 2: Volume of CO2 collected

on the second day of lab

Solution Concentration Initial Volume of Water Amount of Gas Collected

Day 2 (10% acetic acid)

0.1M 0 mL

0.5M 500 mL 210 mL

0.9M 290 mL

Calculation
# of mol
M olarity (M) = 1 L of water 1M of NaHCO3 in 1 L (1000 mL) = 84g

In order to prepare 100 mL of the 0.1M baking soda solution:

0.1 mol x 84g

1000 L = 100 mL x = 0.01 mol mol x = 0.84g

In order to prepare 100 mL of the 0.5M baking soda solution:

0.5 mol x 84g

1000 L = 100 mL x = 0.05 mol mol x = 4.2g

4
In order to prepare 100 mL of the 0.9M baking soda solution:

0.9 mol x 84g

1000 L = 100 mL x = 0.09 mol mol x = 7.56g

Discussion calculation:

- P total = P gas + P H2O vapor P gas = P total P H2O vapor

P gas = 760 mmHg 23.76 mmHg P gas = 736.24 mmHg

- P V = nRT , g = n molecular mass

L mmHg
1. (736.24 mmHg)(0 mL) = n(62.4 K mol )(298 K) n = 0 mol

44 g
g = 0 mol 1 mol g=0g

LmmHg
2. (736.24 mmHg)(210 mL) = n(62.4 Kmol )(298K) n = 8.31 mol

44 g
g = 8.31 mol 1 mol g = 366 g

LmmHg
3. (736.24 mmHg)(290 mL) = n(62.4 Kmol )(298K) n = 11.5 mol

44 g
g = 11.5 mol 1 mol g = 505 g

Discussion

Baking soda has another name which called sodium bicarbonate. It is composed of sodium,

hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide while acetic acid carries hydrogen and acetate (carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen). When baking soda and acetic acid are mixed together, they will create three

products which are sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide. These two components can write in the

chemical reaction as

N aHCO3 + H C 2H 3O2 N aC 2H 3O2 + H 2O + C O2 .4

As the equation shown above, sodium in baking soda combines with acetate in acetic acid and

creates sodium acetate. Hydrogen and oxygen in baking soda, on the other hand, join with hydrogen

in acetic acid creating water as the product. Carbon and oxygen molecules that remain in baking soda

leave as carbon dioxide. Moreover, baking soda and acetic acid are acid-base pair to each other where

5
baking soda is a base and acetic acid serves as acid. Acetic acid will give its proton to baking soda

making the formation of water and release carbon dioxide.5

In the reaction of baking soda and acetic acid, the limiting agent is baking soda due to the

amount of baking soda affects the volume of CO2 that releases from the mixture. The results show that

the volume of CO2 altered as the concentration of baking soda changes, and the concentration of

acetic acid remains the same for the entire experiment. Hence, the acetic acid is the control variable

while baking soda is an independent variable, which can make the difference in the results. The

volume of CO2 gas that increase along with the concentration of baking soda shows that baking soda

used itself up in the process of producing CO2 gas.

Furthermore, CO2 gas

is collected through the process of collecting gas over water, and the

total pressure of gas is approximately 1 atm or 760 mmHg at 25C. Collecting gas over water add

both liquid vapor and gas itself to the total pressure. Therefore, the pressure of dry gas alone is

calculated by Daltons Law of partial pressures, the summation of each individual pressure of gases in

the container equal to the total internal pressure,6 and collecting gas over water formula. The equation

that the experimenters use is P gas = P total P H2O vapor , and vapor pressure of water at 25C is 23.76

mmHg or 0.0313 atm. So, the pressure of dry gas alone is 736.24 mmHg or 0.97 atm. Subsequently,

the ideal gas law ( P V = nRT ) is used to calculate the number of moles and grams of CO2 that have

been produced from the reaction between acetic acid and each concentration of baking soda. First,

0.1M concentration of baking soda on day 2 produces 0 mL volume, which the production is 0 mol or

0 g of CO2. Second, 0.5M concentration of baking soda on day 2 produce 210 mL volume, which the

O2. Third, 0.9M concentration of baking soda on day 2 produce

production is 8.31 mol or 366 g of C

290 mL volume, which the production is 11.5 mol and 505 g of CO2.

When performing the experiment, it is important to note that gas cant be visible to the naked

eyes, and it is diffusible. The experimenter wont be able to know when the gas product is released or

leaked from the container. Hence, close the cap of the flask tightly and immediately is important and

necessary when mixing the two components as this case that the gas product of baking soda and acetic

6
acid is CO2. This helps to prevent the leak of gas and inaccurate result (volume of gas) that will occur.

According to two classes period that were used to finish the entire experiment, there was one

major problem occurred. The first day of the experiment, 0.1 M of baking soda reacted with 0.1 M

acetic acid produced 40 mL of CO2. However, on the second day of the experiment, the same molarity

of baking soda react with 10% acetic acid produced no gas products or 0 mL of CO2. With this results,

there are two possibilities of error. Firstly, the cap of the flask might be loosely sealed or contained

holes, which made the gas products leaked out from the flask. If this is the source of error, then next

time the experimenters will make sure that there is no hole inside the clay (by threshing the clay) and

the cap of the flask is totally covered. Secondly, the concentration is too diluted, which made the

products too little produced for the experimenter to be able to collect them. Since in 0.1 M of baking

soda is a very low concentration compared to 10% acetic acid which is a high concentration, and

baking soda is the limiting reagent with amount of 0.84g, the reaction that occur would be fast and

produce small amount of products. Therefore, the gas would produce and diffuse to the air

immediately after two components mix. CO2 might leak into the air even before the experimenter

close the cap or it remains inside the flask with a deficient amount to be able to push themselves into

the tube. If this is the source of error, then next time the experimenters will use more suitable

concentration of baking soda to mix with 10% acetic acid. In addition, the experimenters have done

0.1 M of baking soda mix with 10% acetic acid twice (the second trial with tightly seal) and both trial

yield 0 mL gas product. Thus, the second possibility of error is more likely to happen and the

experimenters will try to prevent these sources of error in future experiment.

Conclusion

The concentration of baking soda and CO2 gas are directly proportional to each other, the

higher molarity, the higher volume of gas being produced. Based on the result above, 0.9 M of baking

soda produce the most amount of CO2 among three concentrations, whereas 0.1 M is a too diluted

concentration to produce an obvious gas product to be recorded.

7
References

8
1. States of Matter. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2016, from

https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html

2. Collecting Gases Over Water - Boundless Open Textbook. (n.d.). Retrieved

November 20, 2016, from

https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-

textbook/gases-5/partial-pressure-54/collecting-gases-over-water-262-5536/

3. What is molarity? Example. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from

https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-molarity

4. Chemical Changes. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from

http://www.calvin.edu/~haan/eledbook/Calvin.book/Student%20Book/

unit2/5.%20Chemical%20Changes.pdf

5. UCSB Science Line. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from

http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=4147

6. DaltonsLaw. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2016, from

http://group.chem.iastate.edu/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/

daltonslaw.htm