Line Many scientists think that dolphins, closely related to whales

and porpoises, are among the most intelligent animals. Humans

train in captivity these friendly creatures, which are eager to
interact with them.
When dolphins are well trained, they can jump through hoops,
throw
5 balls through nets, and even walk backward on the water.
Just as whales and porpoises are, dolphins are mammals. They
feed their young with milk produced profusely in the mothers
body. Unlike fish, dolphins have lungs and are warm-blooded.
Regardless of the
temperature of the surroundings, their temperature always stays
about
10 the same.
There are about 40 species of dolphins known to exist in
Earths oceans and freshwater rivers. But the bottle-nosed
dolphin and the common dolphin are much better known.
Scientists have tried to understand dolphin intelligence and they
have done research mainly with these two species. The bottle-
nosed dolphin has a short beak. It makes

15 the dolphin Ipok like it is smiling. The common dolphin has a

dark band down its long, narrow beak and around its eyes.
Adapted from The World Book Student Discovery
Encyclopedia, Volume 4
Questions
1. The word them in line 3 refers to
. (A) scientists
(B) animals
(C) humans
(D)
creatures
2. The phrase their temperature in line 9 refers to the temperature of
(A) fish
(B) dolphins
(C) lungs
(D) surroundings
3. The word they in line 12 refers to
(A)
dolphins
(B) oceans
(C) rivers
(D) scientists
4. The word It in line 14 refers to
(A) dolphin intelligence
(B) research
(C) the bottle-nosed dolphin
(D) a short beak
5. The word its in line 15 refers to
(A) the bottle-nosed dolphin
(B) the common dolphin
(C) a dark band
(D) long, narrow beak
Line Bioluminescence, defined as the emission of visible light by
living organisms, is a characteristic of many near-surface ocean
creatures. Most of these creatures produce light when they are
irritated by something around them. Scientists have produced
light the way these animals do,
but the light which is produced by living creatures in the dark
will
5 always be beautiful.
There are about forty main kinds of organisms that produce
bioluminescence. Of these organisms, fireflies are the best
known as insects that have lights. Fireflies can control their
lights so that they serve as signals between males and females.
Other insects such as the cucujo beetle and the lantern fly, which
are found in tropical forests,

10 produce a very intense light. It is so bright that an army surgeon

once performed an operation under the light of a beetle.,
Adapted from 11963 Science Research Associates, Inc.,
Brown LAB IIIb

Questions
6. Where in the passage does the author give a
definition ? (A) Lines T-2
(B) Lines 3-
5 (C) Line 6
(D) Line 7
7. Where in the passage does the author mention the use of the insect
light to illuminate surgery?
(A) Lines 2-3
(B) Lines 7-8
(C) Lines 9-
10 (D) Lines
lO-ll

Line The Maya were a large group of Indians who lived in

Mesoamerica present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala,
northern Belize and western Honduras. It is believed that these
people came across the Bering Strait
with the other Native Americans, but soon migrated south. Around
the

5 year 5000 B.C., the Maya people settled on the coastlands,

forming small fishing villages. By 2000 B.C., the Maya moved
inland and began
to raise maize and beans. These plants became their main source of
food. Mayan harvests were large, and the people had food to
spare. Good harvests and extra food helped make the Maya a
wealthy and powerful
10 people. They created fine architecture, developed the art of
making
pottery and introduced the first known American systems of
irrigation. A form of writing emerged, and the Maya began
their first recorded history.
About the year 1000, a heavy drought hit Mesoamerica. The
Mayan crops failed, causing famine and death for many Mayas in
the mountain areas. The Maya in the lowlands fared a little
better. However, the
15 Spanish explorers of the 13th and 14th centuries came and brought
new
diseases that the Maya could not cope with. Diseases and Spanish
conquerors finally caused the Mayan empires to collapse.
The last
 Mayan kingdom surrendered to the Spaniards in 1697.
After the Spaniards conquered Mexico, much of the traditional
Mayan culture was destroyed.

Questions
8. Where did the Maya live when they started to become
farmers? (A) Bering Strait
(B) North America
(C) On the
coastlands (D)
Inland
9. When did the terrible natural disaster strike the
Maya? (A) Around the year 5000
(B) In 2000 B.C.
(C) Around the year
1000 (D) In 1697
10. What was NOT evidence of the advanced state of Mayan
civilization ? (A) The setting up of fishing villages
(B) The introduction of irrigation methods
(C) The development of the art of making pottery
(D) The emergence of .a writing form
11. What happening caused the Mayan empires to
collapse? (A) A severe drought
(B) Crop failure
(C) Famine and death
(D) Diseases and the Spanish conquest

Line Stress occurs when the pressure on a person seems to be

overwhelming or out of control. Stress can create feelings of
conflict and/or anxiety within an individual. Some kinds of stress,
such as increased financial responsibilities, are easily recognized.
Other kinds of stress, such as
 trying to earn peer acceptance, may go undetected. If stress is
not
5
identified and resolved, it can gradually deteriorate one's
ability to
function. Thus, stressful people experience an imbalance
between the demands placed on them and their ability to meet
these demands. Stress can cause physical symptoms like sweaty
palms, fast heartrate, andchurning stomach.
10 Stress it self is not necessarily bad, but at times, is in fact,
useful.
Some stress is even inevitable. Take for example, if you
experience a necessary change in your life. A certain amount of
stress helps people focus and get things done. Stress helps people
reach hard goals and do
their best. A degree of stress boosts performance. In short, stress
keeps
15
people going. It is the mindset the frame of thought though,
which
determines if the stress becomes uncontrollable anxiety
or not.

Sample questions
12. The word overwhelming in line 1 is closest in meaning to
. (A) unmanageable
(B) influencing
(C) worrying
(D) unpredictable
13. The word symptoms in line 8 can best be replaced by
. (A) illustrations
(B) signs
(C) weaknesses
(D) declines
14. The word mindset in line 14 is closest in meaning to
. (A) awareness
(B) wisdom
(C) self-discipline
(D) way of thinking

Line Yeasts, especially those of the genus Saccharomyces, have

long been of commercial importance. As the chief agents of
alcoholic fermentation, they are essential to the making of beer,
wine, and other alcoholic beverages and industrial alcohol. Wild
yeasts, those found in nature and
5 probably carried by insects from the soil to fruits, are frequently
active in the fermentation process. In bread making, yeasts act upon
the carbohydrates in the dough to form carbon dioxide and ethyl
alcohol.
They are driven off in the baking process. The escaping carbon
dioxide
then causes the bread to rise.
Adapted from
Sample www.encarfa.com
questions
15. The word essential in line 3 can best be replaced by
. (A) important
(B)
expensive
(C) suitable
(D)
applicable
16. The word driven off in line 7 is closest in meaning to
. (A) modified
(B) applied
(C)
initiated
(D)
removed
Line Of the various tribes living in the Ituri rain forest of Africa,
Pygmies are the most unusual. They are perfectly formed people
except that they weigh only about eighty pounds with a height of
not more than four feet. Pygmies are great travelers, capable of
moving in the treetops almost as
expertly as monkeys. Often they travel great distances through
tree
5 branches without touching the ground.
Pygmies are also renowned as great hunters as they can shoot
three or four arrows one after another so rapidly that often the last
one leaves the bow before the first has reached its target. If an
arrow misses its target, the impatient Pygmy may fly into a
rage, breaking his arrows and
stamping on them. Regardless of their extraordinary little
bodies,
10
Pygmies can consume a large amount of food. One Pygmy can
finish a
stalk of sixty bananas at a single meal, in addition to quantities of
meat. After eating, he will lie on his hard earth bed and groan in
pain all night. In the morning, he is ready to eat the same
amount of food all over again.
Sample questions
17. What is the main idea of the passage ?
The Pygmy is
(A) a unique tribe in the Ituri rain forest of Africa
(B) a very skillful forest people
(C) the African tribe best in hunting
(D) a tribe in Africa living in isolation
18. Which of the following would be the best title for this
passage? (A) Civilizing the Pygmy
(B) Living in the Forest of Africa
(C) The Wonders of Nature
(D) The Incredible Pygmy

Line Dew, the thin film of water that has condensed on the
surface of objects near the ground, forms when radiational cooling
of these objects
during the night time hours also cools the shallow layer of overlying
air
5 in contact with them. It then causes the condensation of some
water vapor. This condensation occurs if the capacity of air to hold
water vapor lessens as the air is cooled. Dew forms most readily
on those surfaces
 that lose heat through radiation most efficiently but are insulated
from
external heat sources. Dew Ts easily formed if humidity in the
lowest
10
layers of air is high. The humidity either supplies the moisture or
at least
inhibits the evaporation of the dew already deposited. Strong
winds reduce dew formation since they mix a larger layer of
air, creating a more homogeneous distribution of heat and water
vapor. Under such conditions, it is unlikely that a sufficiently
cool and damp layer of air can form near the ground.
Adapted from The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedic 2003,
Columbia University Press

Sample question
19. What does the passage mainly
discuss? (A) The condensation of
water vapor
(B) The impact of humidity on dew formation
(C) How dew is formed
(D) Where dew is formed
Line Louis Pasteur, a French scientist born in 1822, made major
scientific contributions that have greatly benefited humanity. His
discovery that germs are the cause of most infectious diseases
is one of the most
important discoveries in medical history. His work became
the
5 foundation for the science of microbiology and the basis of
modern medicine.
Pasteurs exceptional works in microbiology and medicine can be
summarized as follows. First, he championed changes in
hospital practices to minimize the spread of diseases by
microbes. Second, he

10 discovered that weakened forms of a germ could be used as a

vaccine against stronger forms of the germ. Third, Pasteur found
that rabies was
transmitted by agents so small that they could not be seen under a
microscope. These agents are later known as viruses. He then
developed techniques to vaccinate dogs against rabies, and treat
humans bitten by rabid dogs. And fourth, Pasteur introduced
pasteurization, a process by which harmful microbes in food
products are destroyed using heat,
15 without damaging the food.

Sample questions
20. What can be inferred about the advantage of Pasteur's findings about
germs for humanity ?
The findings have .
 (A) stopped the spread of contagious diseases
(B) made medical treatment cheap
(C) led to the emergence of more diseases
(D) prevented people from catching infectious diseases
21. It is implied in the second paragraph that
. (A) hospitalization became more complicated
(B) the stronger the germs, the more powerful the vaccines
(C) Pasteur discovered the existence of the rabies virus
(D) pasteurization is used for all food products

John Quincy Adams, who served as the sixth president of the United States from 1825 to
1829, is today recognized for his masterful statesmanship and diplomacy. He dedicated his
life to public service, both in the presidency and in the various other political offices that
he held. Throughout his political career he demonstrated his unswerving belief in freedom
of speech, the antislavery cause, and the right of Americans to be free from European and
Asian domination.

22. To what did John Quincy Adams devote his life?

(A) Improving his personal life

(B) Serving the public
(C) Increasing his fortune
(D) Working on his private business

23. In line 4, the word "unswerving" is closest in meaning to

(A) movable
(B) insignificant
(C) unchanging
(D) diplomatic

Explanation
1. Look for plural nouns before the pronoun them. The nouns creatures,
humans, animals, and scientists are all plural nouns, but the logical noun
that can be replaced by the pronoun them is humans. Therefore, (C) is
the correct answer.

2. Do the same thing. You should look for plural nouns before the word
their. The plural nouns before their are surroundings, lungs, dolphins,
 and fish. The noun that can correctly be replaced by the word their
\r\ relation to temperature is dolphins. The right answer is (B).
3. The plural nouns before the/are scientists, rivers, oceans, and dolphins.
The plural noun that can best be replaced by scients scientists, so
the correct answer is (D).
4. Do the same thing, but this time, look for singular nouns. The singular
nouns before the pronoun it are a short beak, the bottle-nosed dolphin,
research, and dolphin intelligence. The noun that can best replace the
pronoun it is a short beak. So, the right answer is (D).
5. The singular nouns that come before the word its are the long, narrow
beak, a dark band, the common dolphin, and the bottle-nosed dolphin.
The noun that can best be substituted by its is the common dolphin.
Therefore, the answer is (B).

6. Question 1 asks you to find a definition. In line 1, you find

... bloluminescence, defined ...i and you should recognize that it is the
definition of bioluminescence. The correct answer is (A).
7. Question 2 asks you to find information about the use of the insect light
in surgery. The words surgeon and operation in line 11 tell you that the
light is used in surgery. So, the correct answer is (D).
8. Question 1 asks where and the key idea is become farmers. Look
in the passage for information about farmers. The similar idea is stated
in line 6, moved inland and began to raise maize and beans. The correct
answer is (D) Inland^ the place where the Maya began to farm.
9. Question 2 asks when and the key idea is natural disaster In the passage,
the same idea is expressed as a phrase in line 12, a heavy drought The
correct option is (C) Around the year 1000.
10. Question 3 asks what .., NOT. The key idea is NOT evidence of. The
passage mentions introduced irrigation methods developed the art of
making pottery, and a form of writing emergedas evidence that made the
Maya a wealthy and powerful people. The phrase forming small
fishing villages is not good evidence of advanced civilization. So, the
correct answer is (A).
11. The last question asks about an event. The key idea is caused... to
collapse. Look in the passage for similar idea. The information is in lines
15 and 16: Diseases and Spanish conquerors caused the Mayan empires
to cave in. The correct answer is (D).
12. The clue that may help you to understand the word overwhelming is the
word or a sign of restatement. The word overwhelming has a similar
meaning to out of control. Out of control meow something beyond your
capability, so the most logical answer is (A) unmanageable.
13. The clue like that comes after symptoms indicates that the words
following the due are examples sweat / palms, fast heart rate and
churning stomach. These are not kinds of diseases. Instead, they are signs
that one may suffer from a disease. Therefore, the most logical answer is
(B) signs.
14. To answer the last question, look at the clue near the tested word. The
word mindset is followed by a dash (-) indicating that the following
phrase the frame of thoughts a further explanation of the word mindset.
The word that is closest in meaning to the word mindsets (D) way of
thinking.
15. The nearby phrase that helps you to understand the word essentials the
chief agents, The word chief gives the idea that yeasts are important in the
fermentation process in the making of alcoholic drinks. Therefore, (A)
important'is the correct answer.
16. The surrounding words that may help you to understand the unfamiliar
phrase driven off are the escaping carbon dioxide causes the bread to rise.
The substance was driven off the bread during the baking process.
The most probable answer is (D) removed.

17. The first sentence of paragraph one shows that the paragraph talks about
how unusual the Pygmies are. The first sentence of paragraph two also
supports the unusualness of the tribe. Option (B) is too general; option (C)
is too specific, used in support of the main idea in the first sentence; and
option (D) is not correct because the passage does not tell about isolation at
all. Therefore, the correct answer is (A).
18. To answer question 2, find a common idea that covers all the details of
the passage. Since the passage tells about the uniqueness of the
Pygmies, the correct answer is (D) The Incredible Pygmy,

19. The question asks about the topic or subject of the passage. Read the first
sentence that says Dew ...forms when .... The next sentences give details of how
dew is formed.
Options (A) and (B) refer to details and option (D) is also too specific, not
reflecting the general idea of the passage. The correct answer is [C\ How
dew is formed.

20. To answer Question 1, you should find the stated fact that can lead
to a probability stated in one of the options. The phrase to minimize the
spread of diseases suggests that Pasteurs findings have prevented
people from contracting infectious diseases. So, the correct answer is
(D). The other options cannot be inferred from the passage.
21. The sentences (lines 10-12) ... rabies was transmitted by agents so small
that coula not be seen under a microscope. These agents are later
known as viruses, are the clue from which you can conclude that (C)
 is the correct answer. Options (A), (B), and (D) cannot be concluded from
the passage.

22. According to the passage, John Quincy Adams "dedicated his life to public service."
Therefore, you should choose (B).

23. The passage states that John Quincy Adams demonstrated his unswerving belief
"throughout his career." This implies that the belief did not change. Therefore, you should
choose (C).