MORPHOLOGY-DERIVATION

ARRANGED BY:

DHITA ANANDA PRAYITNO

MUHAMMAD HARIST

SEMESTER III

INSTITUT KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

PERSATUAN GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA

(IKIP-PGRI) PONTIANAK

ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM

2014
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Table of contents........................................................................................... i

Chapter I

Background.................................................................................................... ii

Formulation of the Problem........................................................................... ii

Purpose........................................................................................................... ii

Chapter II

a. What is Derivation?.............................................................................. 1

b. Derivational Affixes............................................................................. 1

c. What are The Derivational Affixes...................................................... 1

Chapter III

Conclusion..................................................................................................... 8

Suggestion...................................................................................................... 8

Bibliography................................................................................................. 9

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 CHAPTER I

A. Background

Morphology is one of linguistic branches. Morphology deals with morphemes

which is the minimal unit of form and meaning and how they make up words.
Morphemes itself is divided into bound and free morphemes. Bound morphemes will
learn about lexical and functional whereas free morphemes deals with derivation and
inflection.
This paper is going to focus on one of morpheme aspect which is derivation. This
paper will discuss how to derive the word by adding an affix. We will focus around
the classes of the word. However affixes will also explain in this paper since it has big
relation to derivation.

B. Formulation of the problem

To explain what is derivation in Morphology, the classes of the words after its
derived and the affixes usage in derivation.
http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2007/ling001/morphology.html

C. Purpose

To understand what is the derivation, to understand what the classes of the word
after it is derived, to be able to use kinds of affixes which used to derive the word.

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 CHAPTER II

A. WHAT IS DERIVATION

Derivation is a process where one word changes into another by addition

of an affix. The derived word is often of a different words class from the
original. Bu some of them can be in the same word class but its differ in
meaning.

B. DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES

What are the Affixes?

Affixes are morphemes that can be added at the root of the word to
transform into a new word. Types of common affixes can be divided into:

Prefix

Prefix is the morpheme that can be added in front of the

word. For example in the word unlucky, un- in this case is a
prefix of the word lucky.

Here is the list of common prefix:

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE

a-, an- without amoral, atypical
ante- before antecedent, antenatal
anti- against anti-establishment
auto- self autopilot
circum- around circumvent
co- with co-conspirator, co-pilot
com-, con- with companion, contact
contra- against contradiction
de- off delist, devalue
dis- not disappear

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en- put into enclose, envelop
ex- out of, former extract, ex-governor
extra- beyond, more than extracurricular
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- same homonym, homophone
hyper- over, more hyperactive
illegal, impractical,
il-, im-, in-, ir- not, without inconsiderate,
irresponsible
in- into insert
inter- between internet, intersection,
intra- between intranet, intravenous
macro- large macronutrients
micro- small microscope
mono- one monocle
non- not, without nonentity, nonstarter,
omni- all, every omnipresent, omniscient
post- after post-mortem
pre-, pro- before, forward precede, project
sub- under submarine, substandard
syn- same time synchronize

super- above supervisor, superhuman

trans- across transmit

tri- three tripod, triceratops

un- not undone, unfinished,
uni- one unicorn, unilaterally

Suffix

If you add the affix in the end of the word, it calls as Suffix.
Suffix is the morpheme that always added in the end of the word.
For example in the case of commonly, the suffix of that word is
ly.

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 Here is a list of common suffixes:

SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE

-able, -ible can be done comfortable, passable
having the
-al, -ial personal
characteristics of
past-tense verbs
-ed danced, jumped
(weak verbs)
-en made of golden, wooden
-er comparative tidier, nicer
-er, -or one who actor, narrator, worker
-est superlative nicest, greatest
-ful full or full of cupful, careful
having
-ic linguistic, sarcastic
characteristics of
verb form (present
-ing participle and dancing, singing
gerund)
-ion, -tion,
act or process attraction, attrition
-ation, ition
-ity, -ty state of humility, infinity
-ive, -ative, adjective form of a
expensive, plaintive
itive noun
-less without topless, fearless
-ly adverb ending nicely, quickly
-ment action or process enjoyment, entrenchment
-ness state of, condition of eagerness, kindness
-ous, -eous, possessing the
erroneous, joyous
-ious qualities of
-s, -es plural tables, foxes
-y characterized by fatty, happy, jumpy

In another language we will be able to find another affixes, for the

example infix. The infix is the affix that added in the middle of the word.
But in English Language, infix is rarely used. In morphology the most
commonly affix used is both of Prefix and Suffix.

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 In morphology, adding affixes in a word can have different
function. It can give the information of grammatical of the word that is
explained in inflection. However, adding affixes can also change the
lexical meaning of the word as we learn in derivation.

C. WHAT ARE THE DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES?

Derivational affixes are affixes that when it is added to a word, it

will create a new word with a new meaning. The word will be derived
when the derivational affixes are added into the original word. And many
times the new derived word is belong to new grammatical category. For
the example, some affixes turn nouns into adjective like beauty to
beautiful. In this case beauty is a noun and due to the addition of
derivational suffix ful, it changes its grammatical category into adjective
which is beautiful. These following examples are the example of
derivational affixes which change the grammatical category.

Nouns derive into Adjectives

No Nouns Adjectives

1. Legend + ary Legendary

2. China + ese Chinese
3. Religion + ose Religious
4. Nature + al Natural
5. Cube + ic Cubic

Verbs derive into nouns

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No Verbs Nouns

1 sing Sing + er
2. Pay Pay + ment
3. Compile + tion Compilation
4. Grow Grow + th
5. Deliver Deliver + ance

Adjectives derive into Adverbs

No Adjectives Adverbs

1. Precise Precise + ly
2. Quick Quick + ly
3. True + ly Truly
4. Complete Complete + ly
5. Firm Firm + ly

Nouns derive into verbs

No Nouns Verbs

1. Glory Glorify
2. Bath Bath + e
3. Breath Breathe
4. Wreath Wreathe

Adjectives derive into nouns

No Adjectives Nouns

1. Bright Bright + ness

2. Cruel Cruel + ty
3. Important Import + ance
4. Patient + ence Patience

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 5. Empty + ness Emptiness

However, some other derivational affixes do not always change the

grammatical category of the word they added to. For the example, the adjective
unlikely is formed by adding the prefix in front of the word likely. Both of
them are the adjective but they have different meaning. In other word, the word
unlikely is as same as likely in grammatical category which is the adjective
but its meaning has changed from positive meaning likely into negative
meaning unlikely.

These following examples are the derivational affixes which does not change the
grammatical category.

The derivational affixes go from noun to noun

No Nouns Nouns

1. King King + dom

2. History Histori + an
3. Biology + ist Biologist
4. Terror Terror + ist
5. Phoneme + ics Phonemics

The derivational affixes go from verbs to verbs

No Verbs Verbs

1. Do Re + Do
2. Paint Re-Paint
3. Enter Re-Enter
4. Believe Dis-Believe
5. Compose De-Compose

The derivational affixes go from adjectives to adjectives.

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 No Adjectives Adjectives

1. Blue Blue + ish

2. Eatable Un + eatable
3. Legal Il + legal
4. Touch Touch + able
5. Readable Un + readable

CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, derivation is playing important role in English because

almost all of the words in English are formed from a word to another
word. Derivation will practically derive the word to the new one that can
be used to different context. Derivational affixes can define the meaning of
the derived word which makes the understanding of the word in context
more effectively.

SUGGESTION

Learning derivation can help us to differ the meaning of the word.

Besides it can also make us to be able to forming a word to another word.
By learning the derivational affixes we can easily differ the meaning and
also the category of the word after it is derived. We realize this paper is not
nearly perfect. Otherwise you can find more about derivation in other
sources which will offer you a advanced explanation.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.canoo.net/services/WordformationRules/Derivation/To-V/To-V-
Intro.html?MenuId=WordFormationRules112

http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/affixes.htm

http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/word_building/noun_to_adjecti
ve.html

http://www.slideshare.net/FirraBannie/morphology-derivation

http://www.ultimatevocabulary.com/2011/01/how-to-derive-nouns-from-verbs/

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/noun-forms.html